Editing Zaragoza

{{Short description|Capital of Aragon, Spain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Redirect|Saragossa|other uses|Zaragoza (disambiguation)|and|Saragossa (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->| name               = Zaragoza
| nickname           = The [[Florence]] of Spain<ref>{{cite book |last= Martí Font|first= J. M.|date= 2017|title= La España de las ciudades: El Estado frente a la sociedad urbana|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qu14DwAAQBAJ&q=zaragoza+florencia+espa%C3%B1ola&pg=PT76|publisher= ED Libros|isbn= 9788461799220|language= es}}</ref>
| official_name      = 
| other_name         = Saragossa
| settlement_type    = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
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  | image1 = Zaragoza - Basílica del Pilar y río Ebro.jpg
  | alt1 = Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar
  | caption1 = [[Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar]]
  | image2 = La Seo-Zaragoza - P1410404.jpg
  | alt2 = La Seo del Salvador
  | caption2 = [[Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza|La Seo]]
  | image3 = Aljafería Palace.jpg
  | alt3 = Aljafería
  | caption3 = [[Aljafería]]
  | image4 = WLM14ES - 27072008 121549 ZGZ 3155 - .jpg
  | alt4 = Gran Vía de Zaragoza
  | caption4 = Gran Vía
  | image5 = Zaragoza - Torre del agua2.jpg
  | alt5 = Torre del Agua (Expo 2008)
  | caption5 = [[Torre del Agua]]
  | image6 = Zaragoza - Centro Comercial Gran Casa y WTCZ.jpg
  | alt6 = World Trade Center Zaragoza and Grancasa Mall
  | caption6 = WTCZ
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| image_flag         = Flag of Zaragoza.svg
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| pushpin_map        = Spain#Spain Aragon#Europe
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| map_caption        = Location of Zaragoza
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Aragon]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Province of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Comarcas of Spain|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Zaragoza (comarca)|Zaragoza]]
| parts_type         = Districts
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = Centro
| p2                 = Casco Histórico
| p3                 = [[Delicias (Zaragoza)|Delicias]]
| p4                 = Universidad
| p5                 = San José
| p6                 = Las Fuentes
| p7                 = La Almozara
| p8                 = Oliver-Valdefierro
| p9                 = Torrero-La Paz
| p10                = Actur-Rey Fernando
| p11                = El Rabal
| p12                = Casablanca
| p13                = Santa Isabel
| p14                = Miralbueno
| p15                = Sur
| p16                = Distrito Rural
<!-- Politics ----------------->| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = [[Ayuntamiento (Spain)|Ayuntamiento]]
| governing_body     = {{ill|Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza|es}}
| leader_party       = [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]
| leader_title       = [[Alcalde|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Natalia Chueca]]
| established_title  = <!-- Settled -->
| established_date   = <!-- Area    --------------------->
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| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 973.78
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = <!-- Elevation ------------------->
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags-->
| elevation_m        = 243
<!-- Population   ----------------------->| population_note    = 
| population_as_of   = 2024
| population_footnotes = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total   = 686,986
| population_metro   = 
| population_est     = 
| pop_est_as_of      = 
| population_density_km2 = 682,84
| population_demonym = Zaragozan<br />(Zaragozano) (male){{br}}(Zaragozana) (female)
<!-- GDP  --------------->| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
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| demographics2_info1 = €26.004 billion (2020)
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| coordinates        = {{Coord|41|39|N|0|53|W|region:ES_type:city(667000)|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type   = Postal codes
| postal_code        = 50001–50022
| area_code          = 
| website            = {{URL|http://www.zaragoza.es/}}
| blank_name_sec1    = [[ISO 3166-2:ES|ISO 3166-2]]
| blank_info_sec1    = ES-Z
| module             = 
| footnotes          = 
}}
'''Zaragoza''' ({{IPA|es|θaɾaˈɣoθa|lang|Pronunciation_of_Zaragoza_in_Spanish.ogg}}), traditionally known in English as '''Saragossa'''<ref name=":0">{{cite EBO |title=Zaragoza (conventional Saragossa) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/655940/Zaragoza}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307084352/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/655940/Zaragoza |date=2012-03-07 }}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ær|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|s|ə}} {{respell|SARR|ə|GOSS|ə}}),<ref name="Collins3">{{cite Collins Dictionary |Saragossa |access-date=26 September 2014 |url-status=live}} {{webarchiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232244/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/saragossa |date=23 September 2015}}</ref> is the [[capital city]] of the [[province of Zaragoza]] and of the [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Aragon]], Spain. It lies by the [[Ebro]] river and its tributaries, the [[Huerva]] and the [[Gállego (river)|Gállego]], roughly in the centre of both Aragon and the Ebro basin.

On 1 January 2021, the population of the municipality of Zaragoza was 675,301,<ref>''[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)]]''[https://ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=2911]</ref> (as of 2023, the [[Ranked lists of Spanish municipalities#By population|fourth or fifth most populous]] in Spain) on a land area of {{convert|973.78|km²|2|abbr=off}}. It is the [[list of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|26th most populous municipality]] in the [[European Union]]. The population of the [[metropolitan area]] was estimated in 2006 at 783,763 inhabitants. The [[municipalities of Spain|municipality]] is home to more than 50 percent of the Aragonese population. The city lies at an elevation of about {{convert|208|m|0|abbr=off|lk=in}} [[height above mean sea level|above sea level]].

Zaragoza hosted [[Expo 2008]] in the summer of 2008, a [[world's fair]] on water and sustainable development. It was also a candidate for the [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2012.

The city is famous for its folklore, local cuisine, and landmarks such as the [[Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar|Basílica del Pilar]], [[La Seo Cathedral]] and the [[Aljafería|Aljafería Palace]]. Together with La Seo and the [[Aljafería]], several other buildings form part of the [[Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon]] which is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. The ''[[Fiestas del Pilar]]'' are among the most celebrated festivals in Spain.

==Etymology==
The [[Iberians|Iberian]] town that preceded Roman colonisation was called ''Salduie''<ref name="MullenJames2012">{{cite book|author1=Alex Mullen|author2=Patrick James|title=Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFMhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|date=6 September 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-56062-7|page=104}}</ref> or ''{{Lang|la|Salduba}}''.<ref name="WilliamSmith">{{cite book|author1=William Smith|title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography|url=|date=1854|publisher=Walton and Maberly London|isbn= 978-1-845-11001-7}}</ref> The Romans and Greeks called the ancient city {{Lang|la|Caesaraugusta}} (in Greek {{Lang|grc|Καισαραυγοῦστα}}, {{transliteration|grc|Kaisaraugoûsta}}),<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.2.15 Strabo, Geography, 3.2.15]</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=Caesaraugusta Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Caesăraugusta]</ref> from which derive the Arabic name {{lang|ar|سرقسطة}} {{Lang|ar-latn|Saraqusṭa}} (used during the [[Al-Andalus]] period), the medieval {{Lang|osp|Çaragoça}}, and the modern ''Zaragoza''.

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Zaragoza}}

The [[Sedetani]], a tribe of [[ancient Iberians]], populated a village called {{ill|Salduie|es}} ({{Lang|la|Salduba}} in Roman sources).

===Roman Caesaraugusta===
{{Main|Caesaraugusta}}
[[File:Mapa Caesaraugusta.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Roman Caesaraugusta 1.- Decumano; 2.- Cardo; 3.- Forum; 4.- Port; 5.- Thermal baths; 6.- Theatre; 7.- Walls]]

[[Augustus]] founded the city as ''[[Caesaraugusta]]'' between 25 BC and 11 BC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/246344 |title=Places: 246344 (Col. Caesaraugusta) |author1=Sivan, H. |author2=S. Keay |author3=R. Mathisen |author4=DARMC, R. |author5=Talbert, S. |author6=Gillies, J. |author7=Åhlfeldt |author8=J. Becker |author9=T. Elliott |access-date=23 December 2014 |publisher=Pleiades |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224023056/http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/246344 |archive-date=24 December 2014 }}</ref> as a [[Colonia (Roman)|colony]] to settle army veterans from the [[Cantabrian wars]]. As a Roman city, it had all the typical public buildings: [[forum (Roman)|forum]], [[Thermae|baths]], [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatre]], and was an important economic centre. Many Roman ruins can still be seen in Zaragoza today.

It is thought it might have been the [[James the Great|Apostle James]] who had built a chapel on the site of the [[Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar]].

On the spot where [[Engratia|Saint Engratia]] and her companions were said to have been martyred on [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian's]]<ref>It is nowadays thought likely that she died during the earlier persecution. It was previously assumed that she had been killed during the [[Diocletian persecution]] in around 303 under the prefect [[Dacian (prefect)|Dacian]].</ref> orders was the [[Church of Santa Engracia de Zaragoza]]. Only the crypt and the doorway survived the [[Peninsular War]]. Around the early 20th century it was rebuilt, and is now a functioning parish church.

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Mapa Saraqusta.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Map of Zaragoza (''Saraqusta'') during the Muslim rule, superimposed on the current city (light grey)]]

Despite the general decline of the last centuries of the Roman empire, Zaragoza suffered little. Capture by the [[Goths]] in the fifth century AD was without significant bloodshed or destruction.<ref name=":0" />

In the eighth century, following the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]], Zaragoza became the capital of the [[Upper March]] of [[al-Andalus]].{{Sfn|Corral Lafuente|2008|p=199}}

In 1018, amid the collapse of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], Zaragoza became an independent [[Taifa of Zaragoza]], initially controlled by the [[Banu Tujib|Tujibid]] family,<ref name=atlas /> then ruled by the [[Banu Hud]] from 1039.<ref name=atlas>{{Cite web|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/webs/atlash/indice_epocas/islamica/27.htm|work=Atlas de historia de Aragón|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|title=Los reinos de Taifas en la Marca Superior (Zaragoza-Albarracín)}}</ref> The taifa greatly prospered in a cultural and political sense in the late 11th century, and being later governed by [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir]], [[Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud]] and [[Al-Musta'in II]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Espada Torres|first=Diana María|year=2019|title=Historia, memoria y ciudad. La recuperación de la imagen de Alfonso I, El Batallador.|journal=La Tadeo Dearte|volume=5|issue=5|page=80|doi=10.21789/24223158.1530|url=https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/ltd/article/view/1530/1503|publisher=[[Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano]]|location=Bogotá|doi-access=free}}</ref> It fell to the [[Almoravid]]s in 1110.<ref name=atlas />

On 18 December 1118, [[Alfonso I of Aragon]] conquered the city from the Almoravids,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rogers|editor1-first=Clifford J.|editor1-link=Clifford J. Rogers|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|volume=1|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-533403-6|page=466|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&q=zaragoza+1118|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319110931/https://books.google.nl/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&dq=zaragoza+1118&hl=nl|archive-date=2017-03-19}}</ref> and made it the capital of the [[Kingdom of Aragon]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aragon-region-Spain#ref169835|title=Aragon {{!}} region, Spain|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-08-25|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825200013/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aragon-region-Spain#ref169835|archive-date=2017-08-25}}</ref> The aforementioned monarch created a jurisdictional dominion in the city, which was gifted to [[Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn|Gaston of Béarn]].{{Sfn|Falcón|2014|p=209}} The city remained a [[lordship]] up until the early 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book <!--DUPLICATE |url=http://www.rmoa.unina.it/5139/1/Ascheri_3-Falc%C3%B3n.pdf--> |chapter=Las primeras ordenanzas otorgadas a la Ciudad de Zaragoza|first=Isabel|last=Falcón|title=Honos alit artes. Studi per il settantesimo compleanno di Mario Ascheri. Il cammino delle idee dal medioevo all'età moderna|editor-first=Paola|editor-last=Maffei|editor-first2=Gian Maria|editor-last2=Varanini|location=Florence|publisher=[[Firenze University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-88-6655-632-9|url=http://www.rm.unina.it/rmebook/dwnld/Ascheri_3.pdf|page=209}}</ref>

There was a [[Jews|Jewish]] community in medieval Zaragoza, a notable center where [[Yeshiva|''yeshivas'']] also incorporated the study of philosophy alongside [[Torah study|Talmud studies]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marciano |first=Yoel |title=Sages of Spain in the Eye of the Storm: Jewish Scholars of Late Medieval Spain |publisher=Bialik |year=2019 |isbn=978-965-536-266-4 |location=Jerusalem |pages=231 |language=he}}</ref>

===Early modern history===
An outbreak of [[bubonic plague]] decimated the city in 1564.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zaragoza 1564. El año de la peste|first=Fco. José|last=Alfaro Pérez|location=Zaragoza|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|year=2019|isbn=978-84-9911-570-2|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/38/01/_ebook.pdf|page=19}}</ref> It reportedly killed about 10,000 people out of an estimated population of 25–30,000.{{Sfn|Alfaro Pérez|2019|p=61}}
[[File:Vista de Zaragoza en 1647.jpg|thumb|upright=2.3|center|''View of Zaragoza'' (1647) by [[Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo]]]]
In the context of the 1701–1714 [[War of the Spanish Succession]], the city rose in arms in favour of the [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Charles]], who was proclaimed "King of Aragon" in the city on 29 June 1706, following the uprising of other parts of the Kingdom of Aragon in December 1705.{{Sfn|Monreal Casamayor|2017|p=24, 28}} Charles entered the city in July 1706, directing the attack on those places of Aragon that had sided with the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] faction such as [[Borja, Zaragoza|Borja]] or the [[Cinco Villas, Aragon|Cinco Villas]].<ref name=ibdes>{{Cite book|title=La Guerra de Sucesión en Ibdes y su comarca. Una villa privilegiada en la aplicación de los decretos de Nueva Planta<!--|pages=161–189-->|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/31/07/6sucesionibdes.pdf|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|location=Zaragoza|pages=175–176}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Almansa|April 1707 battle at Almansa]], the tide turned with the ''Austracist'' forces fleeing in disarray, and the Bourbon forces commanded by the [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Duke of Orléans]] entering the city on 26 May 1707.{{Sfn|Bonell Colmenero|2010|p=22}} As he seized control of the kingdom, he began to enact the series of institutional reforms known as the [[Nueva Planta decrees|Nueva Planta]], abolishing the Aragonese institutions in favour of the Castilian ones.{{Sfn|Bonell Colmenero|2010|p=22}} The war turned around again in 1710 after the [[Battle of Almenar]], and, following another [[Battle of Saragossa|Bourbon defeat near Zaragoza on 20 August 1710]], Archduke Charles returned to the city on the next day.<ref name=ibdes /> This was for only a brief period, though, as following the entry of Philip V in Madrid and the ensuing [[Battle of Villaviciosa]] in December 1710, the Habsburg armies fled from Zaragoza in haste in December 1710 and [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] proceeded to consolidate his rule over the kingdom of Aragon, resuming administrative reforms after a period of institutional void.{{Sfn|Armillas|Pérez|2004|p=268}}

An important [[food riot]] caused by the high price of bread and other [[necessity good]]s{{Sfn|Monterde Albiac|1999|pp=221–222}} took place in the city in April 1766, the so-called {{Lang|es|motín de los broqueleros}}, named after the repressive agents, volunteer farmers and craftsmen who wielded swords and [[buckler]]s ({{Lang|es|broqueles}}).{{Sfn|Monterde Albiac|1999|p=222}} The repression left about 300 wounded, 200 detainees and 8 deaths and it was followed by 17 public executions, and an indeterminate number of killings at the dungeons of the [[Aljafería]].{{Sfn|Armillas Vicente|1989|pp=242–243}}

===Late Modern history===
[[File:Santa Engracia - Lejeune.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Assault of the French Army at Santa Engracia Monastery on 8 February 1809 during the [[Peninsular War]]. Oil on canvas, 1827.]]
Zaragoza suffered two famous sieges during the [[Peninsular War]] against the Napoleonic army: a [[First Siege of Zaragoza|first]] from June to August 1808; and a [[Second Siege of Zaragoza|second]] from December 1808 to February 1809, surrendering only after some 50,000 defenders had died.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/napoleons-total-war.htm |title=Napoleon's Total War |publisher=Historynet.com |date=7 March 2007 |access-date=2017-03-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023110/http://www.historynet.com/napoleons-total-war.htm |archive-date=19 March 2017 }}</ref>

Railway transport came to Zaragoza on 16 September 1861 with the inauguration of the [[Barcelona]]–Zaragoza line with the arrival of a train from the former city to the [[Estación del Norte (Zaragoza)|Estación del Norte]].<ref name=tren /> The  [[Madrid]]–Zaragoza line was opened a year and a half later, on 16 May 1863.<ref name=tren>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/aragon/tren-cumple-150-anos-zaragoza_696612.html|website=[[El Periódico de Aragón]]|title=El tren cumple 150 años en Zaragoza|date=28 August 2011|first=A|last=Muñoz Padrós}}</ref>

The [[Spanish coup of July 1936|July 1936 coup d'état]] (with Gen. [[Miguel Cabanellas]], Col. {{ill|José Monasterio Ituarte|es|lt=Monasterio}}, {{ill|Gustavo Urrutia González|es|lt=Urrutia}}, {{ill|Álvaro Sueiro y Vilariño|es|lt=Sueiro}}, Major Cebollero and Gen.{{ill|Gregorio Benito Terraza|es|lt=Gregorio de Benito}} at the centre of the [[General Mola|Mola]]-led conspiration in Zaragoza) triumphed in the city.{{Sfn|Casanova|1989|p=299}} After the military uprising in Africa on 17 July, the military command easily attained its objectives in Zaragoza in the early morning of 19 July,{{Sfn|Casanova|1989|pp=299–300}} despite the city's status as stronghold of organised labour (mostly [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] anarcho-syndicalists but also [[Unión General de Trabajadores|UGT]] trade unionists), as the civil governor critically refused to give weapons to the people in time.{{Sfn|Alcalde Fernández|2010|pp=40–41}} Many refugees, including members of the provincial committees of parties and unions, fled to [[Caspe]], the capital of the territory of Aragon, which was still controlled by the Republic.{{Sfn|Barcelo Gresa|2016|p=114}}
{{See also|Regional Defence Council of Aragon}}

[[File:Falange Members in Saragossa 1936 (Retouched).jpg|thumb|right|[[Falange Española de las JONS|Falange]] members in front of the Basilica of El Pilar (12 October 1936)]]

The rearguard violence committed by the putschists, with at least 12 murders on 19 July, would only go ''in crescendo'' along the beginning of the conflict.{{Sfn|Alcalde Fernández|2010|pp=41}} Thus one of the two big cities under Rebel control since the early stages of the [[Spanish Civil War]] along [[Seville]], Zaragoza profited from an increasing industrial production vis-à-vis the [[war economy]],{{Sfn|Martínez de Baños Carrillo|2010|p=13}} playing a key role for the [[Francoist faction]] as ammunition manufacturer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/zaragoza/2010/07/18/la-primera-gran-fabrica-guerra-franco-95225-2261126.html |website=[[Heraldo de Aragón]] |title=La primera gran fábrica de guerra de Franco |first=Mariano |last=García |date=18 July 2010}}</ref>

The [[General Military Academy]], a higher training center of the [[Spanish Army]], was re-established on 27 September 1940 by [[José Enrique Varela]], the [[Francoist]] Minister of the Army.

The [[Pact of Madrid|1953 Accords]] ensued with the installment of a joint [[Zaragoza Air Base|US–Spain air base in Zaragoza]].{{Sfn|Biescas|1989|p=231}}

Following the declaration of Zaragoza as {{Lang|es|Polo de Desarrollo Industrial}} ("Pole for Industrial Development") by the regime in 1964, the city doubled in population in a short time.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://habitat.aq.upm.es/eacc/azaragoza.html |chapter=Procesos de urbanización de la huerta zaragozana. Incoherencias instrumentales |first=Ana |last=Zazo |publisher=[[Universidad Politécnica de Madrid]] |year=2010 |title=El espacio agrícola entre el campo y la ciudad |editor-first=Mariano |editor-last=Vázquez |editor-first2=Carlos |editor-last2=Verdaguer}}</ref> The increase in population ran parallel to the [[rural flight]] and depopulation in the rest of Aragon.{{Sfn|Biescas|1989|p=231}}

In 1979, a fire at the [[Hotel Corona de Aragón fire]] killed at least 80 people, including members of the family of Francisco Franco.<ref name="El País1979">{{cite news |title=El incendio del Corona de Aragón, fue provocado, según "El Alcázar" |url=http://elpais.com/diario/1979/11/20/espana/311900416_850215.html |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=El País |publisher=PRISA |date=20 November 1979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315133530/http://elpais.com/diario/1979/11/20/espana/311900416_850215.html |archive-date=15 March 2016 |language=es |quote=.}}</ref> The armed [[Basque conflict|Basque]] nationalist and separatist organization [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] carried out the [[Zaragoza barracks bombing]] in 1987 which killed eleven people, including a number of children, leading to 250,000 people taking part in demonstrations in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/11-killed-by-bomb-in-northern-spain.html |title=11 Killed by Bomb in Northern Spain |agency=Reuters |date=1987-12-12 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-02-01 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193254/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/11-killed-by-bomb-in-northern-spain.html |archive-date=2018-02-01}}</ref>

Since 1982, the city has been home to a large factory built by [[General Motors]] for the production of [[Opel]] cars, some of which are exported to the United Kingdom and sold under the [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] brand. The city took advantage of the entry of Spain into the European Communities (later European Union).{{sfn|Fernández Maldonado|Romein|2012|p=58}}

== Geography ==
=== Location ===
[[File:Zaragoza Spain (cropped) ESA.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Zaragoza, as seen by the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Sentinel-2]]]]
[[File:MTN50-0383-2005-cns-Zaragoza.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Zaragoza sheet of MTN50 (Spain's National Topographic Map at 1:50,000 scale), at its first digital edition (year 2006).]]
Zaragoza lies in the north-east of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], in the rather arid depression formed by the valley of the [[Ebro]]. The Ebro cuts across the city in a west north-west by east south-east direction, entering the municipality at 205 [[Height above sea level|metres above sea level]] and exiting the municipality at a level of 180 metres above sea level.{{Sfn|Sotelo Pérez|Sotelo Navalpotro|2016|p=260}}

The city enjoys a beneficial location at the geographical centre of the rough hexagon formed by the Spanish cities of [[Bilbao]], [[Madrid]], [[Valencia]] and [[Barcelona]] and the French cities of [[Bordeaux]] and [[Toulouse]].{{sfn|Fernández Maldonado|Romein|2012|p=58}}

The municipality has a surface of {{cvt|973.78|km2}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ssweb.seap.minhap.es/REL/frontend/inicio/municipios/2/13395/275 |access-date=12 August 2020 |publisher=Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital |title=Datos del Registro de Entidades Locales}}</ref> making it the ninth largest municipality in Spain.{{Sfn|Miguel González|2015|p=66}}

While the river banks are largely flat, the territory flanking them can display a rugged terrain, featuring {{Lang|es|muelas}} and escarpments.<ref name=medio /> The surrounding elevations rise up to heights of about 600–750 metres above sea level.{{Sfn|Sotelo Pérez|Sotelo Navalpotro|2016|p=260}} The locations near the meanders of the Ebro feature some sinkholes formed upon the subsidence of the [[gypsum]]-rich soil, that can form ponds fed from irrigation water.<ref name=medio /> There is also an instance of seasonal [[Endorheic basin|endorheic]] lagoon, {{Lang|es|la Sulfúrica}}, in the moors located in the southern part of the municipality.<ref name=medio>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zaragoza.es/contenidos/medioambiente/natural/Guia_LIFE_espanol.pdf |page=10; 12 |title=Zaragoza Natural. Un mosaico de paisajes y de biodiversidad |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza |date=12 August 2020}}</ref>

The Roman core of Caesaraugusta was founded on the right bank of the Ebro, with the north-east corner limiting the confluence of the Ebro with the [[Huerva|Huerva river]], a modest right-bank tributary of the Ebro.{{Sfn|Adiego Adiego|2002|p=251; 253}} The Huerva runs through the city buried for much of its lower course.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/aragon/huerva-cauce-mas-agraviado_556183.html |website=[[El Periódico de Aragón]] |title=El Huerva, el cauce más agraviado |date=31 January 2010 |first=Marga |last=Valiente}}</ref> Zaragoza is also located near the confluence of the Ebro with the [[Gállego (river)|Gállego]], a more voluminous left-bank tributary born in the [[Pyrenees]].{{Sfn|Adiego Adiego|2002|p=268}}

===Climate===
Zaragoza has a [[cold semi-arid climate|semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSk''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=6180&cityname=Zaragoza,+Arag%25F3n,+Spain&units=Climate |title=Zaragoza, Spain Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502012740/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=6180&cityname=Zaragoza,+Arag%25F3n,+Spain&units=Climate |archive-date=2 May 2018}}</ref> as it lies in a wide [[Drainage basin|basin]] entirely surrounded by [[mountain]]s which block off moist air from the Atlantic and Mediterranean. The average annual [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is a scanty {{convert|328|mm|inch|1}} with abundant sunny days, and the rainiest seasons are spring (April–May) and autumn (September–November), with a relative [[drought]] in summer (July–August) and winter (December–March).

[[Temperatures]] in summer are hot, and in winter a cold and dry [[wind]] blows from the northwest, the ''[[Cierzo]]''. Night [[frost]] is common and there is sporadic [[snow]]fall. Fog can be persistent in late autumn and early winter.{{Weather box
| location = Zaragoza Airport, altitude 263m (1991-2020), extremes (1942-present)
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 20.6
| Feb record high C = 25.5
| Mar record high C = 28.7
| Apr record high C = 32.4
| May record high C = 36.5
| Jun record high C = 43.2
| Jul record high C = 44.5
| Aug record high C = 42.8
| Sep record high C = 39.2
| Oct record high C = 33.9
| Nov record high C = 28.4
| Dec record high C = 22.0
| year record high C = 
| Jan high C = 11.0
| Feb high C = 13.4
| Mar high C = 17.5
| Apr high C = 20.4
| May high C = 24.9
| Jun high C = 30.0
| Jul high C = 32.8
| Aug high C = 32.4
| Sep high C = 27.4
| Oct high C = 21.8
| Nov high C = 15.0
| Dec high C = 11.1
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = 7.0
| Feb mean C = 8.5
| Mar mean C = 11.8
| Apr mean C = 14.4
| May mean C = 18.6
| Jun mean C = 23.1
| Jul mean C = 25.7
| Aug mean C = 25.6
| Sep mean C = 21.4
| Oct mean C = 16.6
| Nov mean C = 10.8
| Dec mean C = 7.2
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = 2.9
| Feb low C = 3.5
| Mar low C = 6.0
| Apr low C = 8.5
| May low C = 12.3
| Jun low C = 16.2
| Jul low C = 18.6
| Aug low C = 18.8
| Sep low C = 15.4
| Oct low C = 11.3
| Nov low C = 6.5
| Dec low C = 3.3
| year low C = 
| Jan record low C = -10.4
| Feb record low C = -11.4
| Mar record low C = -6.3
| Apr record low C = -2.4
| May record low C = 0.5
| Jun record low C = 5.2
| Jul record low C = 8.0
| Aug record low C = 8.4
| Sep record low C = 4.8
| Oct record low C = 0.6
| Nov record low C = -5.6
| Dec record low C = -9.5
| year record low C = 
| Jan precipitation mm = 23.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 19.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 28.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 40.0
| May precipitation mm = 40.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 28.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 16.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 17.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 27.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 34.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 34.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 19.1
| year precipitation mm = 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation days = 4.4
| Feb precipitation days = 3.7
| Mar precipitation days = 4.8
| Apr precipitation days = 5.6
| May precipitation days = 6.2
| Jun precipitation days = 4.0
| Jul precipitation days = 2.6
| Aug precipitation days = 2.2
| Sep precipitation days = 3.2
| Oct precipitation days = 5.3
| Nov precipitation days = 5.6
| Dec precipitation days = 4.5
| unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan snow days = 0.5
| Feb snow days = 0.6
| Mar snow days = 0.3
| Apr snow days = 0.0
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.4
| year snow days = 
| Jan humidity = 74
| Feb humidity = 66
| Mar humidity = 59
| Apr humidity = 56
| May humidity = 52
| Jun humidity = 48
| Jul humidity = 46
| Aug humidity = 48
| Sep humidity = 55
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 72
| Dec humidity = 76
| year humidity = 
| Jan sun = 143
| Feb sun = 181
| Mar sun = 226
| Apr sun = 246
| May sun = 294
| Jun sun = 324
| Jul sun = 363
| Aug sun = 329
| Sep sun = 258
| Oct sun = 208
| Nov sun = 156
| Dec sun = 127
| year sun = 
| Jan percentsun = 48
| Feb percentsun = 60
| Mar percentsun = 61
| Apr percentsun = 62
| May percentsun = 65
| Jun percentsun = 71
| Jul percentsun = 79
| Aug percentsun = 77
| Sep percentsun = 69
| Oct percentsun = 60
| Nov percentsun = 52
| Dec percentsun = 44
| year percentsun = 
| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData|title=AEMET OpenData|access-date=2 December 2024|publisher=AEMET}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=arn&l=9434&datos=det|title=Zaragoza Aeropuerto - Valores exremos|access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>
| date = July 2019
| source = 
}}

=== Administrative subdivisions ===
Zaragoza is administratively divided into 15 urban districts and 14 rural neighborhoods:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/zaragoza/2018/05/28/la-ciudad-revisara-las-fronteras-sus-distritos-1246152-2261126.html|website=[[Heraldo de Aragón]]|title=La ciudad revisará las fronteras de sus distritos|date=28 May 2018|first=Javier L.|last=Velasco}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%"
|-
! # || colspan = 2 | Urban district
|-
| align = "center" | 1 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Casco Histórico (Zaragoza)|es|Casco histórico de Zaragoza|lt=Casco Histórico}}
|-
| align = "center" | 2 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Centro (Zaragoza)|es|Distrito Centro (Zaragoza)|lt=Centro}}
|-
| align = "center" | 3 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || [[Delicias (Zaragoza)|Delicias]]
|-
| align = "center" | 4 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Universidad (Zaragoza)|es|lt=Universidad}}
|-
| align = "center" | 5 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|San José (Zaragoza)|es|Distrito San José (Zaragoza)|lt=San José}}
|-
| align = "center" | 6 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || [[Las Fuentes, Zaragoza|Las Fuentes]]
|-
| align = "center" | 7 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|La Almozara (Zaragoza)|es|La Almozara|lt=La Almozara}}
|-
| align = "center" | 8 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Oliver–Valdefierro|es|Oliver-Valdefierro}}
|-
| align = "center" | 9 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Torrero (Zaragoza)|es|Torrero|lt=Torrero}}
|-
| align = "center" | 10 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|El Rabal (Zaragoza)|es|El Rabal|lt=El Rabal}}
|-
| align = "center" | 11 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Actur–Rey Fernando (Zaragoza)|es|Actur-Rey Fernando|lt=Actur–Rey Fernando}}
|-
| align = "center" | 12 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Casablanca (Zaragoza)|es|Casablanca (Zaragoza)|lt=Casablanca}}
|-
| align = "center" | 13 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Santa Isabel (Zaragoza)|es|Santa Isabel (Zaragoza)|lt=Santa Isabel}}
|-
| align = "center" | 14 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Miralbueno (Zaragoza)|es|Miralbueno|lt=Miralbueno}}
|-
| align = "center" | 15 || bgcolor = "ffb380" | || {{ill|Distrito Sur (Zaragoza)|es|Distrito Sur (Zaragoza)|lt=Distrito Sur}}
|}
<div style="float:left; font-size:85%">
{{Image label begin|image=Distritos Zaragoza. Mapa.svg|width=450|float=none}}
{{Image label|x=1.1|y=1.33|scale=250|text='''[[Casco Histórico (Zaragoza)|1]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1.07|y=1.360|scale=250|text='''[[Centro (Zaragoza)|2]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=0.98|y=1.353|scale=250|text='''[[Delicias (Zaragoza)|3]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1.013|y=1.40|scale=250|text='''[[Universidad (Zaragoza)|4]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1.11|y=1.42|scale=250|text='''[[San José (Zaragoza)|5]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1.17|y=1.39|scale=250|text='''[[Las Fuentes, Zaragoza|6]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1|y=1.307|scale=250|text='''[[La Almozara (Zaragoza)|7]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=0.91|y=1.355|scale=250|text='''[[Oliver–Valdefierro|8]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1.09|y=1.7|scale=250|text='''[[Torrero (Zaragoza)|9]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1.13|y=1.275|scale=250|text='''[[El Rabal (Zaragoza)|10]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1.035|y=1.23|scale=250|text='''[[Actur–Rey Fernando|11]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=0.96|y=1.44|scale=250|text='''[[Casablanca (Zaragoza)|12]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1.3|y=1.275|scale=250|text='''[[Santa Isabel (Zaragoza)|13]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=0.81|y=1.32|scale=250|text='''[[Miralbueno (Zaragoza)|14]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=0.715|y=1.56|scale=250|text='''[[Distrito Sur (Zaragoza)|15]]'''}}

{{Image label end}}</div>
{{clear}}

==Demographics==
[[File:WTCZ World Trade Center Zaragoza (2).JPG|thumb|right|World Trade Center Zaragoza]]

{{Historical populations|1842|30000|1857|63399|1877|86126|1887|94538|1900|98125|1910|109635|1920|140426|1930|162121|1940|205094|1950|244015|1960|303975|1970|469366|1981|571855|1991|594394|2001|614905|2011|678115|2021|681430|source=[[National Statistics Institute (Spain)|INE]]<ref>{{cite web|title=INEbase. Alterations to the municipalities in the Population Censuses since 1842|url=https://www.ine.es/intercensal/inicio.do|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Spain)|National Statistics Institute]]|language=es}}</ref>|align=none|cols=2}}

=== Religion ===
According to a survey carried out by the [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]] (CIS) in 2019 with a sample size of 300, 51.0% of the surveyed people described themselves as non-practising Catholic, 24.0% as practising Catholic, 6.7% as indifferent/non-believer, 5.0% as [[Agnosticism|agnostic]], 4.3% as [[Atheism|atheist]] and 2.3% as "other religions", while a 6.7% did not answer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3253sd_MZaragoza_A.pdf |title=Postelectoral Elecciones Autonómicas y Municipales 2019. Zaragoza (Municipio de); Results on page 47|date=2019 |access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>

=== Immigration ===
In 2017, there were 64,003 foreign citizens in Zaragoza,<ref name="auto"/> which represent 9.6% of the total population. From 2010 to 2017 immigration dropped from 87,735 to 64,003 people, a 27% drop. Romanians represent 29.8% of foreigners living in Zaragoza, or 2.9% of the total city population, followed by [[Morocco|Moroccans]] (9.1%) and [[China|Chinese]] (7%).

{| class="toc" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=35% style="float:center; text-align:center;clear:all; margin-left:10px; margin-right:8px; font-size:90%;"
! bgcolor="grey" colspan="8" style="color:white;" |Foreign Nationals in Zaragoza in 2017<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p05/a2017/l0/&file=00050003.px|title=Población por sexo, municipios y nacionalidad (principales nacionalidades) - Zaragoza|website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|access-date=12 July 2018|language=es}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!width=3% |Position
!width=89% |Nationality
!width=8% |People
|-
|1st||align=left|{{flag2|Romania}}||align=right|19,064
|-
|2nd||align=left|{{flag2|Morocco}}||align=right|5,804
|-
|3rd||align=left|{{flag2|China}}||align=right|4,497
|-
|4th||align=left|{{flag2|Ecuador}}||align=right|3,302
|-
|5th||align=left|{{flag2|Colombia}}||align=right|2,488
|-
|6th||align=left|{{flag2|Algeria}}||align=right|2,470
|-
|7th||align=left|{{flag2|Senegal}}||align=right|2,117
|-
|8th||align=left|{{flag2|Dominican Republic}}||align=right|1,115
|-
|9th||align=left|{{flag2|Ukraine}}||align=right|1,030
|-
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Pabellon Aragon Expo 2008 01.JPG|thumb|left|Pavilion of Aragon in the Expo 2008]]
[[File:Torre del agua.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Water Tower (Zaragoza)|Torre del Agua]] at the [[Expo 2008]] site]]
An [[Opel]] factory was opened in 1982 in [[Figueruelas]], a small village nearby. The [[automotive industry]] is a main pillar of the regional economy along with [[Balay (Spanish company)|Balay]], which manufactures household appliances; [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]], which builds railway [[rolling stock]] for both the national and international markets; SAICA and Torraspapel in the stationery sector; and various other local companies, such as [[Pikolin]], [[Lacasa]], and [[Imaginarium SA]]. {{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}

The city's economy benefited from projects like the [[Expo 2008]], the official World's Fair, whose theme was water and [[sustainable development]], held between 14 June and 14 September 2008, {{Lang|es|Plataforma Logística de Zaragoza}} (PLAZA), and the {{Lang|es|Parque Tecnológico de Reciclado}} (PTR). Furthermore, since December 2003, it has been a city through which the [[AVE]] high-speed rail travels. Currently, [[Zaragoza Airport]] is a major cargo hub in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], behind only Madrid, Barcelona, and Lisbon.

Zaragoza is home to a [[Spanish Air and Space Force]] base, which was shared with the [[U.S. Air Force]] until 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=La Zaragoza americana |url=https://www.heraldo.es/especiales/base-americana-zaragoza/ |website=Heraldo |access-date=17 Jun 2024}}</ref> In English, the base was known as [[Zaragoza Air Base]]. The Spanish Air Force maintained a [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]] wing at the base. No American flying wings (with the exception of a few KC-135s) were permanently based there, but it served as a training base for American fighter squadrons across Europe. It also hosts the main [[Spanish Army]] academy, ''[[General Military Academy|Academia General Militar]]'', a number of brigades at ''San Gregorio'', and other garrisons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Army units at Zaragoza |url=http://www.ejercito.mde.es/en/unidades/Zaragoza/index.html |website=Spanish MoD |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>

==Culture==
Christianity took root in Zaragoza at an early date.<ref name="Calvert1908">{{cite book|author=Albert Frederick Calvert|title=Valladolid, Oviedo, Segovia, Zamora, Avil, & Zaragoza: An Historical & Descriptive Account|url=https://archive.org/details/valladolidovied00calvgoog|year=1908|publisher=Lane|page=[https://archive.org/details/valladolidovied00calvgoog/page/n166 136]}}</ref> According to legend, [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|St. Mary]] appeared miraculously to [[Saint James the Great]] in Zaragoza in the first century, standing on a pillar. This apparition is commemorated by a famous Catholic [[basilica]] called ''[[Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar|Nuestra Señora del Pilar]]'' ('Our Lady of the Pillar').<ref name="Melton2014">{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA734|date=15 January 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-026-3|page=734}}</ref>

The [[Aragonese language]], in decline for centuries and restricted mostly to northern Aragon, has recently attracted more people in the region. Thus, nowadays, in Zaragoza, up to 7,000 people speak Aragonese.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/aragon/cultura/lucha-conservacion-aragones-patrimonio-immaterial-deixando-perder-morir_1_7849150.html|title=La lucha por la conservación del aragonés: "Tenim un patrimonio inmaterial que estam dixant perder y morir"|first=Madalina|last=Panti|newspaper=[[elDiario.es]]|date=22 April 2021|language=es}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
[[File:FIESTAS DEL PILAR DE ZARAGOZA Ofrenda de frutos 18.jpg|thumb|left|Offering of Fruits at the ''Fiestas del Pilar'']]
The annual ''[[Fiestas del Pilar]]'' lasts for nine days, with its main day on 12 October. This date also coincides with Spain's national holiday, El Día de la Hispanidad (Day of Hispanicity), which celebrates Spain's cultural and historical ties with Hispanic America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hispanic Day 2024 in Spain |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/spain/hispanic-day}}</ref> October 12 also corresponds to the [[History of the Americas|arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas]].
[[File:SEMANA SANTA DE ZARAGOZA Cofradia de las siete palabras 2413.jpg|thumb|[[Semana Santa]] in Zaragoza]]
There are many activities during the festival, from the massively attended {{Lang|es|pregon}} (opening speech) to the final fireworks display over the Ebro; they also include marching bands, dances such as {{Lang|es|jota aragonesa}} (the most popular folk music dance), a procession of ''[[gigantes y cabezudos]]'', concerts, exhibitions, ''vaquillas'', bullfights, fairground amusements, and fireworks. Some of the most important events are the {{Lang|es|Ofrenda de Flores}}, or Flower Offering to St. Mary of the Pillar, on 12 October, when an enormous surface resembling a cloak for St. Mary is covered with flowers, and the {{Lang|es|Ofrenda de Frutos}} on 13 October, when all the [[autonomous communities of Spain]] offer their typical regional dishes to St. Mary and donate them to soup kitchens.

[[Holy Week in Zaragoza]], although not as elaborate an affair as its Andalusian or [[Ruta del tambor y el bombo|Bajo Aragón]] counterparts, has several processions passing through the city centre every day with dramatic sculptures, black-dressed praying women and hundreds of hooded people playing drums. It has been a [[Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain|Festival of International Tourist Interest]] since 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/03/18/pdfs/BOE-A-2014-2904.pdf |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=2018-01-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233051/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/03/18/pdfs/BOE-A-2014-2904.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

==Education==
The [[University of Zaragoza]] is based in the city. As one of the oldest universities in Spain and a major [[research and development]] centre, this [[public university]] awards all the highest academic degrees in dozens of fields. Zaragoza is also home to the MIT-Zaragoza International Logistics Program, a unique partnership between MIT, the Government of Aragon and the University of Zaragoza.

There is a French international primary and secondary school, [[Lycée Français Molière de Saragosse]].

==Transport==
[[File:Puente del Tercer Milenio (Zaragoza).jpg|thumb|Zaragoza's [[Third Millennium Bridge]] spans the [[Ebro]] and is the world's largest concrete [[tied-arch bridge]], with six traffic lanes, two bike lanes, and two glass-enclosed walkways for pedestrians.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puente del Tercer Milenio – Third Millennium Bridge|url=http://www.spain.info/en_GB/conoce/monumentos/zaragoza/puente_del_tercer_milenio.html|work=Discover Monuments, Zaragoza|publisher=Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, S.A. (SEGITTUR)|access-date=27 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620170925/http://www.spain.info/en_GB/conoce/monumentos/zaragoza/puente_del_tercer_milenio.html|archive-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>]]

=== Roads ===
[[File:Paseo de la Independencia, Zaragoza.gif|thumb|[[Zaragoza tram]] in Paseo de la Independencia]]
The city is connected by [[motorway]] with the main cities in central and northern Spain, including [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], and [[Bilbao]], all of which are located about 300 kilometres (200 miles) from Zaragoza.

=== Buses ===
The city has a network of buses which is controlled by the Urban Buses of Zaragoza (AUZSA). The network consists of 31 regular lines (two of them circle lines), two scheduled routes, six shuttle buses (one free), and seven night buses operating on Fridays, Saturdays and other festivities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanosdezaragoza.es |title=Avanza Zaragoza |website=www.urbanosdezaragoza.es|access-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604082053/http://www.urbanosdezaragoza.es/|archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> Zaragoza also has an interurban bus network operated by Transport Consortium Zaragoza Area (CTAZ) that operates 17 regular lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consorciozaragoza.es|title=portada - consorciozaragoza.es|website=www.consorciozaragoza.es|access-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313153256/http://www.consorciozaragoza.es/|archive-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Bicycle ===
Zaragoza's bicycle lanes facilitate non-motorised travel and help cyclists to avoid running into pedestrians and motor vehicles. The city council also has a public bicycle-hire scheme, the {{Lang|es|bizi zaragoza}}, which has an annual charge.

=== Tram ===
The first line of the [[Zaragoza tram]] (Valdespartera-Parque Goya) is fully operational.

=== Railway ===
Zaragoza is a part of the [[High-speed rail in Spain|Spanish high-speed railway]] operated by [[Renfe]], [[AVE]], which connects [[Madrid]], [[Lleida]], [[Tarragona]], [[Barcelona]] and [[Figueres]] via [[Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line|high-speed rail]]. Madrid can be reached in 75&nbsp;minutes, and Barcelona in approximately 90&nbsp;minutes. The central station is [[Zaragoza–Delicias railway station]], which serves both railway lines and coaches. In addition to long-distance railway lines and the high-speed trains, Zaragoza has a network of [[Commuter rail|commuter trains]] operated by Renfe called ''[[Cercanías Zaragoza]]''.

=== Airport ===
[[File:Zaragoza Airport.jpg|thumb|Zaragoza Airport]]
[[Zaragoza Airport]] is located in the Garrapinillos neighbourhood, 10 kilometres from the city centre.

It is a major commercial airport, its freight traffic surpassing that of [[Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona El Prat]] in 2012,<ref name=Heraldo2012>{{cite news |author1=J. L. Gaona |title=El aeropuerto de Zaragoza supera al de Barcelona en tráfico de mercancías |url=http://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/zaragoza_provincia/zaragoza/2012/09/13/el_aeropuerto_zaragoza_supera_barcelona_trafico_mercancias_203921_301.html |access-date=30 June 2014 |work=Heraldo |agency=Tráfico aéreo |publisher=Heraldo de Aragon Editora Digital |date=13 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103140947/http://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/zaragoza_provincia/zaragoza/2012/09/13/el_aeropuerto_zaragoza_supera_barcelona_trafico_mercancias_203921_301.html |archive-date=3 November 2012 |location=Zaragoza}}</ref> and serves as the home of the [[Spanish Air Force]]'s 15th Group. It was also used by [[NASA]] as a contingency [[List of Space Shuttle landing sites|landing site]] for the [[Space Shuttle]] in the case of a [[Space Shuttle abort modes#Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL)|Transoceanic Abort Landing]] (TAL).

===Public transportation statistics===
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Zaragoza, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 48 minutes. 9% of public transit riders ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 minutes, while 12% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is {{Convert|4.2|km|abbr=on}}, while 5% travel over {{Convert|12|km|abbr=on}} in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zaragoza Public Transportation Statistics |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Spain_Zaragoza-3201 |access-date=19 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824175025/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Spain_Zaragoza-3201|archive-date=24 August 2017}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.</ref>

==Sports==
===Football===
[[File:Corner Real Zaragoza Real Madrid.JPG|thumb|A 2013 La Liga fixture in [[La Romareda]] vs Real Madrid]] 
Zaragoza's main football team, [[Real Zaragoza]], plays in the [[Segunda División]]. Founded on 18 March 1932, its home games are played at [[La Romareda]], which seats 34,596 spectators. The club has spent the majority of its history in [[La Liga]]. One of the most remarkable events in the team's recent history is the winning of the former [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] in 1995. The team has also won the Spanish National Cup, [[Copa del Rey]], six times: 1965, 1966, 1986, 1994, 2001 and 2004 and an [[1963–64 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (1964)]]. A government survey in 2007 found that 2.7% of the Spanish population support the club, making them the seventh-most supported in the country.

Zaragoza's second football team is [[CD Ebro]]. Founded in 1942, it plays in [[Segunda División B]] – Group 2, holding home games at [[Campo Municipal de Fútbol La Almozara]], which has a capacity of 1,000 seats.

[[Zaragoza CFF]] is a Spanish women's football team from Zaragoza playing in [[Segunda Federación (women)|Segunda Federación Femenina]], that once played in the top división.

Zaragoza was one of the Spanish cities which hosted the [[FIFA World Cup 1982]]. Three matches were played at [[La Romareda]].

===Basketball===
[[File:Stadium Casablanca Mann Filter 2014-15 Celebracion.JPG|thumb|right|Stadium Casablanca celebrating a win in 2015]]
The main basketball team, [[Basket Zaragoza]], known as ''Casademont Zaragoza'' for sponsorship reasons, plays in the [[Liga ACB]]. They play their home games at the [[Pabellón Príncipe Felipe]] with a capacity of 10,744.

[[Stadium Casablanca]], a.k.a. ''Mann Filter'' for sponsorship reasons, is the Spanish women's basketball club from Zaragoza that plays in the [[LFB|Primera Division]].

===Futsal===
The main [[futsal]] team, is [[AD Sala 10|Dlink Zaragoza]], plays in the [[LNFS Primera División]]. They play at the [[Pabellón Siglo XXI]] with a capacity of 2,600.

===Other sports===
[[File:Nani Baja Spain.jpg|thumb|[[Nani Roma]] ''Baja España'' 2009]]
Zaragoza's handball team, [[BM Aragón]], plays in the [[Liga ASOBAL]].

The [[Spanish Baja]] or [[Baja Aragon]] is a Rally raid event held in the region of Aragon in northern Spain. This event was launched in 1983, and chose the desert of Monegros because of the scenery and availability of service infrastructure in Zaragoza.

Zaragoza was strongly associated with [[Jaca]] in its failed bid for the [[2014 Winter Olympics]].

There are three Rugby Union teams playing in the regional league:
# [[Ibero Club de Rugby Zaragoza]]
# [[Fénix Club de Rugby]]
# [[Club Deportivo Universitario de Rugby]]

In June, 2025, Zaragoza will host the ITSF World Cup and World Championships,<ref>{{cite web |title=Copa del mundo de futbolín - Zaragoza |url=https://www.tablesoccer.org/sites/default/files/world_cup_info_package_1.pdf |publisher=[[International Table Soccer Federation]] |access-date=13 December 2024 |format=PDF}}</ref> an international [[foosball]] tournament held by the [[International Table Soccer Federation]].

A permanent feature built for Expo 2008 is the pump-powered artificial whitewater course {{Lang|es|El Canal de Aguas Bravas}}.

==Main sights==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Zaragoza}}
Near the [[Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar|basilica]] on the banks of the Ebro are located the [[Zaragoza City Hall|city hall]], the Lonja (old currency exchange), La Seo (literally 'the [[Episcopal see|See]]' in the Aragonese language) or [[La Seo Cathedral|Cathedral of San Salvador]], a church built over the main mosque (partially preserved in the 11th-century north wall of the Parroquieta), with Romanesque apses from the 12th century; inside, the imposing [[hall church]] from the 15th to 16th centuries, the Baroque tower, and finally, with its famous Museum of Tapestries near the Roman ruins of forum and port [[city wall]].

Also in the city centre, there is the palace of the [[Aljafería]], conceived in the third quarter of the 11th century on behalf of the [[Hudid dynasty]], featuring in its interior one of the most rich and complex instances of [[Islamic ornament|ornamental Islamic art]], either Western or Eastern.<ref>{{Cite book|pages=179; 181|chapter-url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/32/53/08robinson.pdf|chapter=Los idiomas del ornamento: la Aljafería y la Alhambra|first=Cynthia|last=Robinson|year=2012|title= La Aljafería y el arte del islam occidental en el siglo XI: Actas del Seminario Internacional celebrado en Zaragoza los días 1, 2 y 3 de diciembre de 2004|publisher=Institución "Fernando el Católico" (C.S.I.C.), Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza |isbn=978-84-9911-207-7}}</ref> It currently serves as the site of the Aragonese parliament.

The churches of [[church of San Pablo (Zaragoza)|San Pablo]], [[Santa María Magdalena (Zaragoza)|Santa María Magdalena]] and [[San Gil Abad (Zaragoza)|San Gil Abad]] were built in the 14th century, but the towers may be old minarets dating from the 11th century; [[San Miguel (Zaragoza)|San Miguel]] (14th century); Santiago (San Ildefonso) and the Fecetas monastery are Baroque with Mudéjar ceilings of the 17th century. All the churches are Mudéjar monuments that comprise a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/378|title=Mudejar Architecture of Aragon|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003171158/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/378|archive-date=2017-10-03}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Torreón de la Zuda-Muralla.jpg|The Roman walls
File:WLM14ES - P9148476 - .jpg|Interior of the [[Aljafería]]
File:Basilica del Pilar-sunset.jpg|left|[[Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar]] and the [[Puente de Piedra (Zaragoza)|Puente de Piedra bridge]] on the [[Ebro River]]
File:20070408 Catedral Zaragoza.jpg|View from the Cathedral
</gallery>
Other important sights are the stately houses and palaces in the city, mainly of the 16th century: palaces of the count of Morata or Luna (Audiencia), Deán, Torrero ({{Lang|es|colegio de Arquitectos}}), Don Lope or Real Maestranza, count of Sástago, count of Argillo (today the Pablo Gargallo museum), archbishop, etc.  On 14 June 2008, the site of Expo 2008 opened its doors to the public. The exhibition ran until 14 September.

===Other sights===
[[File:Parque Grande by juanedc.jpg|thumb|right|Labordeta Grand Park]]
* [[Puente de Piedra (Zaragoza)|Puente de Piedra]]
* San Ildefonso church
* [[Church of Santa Engracia de Zaragoza|Santa Engracia Monastery]]
* [[Fuente de la Hispanidad]]

Museums<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zaragoza.es/ciudad/museos/en/|title=Municipal Museums and Exhibitions|website=www.zaragoza.es|access-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313093037/http://www.zaragoza.es/ciudad/museos/en/|archive-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> in Zaragoza are:
* [[Museum of Fine Arts Zaragoza]], with paintings by early Aragonese artists, 15th century, and by El Greco, Ribera and Goya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inspain.org/en/sites/provincialmuseumoffinearts.asp|title=Provincial Museum of Fine Arts|first=Area25 IT -|last=www.area25.es|website=InSpain|access-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154244/https://www.inspain.org/en/sites/provincialmuseumoffinearts.asp|archive-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Museo Goya - Colección Ibercaja - Museo Camón Aznar]] with works by Rubens, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Velazquez and Goya to Renoir, Manet and Sorolla.

==Twin towns and sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain}}

Zaragoza is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zaragoza.es/ciudad/zaragozainternacional/hermanamientos.htm |title=Zaragoza Internacional: Hermanamientos con Zaragoza |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza |type=official website |language=es |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zaragoza.es/ciudad/zaragozainternacional/en/hermanamientos.htm |title=International Zaragoza: Town Twinnings |publisher=Zaragoza Council |type=official website |access-date=8 October 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720151736/http://www.zaragoza.es/ciudad/zaragozainternacional/en/hermanamientos.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]], France, 1960
* {{flagicon|GUA}} [[Zaragoza, Chimaltenango|Zaragoza]], Guatemala, 1976
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Biarritz]], France, 1977
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[La Plata]], Argentina, 1990
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|PUR}} [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]], United States, 1993
* {{flagicon|NCA}} [[León, Nicaragua]], 2002
* {{flagicon|PLE}} [[Bethlehem]], Palestine, 2003
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Óbuda-Békásmegyer]], Hungary, 2004
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Tijuana]], Mexico, 2005
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Móstoles]], Spain, 2005
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal, 2005
* {{flagicon|BOL}} [[La Paz]], Bolivia, 2008
* {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Zamboanga City]], Philippines, 2008
||
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Dalian, Liaoning]], China, 2008
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Yulin, Guangxi]], China, 2008
* {{flagicon|NMK}} [[Skopje]], North Macedonia, 2008
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mdina, Malta]], 2008
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Córdoba, Argentina]], 2008
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Atizapan]], Mexico, 2009
* {{flagicon|COL}} [[Cúcuta, Colombia]], 2010
* {{flagicon|HON}} [[Yoro, Honduras]], 2012
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Campinas]], Brazil, 2012
* {{flagicon|ESA}} [[Zaragoza, La Libertad|Zaragoza]], El Salvador, 2014
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Canfranc]], Spain, 2015

|}

Zaragoza has special bilateral collaboration agreements with:

{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina]], 2001
* {{flagicon|ALB}} [[Tirana, Albania]], 2002
* {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Ploiești, Romania]], 2004
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], France, 2008
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Zapopan]], Mexico, 2010<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zapopan.gob.mx/soy-turista/relaciones-internacionales/ |title=Gobierno Municipal de Zapopan &#124; Relaciones Internacionales |access-date=2021-01-29 |archive-date=2019-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003061614/http://www.zapopan.gob.mx/soy-turista/relaciones-internacionales/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Notable people==
* [[Abraham Abulafia]] (1240–1291), founder of the school of "Prophetic Kabbalah"
* [[Alonso Fernández de Heredia]] (died March 19, 1782), Captain General and governor of Honduras (1747), Florida (1751–1758), Yucatán (in modern-day Mexico; 1758–?), the Captaincy General of Guatemala (1761–1771) and Nicaragua (1761–1771).
* [[Levi ibn al-Tabban]] (12th century), Jewish grammarian and poet
* [[Hasdai Crescas]], a Jewish philosopher and author of [[Or Adonai]]
* [[Amaral (band)]] (established 1992), popular musical band in Spain and America.
* [[Félix Anaut]] (born 1944), painter<ref>Fortnight - Issues 440-448 - Page 23 2006 "Constraints of time, space and blisters explain the omission of Paul Mckinley at OMAC, Felix Anaut at the Arttank and the Disembodied Eye at the Golden Thread."</ref>
* [[Avempace]] (1085–1138), polymath
* [[Bahya ibn Paquda|Bahya ben Joseph ibn Paquda]] (1050–1120), Jewish philosopher and the author of ''[[Chovot HaLevavot]]''
* [[Ramón Ferreñac]] (1763–1832), composer
* [[José Luis Gil]] (born 1957), actor
* [[Luis de Horruytiner]] (? – ?), governor of [[Spanish Florida]] (1633 – 1638), and viceroy of Sardinia
* [[José Antonio Jiménez Salas]] (1916 – 2000), [[geotechnical engineer]], professor of [[civil engineering]], and [[academic]] member of the [[Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Mapi León]] (born 1995), footballer for the [[Spain women's national football team|Spain national team]]
* [[David Loera]] (born 1998), Spanish-born soccer player
* [[Rafael Navarro (photographer)|Rafael Navarro]] (born 8 October 1940), photographer
* [[Salma Paralluelo]] (born 2003), footballer for the [[Spain women's national football team|Spain national team]]
* [[Sebastián Pozas Perea|Sebastián Pozas]] (1876–1946), military officer
* [[Al-Saraqusti]] (died 1143), twelfth century Andalusi lexicographer, poet, philologist
* [[María del Pilar Sinués de Marco]] (1835-1893), prolific 19th-century writer
* [[Irene Vallejo]], writer
* [[Dino Valls]] (born 1959), painter.
* [[Ignacio García Velilla]] (born 1967), film director
* [[José María Vigil (theologian)|José María Vigil]] (born 1946), theologian
* [[Vincent of Saragossa|St. Vincent of Saragossa]] (died 304), Christian proto-martyr of Spain

==See also==
* [[Crown of Aragon]]
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zaragoza]]
* [[Third Millennium Bridge]]
* [[Caesaraugusta]]
* [[List of municipalities in Zaragoza]]

== References ==
;Citations
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

;Bibliography
{{See also|Timeline of Zaragoza#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Zaragoza}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=Visión histórica y urbana de los ríos en Zaragoza|first=Elvira|last=Adiego Adiego|title=Ríos y ciudades: aportaciones para la recuperación de los ríos y riberas de Zaragoza|editor-first=Pablo de la|editor-last=Cal Nicolás|editor-first2=Francisco|editor-last2=Pellicer Corellano|year=2002|isbn=84-7820-606-X|pages=251–272|publisher=Institución "Fernando el Católico", Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza |chapter-url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/22/86/16adiego.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|year=2010|first=Ángel|last=Alcalde Fernández|title=Lazos de Sangre. Los apoyos sociales a la sublevación militar en Zaragoza. La Junta Recaudatoria Civil (1936-1939)|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/59/_ebook.pdf|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|location=Zaragoza|isbn=978-84-9911-039-4}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=De los Decretos de la Nueva Planta a la Guerra de la Independencia|first=José Antonio|last=Armillas Vicente|title=Historia de Aragón|volume=I|year=1989|isbn=84-7820-046-0|pages=237–246|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico |chapter-url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/15/73/23armillas.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|title=Felipe V y su tiempo. Congreso internacional|volume=II|isbn=84-7820-672-8|location=Zaragoza|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|chapter=La nueva planta borbónica en Aragón|first1=José A.|last1=Armillas|first2=Mª Berta|last2=Pérez|pages=257–292|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/23/68/08seccion6.pdf|year=2004}}
* {{Cite journal|year=2016|url=http://www.calatayud.uned.es/web/actividades/revista-anales/22/03-02-AmadeoBarceloGresa.pdf|title=La capital roja. El Consejo de Aragón en el 80º aniversario de su constitución, a través de una ruta urbana por Caspe|journal=Anuario del Centro de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia en Calatayud|issue=22|pages=111–136|first=Amadeo|issn=1133-9950|last=Barcelo Gresa}}
* {{Cite book|first=José Antonio|last=Biescas|chapter-url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/19/33/19biescas.pdf|chapter=La economía aragonesa durante el franquismo|title=Historia de Aragón|volume=II|year=1989|isbn=84-7820-316-8|pages=223–234|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|location=Zaragoza}}
* {{Cite journal|year=2010|publisher=[[Alfonso X El Sabio University|Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio]]|url=https://revistas.uax.es/index.php/saberes/article/view/803/759|last=Bonell Colmenero|journal=Saberes|location=Villanueva de la Cañada|volume=8|issn=1695-6311|title=Los decretos de Nueva Planta}}
* {{Cite book|first=Julián|last=Casanova|chapter-url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/15/73/30casanova.pdf|chapter=Guerra y Revolución en Aragón (1936-1938)|title=Historia de Aragón|volume=I|year=1989|isbn=84-7820-046-0|pages=297–304|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|location=Zaragoza|author-link=Julián Casanova}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Corral Lafuente|publisher=Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos|first=José Luis|title=El diseño urbano de la Zaragoza islámica|url=http://institutoegipcio.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Revista-XXXVI-2.pdf|journal=Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos|issn=1132-3485|volume=XXXVI|location=Madrid|year=2008|pages=191–213|access-date=2020-08-04|archive-date=2018-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008143835/http://institutoegipcio.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Revista-XXXVI-2.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|editor-first1=Marina|editor-last1=Van Geenhuizen|editor-first2=Peter|editor-last2=Nijkamp|title=Creative Knowledge Cities: Myths, Visions and Realities|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jh9MHw1N8c4C&pg=PA58|date=1 April 2012|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-0-85793-285-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502012741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jh9MHw1N8c4C&pg=PA58|archive-date=2 May 2018|first1=Ana María|last1=Fernández Maldonado|first2=Arie|last2=Romein|chapter=The sustainability of knowledge-related policies in technology based cities in the Netherlands|pages=53–83}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://cultura.dpz.es/ficheros/documentos/culturatjd/mercier.pdf|title=Metalurgia de guerra. Los talleres Mercier de Zaragoza (1936-1939)|first=Fernando|last=Martínez de Baños Carrillo|year=2010}}
* {{Cite journal|first=Rafael de|last=Miguel González|journal=Estudios Geográficos|volume=76|issue=278|pages=63–106|year=2015|issn=0014-1496|doi=10.3989/estgeogr.201503|title=Transformación urbana y procesos territoriales recientes en Zaragoza y su espacio metropolitano|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]]|location=Madrid|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|journal=Cuadernos de Aragón|title=La Guerra de Sucesión Española (1702-1715) y su repercusión en la Heráldica Municipal Aragonesa|first=Manuel|last=Monreal Casamayor|isbn=978-84-9911-443-9|issn=0590-1626|year=2017|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico|location=Zaragoza|pages=7–315|issue=67|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/36/26/_ebook.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal|url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/21/63/10monterde.pdf|last=Monterde Albiac|first=Cristina|journal=Emblemata. Revista Aragonesa de Emblemática|volume=5|pages=221–256|year=1999|issn=1137-1056|title=Una merced de hidalguía concedida por Carlos III a un labrador de la parroquia de San Pablo de Zaragoza en 1767}}
* {{Cite journal|journal=Observatorio Medioambiental|issn=1139-1987|doi=10.5209/OBMD.54172|title=Cambios y transformaciones urbanas en Zaragoza, tras la "Expo" del 2008|first1=María|last1=Sotelo Pérez|first2=José Antonio|last2=Sotelo Navalpotro|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid|Ediciones Complutense]]|location=Madrid|volume=19|pages=249–286|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/OBMD/article/view/54172/49546|year=2016|doi-access=free}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.zaragoza.es/ Council of Zaragoza]
* [http://www.zaragoza.es/ciudad/turismo/default_en.htm Zaragoza Tourism Board Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617162543/http://www.zaragoza.es/ciudad/turismo/default_en.htm |date=2008-06-17 }}
* Demographics in 2015: [http://www.zaragoza.es/contenidos/estadistica/Cifras-Zaragoza-2015-1.pdf Zaragoza City council]

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{{List of European capitals by region}}
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zaragoza| ]]
[[Category:Aragon]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Spain]]