Editing Zosterops

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name              = ''Zosterops''
| image = Indian white-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus egregius).jpg
| image_caption = ''Z. palpebrosus egregius'', [[Sri Lanka]]
| taxon             = Zosterops
| authority         = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]] & [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1827
| type_species = ''Motacilla maderaspatana'' ([[Malagasy white-eye]])
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision       = See text
}}

'''''Zosterops''''' (meaning "eye-[[Zoster (costume)|girdle]]") is a [[genus]] of [[passerine]] birds containing the '''typical white-eyes''' in the white-eye family [[Zosteropidae]]. The genus has the largest number of [[species]] in the white-eye family. They occur in the [[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]], [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]], and [[Australasian realm]]s. Typical white-eyes have a length of between {{cvt|8|and|15|cm|0|abbr=on}}. Their most characteristic feature is a conspicuous white feather [[eye-ring|ring]] around the eye, though some species lack it. The species in this group vary in the structural adaptations of the tongue.<ref>{{ cite journal | title=Tongues of the Zosteropidae (white-eyes)| last1=Moreau | first1=R. E. | last2=Perrins | first2=M. | last3=Hughes | first3=J. T. |year=1969 |journal=Ardea| volume=57 | pages=29–47}}</ref> The ''Zosterops'' [''griseotinctus''] group is an example of a "great speciator" inhabiting a vast area and showing a remarkable morphological differentiation on islands, some of which may be as close as {{cvt|2|km}} apart.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Moyle | first1=R. G. | last2=Filardi | first2=C. E. | last3=Smith | first3=C. E. | last4=Diamond | first4=J. | year=2009 | title=Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a "great speciator" | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=106 | issue=6 | pages=1863–1868 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0809861105| pmc=2644129 | pmid=19181851| bibcode=2009PNAS..106.1863M | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Systematics==
The genus ''Zosterops'' was introduced by the naturalists [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Nicholas Vigors]] and [[Thomas Horsfield]] in 1827.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Vigors | first1=Nicholas Aylward | author1-link=Nicholas Aylward Vigors | last2=Horsfield | first2=Thomas | author2-link=Thomas Horsfield | date=1826 | publication-date=1827 | title=Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities | journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London | volume=15 | issue=1 | language=en, la| pages=170–334 [234] | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/778483 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x}} The title page is dated 1826.</ref> The name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] words ''zōstēros'' "belt" or "girdle" and ''ōpos'' "eye".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=414 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n414/mode/1up }}</ref>  The [[type species]] was designated as the [[Malagasy white-eye]] by [[René Lesson]] in 1828.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Lesson | first=René P. | date=1828 | author-link=René Lesson | title=Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux | volume=1 | language=French | location=Paris | publisher=Roret | page=286 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55490369 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1986 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=12 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=290 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482407 }}</ref>

The results of a series of molecular phylogenetic studies of the [[Zosteropidae]] published between 2014 and 2018 prompted a major revision of species limits, in which 10 new genera were introduced. In the reorganisation, the English names of three of the existing genera were replaced.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Cox  | first1=S.C. | last2=Prys-Jones | first2=R.P. | last3=Habel | first3=J.C. | last4=Amakobe  | first4=B.A. | last5=Day | first5=J.J. | year=2014 | title=Niche divergence promotes rapid diversification of East African sky island white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae) | journal=Molecular Ecology | volume=23 | issue=16 | pages=4103–4118 | doi=10.1111/mec.12840 | pmid=24954273 | pmc=4255762 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2014MolEc..23.4103C }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Wells | first1=D.R. | year=2017 | title=''Zosterops'' white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 1: proposed refinements to the regional definition of Oriental White-eye ''Z. palpebrosus'' | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=137 | issue=2 | pages=100–109 | doi=10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a12 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Wells | first1=D.R. | year=2017 | title=''Zosterops'' white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 2: what is ''Zosterops auriventer'' Hume? | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=137 | issue=2 | pages=110–117 | doi=10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a13 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Lim | first1=B.T.M. | last2=Sadanandan | first2=K.R. | last3=Dingle | first3=C. | last4=Leung | first4=Y.Y. | last5=Prawiradilaga | first5=D.M. | last6=Irham | first6=M. | last7=Ashari | first7=H. | last8=Lee | first8=J.G.H. | last9=Rheindt | first9=F.E. | year=2018 | title=Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator white‑eye genus ''Zosterops'' | journal=Journal of Ornithology | volume= 160| pages= 1–16| doi=10.1007/s10336-018-1583-7 | s2cid=254162519 | doi-access= }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sylvias/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=7 September 2024 }}</ref>

Additionally, a study on [[Sri Lanka white-eye]]s (''Zosterops ceylonensis'') and [[Indian white-eye]]s (''Zosterops palpebrosus'') suggests that the Sri Lanka white-eye is the root species and the origin of all ''Zosterops species''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wickramasinghe|first1=Nelum|last2=Robin|first2=V. V.| last3=Ramakrishnan| first3=Uma|last4=Reddy| first4=Sushma| last5=Seneviratne| first5=Sampath S.| date=2017 |title=Non-sister Sri Lankan white-eyes (genus ''Zosterops'') are a result of independent colonizations|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12|issue=8|pages=e0181441|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0181441|pmid=28792950|pmc=5549887|doi-access=free |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1281441W }}</ref> This raises questions upon the former theory of Southeast Asian origin.

===Species===
[[File:Zosterops atricapilla 2.jpg|thumb|Black-capped white-eye<br />''Z. atricapilla'']]
[[File:Mauritius grey white-eye (Zosterops mauritianus).jpg|thumb|Mauritius grey white-eye<br />''[[:en:Zosterops mauritianus|Zosterops mauritianus]]'']]
[[File:Mauritius olive white-eye (Zosterops chloronothos).jpg|thumb|Mauritius olive white-eye<br />''[[:en:Zosterops chloronothos|Zosterops chloronothos]]'']]
There are over 100 species in the genus. This includes three species (denoted by a dagger <span style="color:red;">†</span> in the list below) that have become extinct since the 16th century.<ref name=ioc/>

* [[Sri Lanka white-eye]] (''Zosterops ceylonensis'')
* [[Yellowish white-eye]] (''Zosterops nigrorum'')
* [[Black-capped white-eye]] (''Zosterops atricapilla'')
* [[Abyssinian white-eye]] (''Zosterops abyssinicus'')
* [[Pale white-eye]] (''Zosterops flavilateralis'')
* [[Mbulu white-eye]] (''Zosterops mbuluensis'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus''
* [[Chestnut-flanked white-eye]] (''Zosterops erythropleurus'')
* [[Swinhoe's white-eye]] (''Zosterops simplex'') – split from ''Z. japonicus''
* [[Mountain blackeye]] (''Zosterops emiliae'')
* [[Warbling white-eye]] (''Zosterops japonicus'') – includes Japanese white-eye and mountain white-eye
* [[Indian white-eye]] (''Zosterops palpebrosus'') – formerly oriental white-eye
* [[Lowland white-eye]] (''Zosterops meyeni'')
* <span style="color:red;">†</span> [[Marianne white-eye]] (''Zosterops semiflavus'')
* [[Karthala white-eye]] (''Zosterops mouroniensis'')
* [[Réunion olive white-eye]] (''Zosterops olivaceus'')
* [[Mauritius olive white-eye]] (''Zosterops chloronothos'')
* [[Réunion grey white-eye]] (''Zosterops borbonicus'')
* [[Mauritius grey white-eye]] (''Zosterops mauritianus'')
* [[Mount Cameroon speirops]] (''Zosterops melanocephalus'')
* [[Forest white-eye]] (''Zosterops stenocricotus'')
* [[Green white-eye]] (''Zosterops stuhlmanni'')  – split from ''Z. poliogastrus''
* [[Broad-ringed white-eye]] (''Zosterops eurycricotus'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus''
* [[Fernando Po speirops]] (''Zosterops brunneus'')
* [[Ethiopian white-eye]] (''Zosterops poliogastrus'') – formerly montane white-eye and Heuglin's white-eye
* [[Kafa white-eye]], (''Zosterops kaffensis'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus''
* [[Kikuyu white-eye]] (''Zosterops kikuyuensis'')
* [[Socotra white-eye]] (''Zosterops socotranus'') – split from ''Z. abyssinicus''
* [[Príncipe white-eye]] (''Zosterops ficedulinus'')
* [[Annobón white-eye]] (''Zosterops griseovirescens'')
* [[São Tomé white-eye]] (''Zosterops feae'')
* [[Black-capped speirops]] (''Zosterops lugubris'')
* [[Príncipe speirops]] (''Zosterops leucophaeus'')
* [[Taita white-eye]] (''Zosterops silvanus'')
* [[Northern yellow white-eye]] (''Zosterops senegalensis'') – formerly African yellow white-eye
* [[Angola white-eye]] (''Zosterops kasaicus'') – split from ''Z. senegalensis''
* [[Orange River white-eye]] (''Zosterops pallidus'')
* [[South Pare white-eye]] (''Zosterops winifredae'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus''
* [[Cape white-eye]] (''Zosterops virens'')
* [[Southern yellow white-eye]] (''Zosterops anderssoni'') – split from ''Z. senegalensis''
* [[Pemba white-eye]] (''Zosterops vaughani'')
* [[Seychelles white-eye]] (''Zosterops modestus'')
* [[Anjouan white-eye]] (''Zosterops anjuanensis'')
* [[Moheli white-eye]] (''Zosterops comorensis'')
* [[Malagasy white-eye]] (''Zosterops maderaspatanus'')
* [[Meratus white-eye]] (''Zosterops meratusensis'')
* [[Aldabra white-eye]] (''Zosterops aldabrensis'') – split from ''Z. maderaspatanus''
* [[Kirk's white-eye]] (''Zosterops kirki'')
* [[Mayotte white-eye]] (''Zosterops mayottensis'')
* [[Lemon-bellied white-eye]] (''Zosterops chloris'')
* [[Wakatobi white-eye]] (''Zosterops flavissimus'')  – split from ''Z. chloris''
* [[Black-crowned white-eye]] (''Zosterops atrifrons'')
* [[Sangihe white-eye]](''Zosterops nehrkorni'')
* [[Pale-bellied white-eye]] (''Zosterops consobrinorum'')
* [[Togian white-eye]] (''Zosterops somadikartai'')
* [[Black-ringed white-eye]] (''Zosterops anomalus'')
* [[Green-fronted white-eye]] (''Zosterops minor'')
* [[Black-fronted white-eye]] (''Zosterops chrysolaemus'')  – split from ''Z. minor<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Species Updates – IOC World Bird List|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/|access-date=2021-05-28|language=en-US}}</ref>''
* [[Tagula white-eye]] (''Zosterops meeki'')
* [[Morotai white-eye]] (''Zosterops dehaani'')  – split from ''Z. atriceps''
* [[Cream-throated white-eye]] (''Zosterops atriceps'')
* [[Buru white-eye]] (''Zosterops buruensis'')
* [[Seram white-eye]] (''Zosterops stalkeri'')
* [[Javan white-eye]] (''Zosterops flavus'')
* [[Ashy-bellied white-eye]] (''Zosterops citrinella'')
* [[Canary white-eye]] (''Zosterops luteus'')
* [[Silvereye]] (''Zosterops lateralis'')
* [[Hume's white-eye]] (''Zosterops auriventer'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus''
* [[Sangkar white-eye]] (''Zosterops melanurus'') – split from ''Z. palpebrosus''
* [[Everett's white-eye]] (''Zosterops everetti'')
* [[Vella Lavella white-eye]] (''Zosterops vellalavella'')
* [[Santa Cruz white-eye]] (''Zosterops sanctaecrucis'')
* [[Capped white-eye]] (''Zosterops fuscicapilla'')
* [[Oya Tabu white-eye]] (''Zosterops crookshanki'')  – split from ''Z. fuscicapilla<ref name=":0" />''
* [[Vanuatu white-eye]] (''Zosterops flavifrons'')
* [[Bare-eyed white-eye]] (''Zosterops superciliosus'')
* [[Sanford's white-eye]] (''Zosterops lacertosus'')
* [[Vanikoro white-eye]] (''Zosterops gibbsi'')
* [[Fiji white-eye]] (''Zosterops explorator'')
* [[Bismarck white-eye]] (''Zosterops hypoxanthus'')
* [[Biak white-eye]] (''Zosterops mysorensis'')
* [[Bougainville white-eye]] (''Zosterops hamlini'')  – split from ''Z. rendovae''<ref name=":0" />
* [[Guadalcanal white-eye]] (''Zosterops oblitus'')  – split from ''Z. rendovae<ref name=":0" />''
* [[Makira white-eye]] (''Zosterops rendovae'')
* [[Olive-colored white-eye]] (''Zosterops oleagineus'')
* [[Dusky white-eye]] (''Zosterops finschii'')
* [[Grey-brown white-eye]] (''Zosterops ponapensis'')
* [[Kosrae white-eye]] (''Zosterops cinereus'')
* [[Rota white-eye]] (''Zosterops rotensis'')
* [[Yellow-throated white-eye]] (''Zosterops metcalfii'')
* [[Malaita white-eye]] (''Zosterops stresemanni'')
* [[Papuan white-eye]] (''Zosterops novaeguineae'')
* [[Ambon white-eye]] (''Zosterops kuehni'')
* [[Kai Besar white-eye]] (''Zosterops grayi'')
* [[Gizo white-eye]] (''Zosterops luteirostris'')
* [[Kai Kecil white-eye]] (''Zosterops uropygialis'')
* [[Ranongga white-eye]] (''Zosterops splendidus'')
* [[Solomons white-eye]] (''Zosterops kulambangrae'')
* [[Dark-eyed white-eye]] (''Zosterops tetiparius'')
* [[Christmas white-eye]] (''Zosterops natalis'')
* [[Bridled white-eye]] (''Zosterops conspicillatus'')
* [[Citrine white-eye]] (''Zosterops semperi'')
* [[Plain white-eye]] (''Zosterops hypolais'')
* [[Zosterops paruhbesar|Wangi Wangi white eye]] (''Zosterops paruhbesar'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Natali |date=2022-10-21 |title=Newly-Described Bird Species is Endemic to Indonesian Island {{!}} Sci.News |url=https://www.sci.news/biology/zosterops-paruhbesar-11318.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Sci.News: Breaking Science News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Louisiade white-eye]] (''Zosterops griseotinctus'')
* [[Kolombangara white-eye]] (''Zosterops murphyi'')
* [[Large Lifou white-eye]] (''Zosterops inornatus'')
* <span style="color:red;">†</span> [[White-chested white-eye]] (''Zosterops albogularis'')
* [[Samoan white-eye]] (''Zosterops samoensis'')
* <span style="color:red;">†</span> [[Robust white-eye]] (''Zosterops strenuus'')
* [[Slender-billed white-eye]] (''Zosterops tenuirostris'')
* [[Small Lifou white-eye]] (''Zosterops minutus'')
* [[Green-backed white-eye]] (''Zosterops xanthochroa'')
* [[Rennell white-eye]] (''Zosterops rennellianus'')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{EB1911 poster|Zosterops}}

*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/white-eyes-zosteropidae Zosterops photos & videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Passerida|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q226900}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zosterops| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors]]