Editing Wilhelm Röntgen

{{Short description|German physicist (1845–1923)}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Wilhelm Röntgen
| image             = Wilhelm Röntgen 1900 Portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg
| caption           = Röntgen in 1900
| birth_name        = Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1845|03|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place       = {{Ill|Lennep|de}}, [[Rhine Province]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Confederation]]
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1923|02|10|1845|03|27|df=yes}}
| death_place       = [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], <br/> [[Weimar Republic]]
| citizenship       = {{Plain list|
* Prussia (1845–1848)
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1848–1888)
* Germany (1888–1923)
}}
| alma_mater        = {{Plain list|
* [[ETH Zurich|Federal Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[University of Zurich]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]], 1869)
}}
| known_for         = Discovering [[X-ray]]s (1895)
| spouse            = {{Marriage|Anna Bertha Ludwig|1872|1919|reason=died}}
| awards            = {{Plain list|
* [[Rumford Medal]] (1896)
* [[Matteucci Medal]] (1896)
* [[Elliott Cresson Medal]] (1897)
* [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science]] (1900)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1901)
}}
| fields            = [[Physics]]
| work_institutions = {{Plain list|
* [[University of Strasbourg|University of Straßburg]] <br/> (1874–1875, 1876–1879)
* [[University of Hohenheim|Academy of Agriculture]] <br/> (1875–1876)
* [[University of Giessen]] <br/> (1879–1888)
* [[University of Würzburg]] <br/> (1888–1900)
* [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|University of Munich]] <br/> (from 1900)
}}
| doctoral_advisor  = [[August Kundt]]
| doctoral_students = {{Plain list|
* [[Ernst Wagner]] (1903)
* [[Abram Ioffe]] (1905)
* [[Herman March]] (1911)
}}
| signature         = Wilhelm Röntgen signature.svg
}}

'''Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɛ|n|t|g|ə|n|,_|-|dʒ|ə|n|,_|ˈ|r|ʌ|n|t|-}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/röntgen "Röntgen"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈʁœntɡən|lang|De-Wilhelm Röntgen.ogg}}; sometimes [[transliteration|transliterated]] as '''Roentgen'''; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German [[physicist]]<ref name="historiek">{{cite web|url=http://historiek.net/wilhelm-rontgen-ontdekker-rontgenstraling/550/|title=Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling |publisher=historiek.net|date=31 October 2010 }}</ref> who produced and detected [[electromagnetic radiation]] in a [[wavelength]] range known as [[X-ray]]s. As a result of this discovery, he became the first recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1901.<ref name="squires">Novelize, Robert. ''Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology''. [[Harvard University Press]]. 5th ed. 1997. {{ISBN|0-674-83339-2}} p. 1.</ref><ref name="Stoddart">{{cite journal |last1=Stoddart |first1=Charlotte |title=Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=1 March 2022 |doi=10.1146/knowable-022822-1|doi-access=free |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/structural-biology-how-proteins-got-their-closeup |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

==Biographical history==
===Education===
Röntgen was born in [[Lennep]] on 27 March 1845<ref>{{cite web|title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Facts|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/facts/|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref> to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German merchant and cloth manufacturer, and Charlotte Constanze Frowein.<ref name="Washington">{{cite web |title=Wilhelm Röntgen |url=https://rad.washington.edu/blog/featured-history-wilhelm-rontgen/ |website=University of Washington: Department of Radiology|date=7 January 2015 }}</ref> When he was aged three, his family moved to the [[Netherlands]], where his mother's family lived,<ref name="Washington" /> rendering him [[Statelessness|stateless]].<ref name="Lüttringhauser Anzeiger">{{cite web|last=Segovia-Buendía|first=Cristina|title=Röntgens Wurzeln im Bergischen|url=https://luettringhauser-anzeiger.de/roentgens-wurzeln-im-bergischen/|date=22 July 2020|language=de|website=Lüttringhauser Anzeiger}}</ref> He attended high school at Utrecht Technical School in [[Utrecht]], [[Netherlands]].<ref name="Washington" /> He followed courses at the Technical School for almost two years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenbusch |first=Gerd |title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology |page=10 }}</ref> In 1865, he was unfairly expelled from high school when one of his teachers intercepted a [[caricature]] of one of the teachers, which was drawn by someone else.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Biographical|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/biographical/|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>

Without a high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in the Netherlands as a visitor. In 1865, he tried to attend [[Utrecht University]] without having the necessary credentials required for a regular student. Upon hearing that he could enter the [[Federal Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Zürich]] (today known as the [[ETH Zurich]]), he passed the entrance examination and began his studies there as a student of [[mechanical engineering]].<ref name="Washington" /> In 1869, he graduated with a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[University of Zurich]]; once there, he became a favourite student of Professor [[August Kundt]], whom he followed to the newly founded German [[University of Strasbourg|''Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität'']] in [[Strasbourg]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Trevert|first=Edward|title=Something About X-Rays for Everybody|url=https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutx00trevgoog|publisher=Medical Physics Publishing Corporation|location=Madison, Wisconsin |page = [https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutx00trevgoog/page/n10 4]|year=1988|isbn=0-944838-05-7}}</ref> 
[[File:House-of birth of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.jpg|thumb|Birthplace of Röntgen in [[Remscheid]]-Lennep]]
[[File:Tegeltableau Wilhelm Röntgen Jackie Sleper Schalkwijkstraat Utrecht.JPG|thumb|Wall art by the house where Röntgen lived from 1863 until 1865 in the Schalkwijkstraat in [[Utrecht]]. Made by Jackie Sleper in 2005.]]

===Career===
[[File:München-2026-Deutsches_Museum-Röntgen.jpg|thumb|upright|Röntgen's marble bust at the [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]]]]

In 1874, Röntgen became a [[lecturer]] at the University of Strasbourg. In 1875, he became a [[professor]] at the [[University of Hohenheim|Academy of Agriculture]] in [[Hohenheim]], [[Württemberg]]. In 1876, he returned to Strasbourg as Professor of [[Physics]], and in 1879, he was appointed to the Chair of Physics at the [[University of Giessen]]. In 1888, he acquired German citizenship again after having been stateless for 40 years,<ref name="Lüttringhauser Anzeiger" /> and obtained the Physics Chair at the [[University of Würzburg]],<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad|volume=23|page=694}}</ref> and in 1900 at the [[University of Munich]], by special request of the Bavarian government.

Röntgen had family in [[Iowa]] in the [[United States]] and planned to emigrate. He accepted an appointment at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]] and bought transatlantic tickets, before the outbreak of [[World War I]] changed his plans. He remained in Munich for the rest of his career.

===Discovery of X-rays ===
During 1895, at his laboratory in the Würzburg Physical Institute of the University of Würzburg, Röntgen was investigating the external effects of passing an [[electrical discharge]] through various types of vacuum tube equipment—apparatuses from [[Heinrich Hertz]], [[Johann Hittorf]], [[William Crookes]], [[Nikola Tesla]] and [[Philipp von Lenard]]<ref name=Nitske/><ref>{{Cite book|last = Agar|first = Jon|year = 2012|title = Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond|publisher = Polity Press|location = Cambridge|page = 18|isbn = 978-0-7456-3469-2}}</ref> In early November, he was repeating an experiment with one of Lenard's tubes in which a thin aluminium window had been added to permit the [[cathode rays]] to exit the tube but a cardboard covering was added to protect the aluminium from damage by the strong electrostatic field that produces the cathode rays. Röntgen knew that the cardboard covering prevented light from escaping, yet he observed that the invisible cathode rays caused a [[fluorescent]] effect on a small cardboard screen painted with [[platinocyanide|barium platinocyanide]] when it was placed close to the [[aluminium]] window.<ref name="EB1911"/> It occurred to Röntgen that the [[Crookes–Hittorf tube]], which had a much thicker glass wall than the Lenard tube, might also cause this fluorescent effect.

In the late afternoon of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to test his idea. He carefully constructed a black cardboard covering similar to the one he had used on the Lenard tube. He covered the Crookes–Hittorf tube with the cardboard and attached electrodes to a [[Ruhmkorff coil]] to generate an electrostatic charge. Before setting up the barium platinocyanide screen to test his idea, Röntgen darkened the room to test the [[opacity (optics)|opacity]] of his cardboard cover. As he passed the Ruhmkorff coil charge through the tube, he determined that the cover was light-tight and turned to prepare for the next step of the experiment. It was at this point that Röntgen noticed a faint shimmering from a bench a few feet away from the tube. To be sure, he tried several more discharges and saw the same shimmering each time. Striking a match, he discovered the shimmering had come from the location of the barium platinocyanide screen he had been intending to use next.

Based on the formation of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays".<ref name=PaisInward>{{Cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham |title=Inward bound: of matter and forces in the physical world |date=2002 |publisher=Clarendon Press [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-19-851997-3 |edition=Reprint |location=Oxford}}</ref>{{rp|40}} As 8 November was a Friday, he took advantage of the weekend to repeat his experiments and made his first notes. In the following weeks, he ate and slept in his laboratory as he investigated many properties of the new rays he temporarily termed "X-rays", using the mathematical designation ("X") for something unknown. The new rays came to bear his name in many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated [[Radiography|X-ray radiograms]] as "Röntgenograms").

At one point, while he was investigating the ability of various materials to stop the rays, Röntgen brought a small piece of lead into position while a discharge was occurring. Röntgen thus saw the first radiographic image: his own flickering ghostly skeleton on the barium platinocyanide screen. 

About six weeks after his discovery, he took a picture—a [[radiograph]]—using X-rays of his wife Anna Bertha's hand.<ref name="Stoddart"/> When she saw her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!"<ref name="Landwehr">{{cite book|last=Landwehr |first=Gottfried |title=Röntgen centennial: X-rays in Natural and Life Sciences|editor=Hasse, A|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|year=1997|pages=7–8|isbn=981-02-3085-0}}</ref> He later took a better picture of his friend [[Albert von Kölliker]]'s hand at a public lecture.

Röntgen's original paper, "On A New Kind of Rays" (''Ueber<!--[sic; see 'Talk:Gottlob Frege#Ueber']--> eine neue Art von Strahlen''), was published on 28 December 1895. On 5 January 1896, an Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's discovery of a new type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree from the University of Würzburg after his discovery. He also received the [[Rumford Medal]] of the British [[Royal Society]] in 1896, jointly with [[Philipp Lenard]], who had already shown that a portion of the cathode rays could pass through a thin film of a metal such as aluminium.<ref name="EB1911"/> Röntgen published a total of three papers on X-rays between 1895 and 1897.<ref>Wilhelm Röntgen, "Ueber<!--[sic; see 'Talk:Gottlob Frege#Ueber']--> eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorläufige Mitteilung", in: ''Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg'', pp. 137–147, 1895; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Eine neue Art von Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung", in: ''Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg'', pp. 11–17, 1896; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen", in: ''Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin'', pp. 392–406, 1897.</ref> Today, Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic [[radiology]], the medical speciality which uses imaging to diagnose disease.

===Personal life===
[[File:Roentgen family-grave-Giessen-Alter Friedhof-2011-07.jpg|thumb|Grave of Wilhelm Röntgen (and relatives) at Alter Friedhof (old cemetery) in [[Gießen]]]]
Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=C |title=Spouse - source from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/biographical/ |website=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical}}</ref> for 47 years until her death in 1919 at the age of 80. In 1866, they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in 1869 and wed in [[Apeldoorn]], [[Netherlands]] on 7 July 1872; the delay was due to Anna being six years Wilhelm's senior and his father not approving of her age or humble background. Their marriage began with financial difficulties as family support from Röntgen had ceased. 
They raised one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adopted as a six-year-old after her father, Anna's only brother, died in 1887.<ref>Glasser (1933: 63)</ref> 
[[File:First medical X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand - 18951222.jpg|thumb|[[Wikipedia:Valued picture candidates/File:Anna Berthe Roentgen.gif|First]] X-ray by Röntgen of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand]]
[[File:X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker%27s_hand_-_18960123-02.jpg|thumb|150px|X-ray of [[Albert von Kölliker]]'s hand]]
For ethical reasons, Röntgen did not seek patents for his discoveries, holding the view that they should be publicly available without charge. After receiving his Nobel prize money, Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish kronor to research at the [[University of Würzburg]]. Although he accepted the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine, he rejected an offer of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a [[nobiliary particle]] (i.e., von Röntgen).<ref name="Michigan">{{cite web |title=Radiation Safety – Historical Figures – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen |url=https://ehs.msu.edu/lab-clinic/rad/hist-figures/rontgen.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref> With the inflation following World War I, Röntgen fell into bankruptcy, spending his final years at his country home at [[Weilheim in Oberbayern|Weilheim]], near Munich.<ref name=Nitske>Nitske, Robert W., ''The Life of W. C. Röntgen, Discoverer of the X-Ray'', University of Arizona Press, 1971.</ref> Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from [[carcinoma]] of the intestine, also known as [[colorectal cancer]].<ref name=GlasserEarly>{{cite book|last=Glasser|first=Otto |title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Early History of the Roentgen Rays<!-- Spelling discrepancy as in original -->|publisher=John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd|location=London|year=1933|page=305|oclc=220696336}}</ref> In keeping with his will, his personal and scientific correspondence, with few exceptions, were destroyed upon his death.<ref name=GlasserEarly/>{{rp|113}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://upscgk.com/Online-gk/5852/wilhelm-conrad-r%C3%B6ntgen-was-born-on-march-27-1845 | title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was born on March 27, 1845}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology|first=Annemarie de |last=Knecht-van Eekelen|year= 2019| isbn=9783319976617|page =4|publisher=Springer|quote=Wilhelm Conrad and his father were members of the Dutch Reformed Church, the mainstream Protestant.}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
*1896: [[Rumford Medal]] of the [[Royal Society]]
*1896: [[Matteucci Medal]] of the [[Accademia nazionale delle scienze]]
*1897: [[Elliott Cresson Medal]] of the [[Franklin Institute]]
*1900: [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science]] of [[Columbia University]]
*1901: [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for the discovery of [[X-ray]]s

In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]. The award was officially "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him".<ref>See https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/facts/  and Jost Lemmerich: Röntgen Rays Centennial 1895–1995, Würzburg 1995, {{ISBN|3-923959-28-1}}.</ref> Shy in public speaking, he declined to give a Nobel lecture.<ref name=PaisInward/>{{rp|39}} Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish krona reward from his Nobel Prize to research at his university, the [[University of Würzburg]]. Like [[Marie Curie|Marie]] and [[Pierre Curie]], Röntgen refused to take out patents related to his discovery of X-rays, as he wanted society as a whole to benefit from practical applications of the phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science]] in 1900.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 1900 |title=Award of Bernard Medal |url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19000523-01.2.13 |work=[[Columbia Daily Spectator]] |location=New York City |volume=XLIII |number=57 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref>

In November 2004, [[IUPAC]] named element number 111 [[roentgenium]] (Rg) in his honor. [[IUPAP]] adopted the name in November 2011.

He was elected an International Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1897.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Wilhelm+C.+von+Roentgen&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> In 1907, he became a foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002640 |title=W.C. Röntgen (1845–1923) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref>

==Legacy==
A collection of his papers is held at the National Library of Medicine in [[Bethesda, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/kraft071|title=Fundamental contributions to the X-ray: the three original communications on a new kind of ray / Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen, 1972 |publisher=National Library of Medicine}}</ref>

Today, in [[Remscheid|Remscheid-Lennep]], 40 kilometres east of Röntgen's birthplace in [[Düsseldorf]], is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.<ref>[http://www.roentgen-museum.de Deutsches Röntgen-Museum] at roentgen-museum.de</ref>

In [[Würzburg]], where he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains his laboratory and provides guided tours to the [[Röntgen Memorial Site]].<ref>[http://www.wilhelmconradroentgen.de Röntgen Memorial Site] at wilhelmconradroentgen.de</ref>

[[World Radiography Day]] is an annual event promoting the role of medical imaging in modern healthcare. It is celebrated on 8 November each year, coinciding with the anniversary of the Röntgen's discovery. It was first introduced in 2012 as a joint initiative between the [[European Society of Radiology]], the [[Radiological Society of North America]], and the [[American College of Radiology]].

As of 2023, 55 stamps from 40 countries have been issued commemorating Röntgen as the discoverer of X-rays.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - on international postage stamps|url=https://uwmadison.app.box.com/s/yqkk2ed00kiottv5mugmn8o4rxelpauj|first1= Ilia|last1=Guzei|publisher=|year=2023|access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Munk>{{cite journal|last1=Munk|first1=Peter L.|last2=Peh|first2=Wilfred C.G.|title=Rontgen and the Discovery of X rays on stamps|journal=The Canadian Philatelist|year=2023|volume=74|issue=1|pages=14–19|doi=|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367208292}}</ref>

[[Röntgen Peak]] in [[Antarctica]] is named after Wilhelm Röntgen.<ref>[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=110932 Röntgen Peak.] SCAR [[Composite Antarctic Gazetteer]]</ref>

Minor planet [[6401 Roentgen]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_5844 |title=(6401) Roentgen In: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |chapter=(6401) Roentgen |publisher=Springer |date=2003 |pages=530 |isbn=978-3-540-29925-7 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5844}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[German inventors and discoverers]]
*[[Röntgen Memorial Site]]
*[[Ivan Puluj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource author}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Röntgen,+Wilhelm Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen from the Alsos Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803214156/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FR%C3%B6ntgen%2C+Wilhelm |date=3 August 2017 }}
* [http://www.rtstudents.com/radiology/wilhelm-conrad-rontgen.htm Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography]
* [http://www.crtsite.com/page5.html The Cathode Ray Tube site]
* [http://www.photograms.org/chapter02.html First X-ray Photogram]
* [http://www.arrs.org The American Roentgen Ray Society]
* [http://www.roentgen-museum.de/ Deutsches Röntgen-Museum] (German Röntgen Museum, [[Remscheid]]-Lennep)
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen |sopt=w}}
* {{Librivox author|title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen}}
* [[iarchive:rntgenraysmemoi01thomgoog|Röntgen Rays: Memoirs by Röntgen, Stokes, and J.J. Thomson (circa 1899)]]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/6/14663/14663-h/14663-h.htm#page403 ''The New Marvel in Photography''], an article on and interview with Röntgen, in [[McClure's]] magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April 1896, from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* Röntgen's 1895 article, on line and analyzed on ''[https://www.bibnum.education.fr/physique/electricite-electromagnetisme/la-decouverte-des-rayons-x-par-roentgen BibNum]'' <small>[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]</small>
* {{OL author}}
* {{PM20}}

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901-1925}}
{{1901 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Scientists whose names are used as non SI units}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rontgen, Wilhelm}}
[[Category:Wilhelm Röntgen| ]]
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century German physicists]]
[[Category:People from Remscheid]]
[[Category:ETH Zurich alumni]]
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:German Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:German people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Particle physicists]]
[[Category:People from Apeldoorn]]<!--raised from age 2 or 3 to 18 -->
[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Zurich]]
[[Category:Projectional radiography]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Science teachers]]
[[Category:University of Zurich alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Zurich]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Giessen]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Würzburg]]
[[Category:Utrecht University alumni]] <!-- Did he manage to enter it at all? -->
[[Category:X-ray pioneers]]
[[Category:Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:German mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal]]
[[Category:German Calvinist and Reformed Christians]]
[[Category:Members of the Dutch Reformed Church]]
[[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]]