Editing Worcester, England

{{Short description|Cathedral city in Worcestershire, England}}
{{redirect|City of Worcester|the U.S. city|Worcester, Massachusetts}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Worcester
| settlement_type          = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[non-metropolitan district]]
| image_skyline           = {{multiple image |border=infobox|perrow=1/2/2|total_width=280|align=center
| image1 = Worcester Cathedral - geograph.org.uk - 4762309.jpg
| image2 = Worcester Guildhall - geograph.org.uk - 3077630.jpg
| image3 = The Cross 2013, Worcester - geograph.org.uk - 3566319.jpg
| image4 = The Hive - geograph.org.uk - 4648053.jpg
| image5 = Worcester Cathedral and city skyline - geograph.org.uk - 3643563.jpg}}
| imagesize               = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = {{ubl|From left to right:|Top: Worcester [[Worcester Cathedral|Cathedral]]|Middle: [[Worcester Guildhall|Guildhall]] & The Cross|Bottom: [[The Hive, Worcester|The Hive]] & Cathedral skyline}}
| image_shield             = Coat of Arms of Worcester City Council.svg
| shield_size              = 110
| shield_alt               = 
| shield_link              = 
| image_blank_emblem       = 
| blank_emblem_type        = 
| image_map                = Worcester UK locator map.svg
| mapsize                  = 
| map_alt                  = 
| map_caption              = Worcester shown within Worcestershire
| pushpin_label_position   = bottom
| coordinates              = {{Coord|52|11|28|N|02|13|14|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name         = [[United Kingdom]]
| subdivision_type1        = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| subdivision_type3        = [[Non-metropolitan county|County]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[England]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
| subdivision_name3        = [[Worcestershire]]
| leader_title             = Local authority
| leader_name              = [[Worcester City Council]]
| area_total_km2           = 33.28
| area_rank                = {{English district area rank|GSS=E07000237}} [[List of English districts by area|(of {{English district total}})]]
| population_total         = 103,872
| population_as_of         = 2021 Census<ref name="district21">{{cite web |title=Worcester Local Authority |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E07000237 |website=NOMIS |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_rank          = {{English district rank|GSS=E07000237}} [[List of English districts by population|(of {{English district total}})]]
<!-- demographics (section 1) -->
| demographics_type1      = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]])</span>
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021|id=E07000237|title=Worcester Local Authority|access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1    = [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1     =
 {{Collapsible list
 | 90% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
 | 5.6% [[British Asians|Asian]]
 | 2.2% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
 | 1.2% [[Black British people|Black]]
 | 1% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
 }}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->
| demographics_type2      = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1    = [[Religion in England|Religion]]
| demographics2_info1     = 
 {{Collapsible list
 | 48.9% [[Religion in England#Christianity|Christianity]]
 | 39.6% [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]]
 | 4.1% [[Islam in England|Islam]]
 | 0.4% [[Hinduism in England|Hinduism]]
 | 0.1% [[History of the Jews in England|Judaism]]
 | 0.2% [[Sikhism in England|Sikhism]]
 | 0.4% [[Buddhism in England|Buddhism]]
 | 0.4% [[Religion in England|other]]
 | 6.1% not stated
 }}  
 | postal_code_type         = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|Postcodes]]
 | postal_code              = [[WR postcode area|WR1-5]]
 | area_code                = 01905
 | website                  = {{URL|worcester.gov.uk}}
 | timezone                 = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
 | utc_offset               = 0
 | timezone_DST             = [[British Summer Time|BST]]
 | utc_offset_DST           = +1
 | leader_title2            = [[List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election|MPs]]
 | blank1_name              = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]]
 | blank2_name              = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|OS grid reference]]
 | leader_name2             = [[Tom Collins (politician)|Tom Collins]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]])
 | blank1_info              = 47UE (ONS)<br/>E07000237 (GSS)
 | blank2_info              = {{gbmappingsmall|SO849548}}
| parts_type               = Areas of the city
| p1                       = [[Claines]]
| p2                       = [[Diglis]]
| p3                       = [[Dines Green]]
| p4                       = [[Henwick]]
| p5                       = [[Lower Wick, Worcester|Lower Wick]]
| p6                       = [[Northwick, Worcestershire|Northwick]]
| p7                       = [[Red Hill, Worcester|Red Hill]]
| p8                       = [[Ronkswood]]
| p9                      = [[St John's, Worcester|St John's]]
| p10                    = [[St Peter the Great, Worcester|St Peter the Great]]
| p11                     = [[Warndon]]
}}

'''Worcester''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-worcester.ogg|ˈ|w|ʊ|s|t|ər}} {{respell|WUUST|ər}}) is a [[cathedral city]] in [[Worcestershire]], England, of which it is the [[county town]]. It is {{cvt|30|mi}} south-west of [[Birmingham]], {{cvt|27|mi}} north of [[Gloucester]] and {{cvt|23|mi}} north-east of [[Hereford]]. The population was 103,872 in the 2021 census.<ref name="bua2011">{{cite web |title=Worcester |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/england/admin/west_midlands/E07000237__worcester/ |website=City population |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115153133/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/england/admin/west_midlands/E07000237__worcester/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[River Severn]] flanks the western side of the city centre, overlooked by [[Worcester Cathedral]]. Worcester is the home of [[Royal Worcester|Royal Worcester Porcelain]], [[Lea & Perrins]] (makers of traditional [[Worcestershire sauce]]), the [[University of Worcester]], and ''[[Berrow's Worcester Journal]]'', claimed as the world's oldest newspaper. The composer [[Edward Elgar]] (1857–1934) grew up in the city.

The [[Battle of Worcester]] in 1651 was the final battle of the [[English Civil War]], during which [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s [[New Model Army]] defeated [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]]'s [[Cavalier|Royalists]].

==History==
{{further|History of Worcester}}{{see also|History of Worcestershire}}

===Early history===
The trade route past Worcester, later part of the [[Roman roads in Britain|Roman]] [[Ryknild Street]], dates from [[Neolithic]] times. It commanded a ford crossing over the [[River Severn]], which was tidal below Worcester, and [[British hillforts|fortified]] by the [[Britons (Celtic people)|Britons]] about 400 BC.<ref>City of Worcester. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050313094721/http://www.cityofworcester.gov.uk/HERITAGE/story.shtml "The First Settlers".] Worcester City Council (Worcester), 2005.</ref>

Charcoal from the [[Forest of Dean]] enabled Romans to operate pottery kilns and ironworks. They may also have built a small fort. While there is some evidence that the late Iron Age defensive ditches on the east bank may have been dug out during the first century AD, there is no other evidence to suggest that this was used as a fort by the Romans. Scatters of military equipment and coins found in the city centre from this early period may instead have been lost during the course of road building, or won by the local inhabitants in battle, rather than being left by a Roman military garrison.<ref>City of Worcester. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050313094548/http://www.cityofworcester.gov.uk/HERITAGE/roman.shtml "Vertis—The Roman Industrial Town, 1st–4th centuries A.D."] Worcester City Council (Worcester), 2005.</ref> There is no sign of municipal buildings to indicate an administrative role.<ref>{{harvnb |Pevsner |Brookes |2007 |p=14}}</ref>

In the 3rd century AD, Roman Worcester occupied a larger area than the subsequent medieval city, but silting caused the abandonment of Sidbury. Industrial production ceased and the settlement contracted to a defended position along the lines of the old British fort at the river terrace's southern end.<ref name="subromancow">City of Worcester. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050313094536/http://www.cityofworcester.gov.uk/HERITAGE/postroman.shtml "The Late Roman and Post-Roman Settlement, 4th century – 680". Worcester City Council (Worcester), 2005.]</ref>

===Anglo-Saxon town===
{{see also|History of Worcester#Anglo-Saxon|History of Worcestershire#Anglo-Saxon}}
The form of the place name varied over time. At its settlement in the 7th century, by the Angles of Mercia, it was ''Weogorna''. After centuries of warfare against the Vikings and Danelaw it had become a centre for the Anglo-Saxon army or ''here'' known as ''Weogorna ceastre'' (Worcester Camp). The [[Weorgoran]] were probably a sub-tribe of the larger kingdom of the [[Hwicce]], which occupied present-day Worcestershire, Gloucestershire and western Wiltshire. In 680, Worcester was chosen as their fort over the larger [[Gloucester]], and the royal court at [[Winchcombe]] as the [[episcopal see]] of a new [[Anglican Diocese of Worcester|bishopric]], suggesting there was already an established and powerful [[Celtic Christianity|Christian]] community.

[[File:Oswald and Eadnoth.jpg|thumb|[[Oswald of Worcester|Oswald]] and [[Eadnoth]]{{who|date=December 2024}}]]
Worcester became a centre of monastic learning and church power. [[Oswald of Worcester]], appointed Bishop in 961, was an important reformer alongside the Archbishop of York. The last Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Worcester, St [[Wulfstan (died 1095)|Wulfstan]] or Wulstan, was a reformer, who remained in office until he died in 1095.

The city became a focus of violent tax resistance against the monarch [[Harthacnut (1020–1042)|Harthacnut]] (also King of Denmark) in 1041. The townspeople tried to defend themselves by occupying the Severn island of Bevere, two miles up river. After Harthacnut's men had sacked the city and set it alight, agreement was reached and the populace returned to rebuild.<ref name=bhoworcester>{{harvnb |Willis-Bund |Page |1924}}</ref>

===Medieval===
{{see also|History of Worcester#Medieval}}

====Norman Conquest====
The first Norman Sheriff of Worcestershire, [[Urse d'Abetot]] oversaw the construction of a new castle at Worcester,<ref name=Rufus152>Barlow ''William Rufus'' p. 152</ref> although nothing now remains of the castle.<ref name=Castles280>Pettifer ''English Castles'' p. 280</ref> [[Worcester Castle]] was in place by 1069. Its outer bailey was built on land that had previously been the cemetery for the monks of the Worcester cathedral chapter.<ref name=AlectoNorman>Williams "Introduction" ''Digital Domesday'' "Norman Settlement" section</ref> The [[Motte and Bailey|motte]] of the castle overlooked the river, just south of the cathedral.<ref name=Holt132>Holt "Worcester in the Time of Wulfstan" ''St Wulfstan and His World'' pp. 132–133.</ref>

====Early medieval====
Worcester's growth and position as a market town for goods and produce rested on its river crossing and bridge and its position on the road network. The nearest Severn bridges in the 14th century were at [[Gloucester]] and [[Bridgnorth]]. The main road from London to mid-Wales ran through Worcester, then north-west to [[Kidderminster]], Bridgnorth and [[Shrewsbury]], and via [[Bromsgrove]] to [[Coventry]] and on to [[Derby]]. Southward it connected with [[Tewkesbury]] and Gloucester.<ref name="bhoworcester"/>

[[File:Worcester Cathedral Cloister, Worcestershire, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|left|The medieval cloisters]]
Worcester was a centre of religious life. The several monasteries up to the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolution]] included [[Worcester Greyfriars|Greyfriars]], [[Worcester Blackfriars|Blackfriars]], the Penitent Sisters, and the Benedictine Priory, now Worcester Cathedral.<ref>{{harvnb |Willis-Bund |Page |1971b |pp=167–173}}</ref> Monastic houses provided hospital and educational services, including [[Royal Grammar School Worcester|Worcester School]].

The 12th-century town (then better defended) was attacked in 1139, 1150 and 1151 during the civil war between [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] and [[Empress Matilda]], daughter of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]. The 1139 attack again resulted in a fire that destroyed part of the city, with citizens being held for ransom. Another fire in 1189 destroyed much of the city for the fourth time that century.<ref name="bhoworcester"/>

Worcester received its first [[royal charter]] in 1189. In 1227 under a new charter allowed a guild of merchants was created, with a trading monopoly for those admitted.<ref name="bhoworcester"/> Worcester's institutions grew more slowly than those of most county towns.<ref name="bhoworcester"/>

====Jewish persecution and expulsions====
{{see also|History of Worcester#Jewish life, persecution and expulsions}}
Worcester had a small [[Jewish community of Worcester#The Jews in Worcester in the Middle Ages|Jewish population]] by the late 12th century. Jewish life probably centred round what is now Copenhagen Street.{{sfn|Hillaby|1990|pp=92-5}} The Diocese was hostile to the Jewish community. [[Peter of Blois]] was commissioned by a Bishop of Worcester, probably [[John of Coutances]], to write an anti-Judaic treatise around 1190.<ref>{{harvnb |de Blois |1194}}, {{harvnb |Lazare |1903}}</ref> [[William de Blois (bishop of Worcester)|William de Blois]] as Bishop of Worcester imposed strict rules on Jews within the diocese in 1219.<ref>{{harvnb |Vincent |1994 |p=217}}</ref> As elsewhere in England, Jews had to wear square white badges, supposedly representing ''tabulae''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Badge |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-badge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106150945/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-badge |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=23 November 2018 |website=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> Blois wrote to [[Pope Gregory IX]] in 1229 to request further powers of enforcement.<ref>{{harvnb |Vincent |1994 |p=209}}</ref> In 1263 Worcester's Jewish residents were attacked by a baronial force under [[Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby|Robert Earl Ferrers]] and [[Henry de Montfort]]. Most were killed.<ref name="bhoworcester"/> The Worcester massacre was part of a wider campaign by allies of [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] at the start of the [[Second Barons' War]]. In January 1275, Jews still in Worcester were expelled to [[Hereford]].<ref name="bhoworcester"/>

====Late medieval====
Worcester elected its [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] at the Guildhall, by the loudest shout rather than the raising of hands. Members of Parliament had to own freehold property worth 40 shillings a year. Their wages were levied by the Constable.
[[File:Tudor Buildings Friar Street Worcester.JPG|thumb|Tudor buildings in Friar Street]]
The city council was organised by a system of co-option, with 24 members of the high chamber and 48 of the lower. Committees appointed two bailiffs and made financial decisions; the two chambers agreed the city's rules or ordinances.<ref name="bhoworcester"/>

By late medieval times the population had reached 1,025 families, excluding the cathedral quarter, so that it probably stood under 10,000.<ref>See Green, in History of Worcester Volume ii.</ref> Worcester's suburbs extended beyond the limits of its walls<ref name="bhoworcester"/>

Manufacture of cloth and allied trades was significant for the city.<ref name="bhoworcester"/>

===Craft guilds===
Medieval and early modern Worcester developed a system of craft [[guild]]s to regulate who could work in a trade, lay down trade practices and training, and provide social support for members. The city's late medieval ordinances banned tilers from forming a guild and encouraged tilers to settle in Worcester to trade freely. Roofs of thatch and wooden chimneys were banned to reduce risks of fire.<ref name="bhoworcester"/>

===Early modern period===
{{see also|History of Worcester#Early modern period}}
[[File:Worcester, 1610 map.jpg|thumb|Worcester, 1610 map]] The Dissolution saw the Priory's status change, as it lost its Benedictine monks. As elsewhere, Worcester had to set up "public" schools to replace monastic education. This led to the establishment of [[King's School, Worcester|King's School]]. Worcester School continued to teach. St Oswald's Hospital survived the dissolution, later providing [[almshouses]];<ref>{{harvnb |Willis-Bund |Page |1971a |pp=175–179}}</ref> the charity and its housing survives to the present day.

The city gained the right to elect a [[mayor]], and was designated a [[county corporate]] in 1621, giving it autonomy from local government. Thereafter Worcester was governed by a mayor, recorder and six aldermen. Councillors were selected by co-option.<ref name="bhoworcester"/>

Worcester contained green spaces such as orchards and fields between its main streets, within the city wall, as appears on [[John Speed|Speed]]'s map of 1610. The walls were still more or less complete at the time, but suburbs had been established beyond them.

====Civil war====
{{further|Worcestershire in the English Civil War|Battle of Worcester}}
{{see also|History of Worcester#Civil war}}
[[File:Battle of Worcester.jpg|thumb|left|Battle of Worcester]]
Worcester equivocated, then sided with Parliament before the outbreak of the [[English Civil War]] in 1642 but was swiftly occupied by the Royalists. Parliament briefly retook the city after the [[Battle of Powick Bridge]] of September 1642, and ransacked the cathedral, where stained glass was smashed and the organ destroyed, along with library books and monuments.<ref>{{harvnb |Atkin |2004 |pp=52–53}}</ref>

The Parliamentary commander, the [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]] was soon forced to withdraw, and the city spent the rest of the war under Royalist occupation. Worcester was a garrison town and had to sustain and billet a large number of Royalist troops. During the Royalist occupation, the suburbs were destroyed to make defence easier. High taxation was imposed, and many male residents [[Impressment|pressed]] into the army.<ref>{{harvnb |Atkin |2004}}</ref>

As Royalist power collapsed in May 1646, Worcester was placed under siege. Worcester had some 5,000 civilians and a Royalist garrison of about 1,500 men facing a [[New Model Army]] force of 2,500–5,000. The city surrendered on 23 July.<ref>{{harvnb |Atkin |2004 |pp=125–127}}</ref>

In 1651 a Scottish army, 16,000 strong, marched south along the west coast in support of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]'s attempt to regain the Crown. As the army approached, Worcester Council voted to surrender, fearing further violence and destruction. The Parliamentary garrison withdrew to [[Evesham]] in the face of the overwhelming numbers against them. The Scots were billeted in and around the city, joined by very limited local forces.<ref>{{harvnb |Atkin |2004 |pp=142–143}}</ref>

The [[Battle of Worcester]] took place on 3 September 1651. Charles II was easily defeated by Cromwell's forces of 30,000 men. Charles II returned to his headquarters in what is now known as King Charles House in the Cornmarket, before [[Escape of Charles II|fleeing]] in disguise with help of one of his officers, [[Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury|Francis Talbot]] to [[Boscobel House]] in [[Shropshire]], from where he eventually escaped to France. Worcester was then heavily looted by the Parliamentarian army. The city council estimated £80,000 of damage was done and subsequent debts were still not recovered in the 1670s.<ref>{{harvnb |Atkin |2004 |pp=142–147}}</ref>

====After the Restoration====
{{see also|History of Worcester#After the Restoration}}
After the [[Stuart Restoration|restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660, Worcester cleverly used its location as the site of the final battles of the First Civil War (1646) and Third Civil War (1651) to mount an appeal for compensation from [[King Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Though not based on historical fact, it invented the epithet ''Fidelis Civitas'' (The Faithful City), since included in the city's [[coat of arms]].<ref name="Civic Heralrdy"/><ref>{{harvnb |Atkin |1998}}</ref>

During the 18th century Worcester experienced significant economic growth, and in 1748 [[Daniel Defoe]] could note that 'the inhabitants are generally esteemed rich, being full of business, occasioned chiefly by the clothing-trade'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Defoe |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSgJAAAAQAAJ |title=A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain. Vol. 2. |publisher=S. Birt |year=1748 |location=London |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> The [[Royal Worcester|Royal Worcester Porcelain Company]] was established at Warmstry Slip in 1751,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Bridges |first1=Tim |title=Worcester: A Pictorial History |last2=Mundy |first2=Charles |publisher=Phillimore |year=1996 |isbn=0850339901 |location=Chichester}}</ref> and from the  later 18th century the city became a major centre for the [[glove]]making industry.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:The Guildhall, High Street, Worcester.jpg|thumbnail|200px|[[Worcester Guildhall]]]]
The wealth of 18th- and 19th-century Worcester is reflected in the city's architecture, which has been described as 'one of the most impressive Georgian streetscapes in the Midlands'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Morriss |first1=Richard K |title=The Buildings of Worcester |last2=Hoverd |first2=Ken |publisher=Alan Sutton |year=1994 |isbn=0750905573 |location=Stroud}}</ref> Many public buildings were built or rebuilt in this period, including the Grade I listed [[Worcester Guildhall]],<ref name=":1" /> the city bridge, and the [[Worcestershire Royal Hospital|Royal Infirmary]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=Alan |title=The Buildings of England: Worcestershire |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780300112986 |location=New Haven}}</ref> Large stretches of the city walls were removed by 1796,<ref name="bhoworcester" /> allowing for continued expansion along Foregate Street, The Tything, and Upper Tything,<ref name=":0" /> and many townhouses were built or remodelled in brick.<ref name=":1" />

Worcester was a popular destination for wealthy visitors, who came to the annual [[Three Choirs Festival]] and horse races on [[Worcester Racecourse|Pitchcroft]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Drummond |first=Pippa |title=The Provincial Music Festival in England, 1784-1914 |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=9781409400875 |location=London |pages=12}}</ref> However, parts of the city suffered from significant poverty, and in 1794 a large [[workhouse]] was built on the edge of the city at Tallow Hill.<ref name=":0" />

===Industrial revolution and Victorian era===
{{see also|History of Worcester#Industrial revolution, Victorian and Edwardian eras}}
[[File:Worcester in 1806. Engraving by J.Roper from a drawing by G.Cole.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Map of Worcester in 1806]]
Worcester in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was a major centre for glove-making, employing nearly half the glovers in England at its peak (over 30,000 people).<ref name="WorcesterGloveMaking"/> employed by 150 firms. At this time nearly half the glove makers in Britain could be found in Worcestershire. In the 19th century, the industry declined as import taxes on foreign competitors, mainly French, were much reduced.

Riots took place in 1831, in response to the defeat of the [[Reform Act 1832|Reform Bill]], reflecting discontent with the city administration and the lack of democratic representation.<ref name="bhoworcester"/> Citizens petitioned the House of Lords for permission to build [[Shire Hall, Worcester|a County Hall]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of the House of Lords: Volume 63, 1830-1831. Originally published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, [n.d.]. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol63/pp836-840#h3-0002 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=British History Online |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516180054/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol63/pp836-840#h3-0002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local government reform took place in 1835, which for the first time created election procedures for councillors, but also restricted the ability of the city to buy and sell property.<ref name="bhoworcester"/> Political corruption, particularly bribing of voters, was endemic in Parliamentary elections, contributing to a string of [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] victories even against a wider swing to the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]], and was investigated in the 1890s and by a [[Royal Commission]] in 1906.{{sfn|Reekes|2019|pp=118-123}}

The [[British Medical Association]] (BMA) was founded in the Board Room of the old Worcester Royal Infirmary building in Castle Street in 1832.<ref name="BMA"/> Corn trading which had taken place in the Corn Market on the east side of the city moved to the new [[Corn Exchange, Worcester|Corn Exchange]] in Angel Street in the mid-19th century.{{sfn|Historic England|1359548}}

The [[Kays Catalogues|Kays]] mail-order business was founded in Worcester in 1889 and operated from various premises in the city until 2007. It was then bought out by Reality, owner of the Grattan catalogue. The Kays warehouse was demolished in 2008 and replaced by housing.{{sfn|Kays Heritage}}

In 1815 the [[Worcester and Birmingham Canal]] opened. Railways reached Worcester in 1850, with [[Worcester Shrub Hill railway station|Shrub Hill]], initially only running to Birmingham. [[Worcester Foregate Street railway station|Foregate Street]] was opened in 1860. The WMR lines became part of the [[Great Western Railway]] after 1 August 1863. The railways gave Worcester jobs building passenger coaches and signalling. Alongside Worcester Shrub Hill station in Shrub Hill Road were the Worcester Engine Works. Their [[Polychrome#19th century polychrome brickwork|polychrome]] brick building was erected about 1864 and probably designed by [[Thomas Dickson (architect)|Thomas Dickson]]. However, only 84 locomotives were built there and the works closed in 1871.<ref>Richard Morriss ''The Archaeology of Railways'', 1999 Tempus Publishing, Stroud. Plate 93 p147</ref> The chairman was [[Alexander Clunes Sheriff]].<ref name=Debrett>[https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1870londuoft#page/248/mode/2up Debretts House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1870]</ref>

In 1882 Worcester hosted the Worcestershire Exhibition with sections for fine arts, historical manuscripts and industrial items, receiving over 222,000 visitors.

===20th century to present===
{{see also|History of Worcester#1914 to present}}
The Foregate Street [[Cast-iron architecture|cast-iron railway bridge]] was remodelled by the [[Great Western Railway]] in 1908 with a decorative cast-iron exterior serving no structural purpose.<ref>Richard Morriss ''The Archaeology of Railways'', 1999 Tempus Publishing, Stroud, p. 89.</ref> Rail reorganisation in 1922 saw the Midland Railway's routes from Shrub Hill absorbed into the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]].

[[File:Gloves, Worcester City Art Gallery & Museum, England - DSCF0752.JPG|thumb|150px|Gloves, [[Worcester City Art Gallery & Museum]]]] By the mid-20th century, only a few Worcester glove firms survived, as gloves became less fashionable and free trade enabled cheaper imports from the [[Far East]]. Nevertheless, at least three glove manufacturers survived into the late 20th century: [[Dents|Dent Allcroft]], Fownes and Milore. In the 1940s, some Jewish refugees from Europe settled in Worcester. Emil Rich, a refugee from Germany, founded one of Worcester's last remaining glovemakers, Milore Glove Factory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=Plans for blue plaque in Worcester to remember Jewish community |url=https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/23669866.plans-plaque-worcester-remember-jewish-community/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Worcester News |language=en}}</ref> Queen [[Elizabeth II]]'s coronation gloves were designed by Emil Rich and manufactured in the Worcester factory.<ref name="GloveMaking"/><ref name="WorcesterNews21062010"/>

Worcester was a centre for recruitment of soldiers to fight in the [[First World War]], into the [[Worcestershire Regiment]], based at [[Norton Barracks]]. The regiment took part in early battles in the war, most notably at the [[Battle of Gheluvelt]] in October 1914.{{sfn|Reekes|2019|pp=124-129}} The Vicar of St Paul's, [[Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy]], became an army chaplain, later known as 'Woodbine Willy', as he brought cigarettes to soldiers during fighting and exposed himself to physical danger.{{sfn|Reekes|2019|pp=130-135}}

The inter-war years saw rapid growth in engineering and machine-tool manufacturing firms such as James Archdale and H. W. Ward, castings for the motor industry from Worcester Windshields and Casements, valve design and manufacture from [[Sentinel Valve Works|Alley & MacLellan, Sentinel Valve Works]], mining machinery from Mining Engineering Company (MECO) – later part of [[Joy Mining Machinery]] – and open-top cans from Williamsons, although G. H. Williamson and Sons had become part of the Metal Box Co in 1930. Later the company became Carnaud Metal Box PLC.

During the [[Second World War]], the city was chosen to be the seat of an evacuated government in case of mass [[Operation Sealion|German invasion]]. The [[War Cabinet]], along with [[Winston Churchill]] and some 16,000 state workers, would have moved to [[Hindlip Hall]] (now part of the complex forming the Headquarters of [[West Mercia Police]]), {{cvt|3|mi|km}} north of Worcester. The former [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] station [[RAF Worcester]] was located north-east of Worcester.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/worcester-ii-perdiswell/ |title=Worcester II (Perdiswell) |publisher=[[Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust]] |accessdate=27 May 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804140303/https://abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/worcester-ii-perdiswell/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A fuel-storage depot was built for the government in 1941–42 by [[Shell-Mex and BP]] (later operated by [[Texaco]]) on the eastern bank of the River Severn, about a mile south of Worcester. It was at one time used as a civil reserve storing gas oil and then aviation kerosene for [[United States Air Forces in Europe|USAFE]]. It closed in the early 1990s.<ref>Tim Whittle: ''Fuelling the Wars – PLUTO and the Secret Pipeline Network 1936 to 2015'', published 2017, p. 223. {{ISBN|9780992855468}}</ref> Worcester Porcelain operated in Worcester until 2009, when the factory closed due to the recession.

In the 1950s and 1960s large areas of the medieval centre of Worcester were demolished and rebuilt. This was condemned by many such as [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] who described it as a "totally incomprehensible... act of self-mutilation".<ref>The Buildings of England – Worcester, Penguin, 1968</ref> There is however still a significant area of medieval Worcester remaining, examples of which can be seen along City Walls Road, Friar Street and New Street.

==Governance==
{{Main|Worcester City Council}}
{{See also|Worcester City Council elections|Evolution of Worcestershire county boundaries}}
There are two tiers of local government covering Worcester, at [[non-metropolitan district|district]] (city) and [[non-metropolitan county|county]] level: [[Worcester City Council]] and [[Worcestershire County Council]]. There are two [[civil parish]]es within the city at [[Warndon]] and [[St Peter the Great County]], which form a third tier of local government in those areas; the rest of the city is an [[unparished area]]. Worcester forms one of the six [[non-metropolitan district|local government districts]] within the county.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Worcester - County Hall (geograph 3976307).jpg|thumb|[[County Hall, Worcester|County Hall]], headquarters of [[Worcestershire County Council]]]]
Worcester City Council is based at [[Worcester Guildhall]] on the High Street in the city centre. Worcestershire County Council also has its headquarters in Worcester, being based at [[County Hall, Worcester|County Hall]] in Spetchley Road, on the eastern outskirts of the city.

Worcester was an [[ancient borough]] which had held [[city status in the United Kingdom|city status]] from [[time immemorial]]. When elected county councils were established in 1889, the city was considered large enough to run its own county-level services and so it became a [[county borough]], independent from the surrounding Worcestershire County Council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Worcester Municipal Borough / County Borough |url=https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10074368 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>

Worcester was reformed to become a [[non-metropolitan district]] in 1974 under the [[Local Government Act 1972]]. The city had its territory enlarged, gaining the parishes of [[Warndon]] and [[St Peter the Great County]], and it was transferred to the short-lived county of [[Hereford and Worcester]].<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972|year=1972|number=2039|accessdate=22 September 2022}}</ref> Hereford and Worcester was abolished in 1998, since when a re-established Worcestershire County Council has been the upper-tier authority for Worcester.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The Hereford and Worcester (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996|year=1996|number=1867|accessdate=29 September 2022}}</ref>

Worcester's one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) is [[Tom Collins (politician)|Tom Collins]] of the Labour Party, who has represented the [[Worcester (UK Parliament constituency)|Worcester constituency]] since the July 2024 general election.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/24506449.labour-mp-tom-collinss-work-worcester-bosch-shapes-priorities/ |title=Labour MP Tom Collins's work at Worcester Bosch shapes priorities |work=Worcester News |date=10 August 2024 |first=Keiran |last=Williams |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

===Coat of arms===
The city of Worcester is unusual among English cities in having an [[arms of alliance]] as the main part of its coat of arms. The shield on the [[Dexter and sinister|dexter]] side is the "ancient" arms: ''Quarterly [[Sable (heraldry)|sable]] and [[Gules (heraldry)|gules]], a castle triple-towered [[Argent (heraldry)|argent]]''. First recorded in 1569 but probably older, there is little doubt that it refers to Worcester Castle, now vanished. The shield on the [[Dexter and sinister|sinister]] side is the "modern" arms: ''Argent, a fess between three [[pears sable]]''. Despite its name, the modern arms goes back to 1634. It is said to represent a visit of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] to the city in 1575, when according to folklore, she saw a tree with [[black pears]] on Foregate and was so impressed with it that she allowed Worcester to have pears on its coat of arms. The city has used several mottos: one is ''Floreat semper fidelis civitas'', Latin for "Let the faithful city ever flourish", while the one currently used is ''Civitas in bello et pace fidelis'' (A city faithful in peace and war). Both refer to Worcester's support for Royalists in the [[English Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/west_midlands.html |title=Civic Heraldry of England: West Midlands |work=Civic Heraldry |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517002845/http://civicheraldry.co.uk/west_midlands.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Castle shield on Foregate railway bridge, Worcester - geograph.org.uk - 1629621.jpg|The "ancient" arms of the city on the railway bridge near [[Worcester Foregate Street railway station|Foregate Street station]]
File:Black Pear shield on Foregate railway bridge - geograph.org.uk - 1628858.jpg|The "modern" arms of the city on the railway bridge near Foregate Street station
File:Gate, Cripplegate Park, Worcester - geograph.org.uk - 1329819.jpg|The coat of arms as shown on the entrance gate to Cripplegate Park
File:Guildhall Coat of Arms - geograph.org.uk - 1066268.jpg|The coat of arms as shown in the Guildhall, with the "modern" placed over the "ancient"
</gallery>

==Geography==
[[File:Worcester, aerial 2018, geograph 5845772 by Chris.jpg|thumb|Aerial photograph of Worcester city centre]]
The district is bounded by the districts of [[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]] to the west, and [[Wychavon District|Wychavon]] to the east. The population of the local government district in 2021 was 103,837.<ref name="district21"/> The built up area extends slightly beyond the city boundaries in places and had a population in 2021 of 105,465.<ref>{{cite web |title=Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/townsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales/census2021 |website=Census 2021 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

Notable suburbs include Barbourne, Blackpole, Cherry Orchard, [[Claines]], [[Diglis]], [[Dines Green]], [[Henwick]], [[Northwick, Worcestershire|Northwick]], [[Red Hill, Worcester|Red Hill]], [[Ronkswood]], [[St Peter the Great, Worcester|St Peter the Great]] (also known as St Peter's), [[Tolladine]], [[Warndon]] and Warndon Villages. Most of Worcester is on the eastern side of the [[River Severn]]. However, [[Henwick]], [[Lower Wick, Worcester|Lower Wick]], [[St John's, Worcester|St John's]] and [[Dines Green]] are on the western side.

===Climate===
Worcester enjoys a temperate climate with generally warm summers and mild winters. However, it can experience more extreme weather and flooding is often a problem.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> In 1670, the [[River Severn]] burst its banks in the worst flood ever seen by the city. The closest flood height to the [[Flood of 1670]] was when torrential rains caused the Severn to flood in July 2007, which is recorded in the [[Diglis Basin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Floods |url=https://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/greatfloods/?g2_page=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143139/https://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/greatfloods/?g2_page=1 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |website=Webbaviation.co.uk}}</ref> This recurred in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Flooding |work=BBC News |date=13 February 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-26167360 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621114357/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-26167360 |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 }}</ref>

During the winters of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, the city underwent long periods of sub-freezing temperatures and heavy snowfalls. In December 2010 the temperature dropped to {{cvt|-19.5|°C|°F|1}} in nearby Pershore.<ref name="Guardian20122010"/> The Severn and the River Teme partly froze over in Worcester during this cold period. By contrast, Worcester recorded a temperature {{cvt|36.6|°C|°F|1}} on 2 August 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TORRO – British Weather Extremes: Daily Maximum Temperatures |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/hightempsyear.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106104049/http://www.torro.org.uk/hightempsyear.php |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=23 November 2018 |website=Torro.org.uk}}</ref> Between 1990 and 2003, weather data for the area was collected at Barbourne, Worcester. Since the closure of this weather station, the nearest is located at Pershore.<ref name="en.tutiempo.net">{{Cite web |title=Climate United Kingdom – Climate data |url=http://en.tutiempo.net/climate/united-kingdom.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212025507/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/united-kingdom.html |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=23 November 2018 |website=Tutiempo.net}}</ref>
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  [[Pershore]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|8.0|mi|1|abbr=out}} from the Worcester city centre.}} (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–present)
|Jan record high C = 16.1
|Feb record high C = 18.8
|Mar record high C = 22.9
|Apr record high C = 26.0
|May record high C = 28.4
|Jun record high C = 33.8
|Jul record high C = 37.0
|Aug record high C = 34.5
|Sep record high C = 30.4
|Oct record high C = 28.4
|Nov record high C = 18.6
|Dec record high C = 15.9
|Jan record low C = -16.6
|Feb record low C = -11.1
|Mar record low C = -10.1
|Apr record low C = -5.3
|May record low C = -3.2
|Jun record low C = -0.1
|Jul record low C = 2.7
|Aug record low C = 2.9
|Sep record low C = -0.6
|Oct record low C = -5.2
|Nov record low C = -10.5
|Dec record low C = -19.5
|Jan high C = 7.9
|Feb high C = 8.7
|Mar high C = 11.2
|Apr high C = 14.2
|May high C = 17.4
|Jun high C = 20.4
|Jul high C = 22.6
|Aug high C = 22.1
|Sep high C = 19.3
|Oct high C = 15.0
|Nov high C = 10.8
|Dec high C = 8.2
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 4.8
|Feb mean C = 5.1
|Mar mean C = 7.0
|Apr mean C = 9.3
|May mean C = 12.4
|Jun mean C = 15.3
|Jul mean C = 17.4
|Aug mean C = 17.1
|Sep mean C = 14.6
|Oct mean C = 11.1
|Nov mean C = 7.4
|Dec mean C = 5.0
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 1.7
|Feb low C = 1.5
|Mar low C = 2.7
|Apr low C = 4.4
|May low C = 7.3
|Jun low C = 10.2
|Jul low C = 12.2
|Aug low C = 12.1
|Sep low C = 9.8
|Oct low C = 7.2
|Nov low C = 4.0
|Dec low C = 1.8
| year low C = 6.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 56.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 40.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 39.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 47.8
|May precipitation mm = 54.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 52.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 55.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 61.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 52.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 64.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 64.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 58.9
|year precipitation mm = 647.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 11.6
| Feb precipitation days = 9.4
| Mar precipitation days = 8.9
| Apr precipitation days = 9.5
| May precipitation days = 9.0
| Jun precipitation days = 8.8
| Jul precipitation days = 8.9
| Aug precipitation days = 9.4
| Sep precipitation days = 8.8
| Oct precipitation days = 11.1
| Nov precipitation days = 12.1
| Dec precipitation days = 11.6
| year precipitation days =119.1
|Jan sun = 57.0
|Feb sun = 77.3
|Mar sun = 120.5
|Apr sun = 163.0
|May sun = 204.8
|Jun sun = 200.8
|Jul sun = 209.4
|Aug sun = 187.4
|Sep sun = 142.6
|Oct sun = 104.0
|Nov sun = 67.7
|Dec sun = 48.9
|year sun = 1583.1
|date=August 2015
| source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="MetOffice">{{cite web
|url = https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/location-specific-long-term-averages/gcq89t680
|title = Station: Pershore, Climate period: 1991–2020
|publisher = Met Office
|access-date = 15 December 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = Starlings Roost Weather<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmax_map.php
|title= Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature, Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature
|publisher= Starlings Roost Weather
|access-date= 16 December 2024
|archive-date= 1 February 2023
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230201173843/http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmax_map.php
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>
}}
[[File:WorcestersSkyline.jpg|thumb|250px|Skyline of Worcester viewed from [[Worcester Cathedral]]]]

===Green belt===
{{further|West Midlands Green Belt}}
Worcester is in a regional [[Green belt (United Kingdom)|green belt]] that extends into the surrounding counties. It is set to reduce [[urban sprawl]] between the cities and towns in the nearby West Midlands conurbations centred round [[West Midlands conurbation|Birmingham]] and [[Coventry and Bedworth Urban Area|Coventry]], to discourage further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encourage [[brownfield]] reuse, and preserve nearby [[countryside]]. This is done by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas and imposing strict conditions on permitted building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SWJCS GREEN BELT REVIEW July 2010 |url=http://www.swdevelopmentplan.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Green_Belt_Review_29July2010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105641/http://www.swdevelopmentplan.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Green_Belt_Review_29July2010.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2018 |website=Swdevelopmentplan.org}}</ref>

Within the city boundary, there is a small area of green belt north of the Worcester and Birmingham canal and of the Perdiswell and Northwick suburbs. This is part of a larger isolated tract south of the main green belt that extends into the adjacent Wychavon district, minimising urban sprawl between Fernhill Heath and Droitwich Spa, and keeping them separate. The green belt was first drawn up under [[Worcestershire County Council]] in 1975; the size within the borough in 2017 amounted to some {{cvt|240|ha|km2+sqmi}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green belt statistics |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/green-belt-statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133634/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/green-belt-statistics |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=2 March 2018 |website=Gov.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Demography and religion==
The 2011 census put Worcester's population at 98,768. About 93.4 per cent were classed as white, of whom 89.1 percentage points were [[White British]] – higher than the national average.<ref name="ukcensusdata1">{{Cite web |last=Good Stuff IT Services |title=Worcester – UK Census Data 2011 |url=http://www.ukcensusdata.com/worcester-e07000237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031124235/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/worcester-e07000237 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |access-date=31 October 2019 |publisher=Ukcensusdata.com}}</ref> The largest religious group consists of [[Christianity|Christians]], with 63.7 per cent of the city's population.<ref name="ukcensusdata1"/> Those reporting [[Irreligion|no religion]] or declining to state an allegiance make up 32.3 per cent. The next largest religious group, [[Muslims]], makes up 2.9 per cent. The ethnic minorities include people of [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]], [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]], [[British Chinese|Chinese]], [[British Indian|Indian]], [[Italian British|Italian]] and [[Polish British|Polish]] origin, the largest single group being [[British Pakistanis]], numbering around 1,900: 1.95 per cent of the population. This has led to Worcester containing a small but diverse range of religious groups; as well as the prominent Anglican [[Worcester Cathedral]], there are also [[Catholicism|Catholic]], [[United Reformed Church|United Reformed]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worcester United Reformed Church |url=http://www.worcesterurc.org.uk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011194218/http://worcesterurc.org.uk/index.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=23 November 2018 |website=Worcester United Reformed Church}}</ref> and [[Baptist]] churches, a large centre for [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], a small number of [[Islamic]] mosques and a number of smaller groups for oriental religions such as [[Buddhism]] and the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]].

Worcester is the seat of a [[Church of England]] bishop, whose official signature is the personal Christian name followed by ''Wigorn''. (abbreviating the Latin ''Wigorniensis'', meaning ''of Worcester'').<ref>''Chambers Dictionary'', 12th edition.</ref> This is also used occasionally to abbreviate the name of the county. The previous [[List of Archdeacons of Worcester|Archdeacon of Worcester]], [[Robert Jones (Archdeacon of Worcester)|Robert Jones]], inducted in November 2014, had been Rector of St Barnabas with Christ Church in Worcester for eight years.<ref>[http://www.cofe-worcester.org.uk/news/news.php?i641 Diocese of Worcester – Licensing of the new Archdeacon of Worcester] (Accessed 16 November 2014)</ref> He retired on 30 November 2023<ref>{{Church Times | title = Resignations and retirements | url = https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2023/11-august/gazette/resignations/resignations-and-retirements | issue = 8369 | date = 11 August 2023 | page = 21 | accessed = 2 September 2023 }}<!--|archive=2023_08_11_021 --></ref>

==Economy==

===Manufacturing===
<!--Please place industrial history information about CLOSED industries into the History section above to ensure there is not duplication -->
[[File:leaperrins.png|thumb|150px|[[Lea & Perrins]] advertisement (1900)]] One of Worcester's famous products, [[Lea & Perrins]] [[Worcestershire sauce]], is made and bottled at a Midland Road factory, its home since 16 October 1897. Messrs Lea and Perrins originally partnered a chemist's shop on the site of the Debenhams's store in Crowngate Shopping Centre.

Worcester has what is claimed to be the [[List of the oldest newspapers|oldest newspaper in the world]] still in publication: ''[[Berrow's Worcester Journal]]''. It traces its descent from a news-sheet started in 1690.

The foundry heritage of the city is represented by Morganite Crucible at Norton which produces graphitic shaped products and cements for use in the modern industry.<ref name="Morganite"/> The city is home to the European manufacturing plant of [[Yamazaki Mazak Corporation]], a global [[Japan]]ese [[machine tool builder]] established here in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazak History |url=https://www.mazak.com/mazak-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092910/https://www.mazak.com/mazak-history/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015 |publisher=Yamazaki Mazak Corporation}}</ref>

Worcester Heating Systems was started in the city in 1962 by [[Cecil Duckworth]]. The company was bought by Bosch and renamed [[Worcester, Bosch Group|Worcester Bosch]] in 1996.<ref>[https://www.worcester-bosch.co.uk/about/history History] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203143933/https://www.worcester-bosch.co.uk/about/history |date=3 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-10 |title=The tale of Cecil's life so far |work=Worcester News |url=https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/features/mikepryce/9919402.the-tale-of-cecils-life-so-far/ |url-status=live |access-date=2019-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191154/https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/features/mikepryce/9919402.the-tale-of-cecils-life-so-far/ |archive-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>

===Retail trade===
<!--Please place industrial history information about CLOSED industries into the History section above to ensure there is not duplication -->
The city is a major retail centre, with several covered shopping centres to accommodate the major chains and many independent shops and restaurants, particularly in Friar Street and New Street.

Worcester's main shopping centre is the High Street, with several major retail chains. The High Street was controversially part-modernised in 2005, and further modernised in 2015; with current redevelopment of Cathedral Plaza and Lychgate Shopping Centre. Much of the protest came at the felling of old trees, the duration of the work (caused by weather and an archaeological find) and removal of flagstones outside the city's 18th-century Guildhall.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2014 |title=At least £500000 to be pumped into sprucing up Worcester City Centre |work=[[Worcester News]] |url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/11639198.At_least_500_000_to_be_pumped_into_sprucing_up_Worcester_city_centre |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803052226/http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/11639198.At_least_500_000_to_be_pumped_into_sprucing_up_Worcester_city_centre/ |archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

The other main thoroughfares are the Shambles and Broad Street. The Cross and its immediate surrounding area are the city's financial centre for most of Worcester's main bank branches.

There are three main covered shopping centres in the city centre: [[CrownGate Shopping Centre]], Cathedral Plaza and Reindeer Court. There is also an unenclosed shopping area immediately east of the city centre called St Martin's Quarter. There are three retail parks, the Elgar and Blackpole retail parks located in the [[inner suburb]] of Blackpole, and the Shrub Hill Retail Park in neighbouring St Martin's Quarter. Retailers such as [[Asda]], [[B&M]] and [[Aldi]] are all located close to St Martin's Quarter.

==Attractions==
[[File:worcester cathedral night2.jpg|thumb|[[Worcester Cathedral]] at night]]
The most famous landmark in Worcester is the Anglican [[Worcester Cathedral]]. Officially the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary, it was known as Worcester Priory before the [[English Reformation]]. Construction began in 1084. Its crypt dates from the 11th century. It includes the only circular chapter house in the country. It houses the tombs of [[John of England|King John]] and [[Arthur, Prince of Wales|Prince Arthur]].

Near the cathedral is the spire of St Andrew's Church, known as [[Glover's Needle]]. The rest of the church was demolished in 1949.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Kath |title=Keep right on to the end of the road |date=2006 |publisher=Vanguard |isbn=9781843862857 |location=Cambridge |page=68}}</ref>

The Parish Church of St Helen, on the north side of the High Street, is mainly medieval, with a west tower rebuilt in 1813. The east end, re-fenestration and porch were completed by [[Frederick Preedy]] in 1857–1863. There was further restoration, by [[Aston Webb]] in 1879–1880. It is a Grade II*[[listed building]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church of St Helen, Worcester, Worcestershire |url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-488746-church-of-st-helen-worcestershire#.WIC8WE3c6Uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201234433/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-488746-church-of-st-helen-worcestershire#.WIC8WE3c6Uk |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=19 January 2017 |website=British Listed Buildings}}</ref>

The high-water marks from the flood of 1670 and more recent flood levels are shown on a brass plate on a wall adjacent to the path along the river that leads to the cathedral.

Museums include Worcester City Art Gallery and Museum, Greyfriars' House, the Infirmary Museum, Tudor House Museum, George Marshall Medical Museum, RAF Defford Museum, Museum of Royal Worcester, Mercian Regiment Museum, the Commandery, and Worcestershire Yeomanry Museum. The Battle of Worcester site is just south of the city. Limited parts of Worcester's [[Worcester city walls|city wall]] remain.

[[The Hive, Worcester|The Hive]], on the north side of the [[River Severn]] at the former cattle market site, is Worcester's joint public and university library and archive centre, heralded as "the first of its kind in Europe", and a prominent feature on the skyline. With seven towers and a golden rooftop, it has gained recognition, winning two international [[Worcester Hive Awards|awards]] for building design and sustainability.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 2012 |title=National Sustainability Award |work=Thehiveworcester.org |url=http://www.thehiveworcester.org/the-hive-scoops-national-sustainability-award.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142004/http://www.thehiveworcester.org/the-hive-scoops-national-sustainability-award.html |archive-date=25 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013 |title=CIBSE Building Performance Awards |work=Thehiveworcester.org |url=http://www.thehiveworcester.org/10033.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803013716/http://www.thehiveworcester.org/10033.html |archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

The city's three main open spaces Cripplegate Park, Gheluvelt Park and [[Fort Royal Hill|Fort Royal Park]], the last on the site of an [[English Civil War]] battle. In addition, there is an open area known as Pitchcroft to the north of the city centre on the east bank of the [[River Severn]], which is a public space except on days when it is used for [[horse racing]]. Gheluvelt Park commemorates the part played by [[Worcestershire Regiment]]'s 2nd Battalion in the [[Battle of Gheluvelt]] in the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015 |title=Worcester's Gheluvelt Park given listed status |work=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-32609534 |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224160600/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-32609534 |archive-date=24 December 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Edward Elgar statue.png|thumb|upright=0.51|Statue of [[Edward Elgar]]]]
A statue of Sir Edward Elgar, commissioned from Kenneth Potts and unveiled in 1981, stands at the end of Worcester High Street facing the cathedral, yards from the original location of his father's music shop, which was demolished in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Elgar Route – A walk around Elgar's Worcester |url=http://mediafiles.thedms.co.uk/Publication/HF-VW/cms/pdf/Elgar%20Walking%20Route.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513014330/http://mediafiles.thedms.co.uk/Publication/HF-VW/cms/pdf/Elgar%20Walking%20Route.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013 |website=Visitworcestershire.org |quote=no 10, the Elgar Brothers' music shop. Its location is marked by a shop-front plaque unveiled in 2003.}}</ref> Elgar's birthplace was the nearby village of [[Broadheath, Worcestershire|Broadheath]]. Plaques installed in the city include a dedication to the medieval Jewish community at Copenhagen Street.{{sfn|Pryce|2023}}

There are two large wooded areas in the city, Perry Wood and Nunnery Wood, covering 12 and 21 hectares. Perry Wood is often said to be where [[Oliver Cromwell]] met and made a pact with the Devil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser |first=Antonia |title=Cromwell Our Chief of Men |year=1973 |isbn=0-09-942756-7 |page=387|publisher=Penguin Random House }}</ref> Nunnery Wood is integral to the adjacent [[Worcester Woods Country Park]], itself next door to [[County Hall, Worcester|County Hall]] on the east side of the city.

==Transport==

[[File:Worcester Shrub Hill Station.jpg|thumb|[[Worcester Shrub Hill railway station]]]]

===Road===
The<ref>{{cite web |title=The A4440 Worcester Southern Link road improvements |url=https://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/council-services/travel-and-highways/major-infrastructure-improvements/road-improvements/a4440-worcester-southern-link-road-improvements |website=Worcestershire.gov.uk |publisher=Worcestershire County Council |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> [[M5 Motorway]] runs north–south immediately to the east of the city. It is accessed by junction 6 (Worcester North) and junction 7 (Worcester South). It connects Worcester to most parts of the country, including London, which is only {{cvt|118|mi|km}} using the [[A44 road|A44]] via the [[Cotswolds]] and [[M40 motorway|M40]]. A faster journey to London is possible via the [[M5 motorway|M5]], [[M42 motorway|M42]] and [[M40 motorway|M40]], but with an increased distance of {{cvt|134|mi|km}}.

The main roads through the city include the [[A449 road]] south-west to [[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]] and north to [[Kidderminster]]. The [[A44 road|A44]] runs south-east to [[Evesham]] and west to [[Leominster]] and [[Aberystwyth]] and crosses Worcester Bridge. The [[A38 road|A38]] trunk road runs south to [[Tewkesbury]] and [[Gloucester]] and north-north-east to [[Droitwich]] and [[Bromsgrove]] and [[Birmingham]]. The [[A4103 road|A4103]] goes west-south-west to [[Hereford]]. The [[A422]] heads east to [[Alcester]], branching from the A44 a mile east of the M5. The city is partly ringed by A4440.

Carrington Bridge on the A4440 is the second [[Crossings of the River Severn|road bridge across the Severn]], linking the A38 from Worcester towards Gloucester with the A449 to [[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]]. It is one of Worcestershire's busiest roads. The single-carriageway bridge was doubled with work being completed on 5 August 2022, making the Southern Link Road dual between junction 7 of the M5 and Powick Roundabout.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2014 |title=The A4440 Worcester Southern Link Road Improvements |url=http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20623/the_a4440_worcester_southern_link_road_improvements/1017/the_a4440_worcester_southern_link_road_improvements/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523170841/http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20623/the_a4440_worcester_southern_link_road_improvements/1017/the_a4440_worcester_southern_link_road_improvements/ |archive-date=23 May 2019 |access-date=31 October 2019 |publisher=Worcestershire.gov.uk}}; {{cite web |title=The A4440 Worcester Southern Link road improvements |url=https://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/council-services/travel-and-highways/major-infrastructure-improvements/road-improvements/a4440-worcester-southern-link-road-improvements |website=worcestershire.gov.uk |publisher=Worcestershire County Council}}</ref>

===Rail===
<!--Please place industrial history information about CLOSED railways or railway history into the History section above to ensure there is not duplication -->
[[File:Railways of Worcester.png|thumb|Map of railways around Worcester, showing location of stations]]
Worcester has three railway stations. {{rws|Worcester Foregate Street}} and {{rws|Worcester Shrub Hill}} are in the city centre. A third station on the edge of the city, {{rws|Worcestershire Parkway}}, opened in 2020.

The [[Cotswold line]] towards [[Great Malvern railway station|Great Malvern]] and [[Hereford railway station|Hereford]] crosses Foregate Street on an arched [[Cast-iron architecture|cast-iron bridge]]. Between Foregate Street and the St John's area of the city, heading towards Malvern and Hereford, the line crosses the Worcester viaduct over the River Severn.

Worcester Shrub Hill lies about a mile east of the city centre on Shrub Hill Road. It is on part of today's [[Cross Country Route]], looping off the [[Birmingham and Gloucester Railway|Birmingham to Gloucester]] railway.

Both stations have frequent trains to Birmingham via [[Droitwich Spa railway station|Droitwich Spa]], through [[Kidderminster railway station|Kidderminster]] and [[Stourbridge Junction railway station|Stourbridge]] into [[Birmingham Snow Hill railway station|Birmingham Snow Hill]] and [[Birmingham Moor Street railway station|Birmingham Moor Street]] then onwards usually to [[Dorridge railway station|Dorridge]] or [[Whitlocks End railway station|Whitlocks End]], or via [[Bromsgrove railway station|Bromsgrove]] and [[University (Birmingham) railway station|University]] and [[Birmingham New Street railway station|Birmingham New Street]]. These services are run by [[West Midlands Trains]]. From both stations, trains run to [[Pershore railway station|Pershore]], [[Evesham railway station|Evesham]] and onto the Cotswolds, [[Oxford railway station|Oxford]] and [[Paddington railway station|London]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Travelling to Worcestershire |url=http://www.visitworcestershire.org/Travel.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133531/http://www.visitworcestershire.org/Travel.aspx |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=4 June 2017 |website=Visit Worcestershire |publisher=Herefordshire and Worcestershire Chamber of Commerce}}</ref>

===Buses===
{{See also|Worcestershire bus route 144}}The main operator in and around the city is [[First Midland Red]]. A few smaller operators provide services in Worcester, including Astons, DRM and LMS Travel. [[Diamond West Midlands|Diamond Bus]] operates a service from [[Kidderminster]] to communities along the A449. The terminus and interchange for many bus services is Crowngate bus station in the city centre.
[[File:Worcester Crowngate bus station - geograph.org.uk - 837171.jpg|thumb|Worcester Crowngate bus station]]
The city had two park and ride sites: off the A38 in Perdiswell and at [[Sixways Stadium]] next to the M5. [[Worcestershire County Council]] voted to close both in 2014 as part of a package of cutbacks.<ref>[http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/11266946.County_council_leadership_votes_through_park_and_ride_axe/ County council leadership votes through park and ride axe] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129071956/http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/11266946.County_council_leadership_votes_through_park_and_ride_axe/ |date=29 November 2014}}, ''[[Worcester News]]'', 10 June 2014.</ref> The service at Sixways Stadium has since been reinstated, with LMS Travel operating the W3 route to [[Worcestershire Royal Hospital]], but avoiding the city centre bus station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Worcester Park and Ride |url=http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20025/parking/402/park_and_ride |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718143210/http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20025/parking/402/park_and_ride |archive-date=18 July 2016 |publisher=Worcestershire County Council}}</ref>

===Air===
Worcester's nearest major airport is [[Birmingham Airport|Birmingham]], which is accessible by road and rail. [[Gloucestershire Airport]] is about 25 miles away and provided general aviation connections and scheduled services with [[Citywing]] to [[Jersey]], the [[Isle of Man]] and [[Belfast]]. Citywing ceased trading in 2017 after entering administration.

===Cycling===
[[File:River Severn, Diglis Bridge.jpg|thumb|Diglis [[Cycling infrastructure|bicycle and foot bridge]] over the River [[Severn]]]] Worcester is on routes 45 and 46 of the National Cycle Network.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustrans |url=https://www.sustrans.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007135344/https://www.sustrans.org.uk/ |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=7 October 2019 |website=Sustrans.org.uk}}</ref> There are various routes around the city. [[Diglis]] Bridge, a pedestrian and [[Cycling infrastructure|Cycle bridge]] across the Severn, opened in 2010 to St Peter's with [[Lower Wick, Worcester|Lower Wick]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worcester – A Severn Bridge at Diglis Lock and Link to Powick |url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/what-we-do/connect2/schemes/the-west-midlands/worcester-a-severn-bridge-at-diglis-lock-and-link-to-powick |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001172932/http://www.sustrans.org.uk/what-we-do/connect2/schemes/the-west-midlands/worcester-a-severn-bridge-at-diglis-lock-and-link-to-powick |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=22 March 2012 |publisher=Sustrans}}</ref> [[Beryl (company)|Beryl]] bikes were introduced in 2024 to hire across Worcester, providing 175 [[Electric bicycle|e-bikes]] and 50 pedal bikes, from a network of 53 bays.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawson |first1=Eleanor |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Matt |title='Beryl' bike share scheme rolled out across city |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c9990kxkwkgo |date=18 June 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Waterways===
The [[River Severn]] is navigable through Worcester, and here it links to the [[Worcester and Birmingham Canal]], which connects Worcester with Birmingham and the rest of the national canal network. Historically used for the transport of goods, the canal network is now mostly used for leisure boating.

==Education==
[[File:Worcester Library and History Centre - The Hive - footbridge (6364861303).jpg|thumb|Worcester Library and History Centre]]
The [[University of Worcester]] was awarded university status in 2005 by the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]], having been known since 1997 as University College Worcester (UCW) and before that as Worcester College of Higher Education. From 2005 to 2010 it was the fastest growing university in the UK, more than doubling its student population. The university has an independent Worcester Students Union institution. The city is also home to two colleges, [[Worcester Sixth Form College]] and [[Heart of Worcestershire College]].

===High schools===
The high schools located in the city are [[Bishop Perowne CofE College]], [[Blessed Edward Oldcorne Catholic College]], [[Christopher Whitehead Language College]], [[Tudor Grange Academy, Worcester|Tudor Grange Academy Worcester]], [[Nunnery Wood High School]] and [[New College Worcester]], which caters for blind and partially sighted pupils aged 11–18.

===Independent schools===
Worcester is the seat of numerous [[independent schools]]. The [[Royal Grammar School Worcester|Royal Grammar School]] (founded in 1291) and [[Alice Ottley School]] merged in 2007. [[The King's School, Worcester|The King's School]] was re-founded in 1541 under King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], and is a co-educational day school standing next to [[Worcester Cathedral]]. [[St Mary's School, Worcester|St Mary's School]], a girls' Catholic school, was the one remaining single-sex independent school, but closed in July 2014. Other independent schools include the Independent Christian School, the [[River School]] in [[Fernhill Heath]] and [[New College Worcester]].

==Hospitals==
The [[Worcestershire Royal Hospital]] is the principal [[NHS]] hospital serving the city and county of Worcester. It opened in 2002, replacing the Worcester Royal Infirmary.

The former Worcester Eye Hospital was based in the Grade II listed Thornloe House, Barbourne Road, from 1940 to 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Worcester Eye Hospital |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101359568-former-worcester-eye-hospital-worcester-arboretum-ward |website=British Listed Buildings |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127190646/https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101359568-former-worcester-eye-hospital-worcester-arboretum-ward |url-status=live }}</ref>

St Oswald's Hospital on the Tything was founded as alsmhouses and is now a care home.<ref>{{cite web |title=The city of Worcester: Charities Pages 413-420 A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 4. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol4/pp413-420 |website=British History Online |publisher=Victoria County History, 1924 |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127191855/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol4/pp413-420 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sport==
[[File:King George's Fields SO8656.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the Worcester [[King George's Fields|King George's Field]]]]
*[[Worcestershire County Cricket Club]], whose home ground is [[New Road, Worcester|New Road]]
*[[Worcester City F.C.|Worcester City Football Club]]
*Worcester Sorcerers Baseball Club, whose home ground is Norton Parish Hall
*Worcester Hockey Club has teams entered in the [[West Hockey Association (field hockey)|West Hockey Leagues]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worcester Hockey Club |url=http://www.worcesterhockey.co.uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025114111/http://www.worcesterhockey.co.uk/ |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |website=Worcesterhockey.co.uk}}</ref>
*Worcester St Johns Cycling Club
*[[Worcester Wolves]], a professional [[basketball]] team in the [[British Basketball League]], plays at the Worcester Arena.
*[[Worcester Racecourse]] is on an open area known as "Pitchcroft" on the east bank of the [[River Severn]].
*Worcester Rugby Football Club is an amateur rugby union club, founded in 1871.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Worcester RUFC |url=https://worcesterrfc.rfu.club/about |website=Worcester RFC |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>
*[[Worcester Raiders F.C.]], is a professional football club.
*[[Worcester Warriors]], is a professional rugby union club.

==Culture==
===Festivals and shows===
Every three years Worcester becomes home to the [[Three Choirs Festival]], which dates from the 18th century and is credited with being the oldest music festival in the British Isles. The location rotates between the cathedral cities of [[Gloucester]], [[Hereford]] and Worcester. Famous for championing English music, especially that of [[Edward Elgar|Elgar]], [[Ralph Vaughan Williams|Vaughan Williams]] and [[Gustav Holst]], Worcester hosted the festival in July 2017, but had to postpone its 2020 festival until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://3choirs.org/ |title=Festival site. Retrieved 29 June 2020. |access-date=18 July 2014 |archive-date=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716085443/http://3choirs.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Choirs Festival – Programme & Tickets |url=https://3choirs.org/programme-tickets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815165638/http://3choirs.org/programme-tickets/ |archive-date=15 August 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |website=3choirs.org}}</ref>

The Worcester Festival (established in 2003 by Chris Jaeger MBE) occurs in August and consists of music, theatre, [[film|cinema]] and workshop events, along with a beer festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worcester Festival |url=http://www.worcesterfestival.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726045926/http://www.worcesterfestival.co.uk/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |website=Worcesterfestival.co.uk}}</ref>

For one weekend a year the city plays host to the [[Worcester Music Festival]] – a weekend of original music performed predominantly by local bands and musicians. All performances are free and take place around the city centre in bars, clubs, community buildings, churches and the central library.

Founded in 2012, the Worcester Film Festival, places Worcestershire on the film-making map and encourages local people to get involved in making film. The first festival took place at [[Worcester Library: The Hive|the Hive]] and included screenings, workshops and talks.<ref>[http://www.worcesterstandard.co.uk/2012/11/01/news-New-talent-to-shine-at-film-festival-54465.html 'New talent to shine']{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Worcester Standard. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2013.</ref>

The Victorian-themed Christmas Fayre is a busy event in late November/early December, with over 200 stalls lining the streets, and over 100,000 visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worcester's Victorian Christmas Fayre |url=http://www.worcesterchristmasfayre.co.uk/thefayre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043106/http://www.worcesterchristmasfayre.co.uk/thefayre/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |website=Worcester Victorian Christmas Fayre |publisher=Worcester City Council}}</ref>

The [[Campaign for Real Ale|CAMRA]] Worcester Beer, Cider and Perry Festival takes place for three days each August on Pitchcroft Race Course.<ref name="CAMRA"/> It is the largest beer festival in the West Midlands and in the UK top ten with attendances of around 14,000.<ref name="WorcesterNews15082011"/>

The Worcester Vegan Market began in 2021 and takes place in late spring and fall. The Vegan Market fills High Street and Cathedral Square with vegan vendors, vegan food sellers, and vegan food trucks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foodies excited as date set for return of Worcester Vegan Market |url=https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/20028517.date-set-return-worcester-vegan-market/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Worcester News |date=April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023111951/https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/20028517.date-set-return-worcester-vegan-market/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vegan market returns to Worcester city centre |url=https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/23066216.worcester-vegan-market-returns-high-street/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Worcester News |date=20 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023111947/https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/23066216.worcester-vegan-market-returns-high-street/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Arts and cinema===
[[File:Huntingdon Hall - geograph.org.uk - 209385.jpg|thumb|Huntingdon Hall]]
The famous 18th-century actress [[Sarah Siddons]] made her acting début at the Theatre Royal in Angel Street. Her sister, the novelist Ann Julia Kemble Hatton, otherwise Ann of Swansea, was born in the city.<ref name="Shropshire"/> Also born in Worcester was Matilda Alice Powles, better known as [[Vesta Tilley]], a leading [[Cross-dressing|male impersonator]] and music hall artiste.<ref name="Maitland1986"/>

In present-day Worcester, the [[Swan Theatre, Worcester|Swan Theatre]]<ref name="Hunt 1"/> stages professional touring and local amateur productions and is the base for the [[Worcester Repertory Company]]. Past heads have included [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]] and [[David Wood (actor)|David Wood OBE]]. The current artistic director of the company and the theatre is Chris Jaeger MBE.

Stars who started their careers in the [[Worcester Repertory Company]] and the [[Swan Theatre, Worcester|Swan Theatre]] include [[Imelda Staunton]], [[Sean Pertwee]], [[Celia Imrie]], [[Rufus Norris]], [[Kevin Whately]] and [[Bonnie Langford]]. Directors too have made a name for themselves: [[Phyllida Lloyd]] starting her career as an associate under [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]].

[[Huntingdon Hall]] is a historic church now used as venue for an eclectic range of musical and comedy performances.<ref name="Hunt 1"/> Recent acts have included [[Van Morrison]], [[Eddie Izzard]], [[Jack Dee]], [[Omid Djalili]] and [[Jason Manford]].

The Marrs Bar (in Pierpoint Street) is a venue for gigs and stand-up comedy.<ref name="Marrs"/>

Worcester has two multi-screen cinemas; the Vue Cinema complex is located in Friar Street and the Odeon in Foregate Street – both were 3D-equipped by March 2010.

[[File:Former cinema, Ombersley Road, Worcester - geograph.org.uk - 6473354.jpg|thumb|The former Northwick Cinema]]
Six local cultural organisations are working with Worcester City Council on plans to bring The Scala and Corn Exchange in Angel Place back into use as an arts centre, with investment from the government's Future High Streets Fund. As well as three performance and creative spaces, the Council intends that the two historic buildings will be a hub providing music, film, and other performance facilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planning application for Worcester's new arts venue is in |url=https://www.worcester.gov.uk/news/planning-application-for-worcester-s-new-arts-venue-is-in |publisher=Worcester CIty Council |date=11 January 2024}}</ref>

The northern suburb of [[Northwick (Worcestershire)|Northwick]] has the [[Art Deco]] Northwick Cinema. Built in 1938, it contains one of only two remaining interiors in Britain designed by John Alexander. The original perspective drawings are held by [[Royal Institute of British Architects|RIBA]]. It was a [[Housie|bingo]] hall from 1966 to 1982, then empty until 1991, a music venue until 1996, and empty again until autumn 2006, when it became an antiques and lifestyle centre, owned by Grey's Interiors, which was previously located in the Tything.<ref name="RIBA"/>

Worcester was home to the [[electronic music]] producer and collaborator [[Mike Paradinas]] and his [[record label]] [[Planet Mu]], until the label moved to London in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planet MU Records Limited |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/03507219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114542/https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/03507219 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |access-date=4 June 2017 |website=Companies House}}</ref>

===Media===
====Newspapers====
{{plainlist|
*''[[Berrow's Worcester Journal]]''
*''[[Worcester News]]''
*''Worcester Observer''
}}

====Radio stations====
{{plainlist|
*[[BBC Hereford & Worcester]]
*[[Hits Radio Herefordshire & Worcestershire|Hits Radio]]
*[[Radio Wyvern]]
*[[Heart West Midlands]]
*[[Sunshine Radio (Herefordshire and Monmouthshire)|Sunshine Radio]]
*[[Capital Mid-Counties]]
*[[Smooth West Midlands]]
*[[Greatest Hits Radio]]
}}

====Television====
Local news and television programmes are provided by [[BBC West Midlands]] and [[ITV Central]] from the [[Ridge Hill transmitting station|Ridge Hill]] TV transmitter.

==In popular culture==
===''Mildred Arkell''===
The depression that hit the Worcester glove industry in the 1820s and 1830s is the background to a three-volume novel, ''Mildred Arkell'', by the Victorian novelist [[Ellen Wood (author)|Ellen Wood]] (then Mrs Henry Wood).{{sfn|MacDonald|1969|p=138}}

===''Cadfael Chronicles''===
The well-researched historical novel ''[[The Virgin in the Ice]]'', part of [[Ellis Peters]]' ''[[The Cadfael Chronicles]]'' series, depicts Worcester at the time of the Anarchy. It begins with the words:
<blockquote>"It was early in November of 1139 that the tide of civil war, lately so sluggish and inactive, rose suddenly to wash over the city of Worcester, wash away half of its livestock, property and women and send all those of its inhabitants who could get away in time scurrying for their lives northwards away from the marauders." (These are mentioned as arriving from [[Gloucester]], leaving a long lasting legacy of bitterness between the two cities.)</blockquote>

==Twinning==
Worcester is twinned with:

*[[Kleve]], Germany
*[[Le Vésinet]], France
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], Massachusetts, US<ref name="Worcester News 1" />
*[[Ukmergė]], Lithuania

In February 2009 Worcester City Council's Twinning Association began discussing an application to twin Worcester with the Palestinian city of [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Councillor [[Alan Amos]] introduced the application, which was passed at its first stage by a majority of 35–6,<ref name="Worcester News 2"/> but later rejected by the executive committee of the City of Worcester Twinning Association for lack of funding.<ref name="Worcester News 3"/>

==Notable people==
{{see also|Category:People from Worcester, England}}
[[File:Edward Elgar.jpg|thumb|[[Edward Elgar]]]]
In birth order:
*[[Hannah Snell]] (1723–1792), famous for impersonating a man and enlisting in the [[Royal Marines]], was born and brought up in Worcester.
*[[Elizabeth Blower]] (c. 1757/63 – post-1816), novelist, poet and actress, was born and raised in Worcester.
*[[Ann Hatton]] (1764–1838), writer of the Kemble family, was born in Worcester.
*[[James White (1775–1820)|James White]] (1775–1820), founder of first advertising agency in 1800 in London, was born in Worcester.
*[[John Mathew Gutch]] (1776–1861), journalist, lived with his second wife at Barbourne, a suburb north of Worcester, from 1823 until his death.
*[[Jabez Allies]] (1787–1856), a Worcestershire folklorist and antiquarian lived at Lower Wick, now part of Worcester.
*[[Sir Charles Hastings]] (1794–1866), British Medical Association founder, lived in Worcester for most of his life.
*[[Thomas Davis (priest)|Revd Thomas Davis]] (1804–1887), a hymn-writer born in Worcester.
*[[Philip Henry Gosse]] (1810–1888), naturalist, was born in Worcester.
*[[Ellen Wood (author)|Mrs. Henry Wood]] (1814–1887), writer, was born in Worcester.
*[[Alexander Clunes Sheriff]] (1816–1878), City Alderman, businessman and Liberal MP, grew up in Worcester.
*[[Edward Leader Williams]] (1828–1910), designer of the [[Manchester Ship Canal]], was born and brought up at Diglis House in Worcester.
*[[Benjamin Williams Leader]] (1831–1923), brother of previous, landscape artist
*Sir [[Thomas Brock]] (1847–1922), [[sculpture|sculptor]], best known for the [[Victoria Memorial, London|London Victoria Memorial]], was born in Worcester in 1847. Worcestershire Royal Hospital is in a road named after him.
*[[Vesta Tilley]] (1864–1952), music hall performer who adopted this stage name aged 11, was born in Worcester. She became a noted male impersonator.
*Sir [[Edward Elgar]] (1857–1934), composer, was born in Lower Broadheath, just outside Worcester, and he lived in the city from the age of two. His father ran a music shop in High Street; a statue of Elgar stands near the original site. His early musical career was based around the city, and his first major work was commissioned for the Three Choirs Festival there.
*[[William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield]] (1877–1963), founder of Morris Motors and philanthropist, spent the first three years in Worcester.
*[[Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy]] (1883–1929, "Woodbine Willy"), poet and author, was Vicar of St Paul's Church. As an army chaplain in the First World War he would hand out Woodbine cigarettes to men in the trenches.
*[[Ernest Payne (cyclist)|Ernest Payne]] (1884–1961) was born in Worcester and rode for St Johns Cycling Club, winning a gold medal in team pursuit at the [[1908 Summer Olympics]] in London.
*[[Sheila Scott]] (1922–1988), aviator, was born in Worcester.
*[[Louise Johnson]] (1940–2012), biochemist and protein crystallographer, was born in Worcester.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/105683 |title=Johnson, Dame Louise Napier (1940–2012), biophysicist and structural biologist |first=Elspeth F. |last=Garman |date=7 January 2016 |access-date=23 November 2018 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/105683 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302022337/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/105683 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Timothy Garden, Baron Garden]] (1944–2007), Air Marshal and Liberal Democrat politician, was born and educated in Worcester.
*[[Dave Mason]] (born 1946), musician, singer, songwriter and guitarist, was born in Worcester.
*[[Martin Gale]] (born 1949), painter, based in Ireland.
*[[Lee Cornes]] (born 1951), comedian and actor known for television roles in ''Blackadder'', ''The Young Ones'' and ''Bottom'' series, was born in Worcester.{{citation needed|date=July 2016|reason=Birth place needs clarification. Worcester and Hayes are both claimed as birthplace. Birth records cannot be found to verify which is correct. Please add a verifiable source to clarify.}}
*[[David McGreavy]] (born 1951, the "Monster of Worcester"), lived and committed child murders in Worcester.
*[[Imran Khan]] (born 1952), cricketer and Prime Minister of Pakistan, attended the [[Royal Grammar School Worcester]] and played cricket for [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club]] (1971–1976).
*[[Stephen Dorrell]] (born 1952), English Conservative politician and former government minister, was born in Worcester.
*[[Karl Hyde]] (born 1957), English musician, frontman of trance music group [[Underworld (band)|Underworld]] was born in Worcester.
*[[Vincenzo Nicoli]] (born 1958), British actor.
*[[Isabelle Jane Foulkes]] (1970–2001), Anglo-Welsh artist, textile designer and disability campaigner
*[[Donncha O'Callaghan]] (born 1979), Irish Rugby Union player. Joined Worcester Warriors in 2015 from Munster Rugby Irish and British and Irish Lions International.
*[[Ben Humphrey]] (born 1986), British actor, director and writer, associate director of the [[Worcester Repertory Company]].
*[[Kit Harington]] (born 1986), actor, lived in Worcester and attended the Chantry School and Worcester Sixth Form College. He plays the character Jon Snow in ''[[Game of Thrones]]''.
*[[Kai Alexander]] (born 1997), British actor, born in Worcester.
*[[Matt Richards (swimmer)|Matt Richards]] (born 2002), British Swimmer, born and raised in Worcester. Double Olympic champion.

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==See also==
*[[Jewish community of Worcester, England|Jewish community of Worcester]]
*[[Bishop of Worcester]]
*[[List of mayors of Worcester]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|refs=
*<ref name="BMA">{{Cite web |title=BMA – Our history |url=http://bma.org.uk/about-the-bma/who-we-are/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128201640/http://bma.org.uk/about-the-bma/who-we-are/our-history |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=[[British Medical Association]]}}</ref>
*<ref name="CAMRA">{{Cite web |title=2012 Worcester Beer, Cider and Perry Festival |url=http://www.worcesterbeerfest.org.uk/Gallery/2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720222506/http://worcesterbeerfest.org.uk/Gallery/2012 |archive-date=20 July 2013 |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=Worcester Beer, Cider and Perry Festival}}</ref>
<!-- *<ref name="change">{{Cite news |date=19 April 2008 |title=Election 2008 Worcester council |work=[[BBC News Online]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/elections/local_council/08/html/47ue.stm |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506103036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/elections/local_council/08/html/47ue.stm |archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref> -->
*<ref name="Civic Heralrdy">{{Cite web |title=Civic Heralrdy of England and Wales – Severn Valley and the Marches |url=http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/severn_valley_marches.html#worcester%20city |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504102005/http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/severn_valley_marches.html#worcester%20city |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=civicheraldry.co.uk}}</ref>
<!--
*<ref name="foster">{{Cite news |title=Michael Foster: Electoral history and profile |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/person/1788/michael-foster |access-date=8 January 2010 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212104923/https://www.theguardian.com/politics |url-status=live }}</ref>
-->
*<ref name="GloveMaking">{{Cite web |title=Spirit of Enterprise Exhibition – Glove Making |url=http://www.worcestercitymuseums.org.uk/mag/spirit/spglov.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217195702/http://www.worcestercitymuseums.org.uk/mag/spirit/spglov.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |website=Worcester Museums and Galleries}}</ref>
*<ref name="Guardian20122010">{{Cite news |last=Hill |first=Amelia |date=20 December 2010 |title=Chill record: Worcester town Pershore encounters drop to -19C |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/dec/20/chill-record-worcester-pershore-festive |url-status=live |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021013247/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/dec/20/chill-record-worcester-pershore-festive |archive-date=21 October 2016}}</ref>
*<ref name="Hunt 1">{{Cite web |title=About Us Worcester Live |url=http://www.worcesterlive.co.uk/about-us.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112075743/http://www.worcesterlive.co.uk/about-us.asp |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=Worcester Live}}</ref>
*<ref name="Maitland1986">{{Cite book |last=Maitland |first=Sarah |title=Vesta Tilley |publisher=Virago Press |year=1986 |isbn=0-86068-795-3 |location=London, UK |page=14}}</ref>
*<ref name="Marrs">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2012 |title=Marr's Bar |url=http://www.marrsbar.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105020129/http://www.marrsbar.co.uk/ |archive-date=5 January 2013 |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>
*<ref name="Morganite">{{Cite web |title=Morganite Crucible |url=http://www.morganitecrucible.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801191536/http://www.morganitecrucible.com/ |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref>
*<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite news |date=20 September 2010 |title=Extreme weather in Herefordshire and Worcestershire |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/herefordandworcester/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_8940000/8940615.stm |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202174046/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/herefordandworcester/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_8940000/8940615.stm |archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>

<!--  *<ref name="Porcelain Museum">{{Cite web |title=Worcester Porcelain Museum |url=http://www.worcesterporcelainmuseum.org.uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919235209/http://www.worcesterporcelainmuseum.org.uk/ |archive-date=19 September 2010 |access-date=27 September 2010 |publisher=Worcester Porcelain Museum}}</ref>-->

*<ref name="RIBA">{{Cite web |title=Royal Institute of British Architects |url=http://www.ribapix.com/index.php?a=wordsearch&s=item&key=WczoyMToiSm9obiBBbGV4YW5kZXIgY2luZW1hIjs=&pg=21 |access-date=7 January 2013 |publisher=Royal Institute of British Architects }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*<ref name="Shropshire">{{Cite web |title=Ann Julia Kemble Hatton (1764–1848) |url=http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/hatton.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617204945/http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/hatton.htm |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=Literary Heritage West Midlands}}</ref>
*<ref name="WorcesterGloveMaking">{{Cite web |title=Worcester glove-making |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/ftRyrzGHSdqjcFiBLdgwGA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306065729/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/ftRyrzGHSdqjcFiBLdgwGA |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=18 January 2011 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
<!-- *<ref name="Worcester News">{{Cite news |last=Lauren Rogers |date=21 September 2007 |title=Beaten Tory Keeps A Low Profile |work=[[Worcester News]] |url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/display.var.1706462.0.beaten_tory_keeps_a_low_profile.php |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115235233/http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/display.var.1706462.0.beaten_tory_keeps_a_low_profile.php |archive-date=15 November 2007}}</ref> -->
*<ref name="Worcester News 1">{{Cite news |last=Lauren Rogers |date=31 January 2008 |title=City to fight US twin 'snub' |work=[[Worcester News]] |url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/search/2010387.City_to_fight_US_twin__snub_/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810060410/http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/search/2010387.City_to_fight_US_twin__snub_/ |archive-date=10 August 2009}}</ref>
*<ref name="Worcester News 2">{{Cite news |last=Richard Vernalls |date=26 February 2009 |title=Worcester could be twinned with Gaza City |work=[[Worcester News]] |url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/4155017.Worcester_could_be_twinned_with_Gaza_City/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301131610/http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/4155017.Worcester_could_be_twinned_with_Gaza_City/ |archive-date=1 March 2009}}</ref>
*<ref name="Worcester News 3">{{Cite news |last=James Connell |date=10 March 2009 |title=Gaza twinning the decision is in |work=[[Worcester News]] |url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/search/4189742.Gaza_twinning___the_decision_is_in/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823000725/http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/search/4189742.Gaza_twinning___the_decision_is_in/ |archive-date=23 August 2009}}</ref>
*<ref name="WorcesterNews21062010">{{Cite news |last=Michael Grundy |date=21 June 2010 |title=This week in 1980 |work=[[Worcester News]] |url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/nostalgia/thisweekin/8230466.June14_to_June_21__2010/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503040933/http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/nostalgia/thisweekin/8230466.June14_to_June_21__2010/ |archive-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>
*<ref name="WorcesterNews15082011">{{Cite news |last=James Connell |date=15 August 2011 |title=Cheers! Beer festival is the biggest and best yet |work=[[Worcester News]] |url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/local/9194903.Cheers__Beer_festival_is_the_biggest_and_best_yet/ |access-date=8 January 2013 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212104928/https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/9194903.cheers-beer-festival-is-the-biggest-and-best-yet/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
*{{Citation |last1=MacDonald |first1=Alec |date=1969 |title=Worcestershire in English History |publisher=SR Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-0854095759 |orig-year=1943 |edition=Reprint}}
*{{Cite book |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol2/pp175-179 |title=A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 2 |date=1971a |publisher=British History Online |editor-last=Willis-Bund |editor-first=J W |location=London |pages=175–179 |chapter=Hospitals: Worcester |access-date=20 May 2018 |editor-last2=Page |editor-first2=William}}
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*{{Citation |title=Worcester Moments |publication-date=2019 |ol=31795289M |isbn=9781905036769 |publisher=West Midlands History Limited |publication-place=Alcester, Worcestershire |first1=Andrew |last1=Reekes |date=15 November 2019}}
*{{Cite book |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol4/pp376-390 |title=A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 4 |date=1924 |publisher=British History Online |editor-last=Willis-Bund |editor-first=J W |location=London |pages=376–390 |chapter=The city of Worcester: Introduction and borough |access-date=20 May 2018 |editor-last2=Page |editor-first2=William}}
*{{Citation |last1=Pevsner |first1=Nikolaus |title=Worcestershire |date=2007 |pages=669–778 |series=The Buildings of England |chapter=Worcester |edition=Revised |place=London |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300112986 |ol=10319229M |last2=Brookes |first2=Alan}}
*{{Citation |last=Tuberville |first=T. C. |title=Worcestershire in the nineteenth century. |date=1852 |url=https://archive.org/details/worcestershirein00tubeiala |place=London |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |lccn=03006251 |oclc=9095242 |ol=7063181M}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Nigel |title=St. Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence |last2=Holt |first2=Richard |publisher=Leicester University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780567340313 |editor-last=Brooks |editor-first=Nicholas |location=London, UK |chapter=The City of Worcester in the Tenth Century |editor-last2=Cubitt |editor-first2=Catherine}}
*{{Cite web |last=de Blois |first=Peter |author-link=Peter de Blois |date=1194 |title=Against the Perfidy of the Jews |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1198peterblois-jews.asp |website=Medieval Sourcebook |publisher=University of Fordham |quote="A treatise addressed to John Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances who held that See, 1194-8." }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hillaby |first1=Joe |title=The Worcester Jewry 1158-1290 |journal=Transactions of the Worcester Archaeological Society |date=1990 |volume=12 |pages=73–122}}
* {{cite odnb |last1=Mason |first1=Emma |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/1842 |title=Beauchamp, Walter de (1192/3–1236), justice |date=2004}}
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*{{Cite book |last=Mundill |first=Robin R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD7KpxEhRu8C&q=%22domus+conversorum%22&pg=PA100 |title=England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262–1290 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52026-3 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Nicholas |date=1994 |title=Two Papal Letters on the Wearing of the Jewish Badge, 1221 and 1229 |journal=Jewish Historical Studies |volume=34 |pages=209–24 |jstor=29779960 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Atkin |first=Malcolm |title=Cromwell's Crowning Mercy: The Battle of Worcester 1651 |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=1998 |isbn=0-7509-1888-8 |location=Barnsley |ol=478350M }}
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*{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107196896 |editor-last=Watts |editor-first=Victor Ernest}}
*{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |first1=Mike |last1= Pryce |title=Plans for blue plaque in Worcester to remember Jewish community |url=https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/23669866.plans-plaque-worcester-remember-jewish-community/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Worcester News |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |date=19 May 2012 |title=Kays Heritage Group |url=http://www.kaysheritage.org.uk/10797.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106175356/http://www.kaysheritage.org.uk/10797.html |archive-date=6 January 2013 |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=Kays Heritage Group|ref={{harvid|Kays Heritage}}}}
* {{NHLE|desc=Former Corn Exchange and attached railings|num=1359548|access-date=28 June 2023}}

===Further reading===
*{{Citation |last=[[John Britton (antiquary)|John Britton]] |title=Worcestershire |date=1814 |volume=15 |series=[[Beauties of England and Wales]] |chapter=City of Worcester |place=London |publisher=J. Harris |display-authors=etal |hdl=2027/mdp.39015063565835?urlappend=%3Bseq=530}}
*{{Citation |title=Black's Picturesque Tourist and Road-book of England and Wales |year=1853 |chapter=Worcester |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/blackspicturesq00ltdgoog#page/n206/mode/2up |edition=3rd |place=Edinburgh |publisher=Adam and Charles Black |title-link=Black's Guides}}
*{{Citation |title=Great Britain |date=1897 |chapter=Worcester |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/greatbritainhand00karl#page/184/mode/2up |edition=4th |place=Leipsic |publisher=Karl Baedeker |oclc=6430424 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Worcester, England|Worcester}}
{{EB1911 poster|Worcester (England)|Worcester}}
{{Wikivoyage|Worcester (England)|Worcester}}
*[http://www.worcester.gov.uk Worcester City Council]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42913 History of the City of Worcester]

{{Worcestershire}}
{{UK cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Worcester, England| ]]
[[Category:Populated places on the River Severn]]
[[Category:County towns in England]]
[[Category:Local government in Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Cities in the West Midlands (region)]]
[[Category:Towns in Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Boroughs in England]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in Worcestershire]]