Editing Zouave

{{Short description|Class of light infantry regiments of the French Army}}
{{For|the painting by Vincent van Gogh|The Zouave}}
[[File:Zouave - Grolleron crop.jpg|thumb|upright|French zouave, {{circa|1870}}]]
[[File:Commando de chasse V66 du 4me Zouaves crop.jpg|thumb|A small detachment of France's 4th Regiment of Zouaves in [[M'Sila Province|the M'Sila region]] during the [[Algerian War]], {{circa|1961}}]]

The '''Zouaves''' ({{IPA|fr|zwav|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-zouave.wav}}) were a class of [[light infantry]] [[regiment]]s of the [[French Army]] and other units modelled on it, which served between 1830 and 1962, and served in [[French North Africa]]. The zouaves were among the most decorated units of the [[French Army]].

It was initially intended that the zouaves would be a regiment of [[Berbers|Berber]] volunteers from the [[Igawawen|Zwawa]] group of tribes in [[Algeria]] ("Zwawa" being the origin of the French term ''[[wikt:zouave#French|zouave]]'') who had gained a martial reputation fighting for local rulers under the [[Regency of Algiers]]. The regiment was to consist of 1,600 Zwawa Berbers, French [[non-commissioned officer]]s and French officers. 500 Zwawa were recruited in August and September 1830. However, twelve years later, this idea was dropped. More zouave regiments were raised and the men recruited to serve in them were almost exclusively [[French people|French]] or people of French descent born in [[French Algeria]] (''[[pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]''), a policy which continued until the final dissolution of these regiments after the [[Algerian War]].

In the 1860s, zouave units arose in many other countries. The [[Papal Zouaves]] were organized by [[Louis Juchault de Lamoricière]], a former commander of North African zouaves, while a former zouave sergeant, [[François Rochebrune]], organized the Polish [[Zouaves of Death]] who fought against Russia in the [[January Uprising]] of 1863–1864. In the 1870s, former Papal Zouaves formed the cadre for a short-lived Spanish zouave unit. The "zouave" title was also used by [[Brazilians|Brazilian]] units of black volunteers in the [[Paraguayan War]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kraay|first1=Hendrik|last2=Whigham|first2=Thomas|title=I Die with My Country: Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864-1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAlCUC2XQqMC&pg=PA61|year=2004|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-2762-0|page=61}}</ref> possibly due to a perceived link with Africa.

In the United States, zouaves were brought to public attention by [[Elmer E. Ellsworth]], who created and ran a drill company called the "[[United States Zouave Cadets|Zouave Cadets]]". The drill company toured nationally. Zouave units were then raised on both sides of the [[American Civil War]] of 1861–1865; including a regiment under Ellsworth's command, the [[11th New York Infantry]]—the New York "Fire Zouaves".

The distinctive uniforms of French and other zouave units was of North African origin. It generally included short open-fronted jackets, baggy trousers (''[[serouel]]''), sashes, and a [[Fez (hat)|fez]]-like ''chéchia'' head-dress.

== Etymology ==
The word "zouave" ({{IPA|fr|zwav}}) is a French language derivative of ''Zouaouas''; the original name of the Kabyle Berbers recruited for French service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cnrtl.fr/definition/zouave|title = ZOUAVE : Définition de ZOUAVE}}</ref>

==Zouave units in French service==
[[Image:Zouave1888.jpg|thumb|upright|A French zouave from 1888 wearing white summer ''[[serouel]]'' trousers instead of the usual red]]

===Recruitment===
[[File:Prise de la Zaatcha (1849).png|thumb|left|Zouaves at the [[Battle of Zaatcha]] during the [[French conquest of Algeria|Conquest of Algeria]]]]

The zouaves of the [[French Army]] were first raised in [[French rule in Algeria|Algeria in 1831]] with one and later two battalions, initially recruited primarily from the [[Zouaoua]] (or Zwāwa),<ref name="Mollo 166">{{cite book|first=John|last=Mollo|page=166|title=Military Fashion|year=1972|publisher=Barrie and Jenkins |isbn=0-214-65349-8}}</ref> a tribe of [[Berbers]] located in the mountains of the [[Jurjura Range]] (see [[Kabyle people|Kabyles]]).<ref>page 1044, volume 28 Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition</ref> The Zouaoua had formerly provided soldiers for the [[dey]]s of [[Algiers]] and in August 1830 the commander of the French expeditionary force which had occupied the city recommended their continued employment in this role.{{sfn|Larcade|2000|p=15}} The existence of the new corps was formally recognised by a Royal decree dated 21 March 1831.{{sfn|Huré|1977|p=462}}

[[File:RaczynskiAleksander.ZuawiWWalce.1858.jpg|thumb|upright|French zouaves during the [[Crimean War]]; painting by [[Aleksander Raczyński]] (1858)]]
From their beginning the zouave units included a French European element, initially drawn from the demobilized ''Garde royal'' of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] and other Parisian volunteers. From March 1833 each zouave battalion was organised into ten companies, of which eight were Muslim Berbers and Arabs and two French.{{sfn|Larcade|2000|p=15}} In 1838 a third battalion was raised, and the regiment thus formed was commanded by Major de [[Lamoriciere]]. Shortly afterwards the formation of the ''[[Tirailleur|Tirailleurs algériens]]'', the ''Turcos'', as the infantry corps for Muslim troops, changed the basis for enlistment of the zouave battalions.<ref>{{cite book|first=Laurent|last=Mirouze|page=184|title=The French Army in the First World War - to Battle 1914. Uniforms - Equipment - Armament (Volume 1)|ISBN=3-902526-09-2}}</ref> For most of their remaining history the zouaves became an essentially French body,<ref>{{cite book|first=Pablo|last=Gallardo|page=6|title=Soldats d'Algerie|date=2020 |publisher=Sophia Histoire & collections |isbn=978-2-35250-524-2}}</ref> until in 1956 a new policy of partial racial mixing was introduced amongst units of the Army of Africa.<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Windrow|page=20|title=The Algerian War 1954-62|year=1997|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1855326583}}</ref>

===Zouave regiments===
Initially constituted as battalion sized units, the zouaves were reorganized as separate regiments in 1852:<ref>{{cite book|first=Pierre|last=Montagnon|page=19|title=L'Armee d'Afrique|date=2012 |publisher=Pygmalion |isbn=978-2-7564-0574-2}}</ref>

*The 1st Zouaves were linked to [[Algiers]] and central [[Algeria]]. The 1st Zouaves had a continuous existence from 1852 to 1949. After disbandment the regiment was recreated between 1956 and 1960
*The 2nd Zouaves were linked to [[Oran]] and western [[Algeria]], 1852–1962
*The 3rd Zouaves were linked to [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] and eastern [[Algeria]], 1852–1962
*The 4th Zouaves were linked to [[Tunis]] and [[Tunisia]]. They were first formed as the Zouaves of the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon III)|Imperial Guard]] in 1854, and became the 4th Zouves on the establishment of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] in 1870. They remained in existence under this title until 1962.<ref>{{cite book|first=Pierre|last=Montagnon|page=426|title=L'Armee d'Afrique|date=2012 |publisher=Pygmalion |isbn=978-2-7564-0574-2}}</ref>

[[File:Zouaves de la Garde pendant la campagne d'Italie.jpg|thumb|left|Guard Zouaves (''Zouaves de la Garde'') during the [[Second Italian War of Independence]] in 1859.]]

At the end of the Algerian War six zouave regiments were in existence, of which the ''1er'' was disbanded in 1960 and the remainder in 1962.{{sfn|Huré|1977|p=462}}

Other provisional regiments of zouaves were raised in 1914 and 1939 for the First and Second World Wars respectively. During World War I nine ''regiments de marche'' of zouaves were created; comprising active, reserve, and new battalions seconded from other regiments.{{sfn|Sumner|1995|p=8}} In World War II the number reached fourteen.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Sumner|page=11|title=The French Army 1939-45 (1)|date=15 April 1998|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=1-85532-666-3}}</ref>

The zouave regiments raised in 1914 for the First World War were the 8th and 9th. The 13th Zouaves were raised in 1919 and dissolved in 1940. The zouave regiments raised in 1939 for the Second World War were the 11th, 12th, 14th, and 21st, all of which were dissolved after the [[fall of France]] in 1940. Other regiments raised later in the Second World War were the 9th ('reactivated'), 22nd, 23rd, and 29th.{{sfn|Huré|1977|page=324}}
[[File:Attaque du mamelon vert et des ouvrages blancs, 7 juin 1855.jpg|thumb|Zouaves attack Russian positions in the [[Battle of Malakoff]] during the Crimean War, 1855]]
[[File:Battle of Solferino, 1859.jpg|thumb|Zouaves with [[French Foreign Legion]] at [[Battle of Solferino|Solferino]], 1859]]
In addition, four mixed zouave and ''tirailleur'' regiments (''régiments mixtes de zouaves et tirailleurs'') were raised for the First World War, all of which were redesignated Algerian ''tirailleur'' regiments in 1918 or 1920.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The 9th Zouaves were the last French zouave unit. The first 9th Zouave regiment existed from 1914 until the fall of France in 1940, a second 9th Zouaves was raised in the Second World War and disbanded after the Algerian War (1954–1962), and a third 9th Zouaves existed as a nominal unit from 1982 to 2006 (representing a commando training school). There was no zouave regiment in existence between 1962–1982 and none now survive in the French Army.<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Gallic|page=88|title=Officers et Soldats de L'Armee Francaise 1943-1956, d'apres le TTA 148|year=2012|publisher=Histoire & Collections |isbn=9-782352-50195-4}}</ref>

===Early history===
The zouaves saw extensive service during the French conquest of Algeria, initially at the Mouzaia Pass action (March 1836), then at Mitidja (September 1836) and the siege of [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] (1837). From 1843-44 either one or two battalions played prominent roles in each of the [[Kabylia]] campaigns.<ref>{{cite book|first=Victor|last=Demars|page=20|title=Les Zouaves Histoire|date=13 April 2023|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=9781976219313}}</ref>
[[File:Premiere messe en kabylie horace vernet.jpg|thumb|190px|Zouaves in the Kabylia region during the French conquest of Algeria]]

Recruited through direct voluntary enlistment or by transfer from other regiments of men with at least two years service, the zouaves quickly achieved the status of an elite amongst the French [[Army of Africa (France)|Army of Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Shann|page=13|title=French Army 1870-71. Franco-Prussian War 1 Imperial Troops|date=25 April 1991|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=1-85532-121-1}}</ref>

[[File:The Crimean War, 1854 - 1856 Q71609.jpg|thumb|A group of four zouaves of the French Army pose for the camera during the [[Crimean War]], 1854–1856.]]

===The Second Empire===
By 1853, the French Army included three regiments of zouaves. Each of the three line regiments of zouaves was allocated to a different province of Algeria, where their depots and peace-time garrisons were located.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andre|last=Jouineau|page=79|title=L'Armee de Napoleon III dans la Guerre 1870|date=14 February 2019|publisher=Editions Heimdal |isbn=978-2-84048-511-7}}</ref> The [[Crimean War]] was the first service which the regiments saw outside Algeria. Armed with the powerful [[Carabine à tige|''fusil rayé'']] (rifled gun)<ref>{{cite book|first=Victor|last=Demars|page=28|title=Les Zouaves Histoire|date=13 April 2023|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=9781976219313}}</ref> they subsequently served as effective [[light infantry]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Brooks|page=12|title=Soferino 1859|date=21 April 2009|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-84603-385-8}}</ref> in the [[Second Italian War of Independence|Franco-Austrian War]] of 1859, the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexican Intervention]] (1864–1866) and the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870). In 1860 1,500 zouaves were landed in [[Beirut]] to assist in the restoration of order in the [[Levant]], following extensive inter-communal disturbances.<ref>page 8 New York Times, September 17 1860</ref>

The distinctive dress and dash of the zouaves made them well known outside France and they were frequently portrayed in the illustrated publications of the period. The 2nd Zouaves (popularly known as "the Jackals of Oran") had their mutilated eagle decorated with the ''Legion d' Honneur'' following the [[Battle of Magenta]] in 1859.{{sfn|Huré|1977|pp=114-115}}

On 23 December 1854 a fourth regiment was created, the Zouaves of the Imperial Guard. The actual formation of this unit was delayed until 15 March 1855 when detachments from the zouave regiments already serving in the Crimea were brought together before [[Sebastopol]] for this purpose. Having earned the unusual distinction of being created on the field of battle,<ref>{{cite book|first=Andre|last=Jouineau|page=33|title=L'Armee de Napoleon III dans la Guerre 1870|date=14 February 2019|publisher=Editions Heimdal |isbn=978-2-84048-511-7}}</ref> the Zouaves of the Imperial Guard served through the remainder of the Crimean War and subsequently in all the campaigns of the Second Empire. Their peace-time garrisons were initially at [[Saint-Cloud]] and then Versailles from 1857. This regiment wore the classic zouave uniform but with yellow braiding and piping substituted for the red of the line regiments.<ref>pages 35–38 "La Gazette des Uniformes", September 2005"</ref>

In the opening stages of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] the bulk of the serving zouave units were amongst the Imperial field army defeated at [[Battle of Sedan|Sedan]] in September 1870. Drawing on remnants of the Imperial forces, depot troops from Algeria and volunteers it was possible to reconstitute all four regiments as part of the [[Army of the Loire]] and the Republican defenders of Paris.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Shann|page=8|title=French Army 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War 2. Republican Troops|date=25 July 1991|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=1-85532-135-1}}</ref>

[[Image:Tonkin Zouave officer.png|thumb|left|upright|French zouave officer in [[Tonkin]], Spring 1885]]

===The Third Republic===
After 1871 the zouaves lost their status as an élite corps solely made up of long-service volunteers; they became a force mainly composed of conscripts from the French settlers in Algeria and Tunisia, undertaking their compulsory military service. Shortfalls in numbers were made up by detachments from the Paris, Lyon and some northern ''régions militaires'' of mainland France (''Métropole'').<ref>{{cite book|first=Laurent|last=Mirouze|pages=184|title=The French Army in the First World War - to Battle 1914. Uniforms - Equipment - Armament (Volume 1)|ISBN=3-902526-09-2}}</ref>  The zouave regiments did however retain significant numbers of long-service volunteers (''engages volontiers et réengages'') who contributed to the high morale and steadiness of these units.{{sfn|Larcade|2000|p=188}}

Two zouave battalions (under ''chefs de bataillon'' Simon and Mignot) served in Tonkin during the closing weeks of the [[Sino-French War]] (August 1884 to April 1885). One of these battalions was roughly handled on 23 March 1885 in the [[Battle of Phu Lam Tao]]. A third zouave battalion (''chef de bataillon'' Metzinger) joined the [[Tonkin Expeditionary Corps]] shortly after the end of the war, and took part in operations against Vietnamese insurgents.{{sfn|Huré|1977|p=188}}

In 1899 a law created for each regiment of zouaves a 5th Battalion, "to be stationed in France" in ''groupes des 5e bataillons de Zouaves''. The 5th battalions of the 1st and 4th Zouaves were stationed as part of the ''Gouvernement militaire de Paris''.  The 5th battalions of the 2nd and 3rd Zouaves were stationed in the ''région militaire de Lyon''.  Upon mobilization for war in France, these battalions would form the nucleus of ''Régiments de Marche de Zouaves'', each of 3 battalions. This permanent presence in the two key garrisons of metropolitan France facilitated subsequent arrival and participation by other elements of the [[19th Army Corps (France)|19th Military Region]] as reinforcements, in the event of an attack on mainland France.{{sfn|Larcade|2000|p=188}}

Zouave battalions subsequently saw active service in China during the [[Boxer Rising]] (1900–1901) and in Morocco (1908–1914).{{sfn|Larcade|2000|p=19}} From the very beginning of World War I zouave regiments and detached battalions saw extensive service on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Others served in the Dardanelles, [[Macedonian front|Macedonia]] (within [[156th Infantry Division (France)|the 156th Division]]), Tonkin, Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. Twelve zouave battalions were recruited for exclusively North African service from French-speaking prisoners-of-war and deserters from German [[Alsace-Lorraine]], who had volunteered to join the French Army.{{sfn|Larcade|2001|p=444}}
[[File:Zouaves in ww1 tournassoud.jpg|thumb|Early colour photograph of French 3rd Zouaves 1912]]
[[Image:French Colonial Forces.jpg|thumb|French Zouaves in the First World War]]

The four zouave regiments of the French Army wore their traditional colorful dress during the early months of the First World War.{{sfn|Jouineau|2009a|pages=46-47}} The development of the machine gun, rapid-fire artillery, and improved small-arms obliged them to adopt a plain khaki uniform from 1915 onwards, in common with other units of the ''[[Army of Africa (France)|Armée d'Afrique]]''.{{sfn|Jouineau|2009a|pages=52-53}}<ref name="Uniformes09dec1914">{{cite web  | title = Notice descriptive des nouveaux uniformes. (Décision ministérielle du 9 décembre 1914 mise à jour avec le modificatif du 28 janvier 1915) |publication-place= Paris |institution=Ministère de la Guerre |via= Bibliothèque Nationale de France |year=1915 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8588418 | language = fr | access-date =2021-07-30 }}</ref> From 1927 to 1939 the "oriental dress" of red [[Fez (clothing)|fez]] ("chéchia"), blue sash, braided blue jackets with waistcoats and voluminous red trousers was reintroduced as off-duty dress for re-enlisted NCOs and other long-service regulars in the zouave regiments.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andre|last=Jouineau|page=52|title=Officers and Soldiers of the French Army 1940|date=15 January 2011|publisher=Amber Books Limited |isbn=978-2-35250-179-4}}</ref>
It was also worn by colour guards and other detachments on ceremonial occasions. White trousers of the same style had earlier been worn as an item of hot-weather dress. The four regiments were distinguished by the colours (red, blue, white and yellow) of the "tombeaus" or false pockets on the front of their open-fronted jackets.<ref>{{cite book|first=JLiliane et Fred|last=Funcken|page=44|title=L'Uuniformen et les Armes des Soldats du XIX Siecle 2|year=1981|publisher=Casterman |isbn=2-203-14325-8}}</ref>

The zouaves played a major role in the 1914–1918 War with their numbers being expanded to nine ''regiments de marche''. These units retained much of their traditional panache, especially in attack.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlong |first=Charles Wellington |author-link=Charles W. Furlong |year=1914 |title=Turcos And The Legion: The Spahis, The Zouaves, The Tirailleurs, And The Foreign Legion |journal=The World's Work, Second War Manual: The Conduct of the War |pages=35–37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdZLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA35 }}</ref> They became however less conspicuous in [[World War II]], seeing service mainly during the opening stages of the war in the [[Battle of France]] (1940){{sfn|Huré|1977|pages=324-330}} and in the course of the liberation of France (1944).{{sfn|Huré|1977|pages=402-418}}

===Post-1945===
As predominantly conscript units the zouaves did not serve in Indochina between 1945 and 1954. They were, however, employed extensively as sector troops during the [[Algerian War]]. Their history as a corps of high-profile elite infantry, closely identified with French Algeria, made for higher morale and effectiveness than that of most conscript units from metropolitan France assigned to Algeria.<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Windrow|pages=20 & 44|title=The Algerian War 1954–62|date=17 July 1995|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=1-85532-516-0}}</ref> The 9th Zouaves based in the Casbah,<ref>Gallardo, Pablo. Soldats d'Algerie. p. 6. ISBN 978-2-35250-524-2.</ref> played a major role in the 1957 [[Battle of Algiers (1957)|Battle of Algiers]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Ted|last=Morgan|pages=116, 120, 148, 185, 187, 224, 230 |title=My Battle of Algiers|date=31 January 2006|publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-085224-5}}</ref>

At the end of the Algerian War, the remaining zouave and tirailleur units were incorporated in a short-lived ''Force locale de l'ordre Algérienne'': created under the [[Évian Accords]] of March 1962 and intended to provide a transitional peace-keeping force acceptable to both Muslim and European communities.{{sfn|Huré|1977|p=463}} The remaining zouave regiments (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 8th and 9th) were finally disbanded in 1962 immediately following [[Algerian independence]].<ref name="Montagnon 2012 426">{{cite book|first=Pierre|last=Montagnon|page=426|title=L'Armee d' Afrique|date=2012|publisher=Pygmalion |isbn=978-2-7564-0574-2}}</ref> This was inevitable<ref name="Montagnon 2012 426"/> since their recruitment base was the European population of Algeria, which dispersed with the ending of French rule.{{sfn|Huré|1977|pp=461-462}}<ref name="Montagnon 2012 426"/>

The traditions of the zouave regiments were maintained until 2006 by the French Army's Commando Training School of [[Givet]] (''Centre d'entrainment commando''),<ref>page 54 Militaria No 462, Mars 2024</ref> which occasionally paraded colour parties and other detachments in zouave dress. With the closure of the CEC school that year and the putting into store of the flag of the 9th Zouaves in 2010, any direct link between the former zouaves and active units of the modern French Army ceased. While other branches of the old French [[Army of Africa (France)|Army of Africa]] have either survived or been reestablished as representative units in recent years (notably the [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]], [[Chasseurs d'Afrique]], [[Tirailleur]]s, and [[Spahi]]s), France has not recreated one of its most distinctive and best known military corps.<ref name="Montagnon 2012 426"/>

==Zouave units in Papal service==
{{main|Papal Zouaves}}
[[Image:Papal Zouave.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Papal Zouaves|Papal Zouave]] of Major O'Reilley's Papal Brigade, and a veteran of the battles against Garibaldi. Fully armed and equipped with a .71 calibre Model 1842 French Rifle with sword bayonet, and backpack.]]

The '''Papal Zouaves''' were a corps of volunteers formed as part of the Army of the [[Papal States]]. The Zouaves evolved out of a unit formed by [[Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière|Lamoricière]] in 1860: the Franco-Belgian Tirailleurs.<ref>Joseph Powell, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves'' (London: R. Washburne, 1871), at p. 1</ref> On January 1, 1861, the unit was renamed the Papal Zouaves.<ref name="Powell" >Joseph Powell, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves'', p. 2</ref>

The ''Zuavi Pontifici'' were mainly young men, unmarried and Roman Catholic, who volunteered to assist [[Pope Pius IX]] in his struggle against the Italian [[Risorgimento]]. They wore a similar style of uniform to that of the French Zouaves but in grey with red trim. A grey and red [[kepi]] was substituted for the North African [[Fez (clothing)|fez]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

All orders were given in French, and the unit was commanded by a Swiss Colonel, M. Allet.<ref name="Joseph Powell p. 287">Joseph Powell, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves'', p. 287</ref> The regiment was truly international, and by May 1868 numbered 4,592 men including 1,910 Dutch, 1,301 French, 686 Belgians, and 240 Italians.<ref>[[Howard R. Marraro]], "Canadian and American Zouaves in the Papal Army, 1868–1870" CCHA Report, 12 (1944–45), 83-102 at 83, who cites the New York Herald, June 10, 1868 for the numbers. Available online at: http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1944-45/Marraro.pdf</ref> A total of three hundred volunteers came from Canada, the United States and Ireland; while the remaining 155 Zouaves were mostly South American.<ref>Massimo Brandani, pages 34-35, "L'Esercito Pontificio da Castelfidardo a Porta Pia", published 1976 by Intergest Milano</ref>

The Papal Zouaves assisted in the notable Franco/Papal victory at the [[Battle of Mentana]] on November 3, 1867. They suffered the brunt of the fighting, sustaining 81 casualties in the battle, including 24 killed (the Papal forces suffered only 30 dead in total).<ref>Joseph Powell, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves'', p. 32</ref>  The official report of the battle prepared by the French commander, [[Pierre Louis Charles de Failly|General de Failly]] cited the bravery of the Zouaves.<ref>Joseph Powell, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves'', p. 35–36</ref> They were also mentioned in [[Victor Hugo]]'s poem ''Mentana''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.readbookonline.org/readOnLine/11983/ |title=Victor Hugo's poem: Mentana |publisher=Readbookonline.org |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref>

The Papal Zouaves also played a role in the final engagements against the forces of the newly united Kingdom of Italy in September 1870, in which the Papal forces were outnumbered almost seven to one.<ref>Joseph Powell, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves'', p. 260, quoting the Evening Freeman, September 29, 1870</ref> The Zouaves fought bravely before surrender,<ref>Joseph Powell, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves'', p. 259</ref> inflicting losses on the [[Bersaglieri]] of the regular Italian Army as the latter stormed the [[Porta Pia]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Charles|last=Stevenson|page=21|title=A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912|date=19 December 2014|publisher=Tattered Flag |isbn=9780957689275}}</ref>
Several Papal Zouaves were reportedly executed or murdered by the Italian forces following the surrender.<ref>Joseph Powell, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves'', p. 260</ref><ref>Charles A. Coulombe, ''The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican'', Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008</ref>

The French component of the Papal Zouaves regrouped as the ''Volontaires de l'Ouest'' (Volunteers of the West) to fight on the French side in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], where they kept their grey and red Papal uniforms.  The Zouaves saw action outside [[Orléans]], [[Patay, Loiret|Patay]]<ref>Joseph Powell, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves'', p. 297pp.</ref> and the [[Battle of Loigny]].<ref>pages 32-33 "French Army 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War – Republican Troops", {{ISBN|1-85532-135-1}}</ref> The ''Volontaires de l'Ouest'' were disbanded after the entrance of Prussian troops into Paris.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In 1871 an English veteran, Joseph Powell, published his account of his service with the Papal Zouaves, ''Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves.''<ref name="Powell" />

==Zouave units in Polish service==
{{main|Zouaves of Death}}
[[Image:Rochebrune.jpg|thumb|170px|François Rochebrune in uniform of Zouave of Death]]

In 1863, during the Polish [[January Uprising]] against the [[Russian Empire]], a French ex-officer who had served previously in one of the French zouave regiments, [[François Rochebrune]], organised the ''Zouaves of Death''. Members of this Polish unit swore "to conquer or to die" and not to surrender. They wore a black uniform with white cross and red [[Fez (clothing)|fez]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The unit's [[baptism by fire]] occurred at the [[Battle of Miechów]], where under the command of [[adjutant]] Wojciech Komorowski, they successfully charged Russian forces defending the local cemetery. However, the overall engagement was a defeat for the Poles on February 17, 1863. Lt. Tytus O'Brien de Lacy escaped with 400 zouaves to [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] in March 1863.  In the [[Battle of Chroberz]] the Zouaves covered the retreat of the main body of Polish forces under [[Marian Langiewicz]]. They also fought at the follow-up [[Grochowiska, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Battle of Grochowiska]] where they captured Russian artillery positions but suffered very high casualties.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Commanding officers of the regiment were:
* Colonel François Rochebrune;
* Lieutenant Count Wojciech Komorowski;
* Lieutenant Tytus O'Brien de Lacy;
* Lieutenant Antoni Wojcicki; and
* Lieutenant Tenente Bella{{clear left}}

==Zouave units in British service==
[[File:Soldier of the 3rd West India Regiment, 1863.jpg|thumb|170px|A soldier of the [[West India Regiments]], 1863]]

In 1856, the [[West India Regiments]] of the [[British Army]] switched their attire to a uniform modeled on that of the French zouaves. This consisted of a red fez with a white tassel, a white turban, a scarlet sleeveless jacket with yellow trimming, a white long sleeved waistcoat, and dark blue [[sirwal]]s with yellow piping.  White canvas gaiters and leather jamberees completed the uniform.<ref>{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Dyde|pages=149–150|title=The Empty Sleeve. The story of the West India Regiment of the British Army|year=1997|publisher=Hansib Caribbean |isbn=976-8163-09-7}}</ref> This uniform was reserved for full dress and is still used by the [[Barbados Defense Force]] military band and the [[Jamaica Military Band]]. Other British colonial units who adopted zouave elements as part of their dress uniforms included the [[Ghana Regiment#History|Gold Coast Regiment]] and the [[Royal West African Frontier Force]].<ref>R.M Barnes, page 276 "Military Uniforms of Britain & The Empire, Sphere Books Ltd 1972</ref>

==Zouave units in American service==

===American Civil War===
====Union Zouaves====
[[Image:FrancisBrownell.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Sergt [[Francis E. Brownell]], 11th N.Y. Regt, 1861.]]
[[File:Carl Röchling - The Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862.jpg|thumb|The [[114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment|114th Pennsylvania Infantry]] during the assault on Prospect Hill at the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]], December 1862]]

Numerous zouave regiments were organized from soldiers of the United States of America who adopted the name and the North African–inspired uniforms during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>[http://www.theroot.com/views/return-segregated-history Whitewashing Civil War History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209142437/http://www.theroot.com/views/return-segregated-history |date=February 9, 2012 }}</ref> The [[Union army]] had more than 70 volunteer zouave regiments throughout the conflict, while the [[Confederate States Army|Confederates]] fielded about 25 Zouave companies.<ref name="NMAH">{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=95|title=U.S. Civil War Zouave Uniform Jacket|publisher=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution|access-date=2008-06-12}}</ref>

In the United States, zouaves were brought to public attention by [[Elmer E. Ellsworth]]. Inspired by his French friend Charles De Villers, who had been a surgeon in the North African zouaves, he obtained a zouave drill manual. In 1859, Ellsworth took over a drill company and renamed them the [[United States Zouave Cadets|"Zouave Cadets"]]. The drill company toured nationally, performing the light infantry drill of the north African zouaves with many theatrical additions. "Zouave" units were then raised on both sides of the American Civil War of 1861–1865, including a regiment under Ellsworth's command, the [[11th New York Infantry|New York "Fire Zouaves"]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

A feature of some American zouave units, at least in the opening stages of the [[American Civil War]], was the light infantry tactics and drill they employed. Zouaves "utilised light infantry tactics that emphasised open-order formations, with several feet between soldiers, rather than the customary close order, with its characteristic 'touch of elbows'. They moved at double-time, rather than marching to a stately [[Military cadence|cadence]], and they lay on their backs to load their rifles rather than standing to do so. To fire, they rolled prone and sometimes rose on one knee."{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

Arguably the most famous Union zouave regiments were from New York and Pennsylvania: the [[5th New York Volunteer Infantry]], known as "Duryee's Zouaves" after its first colonel, [[Abram Duryee]]; the [[114th Pennsylvania Infantry]], called "Collis's Zouaves" after their colonel, [[Charles H. T. Collis]]; and the [[11th New York Volunteer Infantry]], the "Fire Zouaves". The 11th New York was initially led by Col. [[Elmer E. Ellsworth]], until his death in 1861. The 11th New York was badly mauled during the [[First Battle of Bull Run]] in July 1861 as it acted as the rear guard for the retreating Army of the Potomac.<ref name="FightingFourteenth">{{cite book |last1 = Tevis | first1 = C. V. |first2= D. R. |last2=Marquis | title = The History of the Fighting Fourteenth: Published in Commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Muster of the Regiment Into the United States Service, May 23, 1861| publisher = Brooklyn Eagle Press | location = New York | year = 1911}}</ref>{{verify source|reason=Ref previously ham-fistedly partially removed along with some of the text before it, which it presumably was meant to be supporting. Please verify it's still relevant for the remaining text|date=January 2021}} The 5th New York was considered one of the elite units of the [[Army of the Potomac]]; it was one of only two volunteer regiments serving with the regular division commanded by [[George Sykes]]. At the [[Second Battle of Bull Run]], the 5th New York, along with another Zouave regiment, the 10th New York "National Zouaves", held off the flanking attack of [[James Longstreet]]'s Corps for ten crucial minutes before it was overrun. The 5th New York thus suffered the highest percentage of casualties in the shortest amount of time of any unit in the Civil War &ndash; of 525 men, approximately 120 were killed and 330 were wounded in less than 10 minutes.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

[[File:Civil War Zouave ambulance.jpg|thumb|American Zouave ambulance crew demonstrating removal of wounded soldiers from the field, during the American Civil War.]]
In 1863 and 1864, three Union regiments (146th New York, [[140th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment|140th New York]], and 155th Pennsylvania) were issued with Zouave uniforms to reward their proficiency in drill and battlefield performance.{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=30}} Difficulties in supply and replacement meant that Zouave and other exotic militia uniforms tended to be replaced by standard issue uniforms throughout the conflict. However, the tradition remained strong, and the last Union casualty of the fighting in [[Virginia]] was reported to be a Zouave of the [[155th Pennsylvania Infantry|155th Pennsylvania]], killed at [[Farmville, Virginia]], on the morning of April 9, 1865.{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=55}}

====Confederate Zouaves====
A number of Confederate Zouave units were also raised. In contrast to the many Federal units, most Confederate Zouaves were not full "regiments"; many were companies within larger units. The [[cognomen]] "Louisiana Tiger" dates from the [[Mexican–American War]]; it refers to any Louisiana state trooper (and more recently, to the state's athletic teams{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}). But none of the Mexican War Louisiana "Tigers" were Zouaves. The earliest, and most famous, Louisiana Zouave unit was White's Company B (the "Tiger Rifles") of Major [[Chatham Roberdeau Wheat]]'s 1st Special Battalion, Louisiana Volunteers, also known as "[[Louisiana Tigers]]".{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

Another notable Zouave unit on the Confederate side was the "1st (Coppens') Louisiana Zouave Battalion", which was raised by [[Georges Augustus Gaston De Coppens]] in 1861. They saw action from the [[Peninsula Campaign]] to the [[Siege of Petersburg]], all the while being short of supplies. They were disbanded in 1865.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coates|first1=Earl J.|last2=Mcafee|first2=Michael J.|last3=Troiani|first3=Don|title=Don Troiani's Civil War Zouaves, Chasseurs, Special Branches, & Officers|date=2006|publisher=Stackpole Books|location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania|isbn=0-8117-3320-3|page=15|edition=1st}}</ref>

The Confederate Zouave units did not last long throughout the war.  All of them had traded out their Zouave garb for standard Confederate clothing by 1862.  The last Confederate Zouave unit was Coppens' Zouave Battalion, which later became dubbed the Confederate State Zouave Battalion.<ref>Winters, p. 16</ref>

===Post-Civil War===
Zouaves gradually vanished from the U.S. military in the 1870s and 1880s, as the [[Militia (United States)|militia system]] slowly transformed into the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]]. As an example, the Wisconsin militia still included one zouave unit in 1879, but the next year, in 1880, the traditional distinctions of title and dress ceased when a standard Wisconsin Guard uniform was adopted.<ref>''Parade Ground Soldiers'', J. Phillip Langellier {{ISBN|0-87020-174-3}}</ref> After the Civil War, veteran groups sometimes dressed as zouaves during [[Guard of honour|honor guard]] ceremonies such as funeral processions, since zouave dress was considered colorful and distinctive. Modern American Civil War [[American Civil War reenactment|reenactments]] often feature zouave units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.signalscv.com/section/36/article/119536/ |title=Bringing the pages of history to life for SCV students |publisher=Signalscv.com |date=2014-05-09 |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref>

===American zouave uniforms===
[[File:Winslow Homer - The Brierwood Pipe.jpg|thumb|''[[The Brierwood Pipe]]'', an 1864 oil painting by [[Winslow Homer]] of two 5th New York Zouaves]]
The zouave uniform was sometimes quite elaborate, to the extent of being unwieldy. Some Zouave regiments wore a [[fez (clothing)|fez]] with a colored tassel (usually yellow, blue, green, or red) and turban, a tight fitting short jacket (some without buttons), a wide {{convert|10|ft|cm|adj=mid|-long}} sash, baggy pantaloons or "chasseur" trousers, white leggings, and a short leather cuff for the calf, called [[gaiters|jambieres]]. The sash was especially difficult to put on, often requiring the help of another zouave. The zouave uniform was better suited for warm climates and rough terrain. The loose pantaloons allowed for greater freedom of movement than trousers, while the short jacket was much cooler than the long woolen blouse worn by most armies of the time.

==Zouave units in Spanish service==
[[File:Acción de Gandesa. Carga de caballería dada a los zuavos de D. Alfonso (Segunda parte de la Guerra Civil. Anales desde 1843 hasta el fallecimiento de don Alfonso XII).jpg|thumb|Carlist Zouaves during the [[Third Carlist War]]]]
In the [[Third Carlist War]] (1872–1876) the [[Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime]], (the brother of the Carlist Pretender to the Spanish throne, [[Carlos, Duke of Madrid]]) raised a unit of Spanish zouaves, the Carlist Zouaves (''Batallon Zuavos''), as an honor guard for himself and his wife [[Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal|Maria de las Nieves Braganza]]. The Carlist Zouaves originated as the sixth company of the second battalion of the [[Pontifical Zouaves]]. (Don Alfonso Carlos had formerly served as a lieutenant in the Pontifical Zouaves.) The Carlist Zouaves had the status of an elite unit within the army of Catalonia and the Maestrazgo.

The uniforms of the Carlist Zouaves included the baggy trousers, short jacket, vest and sash of both the French and Pontifical Zouaves. However, the Carlist Zouaves also wore a distinctive feature that differentiated them from existing zouave regiments elsewhere, in the form of a [[beret]] of Basque influence with a characteristic tassel. In order to distinguish the troops from the officers, the color of the officer's jacket was a blue-gray shade, with a darker blue for the other ranks. The beret worn by the troops was white with a yellow tassel, while the officers wore a red beret with yellow tassel. The baggy trousers were grayish for all ranks.<ref>Don Jose Bueno, plate 5 "Uniformes, Banderas y Organizacion de las Tropas Carlistas 1872–76", Alcaniz Fresno's Editores, {{ISBN|978-84-96935-40-2}}
</ref>

==Other zouave units==
* Between 1880 and 1908 the Turkish Imperial Guard included two zouave regiments. The Abdul Hamid II Collection in the US [[Library of Congress]] has a number of photographs of these soldiers. They wore a uniform similar to that of the French zouaves but with green turbans and less widely cut red breeches. The Ottoman Zouaves were disbanded following the [[Young Turks]] coup of 1908, when the Imperial Guard was reduced to a ceremonial palace unit.<ref>New York Times 27 December 1908</ref>
* Under the [[Empire of Brazil]], a battalion of black volunteers, called the ''"Zuavos da Bahia"'' ([[Bahia]]n Zouaves) was organized in 1865.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gabriele|last=Esposito|page=46|title=Armies of the War of the Triple Alliance 1864-70|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-4728-0725-0}}</ref> Although such use drew on a long tradition of black men's service to the Brazilian monarchy and State, both government and army soon rejected such segregated units, scattering its men along other units.<ref>Ibidem - Kraay, 2004</ref>
* During his campaign of 1860 against the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s [[Redshirts (Italy)|Redshirts]] included a  volunteer battalion designated as the Calabrian Zouaves (''Zuavvi Calabesi'').<ref>{{cite book|first=Gabriele|last=Esposito|page=36|title=Armies of the War of the Italian Wars of Unification 1848–70 (2)|date=21 August 2018|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-4728-2624-4}}</ref>
* In 1879, at the advent of the [[War of the Pacific]], [[Peru]]'s Batallón “Zuavos” Nº10 was one of the units which took part in the [[coup d'etat]] which brought [[Nicolás de Piérola]] into power as the country's "Supreme Commander in Chief".<ref name="zuavos">{{cite web|title=Batallón "Zepita" Nº 29 de Línea (ex Zuavos de Lima), Perú (1881)|website=Zouavos del mundo|url=https://zuaus.blogspot.com/2019/09/batallon-zepita-n-29-de-linea-ex-zuavos.html|date=September 2019|accessdate=26 November 2023}}</ref> Piérola immediately reorganized the army for the defense of the capital,<ref name="Basadre">{{cite web| author= Basadre, Jorge| year= 2000| title= La Verdadera Epopeya| url= http://www.unjbg.edu.pe/basadre/| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081010170132/http://www.unjbg.edu.pe/basadre/| archive-date= 10 October 2008| url-status= dead}}</ref> and the Batallón “Zuavos” Nº29 de Línea was merged into the II Army Corps under the command of Colonel [[Belisario Suárez]].<ref name="zuavos"/> It was later renamed Batallón “Zepita” Nº29, and as such took part in the [[Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos]] on 13 January 1881.<ref name="Basadre"/><ref name="zuavos"/> Another Zouave unit which took part in the battle was the Batallón Nº1 de Zouavos de Lima.<ref name="histomilitar">{{cite book|author=Ejército de Chile| year=2015|title=Cuaderno de Historia Militar, Nº 11|pages=54, 60|url=https://www.ejercito.cl/descargas/mobile/MTUx}}</ref>

==North African dress influence==
From 1830 to 1848 the zouave costume was closely derived from contemporary North African clothing.{{sfn|Larcade|2001|pp=544-545}} However, with the establishment of the zouave regiments as a permanent and integral part of the French Army, the "oriental dress" became a formalized uniform,<ref>{{cite book|first=Laurent|last=Mirouze|page=186|title=The French Army in the First World War|year=2007|publisher=Militaria |isbn=978-3-902526-09-0}}</ref> subject to regulations while retaining the distinctive features of its indigenous origins.<ref name="Mollo 166"/>

Features of the zouave dress were widely copied by colonial units of various European armies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|first=W.Y.|last=Carman|page=139|title=A Dictionary of Military Uniform|year=1977|publisher=Scribner |isbn=0-684-15130-8}}</ref> These included African regiments raised by Portugal, Britain, Spain,<ref>{{cite book|first=Jose|last=Bueno|pages=18–19|title=Los Regulares|year=1989|publisher=Aldaba |isbn=84-86629-23-3}}</ref> and Italy,<ref>Piero Crociani, Figures 7-19 "Le Uniformi Coloniali Libiche 1912-1942, Quaderni D'Appunti, La Rocci 1980</ref> as well as the [[West India Regiment]] in British service.<ref>{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Dyde|pages=149–150|title=The Empty Sleeve. The Story of the West India Regiments of the British Army|year=1997|publisher=Hansib Caribbean |isbn=976-8163-09-7}}</ref>

Variations of zouave-style dress of the short open jacket (''shama''),<ref name=MaA233>{{cite book|last1=Shann|first1=Stephen|last2=Delperier|first2=Louis |others=Illustrated by Jeffrey Burn |series=Men-at-Arms |title=French Army 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War. Volume 1: Imperial Troops |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=1991 | isbn=978-1-85532-121-2 }}</ref> voluminous trousers (''[[serouel]]''){{sfn|Larcade|2001|p=550}} and [[Fez (hat)|fez]] were worn by indigenous regiments of the French [[Army of Africa (France)|Army of Africa]] such as the [[Spahis]] and the ''[[Tirailleurs]] Algeriens'', although in different colours.{{sfn|Huré|1977|p=80}}<ref>Pierre Rosiere, "Spahis des spahis algeriens aux gardes rouges de Dakar", pages 53-56, Editions Xavier Paris 1984</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Pierre|last=Dufour|pages=44–45|title=1er Regiment de Tirailleurs|year=1999|publisher=Lavauzelle |isbn=2-7025-0439-6}}</ref>{{sfn|Larcade|2000|pp=44-45}}

Modern ceremonial units of the Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian armies retain items of traditional North African dress,<ref>Rinaldo D'Ami, pages 44-46 World Uniforms in Colour, SBN 85059 040 X</ref> sharing some common features with the ''tenue orientale'' of the French zouaves.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jack|last=Cassin-Scott|pages=44 & 72|title=Ceremonial Uniforms of the World|year=1973|publisher=Stephen Hope Books Limited |isbn=0-903792-03-6}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Image:Paris-zouave-pont-de-l-alma.jpg|upright|thumb|''[[Zouave (Pont de l'Alma)|The Zouave]]'' statue by [[Georges Diebolt]] at the [[Pont de l'Alma]] in Paris]]
[[Image:Van Gogh - Der Zuave (Halbfigur).jpeg|thumb|left|upright|''[[The Zouave]]'' by [[Vincent van Gogh]]]]
* In French vernacular speech, the phrase "faire le Zouave" can be translated as "to act the goat" i.e. to behave wildly.<ref>Harrap's Shorter French and English Dictionary.</ref> In this context "zouave" is used as an insult by [[Captain Haddock]], a character in the Belgian comic ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]''. [[Professor Calculus]] takes particular offense at the insult in ''[[Destination Moon (comics)|Destination Moon]]'' and at the conclusion of ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]''.
* A {{cvt|5.2|m}} tall statue of ''[[Zouave (Pont de l'Alma)|The Zouave]]'', carved by [[Georges Diebolt]] in the 19th century to form part of the [[Pont de l'Alma|Alma Bridge]] across the [[Seine]] in Paris, serves as a widely watched means of gauging the level of the river. When water reaches a point between the knees and the waist of the "Zouave of the Alma", flooding has historically been considered imminent and river traffic has been halted.<ref>[https://www.spottedbylocals.com/paris/the-zouave-of-the-river-seine/ ''The Zouave'' of the River Seine – Famous statue]</ref>
* In the film ''[[Gods and Generals (film)|Gods and Generals]]'', the 11th New York (Ellsworth's Fire Zouaves) and the [[14th Brooklyn]] (84th New York Infantry) are shown fighting the Stonewall Brigade at First Manassas.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* In the film ''[[Gettysburg (1993 film)|Gettysburg]]'', the 14th Brooklyn are shown during the first day of battle. The 114th Pennsylvania are also shown guarding the Headquarter staff as the Union set up defenses and the 72nd Pennsylvania are briefly shown during Picketts Charge and the epilogue. In the opening credits, a scene that shows three Zouaves of the 5th New York is used as a background.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* In the film ''[[Glory (1989 film)|Glory]]'', the 14th Brooklyn is shown in the beginning and during the Battle of Antietam. The 14th Brooklyn is actually supposed to represent the Zouave d'Afrique  &ndash; 114th Pennsylvanian, later known as  Collis Zouaves &ndash; because the scene represents  the assault on the Sunken Road. Zouaves can also be seen escorting General Strong's party as it observes Fort Wagner.  These Zouaves are probably supposed to represent the 76th Pennsylvania which was the only Zouave regiment in the tenth corp.  However, the uniform on the Zouaves shown does not depict the actual uniform worn by the 76th.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* In the TV miniseries ''[[The Blue and the Gray (miniseries)|The Blue and the Gray]]'', a group of Union Zouaves is shown fighting at the [[First Battle of Bull Run]]. These Zouaves are most likely supposed to represent the 11th New York First Fire Zouaves. However, just like the 14th Brooklyn in ''Gods and Generals'', the Zouaves are shown fighting as part of a regiment instead of an individual regiment. The uniform that the zouaves wear is based on that shown in the Kurz and Alison lithograph of the battle. While both are most likely trying to represent the 11th New York (since it was the only true Zouave regiment present on the field), the uniform is inaccurate. At First Bull Run, the 11th wore red overshirts (most of them discarded the dark blue red trimmed zouave jackets prior to the battle), mid-blue sash, blue or red fez with a blue tassel, and leather gaiters.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* In Margaret Mitchell's novel ''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone With The Wind]]'', a Zouave, Rene Picard, joins the Confederate [[Army of Tennessee]] in Atlanta, Georgia. Picard is remembered for his good humor, charm, and optimism; also, for his inveterate [[French-based creole languages|Creole French]] accent.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* In the 1955 [[Danny Kaye]] film ''[[The Court Jester]]'', the Jackson Zouaves American Legion Drill Team from [[Jackson, Michigan]], is seen performing a humorous drill routine using the traditional Zouave quick-march. The group also made several appearances, in full Zouave uniform, on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' between 1953 and 1960.<ref>{{cite web | last=Smith | first=Leanne | title=Peek Through Time: Jackson's fast-stepping Zouaves took Hollywood by storm in 1954 filming of 'The Court Jester' | website=mlive | date=2012-08-23 | url=https://www.mlive.com/news/jackson/2012/08/peekthrough_time_jacksons_fast.html | access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref>
* In the 1960 [[Edward Gorey]] book ''The Fatal Lozenge'', a Zouave is the subject of the final poem in Gorey's alphabetical list. In the poem, the Zouave, used to killing after years of war, stabs a young child who has begun to prattle.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
*In the [[Albert Camus]] book ''[[The First Man]]'' &ndash; published posthumously in 1994, but based on an incomplete manuscript the author was working on at the time of his death in 1960 &ndash; the protagonist's father, Henri Cormery, serves as a Zouave. He dies following injuries sustained in battle during the First World War.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* The figure portrayed on the front of [[Zig-Zag (company)|Zig-Zag]] [[rolling paper]]s, colloquially known as the "Zig-Zag man", originates from a folk story about a zouave in the battle of Sevastopol. When the soldier's clay pipe was destroyed by a bullet, he attempted to roll his tobacco using a piece of paper torn from his bag of gunpowder.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* In the [[Buster Keaton]] film ''[[The Playhouse (film)|The Playhouse]]'', a zouave drill routine is one of the acts at the theatre. One of the gags involves Keaton's boss telling him to get him some Zouaves and Keaton first hands him a pack of cigarettes (referring to the above brand).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ThePlayhouse |title=The Playhouse : Joseph M. Schenck : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]]
*[[10th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]]
*[[146th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]]
*[[62nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]]
*[[8th Missouri Volunteer Infantry]]
*[[Pont de l'Alma]]
*[[Zouave jacket]]
*[[11th Regiment Indiana Infantry]]
*[[Castle Pinckney]] has photos of the [[Charleston, South Carolina]], Zouave Cadets.

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Grenan, Shaun C (2021). ''We Have Them On Our Own Ground-Zouaves at Gettysburg.'' Amazon. [https://www.amazon.com/Have-Them-Our-Own-Ground/dp/B091WJGSLJ?asin=B098WK3B8M&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1#detailBullets_feature_div 979-8734151518].
*{{cite book |title=L'Armée d'Afrique : 1830-1962 |editor-last1=Huré |editor-first1=Robert  |year=1977 |publisher=Charles-Lavauzelle |location=Paris |oclc=757208988}}
* {{cite book |series=Officers and Soldiers #11 |last=Jouineau |first=André  |translator-last1=McKay |translator-first1=Alan |title=Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 1 : 1914 |trans-title=Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume I: 1914 | orig-year=2008 |date=2009a  |number=11 |publisher=Histoire & Collections   |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-35250-104-6}}
* {{cite book |series=Officers and Soldiers #12 |last=Jouineau |first=André  |translator-last1=McKay |translator-first1=Alan |title=Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 2 : 1915-1918 |trans-title=Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume II: 1915-18 | orig-year=2009 |year=2009b  |number=12 |publisher=Histoire & Collections   |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-35250-105-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Larcade |first=Jean-Louis |title=Zouaves et Tirailleurs: les régiments de marche et les régiments mixtes (1914-1918), Vol I |year=2000 |publisher=Editions des Argonautes |location=Livet, Normandie |isbn=2-95-151710-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Larcade |first=Jean-Louis |title=Zouaves et Tirailleurs: les régiments de marche et les régiments mixtes (1914-1918), Vol II |year=2001 |publisher=Editions des Argonautes |location=Livet, Normandie |isbn=2-95-151711-4}}
* {{cite book |series=Elite |last=Smith |first=Robin |title=American Civil War Zouaves |year=1996 |number=62 |publisher=Osprey |location=London |isbn=	978-1-85-532571-5}}
* {{cite book |series=Men-at-Arms |last=Sumner |first=Ian |title=The French Army 1914-18 |year=1995 |number=286 |publisher=Osprey |location=London |isbn=	978-1-85-532516-6}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Zouaves}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040730060031/http://www.geocities.com/zouavedatabase/ Zouave Database Online]
* [http://www.artquotes.net/masters/vangogh/vangogh_zouave.htm Van Gogh portrait of a Zouave soldier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629050539/http://www.artquotes.net/masters/vangogh/vangogh_zouave.htm |date=2017-06-29 }}
* [http://www.clarkfineart.com/exhibitions/exhibition.php?exhibition=25&action=4&pid=1915 Lithograph of a Zouave soldier by Lucien Lefevre, 1898, for Absinthe Mugnier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212958/http://www.clarkfineart.com/exhibitions/exhibition.php?exhibition=25&action=4&pid=1915 |date=2016-03-03 }}
*[http://www.antiquestopic.com/remington-1863-zouave-rifle/ Remington 1863 Zouave Rifle]
* [http://infaf.free.fr/ZOUAVE/indzoua_1.htm "Les Zouaves" (French)]
* Photograph of Alfred Laroque, a Canadian Papal Zouave, taken at Montreal, Quebec in 1868 by William Notman (1826–1891), housed in the [[McCord Museum]] in Montreal. Laroque is posed seated and wears three medals. [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-34892.1/]
* [http://romanmiscellany.blogspot.com/2008/10/papal-zouaves.html The Papal Zouaves]
* [http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/March-2017/America-s-Zouaves "America's Zouaves"], article by Robert Lebling
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
**{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Zouaves|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite Nuttall|title=Zouaves |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Zouave |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Zouaves |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Zouave |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Zouave |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

[[Category:Infantry]]
[[Category:Military history of France]]
[[Category:Civil War military equipment of the United States]]
[[Category:Armée d'Afrique]]
[[Category:Military history of French Algeria]]