Editing Willem Hendrik Keesom

{{Short description|Dutch physicist (1876–1956)}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Willem Keesom
|image             = WillemKeesom1926.jpg
|caption           = Willem Keesom in 1926
|birth_date        = {{Birth-date|21 June 1876}} 
|birth_place       = [[Texel]], Netherlands
|death_date        = {{death-date and age|3 March 1956|21 June 1876}}
|death_place       = [[Leiden]], Netherlands
|field             = [[physics]]
|work_institutions = 
|alma_mater        = 
|doctoral_advisor  = [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
|doctoral_students = 
|known_for         = [[helium]]
|author_abbrev_bot = 
|author_abbrev_zoo = 
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|prizes            = 
|religion          = 
|footnotes         = 
|signature         =
}}
	'''Willem Hendrik Keesom''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|s|oʊ|m}}<ref>[http://forvo.com/word/willem_hendrik_keesom/ Willem Hendrik Keesom pronunciation]</ref><ref>[http://www.heardutchhere.net/lesson4.html#voicelessE Voiceless E]</ref>) (21 June 1876, [[Texel]] &ndash; 3 March 1956, [[Leiden]]) was a Dutch [[physicist]] who, in 1926, invented a method to freeze liquid [[helium]].
He also developed the first mathematical description of [[Intermolecular force#Dipole–dipole and similar interactions|dipole–dipole interactions]] in 1921. Thus, dipole–dipole interactions are also known as [[Keesom force|Keesom interactions]].
He was previously a student of [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]], who had discovered [[superconductivity]] (a feat for which Kamerlingh Onnes received the 1913 [[Nobel Prize]] in Physics).

He also discovered the [[lambda point]] transition specific-heat maximum between Helium-I and Helium-II in 1930.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guenault |first1=Tony |title=Basic Superfluids |date=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London |isbn=0748408916 |page=25 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTRAicK9G64C&pg=PA25 |accessdate=2 May 2020}}</ref>

In 1924 he became member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001218 |title=Willem Hendrik Keesom (1876 - 1956) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |date= |accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref> In 1966, the minor planet 
''[[List of minor planets: 9001–10000#686|9686 Keesom]]'' was named after him.

==See also==
*[[Timeline of low-temperature technology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Albert van Helden, [http://www.historyofscience.nl/author.cfm?RecordId=260 ''Willem Hendrik Keesom 1876 &ndash; 1956''], In: K. van Berkel, A. van Helden and L. Palm ed., A History of Science in the Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference (Leiden: Brill, 1999) 498–500.
* Scientists of the Dutch School: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041216202440/http://www.knaw.nl/waals/keesom.html ''Willem Hendrik Keesom''] @ Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
* P.H. van Laer, [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn1/keesom ''Keesom, Wilhelmus Hendrikus (1876-1956)''], in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keesom, Willem Hendrik}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Texel]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch physicists]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Amsterdam alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Leiden University]]


{{physicist-stub}}
{{netherlands-scientist-stub}}