Editing Yawara

{{Short description|Japanese weapon}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
[[Image:Yawara.jpg|thumb|250px|A single dumbbell-shaped yawara stick]]
The '''''yawara''''' is a Japanese [[weapon]] used in various [[martial art]]s. Numerous types of [[jujutsu]] make use of a small rod, made of wood, that extends somewhat from both ends of a person's fist which is known as a ''yawara''. The ''yawara'' likely originated from the use of the [[Vajra|tokkosho]], a Buddhist symbolic object, by monks in feudal Japan. The tokkosho was used during the [[Edo period]] and it was made of brass. Sometimes a short rope or cord would be looped around the user's wrist to distract someone else while in combat. The methods of using a ''yawara'' may have been created by [[samurai]] that used [[tantojutsu]], which was combat that made use of a short knife. According to another theory, a samurai might have fought with the scabbard "when a more deadly weapon was not necessary".

The ''yawara'' stick was popularized for police officers in the 1940s by Frank A. Matsuyama, who made his own version in 1937 or earlier.<ref>[http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=02099447&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D2,099,447.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2,099,447%2526RS%3DPN%2F2,099,447&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page|US Patent 2,099,447; Issued 16 November 1937; Police Weapon; Frank A. Matsuyama]</ref> The upgraded ''yawara'' was made of [[Bakelite]] plastic and had golf shoe metal spikes on both ends. A ''yawara'' can be used by the general public for self-defense in some countries. A variation of the ''yawara'' is a [[kubotan]] which is about six inches long, made of plastic, weighs about two ounces, and has no sharp edges. The kubotan is used by police officers and the general public. It is considered to be a modern version of a ''yawara'', which is "a little shorter and broader". In the United States, ''yawaras'' are not intrinsically illegal in any jurisdiction. In the UK it's illegal for any member of the public to carry a lethal or non-lethal self defence weapon. 

==History==
Numerous types of [[jujutsu]] make use of a small rod, made of wood, that extends somewhat from both ends of a person's fist which is known as a ''yawara''. The shaft of a ''yawara'' is often "carved to fit a user's fingers and to improve grip". The ''yawara'' is around {{convert|15-25|cm|abbr=on}} long. Either end of the ''yawara'' can "be used to strike or apply pressure to sensitive [[pressure point|vital points]] on an opponent's body". Pressure points that can be easily struck with a ''yawara'' are "the forehead, bridge of nose, upper lip, chin, temple, jaw, bicep, solar plexus, elbow, forearm, kidney, wrist, [[hypochondrium|hypocondrium]], genitalia, testicles, and knee". When a ''yawara'' is "held across the palm", it can "be used to block strikes of blows, even knife and sword slashes".<ref name="Cunningham2012">{{cite book|author=Don Cunningham|title=Samurai Weapons: Tools of the Warrior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwXQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0749-6|pages=22–26}}</ref> Sometimes a wielder would add a short "rope or cord" that would be looped around the user's wrist, allowing the ''yawara'' to be propelled as a distraction while in combat. With the cord setup, the user can easily retrieve the ''yawara'' and the cord itself can be used to capture the other person's "limb or weapon as well as to restrain an attacker after they had been subdued". The cord or hook were sometimes called ''torihimo'' or "bird rope".<ref name="Secret">{{cite book|author=Don Cunningham|title=Secret Weapons of Jujutsu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1utkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1705-1|page=22}}</ref>

It is believed by some historians that methods of using a ''yawara'' were created by [[samurai]] that used [[tantojutsu]], which was combat with a short knife. A theory states that the [[scabbard]] of a short blade may have swelled from water, resulting in it being hard for a samurai to "draw the blade" from its scabbard. When that happened, the samurai started using the scabbard as a weapon. According to another theory, a samurai might have fought with the scabbard "when a more deadly weapon was not necessary". It is likely that the ''yawara'' was based on the tokkosho which was used by [[Buddhist]] priests, monks, and pilgrims for incantations and prayers. A tokkosho symbolized the [[Buddha]]'s ability to destroy evil, but it could also be used in self-defense "as a hand-held weapon".<ref name="Cunningham2012"/> A takkosho was used during the [[Edo period]] and it was made of brass. It was an object that was used in rituals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/28912 |title=Single-pronged vajra (tokkosho) |website=Museum of Fine Arts Boston |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>

Due to metal being expensive and requiring forging by tools, wood (of any type) was used to create a ''yawara''. Because it is easy to carve and use a ''yawara'', it has been used as part of multiple self-defense styles in the western world.<ref name="Cunningham2012"/> In feudal Japan, some ''yawara'' included miniature claws on one end, allowing someone to "hook the opponent's clothing to pull the attacker off-balance and throw him". The claws could also be used to attack an opponent's face.<ref name="Inc.1989">{{cite book|author=Active Interest Media, Inc.|title=Black Belt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52|date=August 1989|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|pages=52–53}}</ref>

===Police use===
Assistants of the Japanese police force created various ways to capture a criminal with the rope of the ''yawara''.<ref name="Secret"/> Japanese immigrant [[Frank Matsuyama]] taught the [[Berkeley, California]], police department how to use the ''yawara'' in the 1930s. Matsuyama later wrote the book ''How to Use the Yawara Stick for Police'', which details the use of an upgraded ''yawara'' that he created in 1937 or earlier for police officers. The upgraded ''yawara'' was made of [[Bakelite]] plastic and had golf shoe spikes on both ends. The spikes, which were made of metal, were to dishearten someone from taking the ''yawara'' from the police officer or to cause pain in order to stop a criminal.<ref name="Cunningham2012"/> Matsuyama stated in his book of his upgrade of the ''yawara'', "The ''Yawara'' stick is very effective, easy to carry, easy to learn how to use, and easy to remember. It is hard – in fact, almost impossible – for anyone to wrest it from an Officer's grasp. The ''Yawara'' stick is better appearing, very inconspicuous, and is not objectionable to the public – even when it is being used".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/1057/matsuyama-yawara1948.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/1057/matsuyama-yawara1948.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=How to Use the Yawara Stick for Police |last=Matsuyama |first=Frank |date=1948 |website=University of Hawaii |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> While some ''yawara'' have ball bearings on each end, that version has been banned for most police officer usage due to how easily it can penetrate both flesh and bone. A 1985 manual by the [[University of Illinois]] titled ''Police Yawara Stick Techniques, Second Edition'' details "the advantages and disadvantages of the ''yawara'' stick as a weapon". The manual states how police officers can effectively use the ''yawara'' and it includes illustrations for each method of use.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=103748 |title=Police Yawara Stick Techniques, Second Edition |last1=Truncale |first1=J. J. |last2=Connor |first2=G. J. |date=1985 |website=National Criminal Justice Reference Service |publisher=University of Illinois |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>

===General public use===
The ''yawara'' has also been created by using hard nylon and aircraft-grade aluminum for use by the general public. Depending on the company, the ''yawara'' can be built as either hollow or solid. For self-defense, the ''yawara'' can be aimed at the neck, throat, temple, eyes, or nose. A ''yawabara'' is easy to hide and might also have an attachment for a [[keychain]]. For use by the general public, a ''yawabara'' is inexpensive.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.offthegridnews.com/self-defense/featured-non-lethal-self-defense-weapon-the-yawara/ |title=Featured Non-Lethal Self-Defense Weapon: The Yawara |website=Off The Grid News |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> Martial artist Miguel Ibarra stated of a ''yawara'', "It can give a person who might lack physical size, strength or highly developed technique an edge against an attacker". Martial artist  Roy Goldberg said, "Stay away from the types of ''yawara'' that have knives or blades concealed inside them. If you practice right, you be very effective with the plain stick; you don't need the blade." Goldberg also said that "there is more risk of being prosecuted for carrying a concealed weapon if you have a ''yawara'' with a blade inside".<ref name="Inc.1989"/> The senior black belt demonstration division of the [[American Jujitsu Association]] can demonstrate how to use a ''yawara'' among other weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://americanjujitsuassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Tournament-Handbook-092308.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://americanjujitsuassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Tournament-Handbook-092308.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Tournament Handbook |date=September 23, 2008 |website=American Jujitsu Association |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>

A variation of the ''yawara'' is a [[kubotan]] which is "about six inches long, made of plastic, weighs about two ounces, and has no sharp edges. The kubotan is used by police officers and the general public. It is considered to be a modern version of a ''yawara'', which is "a little shorter and broader".<ref>{{cite book|author=Active Interest Media, Inc.|title=Black Belt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47|date=June 1982|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|pages=47–48}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The kanji for ''yawara'' and ju in jujutsu or judo is the same (柔). The kanji also translates to "flexibility" or "giving way". Another term for ''yawara'' is ''tenouchi'' which translates to "inside the hand".<ref name="Cunningham2012"/>

==Legality==
In the United States, ''yawaras'' are not intrinsically illegal in any jurisdiction.<ref name="Inc.1989"/>

==See also==
*[[Baston (weapon)]]
*[[Hanbō]]
*[[Kubotan]]
*[[List of martial arts weapons]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Japanese martial arts]]
[[Category:Weapons of Japan]]
[[Category:Law enforcement equipment]]