Editing Ytterby

{{Short description|Village in Sweden}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{for|the village in England|Itterby}}
[[File:Ytterby gruva 2769.jpg|thumb|Ytterby quarry]]
[[File:Ytterby terbiumvagen gruvvagen.jpg|thumb|Terbiumvägen (''Terbium Road'') and Gruvvägen (''Mine Road'') close to the Ytterby mine ({{Coord|59.4265|18.3535|type:landmark_region:SE-AB|name=Ytterby mine}})]]

'''Ytterby''' ({{IPA|sv|ˈʏ̂tːɛrˌbyː}}) is a village on the Swedish island of [[Resarö]], in [[Vaxholm Municipality]] in the [[Stockholm archipelago]]. Today the residential area is dominated by suburban homes.<ref name=hitta>{{cite web |url=https://www.hitta.se/kartan/partner?s=6c8c1e05  |title=Interactive map - Resarö |website=hitta.se |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530114245/https://www.hitta.se/kartan/partner?s=6c8c1e05 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The name of the village translates to "outer village".<ref name="Emsley"/> Ytterby is the single richest source of [[Chemical element|elemental]] discoveries in the world; the chemical elements [[yttrium]] (Y), [[terbium]] (Tb), [[erbium]] (Er), and [[ytterbium]] (Yb) are all named after Ytterby, and the elements [[holmium]] (Ho), [[scandium]] (Sc), [[thulium]] (Tm), [[tantalum]] (Ta), and [[gadolinium]] (Gd) were also first discovered there.

Local roads connect Ytterby to {{ill|Länsväg 274|sv|lt=county road 274}} and hence the mainland. Except for the winter months, passenger ships of the ''[[Waxholmsbolaget]]'' call at a pier in Ytterby, providing a connection to Vaxholm town and [[Stockholm]].<ref name=hitta/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.upplevvaxholm.se/kultur/visste-ni/212-uppleva-i-vaxholm/historia-visste-ni/536-vaxholms-broar |title=Vaxholms broar |language=sv |trans-title=Vaxholm's bridges |website=Upplevvaxholm.se |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526115605/https://www.upplevvaxholm.se/kultur/visste-ni/212-uppleva-i-vaxholm/historia-visste-ni/536-vaxholms-broar |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://waxholmsbolaget.se/globalassets/kartor/hela-skargarden/linjekarta-skargarden-2023.pdf |title=Ferry Network Map |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531172317/https://waxholmsbolaget.se/globalassets/kartor/hela-skargarden/linjekarta-skargarden-2023.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://waxholmsbolaget.se/bryggor-och-resmal/mellersta/ytterby |title=Ytterby |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607142052/https://waxholmsbolaget.se/bryggor-och-resmal/mellersta/ytterby |archive-date=7 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Mine==
[[Quartz]] was mined in the area beginning in the 1600s for the ironworks in [[Uppland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ytterby Mine / History|url=http://ytterby.org/our%20vision/history.html |website=Ytterby.org}}</ref> [[Feldspar]] was mined for local porcelain manufacture, such as [[Gustavsberg porcelain|Gustavsberg]], and the porcelain trade with [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Poland]].<ref name="Voncken">{{cite book |last1=Voncken |first1=J.H.L |title=The Rare Earth Elements: An Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-26809-5 |pages=6, 127}}</ref> The mine is likely the first feldspar mine in Sweden, starting in 1790. Feldspar mining was likely sporadic and based on manufacture demand. This demand increased in the 1860s, leading to deeper mining efforts at Ytterby. The mine became one of the most productive quartz and feldspar mines in the country.<ref name="fort">{{cite web |author1=Knutson Udd, Lena |author2=Leek, Tommy |title=Ytterby gruva |url=http://fortv.se/Documents/Ytterby%20gruva%20dokumentation%202012%20exkl%20bilaga%20webbversion.pdf |publisher=Fortifikationsverket |access-date=6 January 2018 |language=sv |date=2012 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061900/http://fortv.se/Documents/Ytterby%20gruva%20dokumentation%202012%20exkl%20bilaga%20webbversion.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Feldspar and quartz mining continued until 1933, when the mine was shut down. With 177 years of feldspar mining, it was the longest-mined feldspar mine in [[Sweden]].

Towards the end of the 1940s, the Swedish state, through the REF (''Riksnämnden för ekonomisk försvarsberedskap'') became interested in the possible usage of the mine. In 1953, the mine was renovated and used for the storage of jet fuel, [[MC 77]]. The storage method led to contamination of the jet fuel, leading to problems in jet engines that used the fuel. The storage of jet fuel ended in 1978. It was subsequently used to store diesel. In 1995, the mine was emptied, and in the following years the area was rehabilitated.<ref name="fort" />

The mined quartz and feldspar are part of a pegmatite [[dyke (geology)|dyke]] that has a NNE-SSW orientation and a dip of 60° to the west.<ref name=Almq>{{Cite book|title=Nyttosten i Sverige|last1=Lundegårdh|first1=Per H.|publisher=[[Almqvist & Wiksell]]|year=1971|isbn=|location=Stockholm|language=Swedish|pages=19−20}}</ref> The [[pegmatite]] dyke include sections of [[aplite]] and [[graphic granite]].<ref name=Almq/> The surrounding host rock is "gabbro-like [[Greensand (geology)|greenstone]]".<ref name=Almq/>

==Chemical discoveries==
[[File:ASM ytterbymine.jpg|thumb|Plaque of the [[ASM International (society)|ASM International]] society at the entrance of Ytterby mine]]
The mine's elemental history began in 1787, when Lieutenant [[Carl Axel Arrhenius]] found an unidentified black mineral. He had previously explored the area for a potential fortification.<ref name="fort" /> His hobby interest in chemistry led him to notice the unusually heavy black rock, which he and his friend Bengt Geijer examined with Sven Rinman. It was not until 1794 that Finnish chemist [[Johan Gadolin]] fully analysed the mineral and found that 38% of its composition was a new, unidentified earth element. Swedish chemist [[Anders Gustaf Ekeberg]] confirmed the discovery the following year and named it ''yttria'', with the mineral named ''gadolinite''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Nagaiyar |title=Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths |date=2015 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781466576384 |pages=2, 839 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

Many rare earth elements were discovered in the mineral [[gadolinite]], which eventually proved to be the source of seven new elements that were named after the mineral ore and the area. These elements include [[yttrium]] (Y), [[erbium]] (Er), [[terbium]] (Tb) and [[ytterbium]] (Yb)<ref name="Emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-850341-5|page=496}}</ref> and were first described in 1794, 1843, 1843, and 1878, respectively. In 1989 the [[ASM International (society)|ASM International]] society installed a plaque at the former entrance to the mine, commemorating the mine as a historical landmark.<ref name="Blom">{{cite web | url = http://www.hembygd.se/index.asp?DocID=2785 | title = Ytterby gruva | author = Blom, Carl-Hugo | publisher = Stockholms läns hembygdsförbund | date = 18 June 2006 | access-date = 9 June 2007 | language = sv |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212040207/http://www.hembygd.se/index.asp?DocID=2785 |archive-date=12 February 2007}}</ref>

In addition, [[scandium]] (Sc){{cn|date=January 2024}} and three other [[lanthanides]]—[[holmium]] (Ho, named after [[Stockholm]]), [[thulium]] (Tm, named after [[Thule]], a mythic analogue of [[Scandinavia]]), and [[gadolinium]] (Gd, after the chemist Johan Gadolin)—can trace their discovery to the same quarry.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kean|first=Sam|title=Ytterby: The Tiny Swedish Island That Gave the Periodic Table Four Different Elements |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/elements/features/2010/blogging_the_periodic_table/ytterby_the_tiny_swedish_island_that_gave_the_periodic_table_four_different_elements.html|work=Slate|access-date=14 November 2016|date=16 July 2010}}</ref> The transition metal [[tantalum]] (Ta, after the Greek mythological figure [[Tantalus]]) was also discovered in a mineral sample from Ytterby in 1802.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts | pages = 251–255 | volume = 3 | year = 1802| first = Anders | last = Ekeberg | title = Of the Properties of the Earth Yttria, compared with those of Glucine; of Fossils, in which the first of these Earths in contained; and of the Discovery of a metallic Nature (Tantalium) | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15589#page/265/mode/1up}}</ref>

The [[European Chemical Society]] gave the Ytterby mine and the industrial complex of [[ABEA]], Crete, Greece its Historical Landmarks Awards for 2018.<ref name="EuChemS">{{cite web |title=EuChemS Historical Landmarks |url=https://www.euchems.eu/awards/euchems-historical-landmarks/#ui-id-6 |website=EuChemS |access-date=15 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{commonscat}}
{{Portal|Sweden|Chemistry}}
* [[Timeline of chemical element discoveries]]
* [[Geography of Stockholm]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|59|25|46|N|18|20|30|E|type:city_region:SE|display=title}}

==External links==
*[http://www.travelblog.org/Europe/Sweden/Stockholm-County/Vaxholm/Ytterby/blog-793338.html Blog entry on Ytterby]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9QmVM536Ks YouTube tour of the mine site]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=59.425956,18.352875 Location on Google Maps]
*[https://www.google.com/maps/@59.4291167,18.3356748,635m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en Google Earth view of Ytterby]
*[http://wordpress.mrreid.org/2012/05/15/what-do-these-elements-have-in-common/ Web log&nbsp;— What do these elements have in common?]

{{Localities in Vaxholm Municipality}}
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[[Category:Metropolitan Stockholm]]
[[Category:Populated places in Vaxholm Municipality]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Sweden]]
[[Category:Naming of chemical elements]]
[[Category:Feldspar mines in Sweden]]
[[Category:Quartz mines in Sweden]]
[[Category:Pegmatite mines]]