Editing Winnie Madikizela-Mandela

{{short description|South African activist and politician (1936–2018)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[The Honourable]]
| name                = Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
| honorific_suffix    = {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|size=100|OLS|MP}}
| image               = Winnie Mandela.jpg
| caption             = Mandela in 1996
| office1             = Member of the [[National Assembly of South Africa]]
| term_start1         = 9 April 2009
| term_end1           = 2 April 2018
| term_start2         = April 1994
| term_end2           = 2003
| constituency2       = [[Eastern Cape]]
| office3             = [[Cabinet of Nelson Mandela|Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology]]
| president3          = [[Nelson Mandela]]
| minister3 = [[Ben Ngubane]]
| term_start3         = 11 May 1994 
| term_end3           = 31 August 1996
| predecessor3        = ''Position established''
| successor3          = {{Ubl|[[Pallo Jordan]]|[[Derek Hanekom]]}}
| office4             = 2nd [[African National Congress Women's League#List of leaders|President of the African National Congress Women's League]]
| term_start4         = 1993
| term_end4           = 2003
| predecessor4        = [[Gertrude Shope]]
| successor4          = [[Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula]]
| office5             = 
| term_start5         = 
| term_end5           = 
| predecessor5        = 
| successor5          = 
| birth_name          = Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1936|09|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Mbizana]], [[Cape Province]], [[Union of South Africa]]
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|2018|04|02|1936|09|26|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng]], South Africa
| occupation          = {{flatlist|
* Politician 
* social worker 
* [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid activist]]
}}
| residence           = {{plainlist|
* [[Soweto, South Africa]]
* [[Brandfort, Free State]], [[South Africa]]
}}
| resting_place       = Fourways Memorial Park Cemetery
| party               = [[African National Congress]]
| spouse              = {{Marriage|[[Nelson Mandela]]|1958|1996|reason=divorce}}
| children            = {{Hlist|[[Zenani Mandela-Dlamini|Zenani]]|[[Zindzi Mandela|Zindziswa]]}}
| alma_mater          = {{Ubl|[[Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work]]|[[University of the Witwatersrand]]}}
}}
{{Apartheid |people}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|OLS|MP|}} (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com</ref> – 2 April 2018),<ref name=death /> also known as '''Winnie Mandela''', was a South African politician and [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid activist]], second wife of [[Nelson Mandela]]. During her political career, she served as a [[Parliament of South Africa|Member of Parliament]] from 1994 to 2003,<ref name="telegraphFiveYearJailSentence">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and from 2009 until her death,<ref name="brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency">{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) political party, she served on the ANC's [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Executive Committee]] and headed its [[African National Congress Women's League|Women's League]]. Madikizela-Mandela was known to her supporters as the "Mother of the Nation".<ref name="independentObitMotherMugger">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Born to a [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] royal family in [[Bizana, Eastern Cape|Bizana]], and a qualified social worker, she married anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg in 1958; they remained married for 38 years and had two children together. In 1963, after Mandela was imprisoned following the [[Rivonia Trial]], she became his public face during the 27 years he spent in jail. During that period, she rose to prominence within the domestic anti-apartheid movement. Madikizela-Mandela was detained by apartheid state security services on various occasions, [[torture]]d,<ref name="guardianObit">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}</ref> subjected to [[banning order]]s, and banished to a rural town, and she spent several months in solitary confinement.<ref name="charleneSmithConscienceMercury"/>

In the mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela exerted a "reign of terror", and was "at the centre of an orgy of violence"<ref name="moruduBliveAccountability"/><ref name="fiveTimesLetDownMg">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}</ref>  in [[Soweto]], which led to condemnation by the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa,<ref name="latimesUdfDisown" /><ref name="isolatingCollectiveTimes2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|website=Times Live|date=16 April 2018|first=Penwell|last=Dlamini}}</ref><ref name="mdmStatement160289">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|publisher=South African History Online|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="moruduBliveAccountability"/> and a rebuke by the ANC in exile.<ref name="nyTimesShedGuards" /><ref name="polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989">{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time |website=Politicsweb.co.za|date=12 April 2018}}</ref> During this period, her home was burned down by residents of Soweto.<ref name="ghostsPoliticsweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past  |website=Politicsweb.co.za}}</ref> The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] (TRC) established by Nelson Mandela's government to investigate human rights abuses found Madikizela-Mandela to have been "politically and morally accountable for the gross violations of human rights committed by the [[Mandela United (football club)| Mandela United Football Club]]", her security detail.<ref name="independentObitMotherMugger" /><ref name="truth-commission">{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|date=29 October 1998|access-date=10 July 2010|archive-date=4 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Madikizela-Mandela endorsed the [[necklacing]] of alleged police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security detail carried out [[kidnapping]], torture, and [[murder]],<ref name="trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|first=Paul|last=Trewhela|website=Dailymaverick.co.za|date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="independentBodiesExhumed">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|date=12 March 2013|first=Nastasya |last=Tay|website=independent.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="moruduBliveAccountability"/> most notoriously the killing of 14-year-old [[Stompie Seipei]]<ref name="independentObitMotherMugger" /><ref name="mg2013bodies">{{cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|first=Phillip De|last=Wet|website=Mail&Globe|date=15 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="guardianRoughJustice">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}</ref> whose kidnapping she was convicted of.<ref name="reutersTarnished"/>

Nelson Mandela was released from prison on 11 February 1990, and the couple separated in 1992; their [[divorce]] was finalised in March 1996. She visited him during his final illness.<ref name="theguardian1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David |date=6 December 2013}}</ref> As a senior ANC figure, she took part in the post-apartheid ANC government, although she was dismissed from her post amid allegations of corruption.<ref name="fiveTimesLetDownMg"/> In 2003, Madikizela-Mandela was convicted of theft and fraud, and she temporarily withdrew from active politics before returning several years later.<ref name="telegraphFiveYearJailSentence" /><ref name="brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency" /> Her biography ''Winnie Mandela: A life'' was written by Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob and published in 2003.<ref>{{Cite book |title= Winnie Mandela: A Life| date=8 April 2011 | publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa | isbn=978-1-77020-101-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Madikizela-Mandela's [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] name was Nomzamo. She was born in the village of [[Mbhongweni]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.</ref>
[[Bizana, Eastern Cape|Bizana, Pondoland]], in what is now the [[Eastern Cape]] province. She was the fifth of nine children, seven sisters and a brother. Her parents, Columbus and Gertrude, who had a white father and Xhosa mother,<ref name="wapoResurrected1994"/> were both teachers. Columbus was a history teacher and a headmaster, and Gertrude was a domestic science teacher. Madikizela-Mandela went on to become the head girl at her high school in Bizana.<ref name="economistObit">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref name="theConversationNomzamoFromBizana">{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}</ref>

Upon leaving school, she went to [[Johannesburg]] to study social work at the [[Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work|Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela. |last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}</ref> She earned a degree in social work in 1956, and decades later earned a bachelor's degree in [[international relations]] from the [[University of the Witwatersrand]].<ref name="news24graduatewits">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She held a number of jobs in various parts of what was then the [[Bantustan]] of [[Transkei]]; including with the Transkei government, living at various points of time at Bizana, Shawbury and [[Johannesburg]]. Her first job was as a social worker at [[Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital|Baragwanath Hospital]] in [[Soweto]].<ref name="BioBook">{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year= 2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}</ref>

==Marriage to Nelson Mandela==
{{Main|Mandela family}}
Madikizela met lawyer and anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] in 1957, when he was still married to [[Evelyn Mase]].<ref name="BBC 2 April 2018">{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267| author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=[[BBC News Online]]|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> She was 22 years old and standing at a bus stop in [[Soweto]] when Mandela first saw her and charmed her, securing a lunch date the following week.<ref name="theguardian1" /> The couple married in 1958 and had two daughters, [[Zenani Mandela-Dlamini|Zenani]] (born 1959) and [[Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane|Zindziswa]] (born 1960). Mandela was arrested and jailed in 1963 and was not released until 1990.<ref name="wpost3decades">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}</ref>

The couple separated in 1992. They finalised their divorce in March 1996 with an unspecified out-of-court settlement. During the divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela rejected Madikizela-Mandela's assertion that arbitration could salvage the marriage, and cited her infidelity as a cause of the divorce,<ref name="independentDivorceLonliestMan" /> saying "...&nbsp;I am determined to get rid of the marriage".<ref name="independentDivorceLonliestMan">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block |newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her attempt to obtain a settlement up to US $5million (R70 million)&nbsp;– half of what she claimed her ex-husband was worth&nbsp;– was dismissed when she failed to appear in court for a settlement hearing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}</ref>

When asked in a 1994 interview about the possibility of reconciliation, she said: "I am not fighting to be the country's First Lady. In fact, I am not the sort of person to carry beautiful flowers and be an ornament to everyone."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|date=22 June 1994|publisher=Pretoria|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014}}</ref>

Madikizela-Mandela was involved in a lawsuit at the time of her death, claiming that she was entitled to Mandela's homestead in [[Qunu]], through customary law, despite her divorce from Nelson Mandela in 1996. Her case was dismissed by the [[Eastern Cape Division|Mthatha High Court]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}</ref> and she was reportedly preparing to appeal to the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] at the time of her death, after failing at the [[Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa|Supreme Court of Appeal]] in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|publisher=News24|date=19 January 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|first=Simnikiwe|last=Hlatshaneni|work=The Citizen|date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|work=The Star|first=Lindile|last= Sifile|date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="fiveTimesLetDownMg"/>

==Apartheid: 1963–1985==
Winnie Mandela emerged as a leading opponent of [[apartheid]] during the latter part of her husband's imprisonment. Due to her political activities, she was regularly detained by the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government. She was subjected to house arrest, kept under surveillance, imprisoned, and banished to the remote town of Brandfort.<ref name="theguardian1" />

Her longest jailing was for 491 days (as noted in her account ''491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69''), beginning on 12 May 1969, at [[Pretoria Central Prison]], where she spent months in [[solitary confinement]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|access-date=24 January 2010|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> and was tortured and beaten.<ref name="ftObit">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018 |last1=Pilling |first1=David }}</ref>  By her own account, her experience in prison "hardened" her.<ref name="ftObit"/>

From 1977 to 1985,<ref name="timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort">{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}</ref> she was banished to the town of [[Brandfort]] in the [[Orange Free State (province)|Orange Free State]] and confined to the area.<ref name="charleneSmithConscienceMercury">{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|publisher=The Mercury}}</ref> It was at this time that she became well known in the Western world. She organised a [[child care|creche]] with a [[non-governmental organization]], Operation Hunger<ref name="iolPerlmanObit">{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}</ref> and a clinic in Brandfort with [[Abu Baker Asvat|Dr Abu Baker Asvat]], her personal physician,<ref name="saHistoryAsvat">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &#124; South African History Online|website=sahistory.org.za|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> campaigned actively for equal rights and was promoted by the ANC as a symbol of their struggle against apartheid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}</ref> While in exile in Brandfort, she, and those who attempted to assist her, were harassed by the apartheid police.<ref name="momiatBdAssessment">{{cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|website=Business Day|date=19 April 2018}}</ref>

In a leaked letter to [[Jacob Zuma]] in October 2008, outgoing President of South Africa [[Thabo Mbeki]] alluded to the role the ANC had created for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as representative symbols of the brutality of apartheid: <blockquote>In the context of the global struggle for the release of political prisoners in our country, our movement took a deliberate decision to profile Nelson Mandela as the representative personality of these prisoners, and therefore to use his personal political biography, including the persecution of his wife, Winnie Mandela, dramatically to present to the world and the South African community the brutality of the apartheid system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&sn=Detail|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|date=31 October 2008|publisher=Politicsweb|access-date=15 April 2009}}</ref></blockquote>

Beaten by the apartheid police, she developed an addiction to painkillers and alcohol as a result of a back injury caused by the assault.<ref name="charleneSmithConscienceMercury"/><ref name="canadaStarBedellLoved">{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary |last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

==Violence and criminal proceedings==
During a speech in [[Munsieville]] on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela endorsed the practice of [[necklacing]] (burning people alive using rubber tyres filled with petrol) by saying: "With our boxes of matches and our necklaces we shall liberate this country."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}</ref><ref name="fiveTimesLetDownMg"/> Further tarnishing her reputation were accusations by her bodyguard, [[Jerry Richardson (South Africa)|Jerry Musivuzi Richardson]], and others, at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, that she had ordered kidnapping and murder during the second half of the 1980s.<ref name=bbc97>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="guardian1999LoveRival">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="moruduBliveAccountability"/>

===Return to Soweto and Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989===
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}
Madikizela-Mandela returned to Soweto from Brandfort in late 1985, in defiance of a banning order.<ref name="nytReturnSoweto">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}</ref> During her banishment, the [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) and [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] (Cosatu) had formed a mass-movement against apartheid.<ref name="mgJacobs2018">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}</ref><ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez"/> The new organisations relied more heavily on collective decision-making structures, rather than on individual charisma.<ref name="mgJacobs2018"/> She took a more militaristic approach, eschewing the approach of the newer bodies, and began dressing in military garb, and surrounding herself with bodyguards: the [[Mandela United (football club)| Mandela United Football Club]] (MUFC).<ref name="mgJacobs2018"/> Living in Madikizela-Mandela's home, the putative "[[Association football|soccer]] team" began hearing family disputes and delivering "judgments" and "sentences", and eventually became associated with kidnapping, torture and murder.<ref name="mgJacobs2018"/> She was implicated in at least 15 deaths during this time period.<ref name="independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy"/><ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|publisher=News24|first=Max|last=Du Preez|date=17 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1988, Madikizela-Mandela's home was burned by high school students in Soweto, in retaliation for the actions of the Mandela United Football Club.<ref name="saHistoryMandelaHome">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|publisher=South African History Online|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mgJacobs2018"/> By 1989, after appeals from local residents,<ref name="bdFramedFromTheGrave">{{cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|website=Business Day|date=17 April 2018}}</ref> and after the Seipei kidnapping,<ref name="mgJacobs2018"/> the UDF (in the guise of the ''Mass Democratic Movement'', or MDM),<ref name="mgJacobs2018"/> "disowned" her for "violating human rights&nbsp;... in the name of the struggle against apartheid".<ref name="latimesUdfDisown">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|first=Scott|last=Kraft|date=17 February 1989|website=Articles.latimes.com}}</ref><ref name="nyTimesShedGuards" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> The ANC in exile issued a statement criticising her judgment after she refused to heed instructions issued from prison by Nelson Mandela to dissociate herself from the Football Club<ref name="nyTimesShedGuards">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989 }}</ref> and after attempts at mediation by an ANC crisis committee failed.<ref name="martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew
|first=Paul|last= Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="isolatingCollectiveTimes2018"/>

====Lolo Sono and Siboniso Shabalala====
In November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono, and his 19-year-old friend Siboniso Shabalala, disappeared in Soweto. Sono's father said he saw his son in a [[minibus|kombi]] with Madikizela-Mandela, and that his son had been badly beaten. Sono’s mother claimed that Madikizela-Mandela had labelled her son a spy, and had said she was "taking him away". At the subsequent Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, Sono's stepmother said, fighting back tears, "I am pleading with Mrs Mandela today, in front of the whole world, that please, Mrs Mandela, give us our son back. Even if Lolo is dead, let Mrs Mandela give us the remains of our son, so that we must bury him decently. Then after, maybe, we can rest assured knowing that Lolo is buried here."<ref>{{cite web |title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I |publisher=SABC |date=13 April 2011}}</ref> Sono and Shabalala's bodies were exhumed from [[pauper's grave]]s in Soweto's [[Avalon Cemetery]] in 2013, by the [[National Prosecuting Authority]]'s Missing People's Task Team, having been stabbed soon after their abductions.<ref name="moruduBliveAccountability">{{cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|website=Business Day|date=13 April 2018|first=Palesa|last=Morudu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Seipei and Asvat killings====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}
On 29 December 1988, [[Jerry Richardson (South Africa)|Jerry Richardson]], who was "coach" of the Mandela United Football Club, abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as [[Stompie Sepei|Stompie Moeketsi]]) and three other youths from the home of [[Methodist]] minister [[Paul Verryn]],<ref name="verrynNews24Intertwined">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|first=Jan|last= Bornman|website=News24|date=4 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead}}</ref> with Richardson claiming that Madikizela-Mandela had the youths taken to her home because she suspected the minister was sexually abusing them (allegations that were baseless<ref name="truth-commission" />). The four were beaten to get them to admit to having had sex with the minister. Negotiations that lasted 10 days, by senior ANC and community leaders to get the kidnapped boys released by Madikizela-Mandela failed.<ref name="exLeadersIrishTimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}</ref> Seipei was accused of being an informer, and his body later found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989.<ref name=nyt>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}</ref><ref name="mg2013bodies" /><ref name="truth-commission" />

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}
In 1991, Mrs Mandela was acquitted of all but the kidnapping of Seipei.<ref name="theguardian1" /> A key witness, [[Katiza Cebekhulu]],<ref name="saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> who was going to testify that Madikizela-Mandela had killed Sepei, had been tortured and kidnapped to [[Zambia]] by her supporters prior to the trial, to prevent him testifying against her.<ref name="trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick"/><ref name="katizaCarlinIndependent1997">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last= Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="truth-commission" />  Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine on appeal.<ref name="guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

In 1992, she was accused of ordering the murder of [[Abu Baker Asvat]], a family friend and prominent Soweto doctor,<ref name="saHistoryAsvatBio">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> who had examined Seipei at Mandela's house, after Seipei had been abducted but before he had been killed.<ref>Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html "South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge"], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.</ref> Mandela's role in the Asvat killing was later probed as part of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] hearings in 1997.<ref name="independentFreshMurderCharge">Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html "Winnie may face fresh murder charge"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html |date=8 October 2017 }}, ''The Independent''.</ref> Asvat's murderer testified that she paid the equivalent of $8,000 and supplied the firearm used in the killing, which took place on 27 January 1989.<ref>Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html "Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death"], ''The New York Times''.</ref> The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Madikizela-Mandela's orders.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.</ref>

In a 2017 documentary about the life and activism of Madikizela-Mandela, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Seipei, as well as all other cases made against Madikizela-Mandela, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson admitted during an interview that Seipei discovered he was an informant, and that he killed the child to cover his tracks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven |date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> However, at a press conference a few days after Madikizela-Mandela's funeral, Mufamadi denied the allegations in the documentary, stating that Helsinga's statements were false.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|publisher=IOL News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|publisher=News24|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead}}</ref> The documentary had previously been described by in a review by ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' as "unabashedly one-sided" and "overwhelmingly defensive".<ref name="vanityFairSundanceWinnie">{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}</ref> Commentator [[Max du Preez]], called the decision by television station [[eNCA]] to broadcast the documentary in the week prior to Madikizela-Mandela's funeral without context a "serious mistake", and he described it as making "outrageous claims",<ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez"/> while former TRC commissioner [[Dumisa Ntsebeza]] questioned the motives of the documentary maker.<ref name="ntsebezaNews24Documentary">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|first=Amanda|last=Khoza|publisher=News24|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 2018, ANC MP [[Mandla Mandela|Mandla]], Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife, Evelyn Mase, called for Madikizela-Mandela's role in the Asvat and Seipei murders to be probed.<ref name="mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall">{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/ |title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness |publisher=SABC News |date=20 January 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall">{{cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|website=Enca.com|date=19 January 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela concluded that she had been responsible for the murder of Asvat.<ref>[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018</ref>

In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she did not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> In a subsequent interview with UK paper ''[[The Independent]]'', Joyce Seipei said that she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and that during the TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had told her, in the context of her son Stompie's murder: "...may God forgive me".<ref name="independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy"/> After the TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had provided financial support to Joyce Sepei's family, and Seipei's home was furnished by the ANC.<ref name="independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy"/>

===TRC findings===
{{see|Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)}}
The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation commission (TRC), issued in 1998, found "Ms Winnie Madikizela Mandela politically and morally accountable for the gross violations of human rights committed by the Mandela United Football Club" and that she "was responsible, by omission, for the commission of gross violations of human rights."<ref name="truth-commission" /> The TRC report also stated that the abduction to Zambia of the Sepei trial witness [[Katiza Cebekhulu]], where he was detained without trial for almost 3 years by the [[Kenneth Kaunda]] government before moving to the [[United Kingdom|UK]],<ref name="katizaCarlinIndependent1997"/> was done by the ANC and in the "interests" of Madikizela-Mandela.<ref name="truth-commission" /> The TRC found allegations against Methodist minister Paul Verryn to be "unfounded and without any merit" and that "Madikizela-Mandela deliberately and maliciously slandered Verryn...in an attempt to divert attention away from herself and [her] associates...". The TRC also found that she was responsible for the abduction of, and assaults on, Stompie Sepei, and that she had attempted to cover up his death by claiming he had fled to [[Botswana]].<ref name="truth-commission" /> She was found by the TRC to be responsible for the 1988 disappearance of Lolo Sono and Siboniso Shabalala.<ref name="moruduBliveAccountability"/><ref name="truth-commission" />

==Transition to democracy: 1990–2003==
[[File:Nelson Mandela Alberto Chissano Winnie Mandela Cidalia Chissano in Museu Galeria Chissano, Matola, Mozambique.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Winnie Mandela with Nelson Mandela, [[Alberto Chissano]] and his daughter Cidalia in Museu Galeria Chissano, Mozambique, 1990]]
During South Africa's transition to multi-racial democracy, she adopted a far less conciliatory attitude to [[White South Africans]] and was considered to be as controversial as her husband was before his arrest.<ref name="reutersTarnished">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}</ref> She was seen on her husband's arm when he was released in February 1990, the first time the couple had been seen in public for nearly 30 years.<ref name="nprDayNelsonWalked">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/06/11/190671704/the-day-nelson-mandela-walked-out-of-prison|title=The Day Nelson Mandela Walked Out Of Prison|first=Greg|last= Myre|publisher=NPR|date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

Their 38-year marriage ended in April 1992 after rumours of unfaithfulness.<ref name="independentUnfaithfulness">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/letter-to-lover-spells-trouble-for-winnie-1549863.html|title=Letter to lover spells trouble for Winnie|website=Independent.co.uk|date=3 April 2018|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> Their divorce was finalised in March 1996. She then adopted the surname "Madikizela-Mandela". Also in 1992, she lost her position as the head of the ANC social welfare department, amid allegations of corruption.<ref name="csmonitor1992AncDivided">{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0413/13032.html|title=ANC Ranks Deeply Divided On Winnie Mandela Affair|date=13 April 1992|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref><ref name="wapoResurrected1994"/><ref name="fiveTimesLetDownMg"/><ref name="pastDarkCloudDispatch">{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/opinion/2014/11/06/winnies-past-a-dark-cloud/|title=Winnie's past a dark cloud|first=Kanyo|last= Gqulu |date=6 November 2014|website=Dispatchlive.co.za|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref>

Madikizela-Mandela campaigned for the ANC in [[1994 South African general election|South Africa's first non-racial elections]].<ref name="wapoResurrected1994">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|first=Mary Ann|last=French|date=30 April 1994|website=Washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Appointed Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in May 1994, she was dismissed 11 months later following allegations of corruption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/winniemandela/Winnie-Mandelas-fall-from-grace.2422138.jp|title=Winnie Mandela's fall from grace|date=26 April 2003|author=Bridgland, Fred |work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|access-date=24 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/28/world/winnie-mandela-out-of-cabinet-for-defying-presidential-orders.html|title=Winnie Mandela Out of Cabinet For Defying Presidential Orders|first=Bill|last=Keller|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 March 1995}}</ref>

In 1995, prominent members of the ANC Women's League, including [[Adelaide Tambo]] resigned from the National Executive Committee of that body because of disagreement with Madikizela-Mandela's leadership of the body and amid a controversy about a large donation from Pakistani politician [[Benazir Bhutto]] that was not handed over to the League by Madikizela-Mandela.<ref name="mandelaSecondTermIndependent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|title=Mandela says he will not stand a second term|date=16 February 1995|newspaper=The Independent|first=Peter|last= Gregson|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mgAncBetrayedWinnie">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="mgThaboWinnieRescue"/><ref name="mgConsidersSuingMufamadi95">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-03-24-winnie-considers-suing-mufamadi|title=Winnie considers suing Mufamadi|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}</ref>

She remained extremely popular amongst many [[African National Congress]] (ANC) supporters. In December 1993 and April 1997, she was elected president of the ANC Women's League, although she withdrew her candidacy for ANC Deputy President at the movement's [[Mahikeng|Mafikeng]] conference in December 1997.<ref name="sapaSaveFace">{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208090932/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2024|date=17 December 1997|title=Winnie saves face at conference|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}</ref> Earlier in 1997, she appeared before the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]]. Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] as chairman of the commission recognised her importance in the anti-apartheid struggle but exhorted her to apologise and to admit her mistakes. In a guarded response, she admitted "things went horribly wrong".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|title=Facing the Past|publisher=PBS NewsHour|date=4 December 1997|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219143523/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the 1990s, she associated with the [[Israeli mafia]] operating in South Africa, which was involved in extorting the [[History of the Jews in South Africa|local Jewish community]], and other criminal activity.<ref name="haaretz-2001-gangsters">{{cite news |last=Leibovich-Dar |first=Sara |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221 |title=Winnie Mandela and the Ramat Amidar Gang |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=12 July 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715074125/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221 |archive-date=15 July 2018 }}</ref>

In 2002, Madikizela-Mandela was found guilty by a Parliamentary ethics committee of failing to disclose donations and financial interests.<ref name="mg2002GuiltyEthics">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-08-21-winnie-found-guilty-by-ethics-committee|title=Winnie found guilty by ethics committee|first=Angela|last=Quintal|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}</ref><ref name="iolHideAndSeek"/> Madikizela Mandela was often absent from Parliament, sometimes for months at a time and was ordered by Parliament to account for her absences in 2003.<ref name="fiveTimesLetDownMg"/><ref name="iolHideAndSeek">{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-fed-up-with-winnies-hide-and-seek-102737|title=Parliament fed up with Winnie's hide and seek|publisher=IOL News}}</ref><ref name="timesOfIndiaAbsence">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Truant-Winnie-asked-to-explain-absence-from-parliament/articleshow/40179105.cms|title=Truant Winnie asked to explain absence from parliament|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 March 2003}}</ref><ref name="paAttendenceRecord">{{cite web|url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/nomzamo-winfred-madikizela-mandela/|title=Nomzamo Winfred Madikizela-Mandela|website=People's Assembly}}</ref>

== Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007==
In 2003, Madikizela-Mandela offered to act as a [[human shield]] prior to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2779509.stm|title=Winnie Mandela – Iraqi 'human shield'|date=19 February 2003|website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Also in 2003, she helped defuse a hostage situation at Wits University, where a student who was in arrears with fees took a staff member hostage at knifepoint.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/winnie-wins-over-wits-hostage-taker-100801|title=Winnie wins over Wits hostage-taker|website=Iol.co.za|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/student-arrested-as-wits-hostage-drama-ends-101119|title=Student arrested as Wits hostage drama ends |first=Antoinette|last= Keyser|website=Iol.co.za|date=5 February 2003|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2732351.stm|title=Winnie Mandela saves the day|date=6 February 2003|access-date=10 August 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

On 24 April 2003, Madikizela-Mandela was convicted on 435 counts of fraud and 25 of theft, and her broker, Addy Moolman, was convicted on 58 counts of fraud and 25 of theft. Both had pleaded not guilty. The charges related to money taken from loan applicants' accounts for a funeral fund, but from which the applicants did not benefit. Madikizela-Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|title=ANC: We won't dump Winnie|newspaper=Sunday Times|location=South Africa|date=27 April 2003|access-date=27 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822043818/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|archive-date=22 August 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shortly after the conviction, she resigned from all leadership positions in the ANC, including her parliamentary seat and the presidency of the ANC Women's League.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing/|title=Winnie Mandela resigns ANC posts|publisher=CNN|date=25 April 2003}}</ref>

In July 2004, an appeal judge of the [[Pretoria]] High Court ruled that "the crimes were not committed for personal gain". The judge overturned the conviction for theft, but upheld the one for fraud, handing her a three years and six months suspended sentence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|title=Winnie: No personal gain|publisher=News24|date=7 May 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>

==Return to politics==
[[File:Winnie Mandela00.jpg|thumb|right|Madikizela-Mandela in 2008]]
When the ANC announced the election of its National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela placed first with 2,845 votes.<ref>[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ |date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 |date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007</ref>

Madikizela-Mandela criticised the [[Xenophobia in South Africa|anti-immigrant violence]] in May–June 2008 that began in [[Johannesburg]] and spread throughout the country and blamed the government's lack of suitable housing provisions for the sentiments behind the riots.<ref name="guardianObit" /><ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 "Winnie speaks out on SA's issues"]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.</ref> She apologised to the victims of the riots<ref>Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.</ref> and visited [[Alexandra, Gauteng|the Alexandra township]]. She offered her home as shelter for an immigrant family from the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She warned that the perpetrators of the violence could strike at the [[Metrorail Gauteng|Gauteng train system]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela secured fifth place on the ANC's electoral list for the [[2009 South African general election|2009 general election]], behind party president [[Jacob Zuma]], President of South Africa [[Kgalema Motlanthe]], [[Deputy President of South Africa|Deputy President]] [[Baleka Mbete]], and Finance Minister [[Trevor Manuel]]. An article in ''[[The Observer]]'' suggested her position near the top of the list indicated that the party's leadership saw her as a valuable asset in the election with regard to solidifying support among the party's grassroots and the poor.<ref>Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.</ref>

Madkizela-Mandela was largely sidelined by the ANC in the post-apartheid period.<ref name="mgAncBetrayedWinnie"/><ref name="jMalalaAttemptsDontWash"/><ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez"/> Despite her status as an ANC MP over much of that period, she largely associated with non-ANC figures including [[Bantu Holomisa]] and [[Julius Malema]].<ref name="jMalalaAttemptsDontWash">{{cite web|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|website=Times Live|first=Justice|last=Malala|date=16 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Madikizela-Mandela was a political patron of Malema, who was expelled from the ANC and later formed his own party, the [[Economic Freedom Fighters]].<ref name="reutersTarnished"/>

===2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul===
In 2010, Madikizela-Mandela was interviewed by [[Nadira Naipaul]]. In the interview, she attacked her ex-husband, claiming that he had "let blacks down", that he was only "wheeled out to collect money", and that he is "nothing more than a foundation". She further attacked his decision to accept the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] with [[F. W. de Klerk]]. Among other things, she reportedly claimed Mandela was no longer "accessible" to her daughters. She referred to Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]], in his capacity as the head of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], as a "cretin".<ref>Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html "How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html |date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.</ref>

The interview attracted media attention,<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html "Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks"]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010</ref> and the ANC announced that it would ask her to explain her comments regarding Nelson Mandela.<ref name=Madiba>{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray |author2=Kgosana, Caiphus |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&singlepage=1|title=South Africa: "'Madiba' let us down"|date=9 March 2010}}</ref> On 14 March 2010, a statement was issued on Madikizela-Mandela's behalf claiming that the interview was a fabrication.<ref>[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece "'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'"]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010</ref>

==Death and funeral==
[[File:Flag at half-mast at South African Embassy in Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at the residence of the South African ambassador in Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela died at the Netcare [[Milpark Hospital]] in Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 at the age of 81. She suffered from diabetes and had recently undergone several major surgeries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> She "had been in and out of hospital since the start of the year".<ref name=death>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

In the lead-up to Madikizela-Mandela's funeral, in a politically fraught environment<ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez"/> soon after the ouster of former president [[Jacob Zuma]],<ref name="independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy"/> [[Jessie Duarte]], a senior ANC leader, warned critics to "sit down and shut up", with [[Economic Freedom Fighters]] leader [[Julius Malema]] saying that "anyone who accuses Mama Winnie of any crime is guilty of treason".<ref name="independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last= Martin}}</ref>

Madikizela-Mandela was granted a "[[State funeral|Special Official Funeral]]" by the South African government.<ref name="encaOfficialFuneralExplainer">{{cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|first=Christelle du|last=Toit|website=Enca.com Explainer|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her public funeral service was held at [[Orlando Stadium]] on 14 April 2018. Planning for Madikizela Mandela's funeral was largely handled by her daughters and Julius Malema, and the ANC reportedly had to "fight for space" on the programme.<ref name="news24FuneralRift">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|title=Winnie's funeral rift|access-date=15 April 2018|first=S’Thembile|last=Cele|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|website=News24|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the public service, ANC and South African President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] "acknowledged" that the ANC failed to stand by Madikizela-Mandela's side during her legal troubles.<ref name="takenRestingPlaceIol">{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|publisher=IOL News|format=video|date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Julius Malema<ref name="malemaRailsCitizen">{{cite web|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|first=Simnikiwe|last=Hlatshaneni|website=The Citizen|date=14 April 2018}}</ref> delivered an impassioned speech in which he criticised the United Democratic Front for distancing themselves from Madikizela-Mandela in the 1980s.<ref name="takenRestingPlaceIol"/> Malema also criticised members of the National Executive Committee of the ANC Women's League for resigning in 1995,<ref name="mgThaboWinnieRescue">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}</ref> because they regarded Madikizela-Mandela as a "criminal".<ref name="takenRestingPlaceIol"/> Madikizela-Mandela's daughter Zenani attacked those who "vilified" her mother, calling them hypocrites.<ref name="zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites">{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|date=14 April 2018|publisher=Eyewitness News}}</ref> After the public service, her body was interred at a cemetery in [[Fourways, Gauteng|Fourways]] in the north of Johannesburg during a private memorial service.<ref name="takenRestingPlaceIol"/>

A number of ANC figures prepared to defend themselves against the allegations made at the funeral; however, the ANC urged "restraint".<ref name="ancRestraintAallegations">{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations |work=The Star|first1=Sibongile|last1=Mashaba|first2=Siviwe|last2=Feketha|date=17 April 2018}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Mandela was portrayed by [[Alfre Woodard]] in the 1987 [[HBO]] TV movie, ''[[Mandela (1987 film)|Mandela]]''. Woodard earned both a [[CableACE Award]] and an [[NAACP Image Award]] for her performance, as did costar [[Danny Glover]], who portrayed [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>{{Cite news | author=Haithman, Diane | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html | title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=18 September 1987}}</ref>

Tina Lifford played her in the 1997 TV film ''[[Mandela and de Klerk]]''. [[Sophie Okonedo]] portrayed her in the [[BBC Television|BBC]] drama ''Mrs Mandela'', first broadcast on [[BBC Four]] on 25 January 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}</ref>

[[Jennifer Hudson]] played her in ''[[Winnie Mandela (film)|Winnie Mandela]]'', directed by [[Darrell Roodt]], released in Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson based the film's script on Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob's biography, ''Winnie Mandela: A Life''.<ref>Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ "Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'"] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.</ref> The Creative Workers Union of South Africa opposed the choice of Hudson in the title role, saying the use of foreign actors to tell the country's stories undermined efforts to develop the [[Cinema of South Africa|national film industry]].<ref>Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Though the performances of Hudson and Terrance Howard, who portrayed Nelson Mandela, earned praise from many critics, the film was a critical and commercial failure.

In 2007, an opera based on her life called ''The Passion of Winnie'' was produced in Canada; however, she was declined a [[Travel visa|visa]] to attend its world premiere and associated gala [[fundraising]] concert.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}</ref>

Mandela was again portrayed in the 2013 film ''[[Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom]]'' by actress [[Naomie Harris]] (British actor [[Idris Elba]] played Nelson Mandela). On viewing the film, Madikizela-Mandela told Harris it was "the first time she felt her story had been captured on film". Gugulethu okaMseleku, writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'', stated that the film had returned Madikizela-Mandela to her rightful place, recognising her role in "the struggle" that, "for South African women&nbsp;... was more fundamental than her husband's."<ref>{{cite news | title= Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place | url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Gugulethu|last= okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
In 1985, Mandela won the [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award]] along with fellow activists [[Allan Boesak]] and [[Beyers Naudé]] for their human rights work in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref> She received a [[Candace Award]] for Distinguished Service from the [[National Coalition of 100 Black Women]] in 1988.<ref name="page2">{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}</ref>

In January 2018, the University Council and University Senate of [[Makerere University]], [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]], approved the award of an honorary [[Doctor of Law]]s (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, in recognition of her fight against apartheid in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web| access-date=4 January 2018 |location=Kampala |author=News Agencies |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html |date=4 January 2018 |title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=25 January 2018 | url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree | title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree | date=19 January 2018 | newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] | location=Kampala | first=Joseph | last=Kizza | archive-date=25 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2021, the [[Mbizana Local Municipality]] in the [[Eastern Cape]] was officially renamed the ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dayimani |first=Malibongwe |title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305 |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>'' The town of [[Brandfort]] in the [[Free State (province)|Free State]] was also officially renamed as ''Winnie Mandela.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29 |website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. |language=en-US }}</ref>

In 2022, the section of the [[R562 (South Africa)|R562 road]] connecting [[Midrand]] with [[Olifantsfontein]], was renamed from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by the [[City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality|City of Ekurhuleni]] in [[Gauteng]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[Sisonke Msimang]]
*[[List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie & Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* {{IMDb name|541692}}
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=FEB+18%2C+1989&author=William+Claiborne&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R "Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=FEB+18,+1989&author=William+Claiborne&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R |date=6 October 2012 }}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml "Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges"]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html "Mrs Mandela defies accusers"], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html "Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'"], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100815073731/http://kaganof.com/kagablog/2008/01/09/special-investigation-into-the-mandela-united-football-club/ "Special Investigation into the Mandela United Football Club"]}}, ''Kagablog'', 9 January 2008
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary"]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 "Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies"], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela]{{dead link|date=June 2013}} on ''[[Japan Today]] News''<!-- http://www.japantoday.com/jp/bbs/msg/taj/p3 commented out as it was in the wrong place & is dead in any case asat June 2013 -->
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''[[BBC News]]'', 25 January 2010

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{{s-bef|before=[[Michael Kelly (Lord Provost)|Michael Kelly]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rector of the University of Glasgow]]|years=1987–1990}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pat Kane]]}}
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{{Nelson Mandela}}
{{Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:People convicted of kidnapping]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:South African politicians convicted of fraud]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:People who testified at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)]]
[[Category:Women members of the National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from diabetes in South Africa]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:South African politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]