Editing William Clowes (printer)

{{Short description|English printer (1779–1847)}}
{{about|the person William Clowes|the printing firm founded by the same person|William Clowes Ltd.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

'''William Clowes''' (1 January 1779 &ndash; 26 January 1847) was a British printer who developed the use of steam-powered printing presses in the industry. He founded the [[printing]] firm that became [[William Clowes Ltd.]] in [[London]] in 1803.

Clowes was born in [[Chichester]], [[Sussex]], the eldest son of schoolteachers William Clowes and Elizabeth (née Harraden) Clowes.<ref name="dnb">Weedon A. (2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5718 Clowes, William (1779–1847)]) in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press; accessed 25 June 2011.</ref> His father died when William was an infant, and he became a printer's apprentice at the age of 10.<ref name="smiles">Smiles S. (1884) [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/725/725-h/725-h.htm#chap08 William Clowes: introducer of book-printing by steam] in ''Men of Invention and Industry'', at [[Project Gutenberg]]; retrieved 25 June 2011.</ref>

In 1803, he moved to London and founded his own business in October 1803 at 22 Villiers Street, with just one employee. Through his wife's cousin, William Winchester, Clowes was able to gain access to government printing work which enabled the firm to develop rapidly, moving to Northumberland Court in 1807.<ref name="dnb"/><ref name="smiles"/>

In 1823, Clowes installed a steam-powered printing press designed by Applegarth and [[Edward Cowper]]. His factory adjoined the palace of Britain's wealthiest man, the Duke of Northumberland, who successfully instituted a court action for noise and pollution abatement.<ref name="smiles"/>{{rp|198–247}} In 1827, the firm took over Applegarth's premises in Duke Street, Blackfriars, a site which became the largest printing works in the world, printing a wide variety of works and employing over 500 workers directly.<ref name="smiles"/>

The development of powered presses by Clowes is credited with increasing levels of accuracy as well as speed of output, making printed material cheaper and more accessible. He was also an innovator in terms of working practices and in 1820, became one of the first employers to start a benevolent fund for this workforce. He was a leading figure in the [[Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]].<ref name="dnb"/>

Clowes married Mary Winchester, the niece of William Winchester, in 1804 and had four daughters and four sons with her. Three of his sons, William, Winchester and George, ran the business which had become William Clowes and Sons in 1839. In 1824, Clowes was made a freeman of Chichester. He died in Marylebone in January 1847, aged 68, and was buried in [[West Norwood Cemetery]].<ref name="dnb"/>

==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Clowes, William}}
[[Category:1779 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:Publishers (people) from London]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom|William Clowes]]
[[Category:Burials at West Norwood Cemetery]]
[[Category:People from Chichester]]