Editing Zoar, Ohio

{{For|the community in southwest Ohio|Zoar, Warren County, Ohio}}
{{Distinguish|Zoarville, Ohio}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name            = Zoar, Ohio
|settlement_type          = [[Village (United States)|Village]]
|nickname                 = 
|motto                    =

<!-- Images -->
|image_skyline            = Canal Tavern of Zoar.jpg
|imagesize                = 250px
|image_caption            = Former canal tavern
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               =

<!-- Maps -->
|image_map                = OHMap-doton-Zoar.png
|mapsize                  = 250px
|map_caption              = Location of Zoar, Ohio
|image_map1               = Detailed map of Zoar, Ohio.png
|mapsize1                 = 250px
|map_caption1             = Detailed map of Zoar

<!-- Location -->
|subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Ohio]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Tuscarawas County, Ohio|Tuscarawas]]
|subdivision_type3        = [[List of Ohio townships|Township]]
|subdivision_name3        = [[Lawrence Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio|Lawrence]]

<!-- Government -->
|government_footnotes     = 
|government_type          = 
|leader_title             = 
|leader_name              = 
|leader_title1            = 
|leader_name1             = 
|established_title        = 
|established_date         =

<!-- Area -->
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 1.72
|area_land_km2            = 1.49
|area_water_km2           = 0.23
|area_total_sq_mi         = 0.67
|area_land_sq_mi          = 0.58
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.09

<!-- Population -->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_est           = 
|pop_est_as_of            = 
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_total         = 172
|population_density_km2   = 115.36
|population_density_sq_mi = 298.61

<!-- General information -->
|timezone                = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset              = -5
|timezone_DST            = EDT
|utc_offset_DST          = -4
|elevation_footnotes     = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_ft            = 896
|coordinates             = {{coord|40|36|48|N|81|25|24|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type        = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code             = 44697
|area_code               = [[Area code 330|330]]
|blank_name              = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
|blank_info              = 39-88168
|blank1_name             = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info             = 2399758<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2399758}}</ref>
|website                 = 
|footnotes               = 
}}

'''Zoar''' is a [[village (United States)#Ohio|village]] in [[Tuscarawas County, Ohio]], United States. The population was 172 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]. The community was founded in 1817 by [[Radical Pietism|Radical Pietists]] as a utopian Christian community, which survived until 1898.<ref name="Frizzell2020">{{cite web |last1=Frizzell |first1=Robert W. |title=Frizzell on Fernandez, 'Zoar: The Story of an Intentional Community' {{!}} H-TGS {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/11761/reviews/6678020/frizzell-fernandez-zoar-story-intentional-community |publisher=[[Michigan State University]] |access-date=August 31, 2022 |language=English |date=2020 |quote=In 1817, in the southwest German kingdom of Württemberg, a group of some 150 radical pietist adults plus accompanying children from some 36 villages decided to emigrate to the United States.}}</ref>

Much of the village's early layout survives, as do many buildings from its utopian origins. Most of the community was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1969 as the '''Zoar Historic District''', and it was designated a [[National Historic Landmark District]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Secretary Jewell, Director Jarvis Announce 10 New National Historic Landmarks Illustrating America's Diverse History, Culture|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-director-jarvis-announce-10-new-national-historic-landmarks|access-date=November 3, 2016|publisher=Department of the Interior|date=November 2, 2016}}</ref> Some of the historic buildings are now operated as museum properties.

==History==
[[File:Communistic Societies of the United States Views in Zoar 1875.jpg|thumb|Views in Zoar, 1875]]
Zoar was founded by [[Radical Pietist]] Christian dissenters from [[Germany]] called the Society of Separatists of Zoar in 1817.<ref name="Frizzell2020"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mangus|first1=Michael|last2=Herman|first2=Jennifer L.|title=Ohio Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bndxn4Qlt4EC&pg=PA592|year=2008|publisher=North American Book Dist LLC|isbn=978-1-878592-68-2|page=592}}</ref> It was named after [[Zoara|the Biblical village]] to which Lot and his family escaped from Sodom. It was a [[communal society]]: All property was communally owned, and the farms, shops, and factories were managed by regularly elected trustees. The society attained its greatest prosperity in the 1850s, when it owned over 10,000 acres of land and was worth approximately $1 million. Many German-style structures have been restored and are part of the Zoar Village State Memorial. There are presently ten restored buildings. According to the Ohio Historical Connection, Zoar is an island of Old-World charm in east-central Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/browse-historical-sites/zoar-village/|title=Zoar Village|website=Ohio History Connection}}</ref><ref>Kathleen M. Fernandez, ''Zoar: The Story of an Intentional Community'' (Kent State University Press, 2019) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=55431 online review].</ref>

These Radical Pietists, also known as Separatists, or Zoarites, emigrated from the kingdom of [[Württemberg]] in southwestern Germany due to religious oppression from the Lutheran church. Leading among their group were some natives of [[Rottenacker]] on the [[Danube]]. Having separated from the established church, they based their theology in part on the writings of [[Jakob Böhme]]. They did not practice baptism or confirmation and did not celebrate religious holidays except for the Sabbath. A central flower garden in Zoar is based on the [[Book of Revelation]], with a towering tree (now cut down) in the middle representing Christ and other elements surrounding it representing other allegorical elements.

The leader of the society was named Joseph Bimeler (also known as Joseph Bäumler or Bäumeler, born 1778), a pipemaker as well as teacher from [[Ulm]]. His charismatic leadership carried the village through a number of crises. Bimeler led the society until his death, which occurred in 1853.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Joseph_Bimeler |title=Joseph Bimeler |website=Ohio History Central |language=en |access-date=September 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724174437/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Joseph_Bimeler |archive-date=July 24, 2014}}</ref>

An early event critical to the success of the colony was the digging of the [[Ohio and Erie Canal]]. The Zoarites had purchased {{convert|5500|acre|km2|0}} of land sight unseen and used loans to pay for it. The loans were to be paid off by 1830. The Society struggled for many years to determine what products and services they could produce in their village to pay off the loans. The state of Ohio required some of the Zoarite land to be used as a right of way and offered the Zoarites an opportunity to assist in digging the canals for money. The state gave them a choice of digging it themselves for pay or having the state pay others to dig the canal. The Zoarites then spent several years in the 1820s digging the canal and thus were able to pay off their loans on time with much money to spare.

Bimeler's death on August 31, 1853, led to a slow decline in the cohesion of the village. By 1898, the village voted to disband the communal society, and the property was divided among the remaining residents.

==Geography==
Zoar is located at {{coord|40|36|47|N|81|25|18|W|type:city}} (40.613102, -81.421686),<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> along the [[Tuscarawas River]].<ref>[[DeLorme]] (1991). ''Ohio Atlas & Gazetteer''. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. {{ISBN|0-89933-233-1}}.</ref> That is 2.9 road miles east of [[I77]] via Ohio route 212 and 16.1 road miles south of [[Canton, Ohio]] in [[Stark County, Ohio|Stark County]].<ref>Microsoft Streets & Trips 2001</ref> (Canton itself is 24 miles south of [[Akron Ohio|Akron]] and 58 miles south of [[Cleveland Ohio|Cleveland]] and [[Lake Erie]].)

Zoar village is 3.2 road miles north of [[Zoarville, Ohio]], an unincorporated community.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the village has a total area of {{convert|0.67|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|0.58|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.09|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 12, 2012 }}</ref>

Zoar is located at Mile Post 84.5 on the main line of the [[Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (1916–1988)|Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway]] between [[Cleveland]] and [[Wheeling, West Virginia]], which parallels the [[Tuscarawas River]] for much of its length.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 249
|1860= 252
|1870= 326
|1880= 291
|1900= 290
|1910= 182
|1920= 178
|1930= 146
|1940= 208
|1950= 200
|1960= 191
|1970= 228
|1980= 264
|1990= 177
|2000= 193
|2010= 169
|2020= 172
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref> of 2010, there were 169 people, 77 households, and 58 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] was {{convert|291.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 85 housing units at an average density of {{convert|146.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 98.2% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.6% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 1.2% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 77 households, of which 19.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.7% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.50.

The median age in the village was 52.6 years. 10.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.8% were from 25 to 44; 42.6% were from 45 to 64; and 26% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52.1% male and 47.9% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 193 people, 79 households, and 62 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert|350.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 81 housing units at an average density of {{convert|147.2|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97.93% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.04% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 1.04% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.52% of the population.

There were 79 households, out of which 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.3% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.73.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.2% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 18.7% from 25 to 44, 42.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $46,964, and the median income for a family was $55,625. Males had a median income of $45,417 versus $33,750 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $22,828. About 3.6% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 5.4% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.

==Flooding threat==
The future of the village is threatened because a Tuscarawas River [[levee]] that protects the village has been given the lowest safety rating by the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]]. The village sits at the base of the levee, which was built by the Corps in 1936 as part of its water management program in the region.

With the levee in failing condition, the Corps was evaluating three alternatives: 
* Repair the levee
* Purchase the village, tear it down, and let the area flood
* Relocate the village to higher ground.

The Zoar Village Government and the Zoar Community Association are working to preserve the village where it stands and have created the Save Historic Zoar Association.<ref>{{cite news |title= Historic Zoar's survival hinges on levee |url=http://www.timesreporter.com/communities/x713430321/Historic-Zoar-s-survival-hinges-on-levee |date=March 22, 2011 |publisher=New Philadelphia Times Reporter}}</ref>

Initial Corps estimates, as of mid-2012, put the cost of repairing the levee at about $130 million, slightly less than $1 million per resident. In June 2012 the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] placed Zoar on its annual list of "[[America's Most Endangered Places|America's eleven most endangered historic places]]."<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Levee Needing Costly Repairs Lands Ohio Village on Endangered List |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/28/us/aging-levee-puts-village-of-zoar-ohio-on-endangered-list.html |date=August 27, 2012 |author=Ray Rivera}}</ref>

In November 2013 the Corps, following further review, reclassified the levee's safety rating from 1 (lowest) to Dam Safety Action Classification 3, meaning the possibility of failure is moderate to high. An expedited full evaluation is to occur within a year. In so doing, the Corps also dropped the option of breaching the levee from the list of solutions being considered, and studied options for repairing the existing levee, thereby significantly reducing the likelihood that the village would have to be destroyed or relocated.<ref>{{cite news |work=TimesReporter |title=Historic Zoar saved from levee breaching |url=http://www.timesreporter.com/article/20131122/News/131129704 |date=November 22, 2013 |author=Jon Baker}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=The Columbus Dispatch |title=Historic Ohio village to be spared |url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/11/22/Zoar-village-saved.html |date=November 22, 2013 |author=Alan Johnson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=The Columbus Dispatch |title=Levee near Zoar won't be removed |url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/11/23/levee-near-zoar-wont-be-removed.html |date=November 23, 2013 |author=Alan Johnson}}</ref>

In 2023, the Army Corps of Engineers completed a $14 million project to repair the levee and save Zoar Village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://savingplaces.org/places/the-village-of-zoar/updates/village-of-zoar-levee-project-finished-and-landmark-town-protected|title=Village of Zoar Levee Project Finished and Landmark Town Protected &#124; The Village of Zoar &#124; National Trust for Historic Preservation|website=savingplaces.org}}</ref>

== Financing and economics ==
After fleeing from Germany, due to the financing of their emigration and the settling in Ohio, the settlers needed help. The [[Quakers]] in both Great Britain and Philadelphia were able to aid in their goals.<ref name="Frizzell2020"/> The Quakers had much in common with them, like their similar ideas of pacifism and their practice of the Christian religion. In 1817, the settlers bought roughly 5,500 acres of land from Godfrey Haga.<ref name="ead.ohiolink.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://ead.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ead/view?docId=ead/OCLWHi1086.xml;chunk.id=bioghist_1;brand=default|title=Finding aid for the Society of Separatists of Zoar Records|website=ead.ohiolink.edu|language=en|access-date=November 1, 2018}}</ref> The Quakers loaned them money to support part of the purchase. Joseph Bimeler vowed to pay $15,000, the remaining balance of the purchase, off within 15 years. The following years of the society was not met with economic prosperity. In the early years of the village, community leaders required celibacy among their residents. The additional cost of bearing many children in a communal society was too large. In the 1830s, the [[Ohio and Erie Canal]] was being constructed. To accumulate money from the state, Zoarites constructed part of the Canal on their own, and received $21,000 from the state. During this period, blacksmithing and tin shops were flourishing in the village, as well as flour and wool mills.<ref name="ead.ohiolink.edu"/> In 1853, after Joseph Bimeler's passing, the village was worth around $5 million. Preceding Joseph Bimeler's death, the village peaked. After 1853, the village began its decline. At its dissolution in 1898, there were 222 members of the community with an estimated worth of $3.5 million.<ref name="ead.ohiolink.edu"/>

== Buildings ==
As construction of the village began, the buildings were subsequently numbered in the order that they were built. Many of the original buildings are still completely original.

=== Number One House ===
[[File:EXTERIOR, EAST FRONT - Number One (King's Palace), Main and Third Streets, Zoar, Tuscarawas County, OH HABS OHIO,79-ZOAR,20-9.tif|thumb|King's Palace]]
Originally built in 1835 to house the elders of the village, Joseph Bimeler and his family made this building their home.<ref name="Explore">{{cite web |url=https://historiczoarvillage.com/explore/ |title=Explore Zoar |website=Historic Zoar Village |access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref>

=== Town Hall ===
The town hall for the Society was built in 1887. Since the Society disbanded in 1898, this building was actually one of the last ones to be constructed. Restoration of town hall took place in 2002 with help from private funds. The lower level is used as a governmental chamber and the two upper floors house artifacts that were commonly used throughout the village.<ref name="Explore"/>

=== The Zoar Hotel ===
Built in 1833, the hotel is said to have been a home for anyone- rich or poor.<ref name="Explore"/> President William McKinley had a favorite room here. He is said to have enjoyed the German cuisine and he favored staying here. It is currently only open on special occasions, unlike most other museum buildings. Renovations have been made on the outside of the hotel, but the inside is worn down and unsafe for regular use. The preservation committee, Zoar Community Association, is currently waiting on funding for inside renovation.<ref name="Explore"/>

== See also ==
* [[Old Economy Village]] another [[Christian theosophy|Christian theosophist]] founded village

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Nixon, Edgar Burkhardt, ''The Society of Separatists of Zoar,'' Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1933.

==Further reading==
* Fernandez, Kathleen M. ''Zoar: The Story of an Intentional Community'' (Kent State University Press, 2019) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=55431 online review]
* Hinds, William Alfred. [https://archive.org/details/AmericanCommunitiesAndCo-operativeColonies ''American Communities and Cooperative Colonies.''] [1902] Second Revision. Chicago, IL: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1908.
* {{cite magazine |last=Woolson |first=Constance Fenimore |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924079633297&view=1up&seq=292 |title=The Happy Valley |magazine=[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's New Monthly Magazine]] |volume=41 |date=July 1870 |pages=282–285}}
* Fritz, Eberhard: ''Roots of Zoar, Ohio, in early 19th century Württemberg: The Separatist group of Rottenacker and its Circle''. Part one. Communal Societies 22/2002. p.&nbsp;27-44. - Part two. Communal Societies 23/2003. p.&nbsp;29-44.
* Fritz, Eberhard: ''From Wuerttemberg to Zoar: Origins of a Separatist Community''.In: American Communal Societies Quarterly, Vol 13 No. 1 (January 2019). p.&nbsp;32-57.

==External links==
{{commons category|Zoar, Ohio}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Separatists}}
* [http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/zoar/ Ohio History: Zoar]
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/ohioeriecanal/ Ohio and Erie Canal National Heritage Corridor, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary]

{{Tuscarawas County, Ohio}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:German-American culture in Ohio]]
[[Category:Villages in Tuscarawas County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Utopian communities in the United States]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1817]]
[[Category:1817 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Ohio]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Tuscarawas County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Villages in Ohio]]