Editing Yard

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{short description|Unit of length}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox unit
| image    = Yardstick.jpg
| caption  = Two yardsticks, used for measuring "yard goods"
| symbol   = yd
| standard = [[imperial units|imperial]]/[[US customary units|US]]&nbsp;units
| quantity = [[Length]]
| units2   = [[Metric system|Metric]] ([[SI]]) units
| inunits2 = 0.9144&nbsp;[[Metre|m]]
| units1   = Imperial/US&nbsp;units
| inunits1 = 3&nbsp;[[Foot (unit)|ft]]<br />
&ensp;&thinsp;&thinsp;36&nbsp;[[Inch|in]]
}}
[[File:Imperial Standards of Length, Greenwich.jpg|thumb|300px|The informal public [[imperial units|imperial]] [[standard (metrology)|measurement standards]] erected at the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]], [[Greenwich, England|Greenwich]], [[London]], in the 19th century: 1 [[Imperial units|British]] yard, 2 [[foot (unit)|feet]], 1 [[foot (unit)|foot]], 6 [[inch]]es, and 3 [[inch]]es. The inexact monument was designed to permit rods of the correct measure to fit snugly into its pins at an ambient temperature of 62&nbsp;[[Fahrenheit|°F]] (16.66&nbsp;[[Celsius|°C]]).{{sfnp|Bennett|2004|p=8}}{{sfnp|Ewart|1862|pp=112–113}}]] 
[[File:Bronze Yard No. 11.jpg|thumb|300px|Bronze Yard No.11, the official standard of length for the [[United States]] between 1855 and 1892, when the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury Department]] formally adopted a metric standard. Bronze Yard No.11 was forged to be an exact copy of the British Imperial Standard Yard held by [[British Parliament|Parliament]]. Both are line standards: the yard was defined by the distance at 62[[Fahrenheit|°F]] between two fine lines drawn on [[gold]] plugs ''(closeup, top)'' installed in recesses near each end of the bar.]]

The '''yard''' (symbol: '''yd''')<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended Unit Symbols, SI Prefixes, and Abbreviations|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)|url=https://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/ias/pub-dept/abbreviation.pdf|access-date=April 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=BS350:Part 1:1974 Conversion factors and tables Part 1. Basis of tables. Conversion factors |date=1974 |publisher=British Standards Institution |pages=5, 100}}</ref> is an [[English units|English unit]] of [[length]] in both the British [[imperial units|imperial]] and US [[United States customary units|customary]] [[systems of measurement]] equalling 3&nbsp;[[foot (unit)|feet]] or 36&nbsp;[[inch]]es. Since 1959 it has been by [[international yard and pound|international agreement]] standardized as exactly 0.9144&nbsp;[[Metre|meter]]. A distance of 1,760&nbsp;yards is equal to 1 [[mile]].

The theoretical [[survey foot|US survey yard]] is very slightly longer.
{{TOC limit|2}}
{{anchor|Etymology}}

==Name==
{{hatnote|See also: [[virgate|yardland]], [[ell]], and [[rod (unit)|rod]].}}
The term, ''yard'' derives from the [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|gerd}}, {{lang|ang|gyrd}} etc., which was used for [[branch]]es, staves and [[measuring rod]]s.{{sfnp|OED|1921|loc="[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/231201 yard, n.2]"}} It is first attested in the late 7th century [[Ine of Wessex#Laws|laws]] of [[Ine of Wessex]],{{sfnp|Thorpe|1840|p=63}} wherein the "yard of land" mentioned{{sfnp|Thorpe|1840|p=63}} is the [[virgate|yardland]], an old English unit of [[tax assessment]]<!--not area--> equal to {{frac|4}}&nbsp;[[hide (unit)|hide]].{{refn|group=n|The later Latin gloss {{lang|la|virgata terre}} describes it as "branched".}} Around the same time the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] account of the [[messengers from John the Baptist]] in the [[Gospel of Matthew]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|11:7}}</ref> used it for a branch swayed by the wind.{{sfnp|OED|1921|loc="[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/231201 yard, n.2]"}} In addition to the yardland, Old and [[Middle English]] both used their forms of "yard" to denote the [[Surveying|survey]]ing lengths of {{convert|15|ft}} or {{convert|16.5|ft}}, used in computing [[acre]]s, a distance now usually known as the "[[rod (unit)|rod]]".{{sfnp|OED|1921|loc="[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/231201 yard, n.2]"}}

A unit of three English feet is attested in [[Composition of Yards and Perches|a statute of {{circa|lk=no|1300}}]] ([[#Origin|see below]]), but there it is called an [[ell (unit)|ell]] ({{lang|la|ulna}}, {{abbr|lit.|literally}}&nbsp;"[[arm]]"), a separate and usually longer unit of around {{convert|45|in}}. The use of the word ‘yard’ ({{langx|enm|ȝerd}} or {{lang|enm|ȝerde}}) to describe this length is first attested in [[William Langland]]'s poem on [[Piers Plowman]].{{sfnp|OED|1921|loc="[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/231201 yard, n.2]"}}{{refn|group=n|{{langx|enm|Thanne drowe I me amonges draperes&nbsp;· my donet to lerne&nbsp;/ To drawe þe lyser alonge&nbsp;[·] þe lenger it semed&nbsp;/ Amonge þe riche rayes&nbsp;· I rendred a lessoun&nbsp;/ To broche hem with a bat-nedle&nbsp;· and plaited hem togyderes&nbsp;/ And put hem in a presse&nbsp;· and pyned hem þerinne&nbsp;/ Tyl ten ȝerdes or twelue&nbsp;· tolled out threttene}}{{sfnp|Langland|1377|loc=Ch.&nbsp;5:ll, lines&nbsp;211–216}}{{pb}} Translation: "Then tarried I amongst drapers&nbsp;· my grammar to learn;&nbsp;/To draw the [[selvedge]] along&nbsp;· the longer it seemed;&nbsp;/Among the rich ranged cloths&nbsp;· rendered a lesson,&nbsp;/ To pierce them with a pack-needle&nbsp;· and plait them together,&nbsp;/ Put them in a press&nbsp;· and pin them therein&nbsp;/ Till ten yards or twelve&nbsp;· had tolled out to thirteen.{{sfnp|Attwater|1957|p=38}}}} The usage seems to derive from the [[prototype (metrology)|prototype]] [[standard (metrology)|standard]] rods held by the king and his magistrates ([[#Origin|see below]]).

The word 'yard' is a [[homonym]] of 'yard' in the sense of [[yard (land)|an enclosed area of land]]. This second meaning of 'yard' has an [[etymology]] related to the word ‘garden’ and is not related to the unit of measurement.{{sfnp|OED|1921|loc="[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/231200 yard, n.1]"}}{{sfnp|OED|1921|loc="[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78456 gird, v.1]"}}

In [[India]] the yard is colloquially known as a [[guz]], which equals 3 feet.

==History==

===Origin===
The origin of the yard measure is uncertain. Both the [[Roman units|Romans]] and the [[Welsh units|Welsh]] used multiples of a shorter [[foot (unit)|foot]], but {{frac|2|1|2}}&nbsp;[[Roman feet]] was a "[[step (unit)|step]]" ({{langx|la|gradus|link=no}}) and 3&nbsp;[[Welsh feet]] was a "[[pace (unit)|pace]]" ({{langx|cy|cam}}). The [[Proto-Germanic]] [[cubit]] or arm's-length has been [[linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] as *''alinô'', which developed into the [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|eln}}, [[Middle English]] {{lang|enm|elne}}, and modern [[ell]] of {{cvt|1.25|yd}}. This has led some to derive the yard of three [[English feet]] from pacing; others from the ell or cubit; and still others from [[Henry I of England|Henry&nbsp;I]]'s arm standard ([[#Henry I|see below]]). Based on the [[#Name|etymology of the other "yard"]], some suggest it originally derived from the girth of a person's waist, while others believe it originated as a [[units of volume|cubic measure]].{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} One official British report writes:

{{quote|text=The standard of measure has always been taken either from some part of the human body, such as a foot, the length of the arm, the span of the hand, or from other natural objects, such as a barleycorn, or other kind of grain. But the yard was the original standard adopted by the early English sovereigns, and has been supposed to be founded upon the breadth of the chest of the Saxon race. The yard continued till the reign of Henry VII., when the ell was introduced, that being a yard and a quarter, or 45 inches. The ell was borrowed from the Paris drapers. Subsequently, however, Queen Elizabeth re-introduced the yard as the English standard of measure.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report from the Select Committee on Weights and Measures; together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index.|date=4 August 1862|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wI7nAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>}}

===From ell to yard===
The earliest record of a prototype measure is the statute [[II&nbsp;Edgar Cap.&nbsp;8]] (AD&nbsp;959&nbsp;{{abbr|x|sometime between}} 963), which survives in several variant manuscripts. In it, [[Edgar the Peaceful]] directed the [[Witenagemot]] at [[Andover, Hampshire#Early history|Andover]] that "the measure held at [[Winchester]]" should be observed throughout his realm.{{sfnp|Thorpe|1840}} (Some manuscripts read "at [[Anglo-Saxon London|London]] and at Winchester".){{sfnp|Thorpe|1840|p=113}}{{sfnp|Liebermann|1903|p=204–206}} The statutes of [[William the Bastard|William&nbsp;I]] similarly refer to and uphold the standard measures of his predecessors without naming them.

{{anchor|Henry I}}<!--linked-->
[[William of Malmesbury]]'s ''[[Deeds of the Kings of England]]'' records that during the reign of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] (1100–1135), "the measure of his arm was applied to correct the false [[ell (unit)|ell]] of the traders and enjoined on all throughout England."{{sfn|Giles|1866|p=445}} The [[folk etymology|folktale]] that the length was bounded by the king's nose{{sfnp|Green|1986|p=106}} was added some centuries later. [[Charles Moore Watson]] dismisses William's account as "childish",{{sfnp|Watson|1910|pp=36–39}} but William was among the most conscientious and trustworthy medieval historians.{{sfnp|Connor|1987|p=xxiv}} The [[Carolingian units|French]] "[[king's foot]]" was supposed to have derived from [[Charlemagne]],{{sfnp|Connor|1987|p=xxiv}} and the English kings subsequently repeatedly intervened to impose shorter units with the aim of increasing tax revenue.{{citation needed|reason=historical record? closely argued conclusion of modern historian(s)? or sneer?|date=September 2021}}

The earliest surviving definition of this shorter unit appears in the [[Act on the Composition of Yards and Perches]], one of the [[statutes of uncertain date]]{{refn|group=n|Although not originally statutes, the [[statutes of an uncertain date]] were eventually accepted as such with the passage of time.}} tentatively dated to the reign of [[Edward I of England|Edward&nbsp;I]] or [[Edward II of England|II]] {{circa|lk=no|1300}}. Its wording varies in surviving accounts. One reads:{{refn|{{abbr|BL|British Library}} Cotton {{abbr|MS|manuscript}} Claudius D2, cited and translated in [[Statutes at Large#England and Great Britain|Ruffhead]].{{sfnp|Ruffhead|1765|p=421}}}}

<blockquote>It is ordained that 3 [[barleycorn (unit)|grains of barley]] dry and round do make an [[inch]], 12 inches make 1 [[foot (unit)|foot]], 3 feet make 1 yard, 5 yards and a half make a [[perch (unit)|perch]], and 40 perches in length and 4 in breadth make an [[acre]].</blockquote>

The [[Liber Horn]] compilation (1311) includes that statute with slightly different wording and adds:{{sfnp|Fowler|1884|p=276}}

<blockquote>And be it remembered that the [[iron]] yard of our Lord the King containeth 3 [[foot (unit)|feet]] and no more, and a foot ought to contain 12 [[inch]]es by the right measure of this yard measured, to wit, the 36th part of this yard rightly measured maketh 1 inch neither more nor less and 5 yards and a half make a [[perch (unit)|perch]] that is 16 feet and a half measured by the aforesaid yard of our Lord the King.</blockquote>

In some early books, this act was appended to another statute of uncertain date titled the [[Statute for the Measuring of Land]]. The act was not repealed until the [[Weights and Measures Act 1824]].{{refn|5 Geo. 4. c. 74, §24.{{sfnp|Statutes|1824|p=349}}}}

===Yard and inch===
In a law of 1439 ([[18 Hen. 6]]. c. 16) the sale of cloth by the "yard and handful" was abolished, and the "yard and inch" instituted<ref name="statutes at large-1439">{{cite book|title=Statutes at Large|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA594|year=1763|page=594}}</ref> (see [[ell]]).

<blockquote>There shall be but one Measure of Cloth through the Realm by the '''Yard and the Inch''', and not by the '''Yard and Handful''', according to the London Measure.</blockquote>

According to Connor,{{sfnp|Connor|1987}} cloth merchants had previously sold cloth by the yard and handful to evade high taxes on cloth (the extra handful being essentially a black-market transaction). Enforcement efforts resulted in cloth merchants switching over to the yard and inch, at which point the government gave up and made the yard and inch official. In 1552, the yard and inch for cloth measurement was again sanctioned in law ([[5 & 6 Edw. 6]]. c. 6. ''An Act for the true making of Woolen Cloth.'')<ref>{{cite book|editor=Owen Ruffhead|title=The statutes at large|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA442|volume=2|year=1763|page=442}}</ref>

{{quote|XIV. And that all and every [[broadcloth#Etymology|Broad Cloth]] and Clothes called [[Taunton#History|Taunton Clothes]], [[Bridgwater]]s, and other Clothes which shall be made after the said Feast in Taunton, Bridgwater or in other Places of like Sort, shall contain at the Water in Length betwixt twelve and thirteen Yards, '''Yard and Inch''' of the Rule, and in Breadth seven Quarters of a Yard: (2) And every [[narrow Cloth]] made after the said Feast in the said Towns or elsewhere of like Sorts, shall contain in the Water in Length betwixt three and twenty and five and twenty Yards, '''Yard and Inch''' as is aforesaid, and in Breadth one Yard of like Measure; (3) and every such Cloth, both Broad and Narrow being well [[scouring (textiles)|scowred]], thicked, [[fulling|milled]] and fully dried, shall weigh xxxiv. li. the Piece at the least.{{pb}}XV. And that all Clothes named Check-[[Kersey (cloth)|Kersie]] and [[narrow cloth|Straits]], which shall be made after the said Feast shall contain being wet between seventeen and eighteen '''Yards, with the Inches''' as is aforesaid, and in Breadth one Yard at the least at the Water; and being well scowred, thicked, milled and fully dried, shall weigh xxiv. li. the Piece at the least.}}

The yard and inch for cloth measurement was also sanctioned again in legislation of 1557–1558 ([[4 & 5 Ph. & M.]] c. 5. ''An act touching the making of woolen clothes.'' par. IX.)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Great Britain|last2=Pickering|first2=Danby|author-link2=Danby Pickering|editor=Danby Pickering|title=The statutes at large|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvouAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96|volume=6|year=1763|publisher=Printed by J. Bentham|page=96}}</ref>

<blockquote>IX. Item, That every ordinary [[Kersey (cloth)|kersie]] mentioned in the said act shall contain in length in the water betwixt xvi. and xvii. yards, '''yard and inch'''; and being well scoured thicked, milled, dressed and fully dried, shall weigh nineteen pounds the piece at the least:...</blockquote>

As recently as 1593, the same principle is found mentioned once again ([[35 Eliz. 1]]. c. 10 ''An act for the reformation of sundry abuses in clothes, called Devonshire kerjies {{sic}} or dozens, according to a proclamation of the thirty-fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lady the Queen that now is.'' par. III.)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Great Britain|last2=Pickering|first2=Danby|author-link2=Danby Pickering|title=The statutes at large|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvouAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA444|volume=6|year=1763|publisher=Printed by J. Bentham|page=444}}</ref>

<blockquote>(2) and each and every of the same Devonshire kersies or dozens, so being raw, and as it cometh forth off the weaver's loom (without racking, stretching, straining or other device to encrease the length thereof) shall contain in length between fifteen and sixteen yards by the measure of '''yard and inch''' by the rule,...</blockquote>

===Physical standards===
One of the oldest yard-rods in existence is the clothyard of the [[Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors]]. It consists of a hexagonal iron rod {{cvt|5/8|in}} in diameter and {{cvt|1/100|in}} short of a yard, encased within a silver rod bearing the hallmark 1445.{{sfnp|Connor|1987}}<ref name="(sir.)museum1863">{{cite book|last1= Robinson|first1=Sir John Charles|author2=Victoria and Albert museum|author-link2=Victoria and Albert Museum|title=Catalogue of the special exhibition of works of art of the mediæval, Renaissance, and more recent periods, on loan at the South Kensington museum, June 1862|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_cGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA452|year=1863|publisher=Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, printers to the Queen's most excellent Majesty. For Her Majesty's Stationery Office|page=452}}</ref> In the early 15th century, the Merchant Taylors Company was authorized to "make search" at the opening of the annual [[Bartholomew Fair|St. Bartholomew's Day Cloth Fair]].<ref name="Hazlitt1892">{{cite book|author=William Carew Hazlitt|author-link=William Carew Hazlitt|title=The livery companies of the city of London: their origin, character, development, and social and political importance|url=https://archive.org/details/liverycompanieso00hazl|year=1892|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/liverycompanieso00hazl/page/280 280]}}</ref><ref name="Clode1888">{{cite book|last=Clode|first=Charles Mathew|title=The early history of the Guild of merchant taylors of the fraternity of St. John the Baptist, London: with notices of the lives of some of its eminent members|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistorygui02clodgoog|year=1888|publisher=Harrison|page=[https://archive.org/details/earlyhistorygui02clodgoog/page/n147 128]}}</ref> In the mid-18th century, Graham{{who|date=September 2021}} compared the standard yard of the Royal Society to other existing standards. These were a "long-disused" standard made in 1490 during the reign of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]],<ref name="Commons1873-34">{{cite book|author=Warden of the Standards|title=Seventh annual report of the Warden of the Standards, on the proceedings and business of the standard weights and measures department of the Board of Trade, for 1872–73, Appendix III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCtcAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA34|volume=38|year=1873|publisher=House of Commons|page=34}} (pp 374 of book)</ref> and a brass yard and a brass [[ell]] from 1588 in the time of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] and still in use at the time, held at the [[Exchequer]];<ref name="Commons1873-25">{{cite book|author=Warden of the Standards|title=Seventh annual report of the Warden of the Standards, on the proceedings and business of the standard weights and measures department of the Board of Trade, for 1872–73, Appendix III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCtcAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA34|volume=38|year=1873|publisher=House of Commons|page=25,26}} (pp 364,365 of book)</ref> a brass yard and a brass ell at the [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]]; and a brass yard presented to the [[Worshipful Company of Clockmakers|Clock-Makers' Company]] by the Exchequer in 1671.<ref name=knight /> The Exchequer yard was taken as "true"; the variation was found to be +{{frac|20}} to −{{frac|15}} of an inch, and an additional graduation for the Exchequer yard was made on the Royal Society's standard.<ref name=knight /> In 1758 the legislature required the construction of a standard yard, which was made from the Royal Society's standard and was deposited with the clerk of the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]]; it was divided into feet, one of the feet into inches, and one of the inches into tenths.<ref name=knight /> A copy of it, but with upright cheeks between which other measuring rods could be placed, was made for the Exchequer for commercial use.<ref name=knight>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Charles|title=The Penny magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 9|year=1840|publisher=Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BHnAAAAMAAJ|pages=221–2|quote=In 1758 the legislature turned attention to this subject; and after some investigations on the comparative lengths of the various standards, ordered a rod to be made of brass, about 38 or 39 inches long, and graduated from the Royal Society's yard: this was marked "Standard Yard, 1758," and was laid by in the care of the clerk of the House of Commons. For commercial purposes another bar was made, with the yard marked off from the same standard; but it had two upright fixed cheeks, placed exactly a yard asunder, between which any commercial yard measures might be placed, in order to have their accuracy tested: it was graduated into feet, one of the feet into inches, and one of the inches into ten parts. This standard was to be kept at the Exchequer. In 1760, a copy of Bird's standard, made two years before, was constructed.}}</ref><ref name="Wade1905">{{cite book|author=Herbert Treadwell Wade|title=The New international encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4RRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405|year=1905|publisher=Dodd, Mead and company|page=405}}</ref>

===19th-century Britain===
Following [[Royal Society]] investigations by [[John Playfair]], [[William Hyde Wollaston]] and John Warner in 1814 a committee of parliament proposed defining the standard yard based upon the length of a [[seconds pendulum]]. This idea was examined but not approved.<ref name="Dowling1872">{{cite book|author=Charles Hutton Dowling|title=A series of metric tables: in which the British standard measures and weights are compared with those of the metric system at present in use on the continent|url=https://archive.org/details/aseriesmetricta00dowlgoog|year=1872|publisher=Lockwood|pages=xii–iii}}</ref> The [[Weights and Measures Act 1824]] ([[5 Geo. 4]]. c. 74) ''An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures'' stipulates that:<ref name="Britain1824">{{cite book|author=Great Britain|title=The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1807–1865)|url=https://archive.org/details/statutesunitedk02britgoog|year=1824|publisher=His Majesty's statute and law printers|pages=[https://archive.org/details/statutesunitedk02britgoog/page/n373 339]–354}}</ref>

{{boxquote|From and after the First Day of ''May'' One thousand eight hundred and twenty five the Straight Line or Distance between the Centres<!--sic--> of the Two Points in the Gold Studs of the Straight Brass Rod now in the Custody of the Clerk of the House of Commons whereon the Words and Figures "Standard Yard 1760" are engraved shall be and the same is hereby declared to be the original and genuine Standard of that Measure of Length or lineal Extension called a Yard; and that the same Straight Line or Distance between the Centres of the said Two Points in the said Gold Studs in the said Brass Rod the Brass being at the Temperature of Sixty two Degrees by ''Fahrenheit'''s Thermometer shall be and is hereby denominated the Imperial Standard Yard and shall be and is hereby declared to be the Unit or only Standard Measure of Extension, wherefrom or whereby all other Measures of Extension whatsoever, whether the same be lineal, superficial or solid, shall be derived, computed and ascertained; and that all Measures of Length shall be taken in Parts or Multiples, or certain Proportions of the said Standard Yard; and that One third Part of the said Standard Yard shall be a Foot, and the Twelfth Part of such Foot shall be an Inch; and that the Pole or Perch in Length shall contain Five such Yards and a Half, the Furlong Two hundred and twenty such Yards, and the Mile One thousand seven hundred and sixty such Yards.}}

In 1834, the primary Imperial yard standard was partially destroyed in a fire known as the [[Burning of Parliament]].<ref name="Report on Restoration of Standards">{{cite report
|first1=G. B. |last1=Airy
|author-link1=George Biddell Airy
|first2= F. |last2=Baily
|author-link2=Francis Baily
|first3=J. E. D. |last3=Bethune
|author-link3=John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune
|first4= J. F. W. |last4=Herschel
|author-link4=John Herschel
|first5 =J. G. S. |last5=Lefevre
|author-link5=John Shaw Lefevre
|first6 =J. W. |last6=Lubbock
|author-link6=Sir John Lubbock, 3rd Baronet
|author7 =G. Peacock
|author-link7=George Peacock
|first8 =R. |last8=Sheepshanks
|author-link8=Richard Sheepshanks
|year       = 1841
 | title       = Report of the Commissioners appointed to consider the steps to be taken for restoration of the standards of weight & measure
 | url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=4xVSAAAAcAAJ
 | publisher   = W. Clowes and Sons for Her Majesty's Stationery Office
 | location    = London
 | access-date = April 20, 2020
| quote       =We shall in the first place describe the state of the Standards recovered from the ruins of the House of Commons, as ascertained in our inspection of them made on 1st June, 1838, at the Journal Office…  No. 1. A brass bar marked “Standard [G. II. crown emblem] Yard, 1758,” which on examination was found to have its right hand stud perfect, with the point and line visible, but with its left hand stud completely melted out, a hole only remaining. The bar was somewhat bent, and discoloured in every part. No. 2. A brass bar with a projecting cock at each end, forming a bed for the trial of yard-measures; discoloured. No. 3. A brass bar marked “Standard [G. II. crown emblem] Yard, 1760,” from which the left hand stud was completely melted out, and which in other respects was in the same condition as No. 1. No. 4. A yard-bed similar to No. 2; discoloured. … It appears from this list that the bar adopted in the Act 5th Geo. IV., cap. 74, sect. 1, for the legal standard of one yard, (No. 3 of the preceding list), is so far injured, that it is impossible to ascertain from it, with the most moderate accuracy, the statutable length of one yard. … We have therefore to report that it is absolutely necessary that steps be taken for the formation and legalizing of new Standards of Length and Weight.}}</ref>{{refn|group="n"|The following references are useful for identifying the authors of the preceding reference: Ref.,<ref name="Memoir of Francis Baily">{{cite report
 |  author=J. F. W. Herschel
| author-link=John Herschel
| title       = Memoir of Francis Baily, Esq
| year       = 1845
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=VBxkAAAAcAAJ&q=%22members+%28Mr.+Baily+being+one%29+to+report%22&pg=PA23
 | pages=23–24
| publisher =Moyes and Barclay
| location = London
 | access-date = April 20, 2020}}</ref> Ref.,<ref name="Royal Commission Munutes 1874">{{cite report
| title       = Royal commission on scientific instruction and the advancement of science: Minutes of evidence, appendices, and analyses of evidence, Vol. II
| year       = 1874
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=VBxkAAAAcAAJ&q=%22members+%28Mr.+Baily+being+one%29+to+report%22&pg=PA23
 | page=184
| publisher =George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode Printers of the queen's most excellent majesty for Her Majesty's Stationery officer
| location = London
 | access-date = April 20, 2020}}</ref> and Ref.<ref name="Edinburgh Review Report on Restoration of Standards">{{Citation
| year  = 1843
| title  =Art. VIII.—''Report of the Commissioners appointed to consider the steps to be taken for restoration of the standards of weight and measure.'' Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of her Majesty, 1841.
| url  =https://books.google.com/books?id=2S84AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA228
| magazine   = [[Edinburgh Review#Edinburgh Review, 1802–1929|The Edinburgh Review]]
| volume  = 77
| issue = February 1843 … April 1843
| publisher = Ballantyne and Hughes
| location = Edinburgh
| page  = 228}}</ref>}}. In 1838, a commission{{refn|group="n"|Whose report was referenced in Ref.<ref name="Report on Restoration of Standards"/>}} was formed to reconstruct the lost standards, including the troy pound, which had also been destroyed.{{sfn|Connor|1987|p=261}} In 1845, a new yard standard was constructed based on two previously existing standards known as A1 and A2, both of which had been made for the Ordnance Survey, and R.S. 46, the yard of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]. All three had been compared to the Imperial standard before the fire.

The new standard was made of Baily's metal No. 4 consisting of 16 parts copper, {{frac|2|1|2}} parts tin, and 1 part zinc. It was 38 inches long and 1 inch square. The [[Weights and Measures Act 1855]] granted official recognition to the new standards. Between 1845 and 1855 forty yard standards were constructed, one of which was selected as the new Imperial standard. Four others, known as 'parliamentary copies', were distributed to the Royal Mint, the Royal Society of London, the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, and the New Palace at Westminster, commonly called the Houses of Parliament.<ref name="Zupko1990">{{cite book|first=Ronald Edward |last=Zupko |author-link=Ronald Edward Zupko |title=Revolution in measurement: Western European weights and measures since the age of science |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYCNFkRgXCoC |year=1990|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-186-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYCNFkRgXCoC/page/n195 183]}}</ref> The other 35 yard standards were distributed to the cities of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, as well as the United States and other countries (although only the first five had official status).{{sfn|Connor|1987|p=264–266}} The imperial standard received by the United States is known as "Bronze Yard No. 11"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=17 |title=NIST museum collection |access-date=January 22, 2012 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234926/http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Weights and Measures Act 1878]] ([[41 & 42 Vict.]] c. 49) confirmed the status of the existing yard standard, mandated regular intercomparisons between the several yard standards, and authorized the construction of one additional Parliamentary Copy (made in 1879 and known as Parliamentary Copy VI).<ref name="Britain1878">{{cite book|author=Great Britain|title=Statutes at large|url=https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge15unkngoog|year=1878|pages=[https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge15unkngoog/page/n320 308]–341}}</ref>

===Definition of the yard in terms of the meter===
Subsequent measurements revealed that the yard standard and its copies were shrinking at the rate of one part per million every twenty years due to the gradual release of strain incurred during the fabrication process.<ref>{{cite web
|title = History of Calibration
|url = http://www.nisltd.co.uk/asp/default.aspx?page=history_of_calibration
|publisher = Norwich Instrument Services
|year = 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title = The Gauge Block Handbook
|url = http://emtoolbox.nist.gov/Publications/NISTMonograph180.pdf
|publisher = The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
|year = 2013}}</ref>
The [[international prototype meter]], on the other hand, was comparatively stable. A measurement made in 1895 determined the length of the meter at {{val|39.370113}} inches relative to the imperial standard yard. The [[Weights and Measures (Metric System) Act 1897]]<ref name="The Law journal reports">{{cite book |editor-first=John |editor-last=Mews |title=The Law journal reports|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4icyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA109|volume=66|year=1897|publisher=The Law Journal Reports|location=London|page=109|chapter=Statutes of the Realm – 60–61 Victoria}}</ref> ([[60 & 61 Vict.]] c. 46) in conjunction with Order in Council 411 (1898) made this relationship official. After 1898, the ''de facto'' legal definition of the yard came to be accepted as {{frac|36|{{val|39.370113}}}} of a meter.

The yard (known as the "international yard" in the United States) was legally defined to be exactly 0.9144 [[meter]] in 1959 under an agreement in 1959 between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref name="Astin">A. V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo, (1959), [http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf ''Refinement of values for the yard and the pound''], Washington DC: [[National Bureau of Standards]], republished on [[National Geodetic Survey]] web site and the [[Federal Register]] (Doc. 59-5442, Filed, June 30, 1959, 8:45 a.m.)</ref> In the UK, the provisions of the treaty were ratified by the [[Weights and Measures Act 1963]]. The Imperial Standard Yard of 1855 was renamed the United Kingdom Primary Standard Yard and retained its official status as the national prototype yard.<ref name="Zupko1990-1963">{{cite book|author=Ronald Edward Zupko|author-link=Ronald Edward Zupko|title=Revolution in measurement: Western European weights and measures since the age of science|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYCNFkRgXCoC|year=1990|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-186-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYCNFkRgXCoC/page/n444 432]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/schedule/2 Weights and Measures Act 1985 Baily's Metal. Parliamentary Copy (VI) of the Imperial Standard Yard. 41 & 42 Victoria, Chapter 49. Standard Yard at 62° Faht. Cast in 1878]</ref>

==Current use==
[[File:UK traffic sign 2305.svg|thumb|upright|In [[Road signs in the United Kingdom|UK road signs]], shorter distances (such as picnic area 150 yards ahead) are given in yards, with longer distances given in [[mile]]s]]
The yard is used to define the dimensions of the playing area in [[American football]],<ref>[http://www.getintoamericanfootball.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=26 American Football pitch dimensions]</ref> [[Canadian football]],<ref>[http://www.sportsknowhow.com/football/field-dimensions/canadian-cfl-football-field-dimensions.html Canadian Football Pitch dimensions]</ref> [[association football]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4200666.stm Association Football pitch dimensions],</ref> [[cricket]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/cricket/rules/the_basics/newsid_3795000/3795261.stm Cricket pitch dimensions]</ref> and in some countries [[golf]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

There are corresponding units of [[area]] and [[volume]], the [[square yard]] and [[cubic yard]] respectively. These are sometimes referred to simply as "yards" when no ambiguity is possible, for example an American or Canadian [[concrete mixer]] may be marked with a capacity of "[[The whole nine yards|9 yards]]" or "1.5 yards", where cubic yards are obviously referred to.

Yards are also used and are the legal requirement on [[road sign]]s for shorter distances in the United Kingdom, and are also frequently found in conversation between Britons much like in the United States for distance.<ref>Driving Standards Agency (1999), ''The Highway Code'', London: The Stationery Office, {{ISBN|0-11-551977-7}}, pp. 74–75</ref>

===Textiles and fat quarters {{Anchor|Fat quarter}}===
The yard, subdivided into eighths, is used for the purchase of fabrics in the United States and United Kingdom{{refn|group=n|In the United Kingdom fabric may be sold by the yard if the equivalent metric measure is also given. Major shops sell by the meter.}}{{cn|date=September 2024}} and was previously used elsewhere. In the United States the term "fat quarter" is used for a piece of fabric which is half a yard in length cut from a roll and then cut again along the width so that it is only half the width of the roll, thus the same area as a piece of one quarter yard cut from the full width of the roll; these pieces are popular for [[Patchwork quilt|patchwork and quilting]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Penn|first1=Sue|title=Fat Quarter Quilting|date=2006|publisher=Krause Publications Craft|isbn=9780896891715|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3spnT1nbesYC&pg=PA6|chapter=What are Fat Quarters?}}</ref> The term "fat eighth" is also used, for a piece of one quarter yard from half the roll width, the same area as one eighth cut from the roll.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yoder|first1=Corey|title=Playful Petals: Learn Simple, Fusible Appliqué|date=2014|publisher=C&T Publishing|isbn=9781607057987|page=23|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zgEAwAAQBAJ&q=fat+eighth&pg=PA23|chapter=Fat Eighth Bundles}}</ref>

==Equivalences==
For purposes of measuring cloth, the early yard was divided by the binary method into two, four, eight and sixteen parts.<ref name="The statutes at large-1726">{{cite book|title=The statutes at large|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaRFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA631|year=1763|page=631}}</ref> The two most common divisions were the fourth and sixteenth parts. The quarter of a yard (9 inches) was known as the "quarter" without further qualification, while the sixteenth of a yard (2.25 inches) was called a [[Nail (unit)|nail]].<ref name="Arnold1850">{{cite book|author=Charles Arnold|title=The boy's arithmetic|url=https://archive.org/details/boysarithmetic00arnogoog|year=1850|page=[https://archive.org/details/boysarithmetic00arnogoog/page/n62 54]}}</ref> The eighth of a yard (4.5 inches) was sometimes called a [[Finger (unit)|finger]],<ref name="The Encyclopedia Americana">{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BagrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA165|year=1920|publisher=Encyclopedia Americana Corp.|page=165}}</ref> but was more commonly referred to simply as an eighth of a yard, while the half-yard (18 inches) was called "half a yard".<ref name="Instructions for cutting">{{cite book|title=Instructions for cutting out apparel for the poor|url=https://archive.org/details/b2875606x|year=1789|publisher=Sold by J. Walter|page=[https://archive.org/details/b2875606x/page/53 53]}}</ref>

Other units related to the yard, but not specific to cloth measurement: two yards are a [[fathom]] and a quarter of a yard (when not referring to cloth) is a [[span (unit)|span]].<ref name="Steen1846">{{cite book|author=Isaiah Steen|title=A treatise on mental arithmetic, in theory and practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9|year=1846|page=9}}</ref>

==Conversions==
:{{val|500000}} (international) yards = {{val|499999}} survey yards = {{val|457200}} meters.
:{{val|1250}} (international) yards = {{val|1143}} meters.
:{{val|3937}} survey yards = {{val|3600}} meters.
:1 (international) yard = {{val|0.999998}} survey yards = {{val|0.9144}} meters.
:1 survey yard ≈ {{val|0.914401828803|end=...}} meters.
:1 (international) [[statute mile]] = 8 international [[furlong]]s = 80 international [[chain (unit)|chain]]s = {{val|1760}} (international) yards.
:1 [[Mile#U.S._survey|survey mile]] = 8 [[furlong]]s = 80 [[chain (unit)|chain]]s = {{val|1760}} survey yards.

Where
* ''pre-1959 US yard'' – defined 1869, implemented 1893,<ref name="physics.nist.gov">[http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB.html NIST Guide to the SI – section B.6 U.S. survey foot and mile]</ref> deprecated 2023<ref>{{Cite web| title = U.S. Survey Foot| accessdate = January 2, 2023| url = https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot| website = National Institute of Standards and Technology| date = July 26, 2019}}</ref> For survey purposes, certain pre-1959 units were retained, usually prefaced by the word "survey," among them the survey inch, [[Foot (unit)#Survey foot|survey foot]], and survey mile, also known as the [[Mile#Statute mile|statute mile]]. The [[rod (unit)|rod]] and [[furlong]] existed only in their pre-1959 form and are thus not prefaced by the word "survey", and were deprecated at the same time as the survey foot. New conversion factors for the rod and furlong as 16.5 international feet and 660 international feet respectively have been published by NIST.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors| journal = NIST| date = January 4, 2023| url = https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors}}</ref> However, it is not clear if a "survey yard" actually existed.<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/h44-12.cfm NIST Handbook 44 – 2012 Appendix C "General Tables of Units of Measurement" page C-5]</ref>
* ''international yard'' (defined 1959):<ref name="Fenna2002">{{cite book|author=Donald Fenna|title=A dictionary of weights, measures, and units|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofweig0000fenn|url-access=registration|date=October 26, 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-860522-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofweig0000fenn/page/130 130]–1}}</ref><ref name="Magazines1959">{{cite journal|title=Popular Mechanics|journal=Popular Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248|date=March 1959|publisher=Hearst Magazines|page=248|issn=0032-4558}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Guz]], a similar unit used in Asia
* [[3 ft gauge railways]]
* [[Spanish customary units#Vara (unit of length)|Vara]]
* [[Yardstick]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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== External links ==
* {{wiktionary-inline}}

{{Imperial units}}
{{United States Customary Units}}

[[Category:Units of length]]
[[Category:Imperial units]]
[[Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States]]
[[Category:Human-based units of measurement]]