Editing Washington Parish, Louisiana

{{short description|Parish in Louisiana, United States}}
{{For|the original Episcopal Church parish of the District of Columbia|Christ Church, Washington Parish}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Washington Parish, Louisiana
| official_name           = Parish of Washington
| native_name             = <!-- if different from the English name -->
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| settlement_type         = [[List of parishes in Louisiana|Parish]]
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| image_skyline           = Bogalusa City Hall.jpg
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| named_for               = [[George Washington]]
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| seat_type               = [[County seat|Parish seat]]
| seat                    = [[Franklinton, Louisiana|Franklinton]]
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| population_as_of        = 2020
| population_total        = 45463 {{loss}}
| pop_est_as_of           = 
| population_est          = 
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| population_footnotes = <ref name="QF"/>
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| population_rank         = [[List of parishes in Louisiana|LA]]: 24th
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| area_code               = [[Area code 985|985]]
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<!-- website, footnotes -->
| website                 = [http://www.washingtonparishalerts.org/ Washington Parish, Louisiana]
| footnotes               =
}}

'''Washington Parish''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Paroisse de Washington''; {{langx|es|Parroquia de Washington}}) is a [[List of parishes in Louisiana|parish]] located in the interior southeast corner of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Louisiana]], one of the [[Florida Parishes]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population was 45,463.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census - Geography Profile: Washington Parish, Louisiana|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Washington_Parish,_Louisiana?g=0500000US22117|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Its [[parish seat]] is [[Franklinton, Louisiana|Franklinton]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> Its largest city is [[Bogalusa, Louisiana|Bogalusa]].  The parish was founded in 1819.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccet.louisiana.edu/tourism/parishes/Florida_Parishes/washington.html|title=Washington Parish|publisher=Center for Cultural and Eco-Tourism|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref>

Washington Parish comprises the [[Bogalusa, Louisiana|Bogalusa]], LA [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]], which is included in the [[New Orleans]]-[[Metairie, Louisiana|Metairie]]-[[Hammond, Louisiana|Hammond]], LA-[[Mississippi|MS]] [[New Orleans metropolitan area|Combined Statistical Area]].

==History==
Washington Parish was formed in 1819 by splitting off from [[St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana|St. Tammany Parish]]. [[Franklinton, Louisiana|Franklinton]] was designated as the parish seat on February 10, 1821.

Washington Parish is the most northeasterly of what are called the ''[[Florida Parishes]]''. Great Britain took over control of this French territory east of the Mississippi River in 1763 after defeating France in the [[Seven Years' War]]. But France had also ceded some territory to Spain. This area was under contention, and English and American settlers tried to set up an independent state here in 1810. The United States annexed the territory, later settling with Spain in a treaty. Through much of this period, the French influence remained strong in the region, especially in its former colonial cities.

This area was rural and forested with virgin [[Pinus palustris|longleaf pine (''Pinus palustris'' L.)]] In the early 20th century, entrepreneurial brothers Frank and [[Charles W. Goodyear]], already successful businessmen from [[Buffalo, New York]], purchased hundreds of thousands of acres of forest in this area and in southwestern Mississippi. They established the [[Great Southern Lumber Company]], constructed a huge sawmill (the largest in the world at the time) in the middle of the forest, and developed [[Bogalusa, Louisiana]], as a company mill town. In the early 20th century, there were numerous confrontations as workers attempted to unionize and companies hired private militia to suppress such activities.

The company housing for workers was divided by [[Jim Crow]] custom and state laws on racial segregation into sections for "Americans" and another for "colored" and foreign workers. It also built housing for supervisors, and supporting facilities, such as several hotels, churches, a [[YMCA]] and [[YWCA]], schools, and other services within a year, opening facilities in 1907. To access the timber and transport processed lumber from the mill to markets, the company built the [[Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad|New Orleans Great Northern Railroad]],<ref>[http://www.msrailroads.com/NOGN.htm Mississippi Rails: New Orleans Great Northern Railroad] Retrieved November 23, 2013</ref> connecting Bogalusa to the port of New Orleans.

Well before World War II, the virgin forest was harvested. [[Great Southern Lumber Company]] closed the sawmill in 1938. Its paper mill and chemical operations continued. Gradually in the late 20th century, these operations declined. As jobs left, the population dropped in such industrial towns. Some people moved to new or emerging industries in [[New Orleans]] and other major cities.

==Geography==
According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the parish has a total area of {{convert|676|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|670|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|6.4|sqmi}} (0.9%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_22.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 2, 2014|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928155956/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_22.txt|archive-date=September 28, 2013}}</ref>

===Adjacent counties and parishes===
* [[Pike County, Mississippi|Pike County]], [[Mississippi]]  (northwest)
* [[Walthall County, Mississippi|Walthall County]], [[Mississippi]]  (north)
* [[Marion County, Mississippi|Marion County]], [[Mississippi]]  (northeast)
* [[Pearl River County, Mississippi|Pearl River County]], [[Mississippi]]  (east)
* [[St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana|St. Tammany Parish]]  (south)
* [[Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana|Tangipahoa Parish]]  (west)

===Major highways===
* [[Image:Louisiana 10 (2008).svg|25px]] [[Louisiana Highway 10]]
* [[Image:Louisiana 16 (2008).svg|25px]] [[Louisiana Highway 16]]
* [[Image:Louisiana 21 (2008).svg|25px]] [[Louisiana Highway 21]]
* [[Image:Louisiana 25 (2008).svg|25px]] [[Louisiana Highway 25]]

===National protected area===
* [[Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge]] (part)

===State park===
* [[Bogue Chitto State Park]]

==Communities==

[[Image:Map of Washington Parish Louisiana With Municipal Labels.PNG|thumb|200px|Map of Washington Parish, Louisiana With Municipal Labels]]

=== City ===
* [[Bogalusa, Louisiana|Bogalusa]] (largest municipality)

=== Town ===
* [[Franklinton, Louisiana|Franklinton]] (parish seat)

=== Villages ===
* [[Angie, Louisiana|Angie]]
* [[Varnado, Louisiana|Varnado]]

=== Unincorporated communities ===

{{div col}}
* [[Enon, Louisiana|Enon]]
* [[Mount Hermon, Louisiana|Mount Hermon]]
* [[Pine, Louisiana|Pine]]
* [[Thomas, Louisiana|Thomas]]
* [[Warnerton, Louisiana|Warnerton]]
{{div col end}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1820= 2517
|1830= 2286
|1840= 2649
|1850= 3408
|1860= 4708
|1870= 3330
|1880= 5190
|1890= 6700
|1900= 9628
|1910= 18886
|1920= 24164
|1930= 29904
|1940= 34443
|1950= 38371
|1960= 44015
|1970= 41987
|1980= 44207
|1990= 43185
|2000= 43926
|2010= 47168
|2020= 45463
|estyear=
|estimate=
|estref=
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 2, 2014}}</ref><br />1790-1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=September 2, 2014}}</ref> 1900-1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/la190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 2, 2014}}</ref><br />1990-2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |url-status=live|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 2, 2014}}</ref> 2010<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/22117.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> 
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+Washington Parish racial composition as of 2020<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0500000US22117&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=December 28, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
!scope="col"| Race
!scope="col"| Number
!scope="col"| Percentage
|-
!scope="row"| [[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (non-Hispanic)
| 29,588
| 65.08%
|-
!scope="row"| [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic)
| 12,758
| 28.06%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]]
| 134
| 0.29%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]]
| 161
| 0.35%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]]
| 1,412
| 3.11%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
| 1,410
| 3.1%
|}
At the [[2020 United States census]], there were 45,463 people, 17,613 households, and 11,924 families residing in the parish. in 2000 there were 43,926 people, 16,467 households, and 11,642 families residing in the parish.<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> The population density was {{convert|66|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.  There were 19,106 housing units at an average density of {{convert|28|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.

In 2000, the racial and ethnic makeup of the parish was 67.42% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 31.53% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.23% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.17% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.11% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.54% from two or more races; 0.76% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race. By 2020, its makeup was 65.08% non-Hispanic white, 28.06% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 3.11% other or multiracial, and 3.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race.<ref name=":0" />

In 2000, there were 16,467 households, out of which 32.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.30% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 17.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.30% were non-families. 26.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the parish the population was spread out, with 26.80% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 14.30% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males.

At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the parish was $24,264, and the median income for a family was $29,480. Males had a median income of $27,964 versus $17,709 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the parish was $12,915.  About 19.40% of families and 24.70% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 32.20% of those under age 18 and 20.40% of those age 65 or over.  Washington Parish has the second highest level of poverty in the state after [[Orleans Parish]].

==Economy==
Washington Parish is currently known for its agriculture, particularly  [[watermelon]]s. Through much of the 20th century, its economy was based on its [[timber]] and [[paper industry]].

In 1906, The [[Great Southern Lumber Company]], founded by the Goodyear brothers from New York, purchased huge tracts of forest and established a [[sawmill]] in [[Bogalusa]] to harvest the local virgin pine forests. This company was the first to introduce reforestation in order to sustain the timber industry locally. Taken over by [[Crown Zellerbach]], it later started a paper mill and chemical businesses in the area.

The local business passed through several hands as the lumber and related industries restructured through the late 20th century. In the 21st century, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110821083124/http://www.templeinland.com/ Temple-Inland Corporation] is the largest employer in the parish.

==Education==
Students residing outside of Ward 4{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}, most of the parish, attend [[Washington Parish School System]].<ref name=Censusschoolmap2020>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22117_washington/DC20SD_C22117.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712192858/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22117_washington/DC20SD_C22117.pdf |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |url-status=live|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Washington Parish, LA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=July 12, 2022}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22117_washington/DC20SD_C22117_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref> Students within Ward 4{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} attend [[Bogalusa City Schools]]. The Bogalusa district serves the City of Bogalusa, [[Rio, Louisiana|Rio]], and some [[unincorporated areas]].<ref name=Censusschoolmap2020/>

[[Northshore Technical Community College]] is located in Bogalusa.

==Government==
The [http://www.wpgov.org/ Washington Parish Government] is a Home Rule Charter or "President-Council" form of Government. Its current President, elected [[at-large]], is Richard N. Thomas, Jr. The seven council members are each elected from [[single-member district]]s.

{{PresHead|place=Washington Parish, Louisiana|source=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref>}}
<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} -->
{{PresRow|2024|Republican|12,846|5,411|198|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|2020|Republican|13,307|5,970|236|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|2016|Republican|12,556|5,692|380|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|2012|Republican|11,798|6,466|317|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|2008|Republican|12,215|6,122|287|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|2004|Republican|11,006|6,554|281|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|2000|Republican|8,983|7,399|505|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|6,642|9,603|1,778|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|7,227|9,095|2,431|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1988|Republican|9,374|8,369|351|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|11,185|7,680|123|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1980|Democratic|8,681|10,413|378|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|5,677|10,000|396|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|8,162|2,947|1,087|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1968|American Independent|1,695|3,021|11,002|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1964|Republican|7,438|4,825|0|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|1,847|5,678|3,875|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1956|Democratic|3,081|4,658|308|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1952|Democratic|2,432|7,420|0|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1948|Dixiecrat|371|3,267|4,163|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|406|4,810|0|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|314|6,062|0|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|350|5,667|0|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|283|3,997|1|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1928|Democratic|1,528|2,020|0|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1924|Democratic|179|1,278|189|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1920|Democratic|165|1,094|0|Louisiana}}
{{PresRow|1916|Democratic|66|1,094|14|Louisiana}}
{{PresFoot|1912|Democratic|18|491|82|Louisiana}}

==Corrections==
[[Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections]] operates the [[B.B. "Sixty" Rayburn Correctional Center]] near the village of Varnado,LA.<ref>"[http://www.doc.louisiana.gov/view.php?cat=7&id=47 B.B. Rayburn Corr. Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915111632/http://www.doc.louisiana.gov/view.php?cat=7&id=47 |date=2008-09-15 }}." ''[[Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections]]''. Accessed September 14, 2008.</ref>

==National Guard==
[[Bogalusa]] is home to the headquarters of the 205th Engineer Battalion of the [[225th Engineer Brigade]].  [[Franklinton, Louisiana|Franklinton]] is the home of the 843rd Engineer Company.

== Notable people ==
* [[Oneal Moore]] (1931-1965), US Army veteran and first African-American deputy sheriff in Washington Parish Sheriff's Office; murdered while in uniform in a drive-by shooting, June 2, 1965. Case never solved.
* [[Henry "Tank" Powell]] (born 1945), state representative from Tangipahoa Parish from 1996 to 2008; member of the Louisiana Board of Pardons since 2008
* [[Weldon Russell]] (born 1946), former state representative for Tangipahoa and St. Helena parishes; born in Washington Parish
* [[Malinda Brumfield White]] (born 1967), state representative for Washington and St. Tammany parishes, effective 2016
* [[Katherine Haik]] (born 2000), from [[Franklinton, Louisiana|Franklinton]], named [[Miss Teen USA 2015]] at the age of fifteen
* Curtis "Curt" Matthew Thomas (1923-1994), former Louisiana politician, civil rights advocate, former Washington Parish registrar of voters, WWII [[Purple Heart]] veteran, and longest serving accessor in Washington Parish history

==See also==
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington Parish, Louisiana]]
* [[Bogue Chitto State Park]]

{{Portal|United States}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [ftp://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/la/washingt/history/history1.txt "Washington Parish, Louisiana" by Janice M. Berfield, 1968]
* [ftp://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/la/washingt/history/wphistory.txt "History of Washington Parish", by Hon. Prentiss B. Carter]
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~mcclendon/Bogalusa/Bogalusa%20Story/ ''Bogalusa Story''], by [[Charles W. Goodyear|C. W. Goodyear]]
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~mcclendon/Bogalusa/ Bogalusa, Washington Parish, Louisiana: History, Links, Maps, and Photos]
* ''[[Bogalusa Daily News]]''

==External links==
* [http://www.wpgov.org/ Washington Parish Government]
* [http://www.wpassessor.org/ Washington Parish Assessor]
* [http://www.wpclerk.org/ Washington Parish Clerk of Court]
* [http://www.freefair.com/ Washington Parish Free Fair]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150215234450/http://www.era-leader.com/ The Era-Leader Newspaper, Franklinton]
* [http://www.wpsb.org/ Washington Parish School System]
* [http://www.wpsoweb.com/ Washington Parish Sheriff's Office]
* [http://www.washingtonparishtourism.com/ Washington Parish Tourism Bureau]
* [http://www.wedf.com/ Washington Economic Development Foundation]
* [http://www.varnadostoremuseum.org/ D. A. Varnado Store Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070830110430/http://www.edailynews.info/ Bogalusa Daily News]
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~mcclendon/Bogalusa/Bogalusa%20Story/ "Bogalusa Story" by C. W. Goodyear]
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/louisiana/ Explore the History and Culture of Southeastern Louisiana, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary]
* [https://archive.today/20130106062740/http://washingtonparishlouisiana.wikispaces.com/History            Article by Robert Higgs LAGenWeb Washington Parish History Washington Parish Louisiana Wikispace]
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~mcclendon/Bogalusa/ Bogalusa, Washington Parish, Louisiana: History, Links, Maps, and Photos]
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~mcclendon/Bogalusa/Katrina/index.html#Photos Some Photos of Hurricane Katrina Damage]

Geology
* Heinrich, P. V., R. P. McCulloh, and J. Snead, 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100628130626/http://www.lgs.lsu.edu/deploy/uploads/Bogalusa%20100K.pdf ''Bogalusa 30 x 60 minute geologic quadrangle.''] Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

{{Geographic Location
|Centre    = Washington Parish, Louisiana
|North     = [[Walthall County, Mississippi]]
|Northeast = [[Marion County, Mississippi]]
|East      = [[Pearl River County, Mississippi]]
|Southeast =
|South     = [[St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana|St. Tammany Parish]]
|Southwest =
|West      = [[Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana|Tangipahoa Parish]]
|Northwest = [[Pike County, Mississippi]]
}}

{{Washington Parish, Louisiana}}
{{Louisiana parishes}}
{{Louisiana}}

{{Coord|30.85|-90.04|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-LA_source:UScensus1990}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Washington Parish, Louisiana| ]]
[[Category:Louisiana parishes]]
[[Category:Parishes in the New Orleans metropolitan area]]
[[Category:1819 establishments in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1819]]