Editing Warsaw

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Poland}}
{{Redirect-several|Warsaw|Warszawa|City of Warsaw}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Warsaw
| native_name        = {{native name|pl|Warszawa}}
| native_name_lang   = pl
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]] and [[City with powiat rights|county]]
| official_name      = Capital City of Warsaw<br/>{{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{langx|pl|miasto stołeczne Warszawa}}}}}}
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| total_width =  288
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/3/3/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_(cropped).jpg
| alt1 = Skyline
| caption1 = Skyline with [[Varso]] (left) and [[PKiN]] (right)
| image2 = 2021 Warszawa Rynek Starego Miasta, północny fragment strony Kołłątaja.jpg
| alt2 = Market Square
| caption2 = [[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Old Town Square]]
| image3 = Warszawa, Kolumna Zygmunta III Wazy.jpg
| alt3 = Sigismund's Column and the Royal Castle
| caption3 = [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Castle]]
| image4 = Warsaw 2023 183.jpg
| alt4 = Grand Theatre and Opera House
| caption4 = [[Grand Theatre, Warsaw|Theatre]]
| image5 = Kamienica Al. Róż 2 w Warszawie 2021.jpg
| alt5 = Buildings at Ujazdów Avenue
| caption5 = [[Ujazdów Avenue]]
| image6 = Prudential w Warszawie 2021.jpg
| alt6 = Prudential House
| caption6 = [[Prudential House|Prudent.]]
| image7 = Bazylika Świętego Krzyża w Warszawie 2021.jpg
| alt7 = Holy Cross Church
| caption7 = [[Holy Cross Church, Warsaw|Holy Cross Ch.]]
| image8 = Pałac na Wodzie,Łazienki Królewskie,Warszawa.jpg
| alt8 = Palace on the Isle at Łazienki Park
| caption8 = [[Łazienki Park]]
| image9 = Pałac w Wilanowie 1.jpg
| alt9 = Wilanów Palace
| caption9 = [[Wilanów Palace]]
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Warsaw.svg
| image_shield       = POL Warszawa COA.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Warsaw_logo_2022.svg
| nickname           = ''Phoenix City''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rayasam |first1=Renuka |title=This once-dark city is becoming the darling of Europe |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20160504-this-once-dark-city-is-becoming-the-darling-of-europe |work=BBC |date=10 May 2016}}</ref>
| motto              = ''Semper invicta''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Latin]] "Ever invincible")</small>
| pushpin_map        = Poland#Europe
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates        = {{coord|52|13|48|N|21|00|40|E|region:PL_type:city(1,800,000)|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Masovian Voivodeship|Masovian]]
| subdivision_name2  = ''City county''
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 13th century
| established_title1 = City rights
| established_date1  = 1323
| parts_style        = coll
| parts_type         = [[Dzielnica|Districts]]
| parts              = [[Districts and neighbourhoods of Warsaw|18 districts]]
| seat_type          = [[Seat of local government|City Hall]]
| seat               = [[Palace of the Ministry of Revenues and Treasury|Commission Palace]]
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[List of city mayors of Warsaw|City mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Rafał Trzaskowski]] ([[Civic Platform (Poland)|PO]])
| leader_title1      = [[Sejm|Sejm of Poland]]
| leader_name1       = [[Warsaw I (parliamentary constituency)|20 members]]
| leader_title3      = [[European Parliament|EP]]
| leader_name3       = [[Warsaw (European Parliament constituency)|Warsaw constituency]]
| government_type    = [[Mayor–council government]]
| governing_body     = [[Warsaw City Council]]
| area_total_km2     = 517.24
| area_urban_km2     = 546.00
| area_metro_km2     = 6,100.43
| elevation_m        = 78–116
| elevation_ft       = 328
| population_total   = {{increase}} 1,862,402 ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|1st]])<ref name="GUS - Bank Danych Lokalnych">{{Cite web|url=https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/warszawa/ |title=Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie / Warszawa }}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2024
| population_density_km2 = 3601
| population_urban   = 2028000<ref name=Demographia>{{citation|title=Demographia World Urban Areas 19th Annual: 2023 08|url=https://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|website=demographia.com}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 3714
| population_metro   = 3269510<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_D2JAN/default/table?lang=en |title=Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
| population_density_metro_km2 = 509.1
| population_rank    = [[List of cities and towns in Poland|1st in Poland]] <br/>[[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|6th in European Union]]
| population_demonym = Varsovian
| demographics_type1 = [[Warsaw metropolitan area|GDP]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Capital city]] and [[City with powiat rights|county]]
| demographics1_info1 = €91.323 billion (2022)
| demographics1_title2 = Metro
| demographics1_info2 = €137.339 billion (2023)
| blank_name         = [[City budget]]
| blank_info         = zł 24.368 billion <br />(€5.4 billion)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/warszawa/en/defaultstronaopisowa/734/1/1/21_wwa_16_finanse_publiczne.pdf|title=EXPENDITURE OF THE CAPITAL CITY OF WARSAW BUDGET BY TYPE|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222111010/https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/warszawa/en/defaultstronaopisowa/734/1/1/21_wwa_16_finanse_publiczne.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 00-001 to 04-999
| area_code          = +48 22
| website            = {{URL|en.um.warszawa.pl|warszawa.pl}}
| footnotes          = {{designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Warsaw Old Town|Historic Centre of Warsaw]]
| designation1_date = 1980 <small>(4th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/30 30]
| designation1_criteria = ii, vi
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = UNESCO region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]]
 }}
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +01:00
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +02:00
| blank1_name_sec1   = International airports
| blank1_info_sec1   = [[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Chopin]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|WAW]])<br /> [[Warsaw Modlin Airport|Modlin]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|WMI]]) (not in Warsaw)
| blank2_name_sec1   = [[Rapid transit|Rapid transit system]]
| blank2_info_sec1   = [[Warsaw Metro|Metro]]
| shield_size        = 70px
| blank_emblem_type  = [[Logo|Brandmark]]
}}
[[File:Hejnal Warszawski.ogg|thumb|Varsovian Trumpet Call]]

'''Warsaw''',{{efn|English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɔːr|s|ɔː}}, {{Respell|WOR|saw}}; {{langx|pl|Warszawa}} {{IPA|pl|varˈʂava||Pl-Warszawa.ogg}}; {{langx|la|Varsovia}} or {{lang|la|Varsavia}}}} officially the '''Capital City of Warsaw''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180001817 |title=''Journal of Laws of Poland'', position 1817, 2018 |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830113953/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180001817 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|{{langx|pl|miasto stołeczne Warszawa|links=no}} {{IPA|pl|ˈmjastɔ stɔˈwɛt͡ʂnɛ varˈʂava||Pl-miasto stołeczne.ogg}}, abbreviation: {{lang|pl|m.st. Warszawa}}.}} is the capital and [[List of cities and towns in Poland|largest city]] of [[Poland]].{{TERYT}} The metropolis stands on the [[Vistula|River Vistula]] in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at 1.86&nbsp;million residents within a [[Warsaw metropolitan area|greater metropolitan area]] of 3.27&nbsp;million residents, which makes Warsaw the [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|6th most-populous city]] in the [[European Union]].<ref name="GUS - Bank Danych Lokalnych"/> The city area measures {{convert|517|km2|abbr=on}} and comprises [[List of districts and neighbourhoods of Warsaw|18 districts]], while the metropolitan area covers {{convert|6100|km2|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name=goeuro2012/> Warsaw is classified as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha 2|alpha]] [[global city]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |department=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a major political, economic and cultural hub, and the country's seat of government. It is also the capital of the [[Masovian Voivodeship]].

Warsaw traces its origins to a small fishing town in [[Masovia]]. The city rose to prominence in the late 16th century, when [[Sigismund III]] decided to move the Polish capital and his royal court from [[Kraków]]. Warsaw surpassed [[Gdańsk]] as Poland's most populous city by the 18th century. It served as the capital of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] until 1795, and subsequently as the seat of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. The 19th century and its [[Industrial Revolution]] brought a demographic boom, which made it one of the largest and most densely populated cities in [[Europe]]. Known then for its elegant architecture and boulevards, Warsaw was [[Invasion of Poland|bombed]] and [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|besieged]] at the start of [[World War II]] in 1939.<ref name="coat_of_arms"/><ref name="Czerkawski"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youramazingplaces.com/warsaw-phoenix-city/ |title=Warsaw – Phoenix City Rebuilt From the Ashes |date=26 December 2014 |work=youramazingplaces.com |access-date=17 September 2015 |archive-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104224/http://www.youramazingplaces.com/warsaw-phoenix-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Much of the historic city was destroyed and its diverse population decimated by the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising|Ghetto Uprising]] in 1943, the general [[Warsaw Uprising]] in 1944, and [[Destruction of Warsaw|systematic razing]].

Warsaw is served by three international airports, the busiest being [[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Warsaw Chopin]], as well as [[Warsaw Modlin Airport|Warsaw Modlin]] and [[Warsaw Radom Airport]]. Major public transport services operating in the city include the [[Warsaw Metro]], [[Bus transport in Warsaw|buses]], [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Warsaw)|commuter rail service]] and an extensive [[Trams in Warsaw|tram network]]. The city is a significant economic centre for the region, with the [[Warsaw Stock Exchange]] being the largest in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fio.pl/stocks-investments/stocks/stocks-poland |title=Warsaw Stock Exchange, Poland, stocks, investing online – Fio bank |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409203454/https://www.fio.pl/stocks-investments/stocks/stocks-poland |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Warsaw: The Region's Key Market |url=http://www.wcms2015.com/en/press-release?more=280997652 |website=Warsaw Capital Market Summit 2015 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065456/http://www.wcms2015.com/en/press-release?more=280997652 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the base for [[Frontex]], the [[Agencies of the European Union|European Union agency]] for external border security, and [[ODIHR]], one of the principal institutions of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]. Warsaw has one of Europe's highest [[List of tallest buildings in Warsaw|concentrations of skyscrapers]], and the [[Varso|Varso Tower]] is the tallest building in the European Union.

The city's primary educational and cultural institutions comprise the [[University of Warsaw]], the [[Warsaw University of Technology]], the [[SGH Warsaw School of Economics]], the [[Chopin University of Music]], the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]], the [[Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra|National Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[National Museum in Warsaw|National Museum]], and the [[Grand Theatre, Warsaw|Warsaw Grand Theatre]], the largest of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communications-unlimited.nl/the-grand-theater-in-warsaw-one-of-the-largest-theatres-in-europe-and-one-of-the-biggest-stages-in-the-world/ |title=The Grand Theater in Warsaw: one of the largest theatres in Europe and one of the biggest stages in the world – |website=communications-unlimited.nl |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406205035/http://www.communications-unlimited.nl/the-grand-theater-in-warsaw-one-of-the-largest-theatres-in-europe-and-one-of-the-biggest-stages-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The reconstructed [[Old Town, Warsaw|Old Town]], which represents a variety of European architectural styles, was listed as a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldlyresort.com/warsaw-city-of-classical-music-and-varied-architecture-in-poland-1334.html |title=Warsaw, City of Classical Music and Varied Architecture in Poland – Worldly Resort |last=WorldlyTraveller |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510152430/http://www.worldlyresort.com/warsaw-city-of-classical-music-and-varied-architecture-in-poland-1334.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other landmarks include the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]], [[Sigismund's Column]], the [[Wilanów Palace]], the [[Palace on the Isle]], [[St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw|St. John's Archcathedral]], [[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Main Market Square]], and numerous churches and mansions along the [[Royal Route, Warsaw|Royal Route]]. Warsaw is a green capital, with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poland.travel/en/holiday-ideas/warsaw-is-a-green-city-2 |title=Warsaw is a green city |first=Paulina |last=Skoczeń |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201114/https://www.poland.travel/en/holiday-ideas/warsaw-is-a-green-city-2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="eastern europe capital">{{cite news |author=Charly Wilder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/22/travel/what-to-do-in-36-hours-in-warsaw-poland.html |title=36 Hours in Warsaw, Poland |work=The New York Times |date=23 December 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228162630/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/22/travel/what-to-do-in-36-hours-in-warsaw-poland.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In sports, the city is home to [[Legia Warsaw]] football club and hosts the annual [[Warsaw Marathon]].

==Toponymy and names==
Warsaw's name in the [[Polish language]] is {{lang|pl|Warszawa}}. Other previous spellings of the name may have included: {{lang|pl|Warszewa}}, {{lang|pl|Warszowa}}, {{lang|pl|Worszewa}} or {{lang|pl|Werszewa}}.<ref>Samuel Bogumił Linde, Slownik jẹzyka polskiego (1808)</ref><ref>Julian Weinberg, Polacy w Rodzinie Sławian (1878)</ref> The exact origin and meaning of the name is uncertain and has not been fully determined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Warsaw |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |website=etymonline.com |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923144805/http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Warsaw |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/linguistica/article/view/6271 |title=Pre-Slavic toponomastic layer of Northern Mazovia: corrections and addenda (the Narew drainage) |first=Zbigniew |last=Babik |date=31 December 2015 |journal=Linguistica |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=29–46 |via=revije.ff.uni-lj.si |doi=10.4312/linguistica.55.1.29-46 |doi-access=free |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202044430/https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/linguistica/article/view/6271 |url-status=live }}</ref> Originally, Warszawa was the name of a small fishing settlement on the banks of the [[Vistula]] river. One hypothesis states that {{lang|pl|Warszawa}} means "belonging to Warsz", {{lang|pl|Warsz}} being a shortened form of the masculine [[Old Polish]] name Warcisław, which etymologically is linked with [[Wrocław]].<ref name=Rymut/> However the ending -awa is unusual for a large city; the names of Polish cities derived from personal names usually end in -ów/owo/ew/ewo (e.g. Piotrków, Adamów).

[[False etymology|Folk etymology]] attributes the city name to [[Wars and Sawa]]. There are several versions of the legend with their appearance. According to one version, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula with whom fisherman Wars fell in love.<ref name=warsaw-legend/><ref name=syrenka_historia/> The official city name in full is {{lang|pl|miasto stołeczne Warszawa}} ("The Capital City of Warsaw").<ref name=prawo_lex/>

A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a ''Varsovian'' – in Polish {{lang|pl|warszawiak}},{{efn|"native Varsovian"}} {{lang|pl|warszawianin}}{{efn|any Varsovian}} (male); {{lang|pl|warszawianka}} (female); {{lang|pl|warszawiacy}}, and {{lang|pl|warszawianie}} (plural).

{{For|the name of Warsaw in various languages|wikt:Warsaw}}

==History==
{{Main|History of Warsaw}}
{{For timeline}}

===1300–1800===
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The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in [[Bródno]] (9th/10th century) and [[Ujazdów Castle|Jazdów]] (12th/13th century).<ref name="history"/> After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new fortified settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called "Warszowa". The Prince of [[Płock]], Bolesław II of Masovia, established the modern-day city in about 1300 and the first historical document attesting to the existence of a [[castellan]]y dates to 1313.<ref name="views">{{cite book |author=Dobrosław Kobielski |title=Widoki dawnej Warszawy (Views of Old Warsaw) |year=1984 |publisher=Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza |location=Warsaw |isbn=83-03-00702-5 |language=pl}}</ref> With the completion of [[St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw|St John's Cathedral]] in 1390, Warsaw became one of the seats of the [[Duke of Masovia|Dukes of Masovia]] and was officially made capital of the [[Duchy of Masovia|Masovian Duchy]] in 1413.<ref name="history"/> The economy then predominantly rested on craftsmanship or trade, and the town housed approximately 4,500 people at the time.

[[File:Hogenberg View of Warsaw (detail).jpg|thumb|right|A paper engraving of 16th-century Warsaw showing [[St. John's Archcathedral (Warsaw)|St. John's Archcathedral]] to the right.]]

During the 15th century, the population migrated and spread beyond the northern city wall into a newly formed self-governing precinct called [[Warsaw New Town|New Town]]. The existing older settlement became eventually known as the [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]]. Both possessed their own town charter and independent councils. The aim of establishing a separate district was to accommodate new incomers or "undesirables" who were not permitted to settle in Old Town, particularly [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]].<ref name="Davies">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |title=God's Playground |url=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0 |url-access=registration |edition=2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-19-925339-0}}</ref> Social and financial disparities between the classes in the two precincts led to a minor revolt in 1525.<ref name="views"/> Following the sudden death of [[Janusz III of Masovia|Janusz III]] and the extinction of the local ducal line, Masovia was incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Poland]] in 1526.<ref name="history"/> [[Bona Sforza]], wife of [[Sigismund I of Poland]], was widely accused of poisoning the duke to uphold Polish rule over Warsaw.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muzeumwarszawy.pl/obiekt/fragment-szaty-ksiazat-mazowieckich/ |title=Fragment szaty książąt mazowieckich |website=Muzeum Warszawy |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808001447/https://muzeumwarszawy.pl/obiekt/fragment-szaty-ksiazat-mazowieckich/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://przekroj.pl/nauka/malo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski |title=Mało czarujący koniec Piastów mazowieckich – Kwartalnik Przekrój |website=przekroj.pl |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028113311/https://przekroj.pl/nauka/malo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of a [[Sejm of the Republic of Poland|General Sejm]] and held that privilege permanently from 1569.<ref name="history"/> The city's rising importance encouraged the construction of a new set of defenses, including the landmark [[Warsaw Barbican|Barbican]]. Renowned [[Italian architecture|Italian architects]] were brought to Warsaw to reshape the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]], the streets and the marketplace, resulting in the Old Town's early Italianate appearance. In 1573, the city gave its name to the [[Warsaw Confederation]] which formally established religious freedom in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Due to its central location between the capitals of the Commonwealth's two component parts, [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]], which were [[Kraków]] and [[Vilnius]] respectively, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]] when [[Sigismund III Vasa]] transferred his royal court in 1596.<ref name="history"/> In the subsequent years the town significantly expanded to the south and westwards. Several private independent districts (''[[jurydyka]]'') were the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which they ruled by their own laws. Between 1655 and 1658 the city was besieged and pillaged by the Swedish, [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburgian]] and [[Transylvania]]n forces.<ref name="history"/><ref name=Ascheron/> The conduct of the [[Great Northern War]] (1700–1721) also forced Warsaw to pay heavy tributes to the invading armies.<ref name="timeline"/>

The reign of [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II]] and [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]] was a time of great development for Warsaw, which turned into an early-capitalist city. The [[Saxony|Saxon]] monarchs employed many German architects, sculptors and engineers, who rebuilt the city in a style similar to [[Dresden]]. The year 1727 marked the opening of the [[Saxon Garden]] in Warsaw, the first publicly accessible park.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zom.waw.pl/statics/static-maps/file/Ogr%c3%b3d%20Saski%20PDF_1439287908.pdf |title=Ogród Saski|language=pl|access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160642/https://zom.waw.pl/statics/static-maps/file/Ogr%C3%B3d%20Saski%20PDF_1439287908.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Załuski Library]], the first Polish public library and the largest at the time, was founded in 1747.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://free.polbox.pl/p/psbor/eniema.htm |title=The Bygone Warsaw |date=14 March 2008 |access-date=18 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314193715/http://free.polbox.pl/p/psbor/eniema.htm |archive-date=14 March 2008}}</ref> [[Stanisław II Augustus]], who remodelled the interior of the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]], also made Warsaw a centre of culture and the arts.<ref name="Rozek" /><ref name="Stanley" /> He extended the [[Royal Baths Park]] and ordered the construction or refurbishment of numerous palaces, mansions and richly-decorated tenements. This earned Warsaw the nickname ''Paris of the North''.<ref name="Golna" />

[[File:Bellotto New Town Market Square.jpg|thumb|right|[[Warsaw New Town]] in 1778. Painted by [[Bernardo Bellotto]].]]

Warsaw remained the capital of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] until 1795 when it was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in the third and final [[Partitions of Poland|partition of Poland]];<ref>Crowley, David (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC&pg=PA10 Warsaw]''. London: Reaktion Books. p.&nbsp;10.</ref> it subsequently became the capital of the province of [[South Prussia]]. During this time, [[Louis XVIII of France]] spent his exile in Warsaw under the pseudonym ''Comte de Lille''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sobieszczański |first=Franciszek Maksymilian |date=1974 |title=Rys historyczno-statystyczny wzrostu i stanu miasta Warszawy |location=Warsaw|publisher=Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy |pages=131, 452–453 |oclc=1163562236 |language=pl}}</ref>

===1800–1939===
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Warsaw was made the capital of a newly created [[List of French client states|French client state]], known as the [[Duchy of Warsaw]], after a portion of Poland's territory was liberated from Prussia, Russia and Austria by [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] in 1806.<ref name="history" /> Following Napoleon's defeat and exile, the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]] assigned Warsaw to [[Congress Poland]], a [[constitutional monarchy]] within the easternmost sector (or partition) under a [[personal union]] with [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]].<ref name="history" /> The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.

With the violation of the [[Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish constitution]], the 1830 [[November Uprising]] broke out against foreign influence. The Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of Congress Poland's autonomy.<ref name="history"/> On 27 February 1861, a Warsaw crowd protesting against Russian control over Congress Poland was fired upon by Russian troops.<ref name=Naliwajek/><ref name="obrien"/> Five people were killed. The Underground [[Polish National Government (January Uprising)|Polish National Government]] resided in Warsaw during the [[January Uprising]] in 1863–64.<ref name="obrien"/>

Warsaw flourished throughout the 19th century under Mayor [[Sokrates Starynkiewicz]] (1875–92), who was appointed by [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer [[William Lindley]] and his son, [[William Heerlein Lindley]], as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams, street lighting, and gas infrastructure.<ref name="history"/> Between 1850 and 1882, the population grew by 134% to 383,000 as a result of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. Many migrated from surrounding rural Masovian towns and villages to the city for employment opportunities. The western borough of [[Wola]] was transformed from an agricultural periphery occupied mostly by small farms and windmills (mills being the namesake of Wola's central neighbourhood [[Młynów, Warsaw|Młynów]]) to an industrial and manufacturing centre.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34885,3653279.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=warszawa.wyborcza.pl |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622133846/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34885,3653279.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Metallurgy|Metallurgical]], textile and glassware factories were commonplace, with chimneys dominating the westernmost skyline.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sarp.warszawa.pl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/H.Radziejowska_Wola_przemys%C5%82.pdf |title=Wola przemysł|language=pl|access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923145313/https://sarp.warszawa.pl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/H.Radziejowska_Wola_przemys%C5%82.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 250
| image1            = Warszawa. Ul. Marszalkowska. 191- (67220614).jpg
| caption1          = [[Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw|Marszałkowska Street]], before 1920
| image2            = Warszawa, Filharmonia. ante 1906 (12981792) (cropped).jpg
| caption2          = [[National Philharmonic in Warsaw|National Philharmonic]], before 1906
}}

Like [[London]], Warsaw's population was subjected to income segmentation. Gentrification of inner suburbs forced poorer residents to move across the river into [[Praga]] or [[Powiśle, Warsaw|Powiśle]] and [[Solec, Warsaw|Solec]] districts, similar to the [[East End of London]] and [[London Docklands]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,17781069,Gentryfikacja_w_Warszawie__nie_patrzec_slepo_na__wzorce.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=warszawa.wyborcza.pl |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622165610/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,17781069,Gentryfikacja_w_Warszawie__nie_patrzec_slepo_na__wzorce.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Poorer religious and ethnic minorities, such as the Jews, settled in the crowded parts of northern Warsaw, in [[Muranów]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.masaperlowa.pl/zydowska-warszawa-wspolczesnie/ |title=Żydowska Warszawa. Współcześnie |date=12 April 2018 |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622164018/http://www.masaperlowa.pl/zydowska-warszawa-wspolczesnie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Russian Empire Census|Imperial Census]] of 1897 recorded 626,000 people living in Warsaw, making it the third-largest city of the Empire after [[St. Petersburg]] and Moscow as well as the largest city in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianhistoryblog.org/2016/05/visualizing-the-1897-census-in-pie-charts/ |title=Visualizing the 1897 Census in Pie Charts – Russian History Blog |website=russianhistoryblog.org |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085628/http://russianhistoryblog.org/2016/05/visualizing-the-1897-census-in-pie-charts/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Grand architectural complexes and structures were also erected in the city centre, including the [[Warsaw Philharmonic]], the [[Church of the Holiest Saviour]] and tenements along [[Marszałkowska Street]].

During [[World War I]], Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]] concluded that defeated Germany is to withdraw from all foreign areas, which included Warsaw.<ref name=Wandycz/> Germany did so, and underground leader [[Józef Piłsudski]] returned to Warsaw on the same day which marked the beginning of the [[Second Polish Republic]], the first truly sovereign Polish state after 1795. In the course of the [[Polish–Soviet War]] (1919–1921), the 1920 [[Battle of Warsaw (1920)|Battle of Warsaw]] was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city. Poland successfully defended the capital, stopped the brunt of the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] and temporarily halted the "[[export of revolution|export of the communist revolution]]" to other parts of Europe.<ref name=Zamoyski/>

The interwar period (1918–1939) was a time of major development in the city's infrastructure. New [[modernism|modernist]] housing estates were built in [[Mokotów]] to de-clutter the densely populated inner suburbs. In 1921, Warsaw's total area was estimated at only {{convert|124.7|km2|abbr=on}} with 1 million inhabitants–over 8,000 people/km<sup>2</sup> made Warsaw more densely populated than contemporary London.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://datablog.pl/wykres-powierzchnia-warszawy-w-latach-1921-2008/#:~:text=Historyczne%20dane%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego%20Urz%C4%99du%20Statystycznego,ona%20oko%C5%82o%20517%20km%20kwadratowych. |title=Powierzchnia Warszawy w latach 1921-2008 |date=16 February 2015 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621102100/http://datablog.pl/wykres-powierzchnia-warszawy-w-latach-1921-2008/#:~:text=Historyczne%20dane%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego%20Urz%C4%99du%20Statystycznego,ona%20oko%C5%82o%20517%20km%20kwadratowych. |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Średnicowy Bridge]] was constructed for railway (1921–1931), connecting both parts of the city across the [[Vistula]]. [[Warszawa Główna railway station]] (1932–1939) was not completed due to the outbreak of the [[Second World War]].

[[Stefan Starzyński]] was the [[List of mayors of Warsaw|Mayor of Warsaw]] between 1934 and 1939.

===Second World War===
[[File:Powstanie Warszawskie film Joachmiczyk.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Warsaw Uprising]] took place in 1944. The [[Armia Krajowa|Polish Home Army]] attempted to liberate Warsaw from the Germans before the arrival of the [[Red Army]].<ref name=britannica/>]]

After the German [[Invasion of Poland]] on 1 September 1939 started the Second World War, Warsaw [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|was defended]] until 27 September. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the [[General Government]], a German [[Nazism|Nazi]] colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population – several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city{{spaced ndash}}were herded into the [[Warsaw Ghetto]].<ref name=ushmm/> In July 1942, the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto began to be deported en masse to the [[Aktion Reinhard]] extermination camps, particularly [[Treblinka]].<ref name=ushmm/> The city would become the centre of urban resistance to Nazi rule in occupied Europe.<ref name=Snyder/> When the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s "[[Final Solution]]" on 19 April 1943, Jewish fighters launched the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]].<ref name="ghettouprising"/> Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the ghetto held out for almost a month.<ref name="ghettouprising"/> When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, with only a few managing to escape or hide.<ref name="ghettouprising"/><ref name=aish/>

By July 1944, the [[Red Army]] was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Nazis toward Warsaw.<ref name="uprising"/> The [[Polish government-in-exile]] in London gave orders to the underground [[Armia Krajowa|Home Army (AK)]] to try to seize control of Warsaw before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, the [[Warsaw uprising]] began.<ref name="uprising"/> The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, was partially successful, however, it went on for 63 days. Eventually, the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate.<ref name="uprising"/> They were transported to [[Prisoner of war|PoW]] camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled.<ref name="uprising"/> Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000.<ref name=Borkiewicz/>

Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation, ordered the [[Destruction of Warsaw|entire city to be razed to the ground]] and the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned.<ref name="uprising"/> Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops known as ''Verbrennungs- und Vernichtungskommando'' ("Burning and Destruction Detachments").<ref name="uprising"/> About 85% of the city was destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle.<ref name=warsawuprising_com/>

On 17 January 1945&nbsp;– after the beginning of the [[Vistula–Oder Offensive]] of the [[Red Army]]&nbsp;– Soviet troops and Polish troops of the [[First Polish Army (1944-1945)|First Polish Army]] entered the ruins of Warsaw, and liberated Warsaw's suburbs from German occupation.<ref name=Adamczyk/> The city was swiftly freed by the Soviet Army, which rapidly advanced towards [[Łódź]], as German forces regrouped at a more westward position.

===1945–1989===
In 1945, after the bombings, revolts, fighting, and demolition had ended, most of Warsaw lay in ruins. The area of the former ghetto was razed to the ground, with only a sea of rubble remaining. The immense destruction prompted a temporary transfer of the new government and its officials to [[Łódź]], which became the transitional seat of power. Nevertheless, Warsaw officially resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life.

After World War II, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the major housing shortage. [[Plattenbau]]-styled apartment buildings were seen as a solution to avoid Warsaw's former density problem and to create more green spaces. Some of the buildings from the 19th century that had survived in a reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless demolished in the 1950s and 1960s, like the [[Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg|Kronenberg Palace]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/warsaws-lost-architecture-portrayed-in-miniature/ |title=Warsaw's lost architecture portrayed in miniature |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322044051/http://www.timesofisrael.com/warsaws-lost-architecture-portrayed-in-miniature/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=malachowskiego_4&r3=0 |title=Pałac Leopolda Kronenberga |work=warszawa1939.pl |access-date=29 July 2008 |language=pl |archive-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206061000/http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=malachowskiego_4&r3=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]] (central) region's urban system was completely reshaped; former cobblestone streets were [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]]ed and significantly widened for traffic use. Many notable streets such as Gęsia, Nalewki and Wielka disappeared as a result of these changes and some were split in half due to the construction of [[Parade Square|Plac Defilad]] (Parade Square), one of the largest of its kind in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsAhAQAAIAAJ&q=plac+defilad+warszawa+jednym+z+najwiekszym+plac%C3%B3w+w+europie |isbn=9788370221607 |title=200 lat muzealnictwa warszawskiego: Dzieje i perspektywy : Materiały sesji naukowej, Zamek Królewski w Warszawie, 16-17 listopada 2005 roku |year=2006 |publisher=Arx Regia |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405003604/https://books.google.com/books?id=FsAhAQAAIAAJ&q=plac+defilad+warszawa+jednym+z+najwiekszym+plac%C3%B3w+w+europie |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:A Kultúra és Tudomány Palotája. Fortepan 75020 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Palace of Culture and Science]] in 1960.]]

Much of the central district was also designated for future skyscrapers. The 237-metre [[Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw|Palace of Culture and Science]] resembling New York's [[Empire State Building]] was built as a gift from the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/palac-kultury-i-nauki-najmniej-lubiany-symbol-warszawy/ar/c1-3824033 |title=Pałac Kultury i Nauki – najmniej lubiany symbol Warszawy |first=Przemysław |last=Ziemichód |date=2 June 2017 |website=Warszawa Nasze Miasto |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622081749/https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/palac-kultury-i-nauki-najmniej-lubiany-symbol-warszawy/ar/c1-3824033 |url-status=live }}</ref> Warsaw's urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Crowley |title=Warsaw |year=2003 |page=156 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=18-61891-79-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC&q=warsaw+modern+architecture&pg=PA156 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818053519/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC&q=warsaw+modern+architecture&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite wartime destruction and post-war remodelling, many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form.

[[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]'s visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|"Solidarity" movement]] and encouraged the growing [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] fervor there.<ref name="destination"/> In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in [[Piłsudski Square|Victory Square]] in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland.<ref name="destination"/> These words were meaningful for Varsovians and Poles who understood them as the incentive for liberal-democratic reforms.<ref name="destination"/>

===1989–present===
In 1995, the [[Warsaw Metro]] opened with a single line.<ref>{{cite web |title=Warsaw Metro |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/warsawmetro/ |website=Railway Technology}}</ref> A second line was opened in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/warszawa-opens-second-metro-line.html |title=Warszawa opens second metro line |first=DVV Media |last=UK |work=railwaygazette.com |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418035101/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/warszawa-opens-second-metro-line.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 September 2022, three new Warsaw metro stations were opened, increasing the number of Warsaw Metro stations to 36 and its length to 38.3 kilometers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inforegio - 3 subsequent stations of Warsaw's Metro Line 2 up and running! |url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/newsroom/news/2022/09/28-09-2022-3-subsequent-stations-of-warsaw-s-metro-line-2-up-and-running |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> In February 2023, Warsaw's mayor, [[Rafał Trzaskowski]], announced plans to more than double the size of the city's metro system by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tilles |first1=Daniel |title=Warsaw unveils plans to more than double size of metro |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/02/14/warsaw-unveils-plans-to-more-than-double-size-of-metro/ |website=Notes From Poland |date=14 February 2023}}</ref>

{{As of |alt=With the entry of Poland into the [[European Union]] in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Impact of Poland's EU Accession on its Economy |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/105205/335.pdf |website=files.ethz.ch}}</ref>|2023|01}} Warsaw is experiencing a large economic boom.<ref name=polandtrade/> The opening fixture of [[UEFA Euro 2012]] took place in Warsaw<ref name=poland2012/> and the city also hosted the [[2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference]]<ref>{{cite web |title=WARSAW CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE - NOVEMBER 2013 |url=https://unfccc.int/conference/warsaw-climate-change-conference-november-2013 |website=unfccc.int |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926102710/https://unfccc.int/conference/warsaw-climate-change-conference-november-2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[2016 Warsaw summit|2016 NATO Summit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NATO summit, Warsaw, Poland, 8-9 July 2016 |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2016/07/08-09/ |website=consilium.europa.eu |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926102709/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2016/07/08-09/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of August 2022, Warsaw had received around 180,000 refugees from Ukraine, because of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. The amount means a tenth of the Polish capital's population of 1.8 million — the second-largest single group of Ukrainian refugees.<ref>{{cite news |title='Time stopped': Ukrainians long to go home as war drags on |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-poland-migration-00b1b341c356c26db266c64e4e2b5541 |work=AP News |date=22 August 2022 |language=en |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403160458/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-poland-migration-00b1b341c356c26db266c64e4e2b5541 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==

===Location and topography===
[[File:Warsaw by Sentinel-2, 2020-06-01.jpg|thumb|right|Warsaw, as seen from the [[European Space Agency|European Space Agency (ESA)]] [[Sentinel-2]]]]<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->

Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} from the [[Carpathian Mountains]] and about {{convert|260|km|abbr=on}} from the [[Baltic Sea]], {{convert|523|km|abbr=on}} east of Berlin, Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-warsaw.htm |title=Geography of Warsaw |work=geography.howstuffworks.com |access-date=27 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712225552/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-warsaw.htm |archive-date=12 July 2011}}</ref> The city straddles the [[Vistula]] River. It is located in the heartland of the [[Masovian Plain]], and its average elevation is {{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The highest point on the West side of the city lies at a height of {{convert|115.7|m|abbr=on}} ("Redutowa" bus depot, district of Wola), on the East side&nbsp;– {{convert|122.1|m|abbr=on}} ("Groszówka" estate, district of Wesoła, by the eastern border). The lowest point lies at a height {{convert|75.6|m|abbr=on}} (at the right bank of the Vistula, by the eastern border of Warsaw). There are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city&nbsp;– e.g. Warsaw Uprising Hill ({{convert|121|m|abbr=on}}) and Szczęśliwice hill ({{convert|138|m|abbr=on}}&nbsp;– the highest point of Warsaw in general).

[[File:Plac Grzybowski nocą.jpg|thumb|right|[[Grzybowski Square]] – [[Śródmieście, Warsaw|central Warsaw]] is located on the flat [[Masovian Plain]], but at a higher elevation than the [[Powiśle, Warsaw|Powiśle]] riverside.]]

Warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River is the specific axis of Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right. The left one is situated both on the [[moraine]] plateau ({{convert|10|to|25|m|abbr=on}} above Vistula level) and on the Vistula terraces (max. {{convert|6.5|m|abbr=on}} above Vistula level). The significant element of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is {{convert|20|to|25|m|abbr=on}} high in the Old Town and Central district and about {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} in the north and south of Warsaw. It goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark.

The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of [[clay pit]]s. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consists mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one is the floodplain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground [[depression (geology)|depressions]] with water systems coming from the old Vistula&nbsp;– riverbed. They consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches. The right side of Warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms. There are several levels of the Vistula plain terraces (flooded as well as formerly flooded), and only a small part is a not-so-visible moraine escarpment. [[Aeolian processes|Aeolian]] sand with a number of dunes parted by [[peat]] swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace. These are mainly forested areas ([[Temperate coniferous forest|pine forest]]).

===Climate===
[[File:Jesień w łazienkach królewskich - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Autumn in Warsaw's [[Łazienki Park|Royal Baths]]]]
Warsaw experiences an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb)'' or [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb)'' climate, depending on the isotherm used;<ref>{{Cite web |title=City: Introduction and characteristics |url=https://infrastruktura.um.warszawa.pl/sites/infrastruktura.um.warszawa.pl/files/introduction_warsaw_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031303/https://transport.um.warszawa.pl/infrastruktura |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=Infrastuktura – Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warsaw, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=57321&cityname=Warsaw,+Poland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011121/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=57321&cityname=Warsaw,+Poland |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=Weatherbase}}</ref> although the city used to be humid continental regardless of isotherm prior to the recent effect of [[climate change]] and the city's [[urban heat island]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWEWDQAAQBAJ&q=warsaw+koppen+cfb&pg=PA115 |title=Discrete Optimization in Architecture: Building Envelope |last=Zawidzki |first=Machi |date=15 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811013911 |language=en |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031330/https://books.google.com/books?id=lWEWDQAAQBAJ&q=warsaw+koppen+cfb&pg=PA115 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lindner-Cendrowska |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Błażejczyk |first2=Krzysztof |date=2018 |title=Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland) |journal=International Journal of Biometeorology |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=113–125 |doi=10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1 |issn=0020-7128 |pmc=5752755 |pmid=27498882 |bibcode=2018IJBm...62..113L}}</ref><ref name="noaa">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12375.TXT |title=Warsaw (12375) - WMO Weather Station |access-date=29 December 2018 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAAWarsaw Alt URL]
</ref> Meanwhile, by the genetic climate classification of [[Wincenty Okołowicz]], it has a [[Temperate climate|temperate]] "fusion" climate, with both oceanic and continental features.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html |title=Climates classification by Wincenty Okołowicz |last=Alex |date=10 May 2015 |website=Vivid Maps |language=en-US |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322142951/https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city has cold, sometimes snowy, cloudy winters, and warm, relatively sunny but frequently stormy summers. Spring and autumn can be unpredictable, highly prone to sudden weather changes; however, temperatures are usually mild, especially around May and September.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/temperatures.php |title=Average Temperatures in Warsaw, Poland Temperature |website=warsaw.climatemps.com |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830082352/http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/temperatures.php |archive-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The daily average temperature ranges between {{convert|-1.5|°C|°F|0}} in January and {{convert|19.7|°C|1|abbr=on}} in July and the mean year temperature is {{convert|9.0|°C}}. Temperatures may reach {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}} in the summer, although the effects of hot weather are usually offset by relatively low dew points and large diurnal temperature differences. Warsaw is Europe's sixth driest major city (driest in [[Central Europe]]), with yearly rainfall averaging {{convert|550|mm|abbr=on}}, the wettest month being July.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Europe/driest-cities.php |title=European Cities With Driest Weather – Current Results |website=www.currentresults.com |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411125946/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Europe/driest-cities.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Warsaw ([[Warsaw Chopin Airport|WAW]]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| collapsed = y
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 18.9
| Feb record high C = 18.3
| Mar record high C = 22.9
| Apr record high C = 30.4
| May record high C = 32.8
| Jun record high C = 35.3
| Jul record high C = 35.9
| Aug record high C = 37.0
| Sep record high C = 34.5
| Oct record high C = 25.9
| Nov record high C = 19.2
| Dec record high C = 15.4
| year record high C = 37.0
| Jan avg record high C = 8.6
| Feb avg record high C = 10.1
| Mar avg record high C = 16.6
| Apr avg record high C = 23.9
| May avg record high C = 27.6
| Jun avg record high C = 30.7
| Jul avg record high C = 32.2
| Aug avg record high C = 32.0
| Sep avg record high C = 26.7
| Oct avg record high C = 21.7
| Nov avg record high C = 14.8
| Dec avg record high C = 9.4
| year avg record high C = 33.7
| Jan avg record low C = -15.5
| Feb avg record low C = -12.9
| Mar avg record low C = -8.2
| Apr avg record low C = -2.9
| May avg record low C = 1.4
| Jun avg record low C = 6.7
| Jul avg record low C = 9.0
| Aug avg record low C = 7.8
| Sep avg record low C = 2.7
| Oct avg record low C = -2.9
| Nov avg record low C = -6.4
| Dec avg record low C = -11.7
| year avg record low C = -17.8
| Jan high C = 1.0
| Feb high C = 2.6
| Mar high C = 7.4
| Apr high C = 14.6
| May high C = 19.8
| Jun high C = 23.1
| Jul high C = 25.2
| Aug high C = 24.7
| Sep high C = 19.1
| Oct high C = 12.9
| Nov high C = 6.5
| Dec high C = 2.3
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = -1.5
| Feb mean C = -0.4
| Mar mean C = 3.2
| Apr mean C = 9.2
| May mean C = 14.3
| Jun mean C = 17.7
| Jul mean C = 19.7
| Aug mean C = 19.1
| Sep mean C = 14.0
| Oct mean C = 8.7
| Nov mean C = 3.8
| Dec mean C = -0.1
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = -4.0
| Feb low C = -3.3
| Mar low C = -0.6
| Apr low C = 4.0
| May low C = 8.8
| Jun low C = 12.4
| Jul low C = 14.5
| Aug low C = 13.8
| Sep low C = 9.5
| Oct low C = 5.0
| Nov low C = 1.3
| Dec low C = -2.5
| year low C = 
| Jan record low C = -30.7
| Feb record low C = -27.6
| Mar record low C = -22.6
| Apr record low C = -6.9
| May record low C = -3.1
| Jun record low C = 1.8
| Jul record low C = 4.6
| Aug record low C = 3.0
| Sep record low C = -1.6
| Oct record low C = -9.6
| Nov record low C = -17.0
| Dec record low C = -24.8
| year record low C = -30.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 31.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 29.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 29.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 35.1
| May precipitation mm = 55.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 63.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 82.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 60.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 50.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 40.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 36.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 36.1
| year precipitation mm = 
| Jan snow depth cm = 6.4
| Feb snow depth cm = 6.6
| Mar snow depth cm = 4.0
| Apr snow depth cm = 1.0
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.2
| Nov snow depth cm = 2.4
| Dec snow depth cm = 3.7
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.20
| Feb precipitation days = 14.44
| Mar precipitation days = 12.83
| Apr precipitation days = 10.97
| May precipitation days = 12.93
| Jun precipitation days = 12.53
| Jul precipitation days = 12.53
| Aug precipitation days = 11.37
| Sep precipitation days = 10.87
| Oct precipitation days = 12.27
| Nov precipitation days = 13.10
| Dec precipitation days = 15.03
| year precipitation days = 155.07
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 18.3
| Feb snow days = 15.5
| Mar snow days = 10.2
| Apr snow days = 6.7
| May snow days = 1.4
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 2.2
| Oct snow days = 4.5
| Nov snow days = 6.8
| Dec snow days = 13.7
| year snow days = 68.0
| Jan humidity = 86.8
| Feb humidity = 83.6
| Mar humidity = 75.8
| Apr humidity = 67.6
| May humidity = 68.3
| Jun humidity = 69.3
| Jul humidity = 70.9
| Aug humidity = 71.6
| Sep humidity = 78.9
| Oct humidity = 83.6
| Nov humidity = 88.5
| Dec humidity = 86.6
| year humidity = 77.8
| Jan sun = 44.6
| Feb sun = 66.5
| Mar sun = 139.4
| Apr sun = 210.1
| May sun = 272.4
| Jun sun = 288.8
| Jul sun = 295.4
| Aug sun = 280.2
| Sep sun = 193.1
| Oct sun = 122.6
| Nov sun = 50.6
| Dec sun = 33.6
| year sun = 1998.1
| Jan uv = 1
| Feb uv = 1
| Mar uv = 2
| Apr uv = 4
| May uv = 5
| Jun uv = 6
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 5
| Sep uv = 4
| Oct uv = 2
| Nov uv = 1
| Dec uv = 0
| Jan dew point C = -3
| Feb dew point C = -3
| Mar dew point C = -1
| Apr dew point C = 3
| May dew point C = 8
| Jun dew point C = 11
| Jul dew point C = 14
| Aug dew point C = 13
| Sep dew point C = 10
| Oct dew point C = 6
| Nov dew point C = 2
| Dec dew point C = -2
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = WARSZAWA Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 19 March 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085015/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = WARSZAWA Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 19 March 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085007/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = WARSZAWA Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 19 March 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085013/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=rh&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate|title=Warsaw, Poland - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011308/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate|url-status=live}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/warsaw/climate
| title = Climate & Weather Averages in Warsaw, Poland
| publisher = Time and Date
| access-date = 24 July 2022
| archive-date = 24 July 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220724100810/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/warsaw/climate
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|location = Warsaw-Bielany, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| metric first = y
| single line  = y
| Jan record high C = 18.9
| Feb record high C = 18.3
| Mar record high C = 23.1
| Apr record high C = 30.5
| May record high C = 32.9
| Jun record high C = 36.2
| Jul record high C = 36.9
| Aug record high C = 38.0
| Sep record high C = 34.3
| Oct record high C = 26.4
| Nov record high C = 19.2
| Dec record high C = 15.4
| year record high C = 38.0
| Jan avg record high C = 8.7
| Feb avg record high C = 10.4
| Mar avg record high C = 17.2
| Apr avg record high C = 24.5
| May avg record high C = 28.3
| Jun avg record high C = 31.2
| Jul avg record high C = 32.6
| Aug avg record high C = 32.3
| Sep avg record high C = 27.1
| Oct avg record high C = 22.1
| Nov avg record high C = 15.0
| Dec avg record high C = 9.8
| year avg record high C = 34.2
| Jan high C = 1.4
| Feb high C = 3.1
| Mar high C = 7.9
| Apr high C = 15.1
| May high C = 20.4
| Jun high C = 23.5
| Jul high C = 25.6
| Aug high C = 25.1
| Sep high C = 19.5
| Oct high C = 13.3
| Nov high C = 6.9
| Dec high C = 2.7
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = -1.1
| Feb mean C = -0.1
| Mar mean C = 3.6
| Apr mean C = 9.7
| May mean C = 14.8
| Jun mean C = 18.2
| Jul mean C = 20.2
| Aug mean C = 19.4
| Sep mean C = 14.2
| Oct mean C = 8.9
| Nov mean C = 4.2
| Dec mean C = 0.3
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = -3.3
| Feb low C = -2.6
| Mar low C = 0.2
| Apr low C = 4.9
| May low C = 9.3
| Jun low C = 12.9
| Jul low C = 14.9
| Aug low C = 14.5
| Sep low C = 10.2
| Oct low C = 5.7
| Nov low C = 2.0
| Dec low C = -1.8
| year low C = 
| Jan avg record low C = -14.3
| Feb avg record low C = -11.3
| Mar avg record low C = -6.9
| Apr avg record low C = -1.6
| May avg record low C = 2.6
| Jun avg record low C = 7.3
| Jul avg record low C = 10.2
| Aug avg record low C = 9.0
| Sep avg record low C = 3.8
| Oct avg record low C = -1.9
| Nov avg record low C = -5.1
| Dec avg record low C = -10.4
| year avg record low C = -16.8
| Jan record low C = -27.9
| Feb record low C = -28.0
| Mar record low C = -18.1
| Apr record low C = -5.5
| May record low C = -2.6
| Jun record low C = 2.8
| Jul record low C = 6.5
| Aug record low C = 5.1
| Sep record low C = -1.3
| Oct record low C = -8.3
| Nov record low C = -15.9
| Dec record low C = -24.8
| year record low C = -28.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 35.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 34.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 34.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 36.8
| May precipitation mm = 58.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 67.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 81.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 63.3
| Sep precipitation mm = 50.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 42.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 40.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 41.7
| year precipitation mm = 587.9
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.2
| Feb precipitation days = 14.2
| Mar precipitation days = 13.3
| Apr precipitation days = 11.3
| May precipitation days = 13.5
| Jun precipitation days = 13.6
| Jul precipitation days = 13.7
| Aug precipitation days = 12.5
| Sep precipitation days = 11.7
| Oct precipitation days = 13.1
| Nov precipitation days = 14.1
| Dec precipitation days = 15.7
| year precipitation days = 162.9
| Jan humidity = 85.0
| Feb humidity = 82.5
| Mar humidity = 75.8
| Apr humidity = 66.5
| May humidity = 66.5
| Jun humidity = 66.9
| Jul humidity = 69.9
| Aug humidity = 70.9
| Sep humidity = 79.5
| Oct humidity = 83.1
| Nov humidity = 86.4
| Dec humidity = 86.4
| year humidity = 76.7
| source 1 = meteomodel.pl<ref name="Meteomodel2">{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=252200150&par=tm&max_empty=3|title=Meteomodel. Dane. Średnie i sumy miesięczne|date=30 July 2022|access-date=21 January 2022|publisher=meteomodel.pl|archive-date=19 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919141602/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=252200150&par=tm&max_empty=3|url-status=live}}</ref> 
}}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Warsaw
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
| style = "background:#E2E200;color:#000000;"|8.0
| style = "background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
| style = "background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
| style = "background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
| style = "background:#FFFF77;color:#000000;"|16.0
| style = "background:#FFFF88;color:#000000;"|17.0
| style = "background:#FFFF77;color:#000000;"|16.0
| style = "background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0
| style = "background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
| style = "background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
| style = "background:#E9E900;color:#000000;"|9.0
| style = "background:#E2E200;color:#000000;"|8.0
| style = "background:#FFFF3A;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.4
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas (sunshine data)<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate |title=Warsaw, Poland – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011308/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>

==Cityscape==
===Urbanism and architecture===
{{Main|Architecture of Warsaw}}
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{{multiple image|perrow = 2/2/1|total_width=280
| image1 = Barbakan w Warszawie - 03.jpg
| image2 = Ulica Kanonia w Warszawie 2020 (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Śródmieście Północne, Warszawa, Poland - panoramio (343).jpg
| image4 = Kamienica Wolfa Krongolda w Warszawie 2023 (cropped)2.jpg
| image5 = Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi Wspolna.jpg
| footer = Warsaw is an eclectic city, combining divergent architectural styles and designs. Clockwise: [[Warsaw Barbican|Barbican]] outpost (16th century), Kanonia Street (17th century), [[Visitationist Church]] (18th century), Krongold [[Tenement]] (19th century), and the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)|Ministry of Agriculture]] with skyscrapers (20th century, 21st century). 
}}

Warsaw's long and eclectic history left a noticeable mark on its architecture and urban form. Unlike most Polish cities, Warsaw's cityscape is dominated by [[contemporary architecture]], with [[Functionalist architecture|functionalist]] and modern edifices. Nonetheless, built heritage is still present in the [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]] and the [[Śródmieście Południowe|southern part of the central district]]. Warsaw is among the European cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in Europe and is home to [[Varso|European Union's tallest building]].<ref name="scraper">{{cite web |year=2015 |editor=James Newman |title=Europe's Top Skyscraper Cities |url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/britains.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102536/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/britains.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |work=The Top 500 |publisher=SkyscraperNews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/create.php?search=yes&page=0&type_building=on&status_COM=on&list_continent=EU&list_country=PL&list_city=PL-WAW&list_height=150&list_company=&completionsthrough=on&list_year= |title=Warsaw – The Skyscraper Center |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190314/http://skyscrapercenter.com/create.php?search=yes&page=0&type_building=on&status_COM=on&list_continent=EU&list_country=PL&list_city=PL-WAW&list_height=150&list_company=&completionsthrough=on&list_year= |url-status=live}}</ref> Skyscrapers are mostly centered around the [[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]] district, with many located in the commercial district of [[Wola]]. A [[Concentric zone model|concentric zone pattern]] emerged within the last decades; the majority of Warsaw's residents live outside the commercial city centre and commute by [[Warsaw metro|metro]], bus or tram.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b07CCAAAQBAJ&q=model+koncentryczny+warszawa&pg=PA29 |title=PRZEKSZTAŁCENIA PRZESTRZENNEGO ROZMIESZCZENIA ZASOBÓW MIESZKANIOWYCH W WARSZAWIE W LATACH 1945–2008 |first=Marcin |last=Stępniak |date=25 March 2015 |publisher=IGiPZ PAN |isbn=9788361590361 |via=Google Books |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816230648/https://books.google.com/books?id=b07CCAAAQBAJ&q=model+koncentryczny+warszawa&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Residential property in the central neighbourhoods is often reserved for commercial activity or temporary (tourist, student) accommodation. The nearest residential zones are predominantly located on the outskirts of the inner borough, in [[Ochota]], [[Mokotów]] and [[Żoliborz]] or along the [[Vistula]] in [[Powiśle, Warsaw|Powiśle]].<ref name="auto"/>

A seat of [[Polish monarchs]] since the end of the 16th century, Warsaw remained a small city with only privately owned palaces, mansions, villas and several streets of townhouses designed by the finest German, Italian and Dutch architects, among them [[Tylman van Gameren]], [[Andreas Schlüter]], [[Jakub Fontana]], and [[Enrico Marconi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Az48AAAAMAAJ&q=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och,+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w |title=Cztery wieki Mazowsza: Szkice z dziejów, 1526-1914 |year=1968 |publisher=Nasza Księgarnia |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031304/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Cztery_wieki_Mazowsza/Az48AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och%2C+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w&dq=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och%2C+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The buildings situated in the vicinity of the Warsaw Old Town represent nearly every European architectural style and [[List of time periods|historical period]]. Warsaw has excellent examples of architecture from the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance]], [[Baroque]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] periods, all of which are located within walking distance of the centre. This architectural richness has led to Warsaw being described by some commentators as either [[Paris of the East (disambiguation)|Paris of the East]] or [[Paris of the North]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Galloway |first1=Lindsey |title=The secrets hiding in Warsaw, the Paris of the East |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180304-the-secrets-hiding-in-warsaw-the-paris-of-the-east |website=www.bbc.com |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531040740/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180304-the-secrets-hiding-in-warsaw-the-paris-of-the-east |archive-date=31 May 2023 |language=en |date=5 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches, [[Middle class|burgher]] houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are [[St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw|St John's Cathedral]] (1390), a typical Masovian [[Brick Gothic]] example; [[Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Warsaw|St Mary's Church]] (1411); the Burbach [[townhouse]] (14th century);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=43&dz_id=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070528001130/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=43&dz_id=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2007 |title=A town house of the Burbach family |work=eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line |access-date=23 February 2009}}</ref> Gunpowder Tower (after 1379); and [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]]'s ''Curia Maior'' (1407–1410). The most notable examples of [[Renaissance architecture]] in the city are the house of the Baryczko merchant family (1562), a building called "The Negro" (early 17th century), and Salwator tenement (1632), all situated on the [[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Old Market Place]]. Noteworthy examples of [[Mannerism]] are the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]] (1596–1619) and the [[Jesuit Church, Warsaw|Jesuit Church]] (1609–1626). Elements of [[Baroque architecture]] appeared at the turn of the 17th century with artists from the royal court circle, and with the construction of [[St. Hyacinth's Church, Warsaw|St. Hyacinth's Church]] and [[Sigismund's Column]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zyciestolicy.com.pl/wyremontuja-kolumne-zygmunta-iii-wazy-za-ponad-230-tys-zlotych/ |title=Wyremontują kolumnę Zygmunta III Wazy za ponad 230 tys. złotych! |first=przez |last=Redakcja |date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622120624/https://zyciestolicy.com.pl/wyremontuja-kolumne-zygmunta-iii-wazy-za-ponad-230-tys-zlotych/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Counter-Reformation]] enforced the Baroque style, as exemplified by the [[Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Warsaw|Church of St. Anthony of Padua]], the [[Carmelite Church, Warsaw|Carmelite Church]] and the [[Holy Cross Church, Warsaw|Holy Cross Church]].<ref name="barok"/> The most significant secular building of this style is the [[Wilanów Palace]], erected for [[John III Sobieski]].<ref name="barok"/> The late Baroque era was the epoch of the [[Personal union of Poland and Saxony|Saxon Kings]] (1697–1763). The [[Saxon Axis]] and the [[Visitationist Church]] date from this period.<ref name="barok">{{Cite web|url=https://edukacjamedialna.edu.pl/lekcje/warszawski-barok/|title=Warszawski barok|website=edukacjamedialna.edu.pl|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=8 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708093526/https://edukacjamedialna.edu.pl/lekcje/warszawski-barok/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Neoclassical architecture]] began to be favoured in the second half of the 18th century thanks to King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]]. The best-known architect who worked in Warsaw at the time was [[Domenico Merlini]]. Significant buildings from this period include the [[Królikarnia|Rabbit House]], [[Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw|Holy Trinity Church]], and the façade of [[St. Anne's Church, Warsaw|St. Anne's Church]]. Neoclassicism dominated the cityscape of Warsaw throughout the 19th century and its revival affected all aspects of architecture; the most notable examples being the [[Great Theatre, Warsaw|Great Theater]], [[Plac Bankowy, Warsaw|Bank Square]], [[Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning|Warsaw Society of Friends of Sciences]] ([[Staszic Palace]]), [[St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw|St. Alexander's Church]], the [[Belweder]], and the tenements at [[New World Street, Warsaw|Nowy Świat Street]]. The [[Saxon Palace]] underwent a complete reconstruction, where the central body of the building was demolished and replaced by a monumental 11-bay [[colonnade]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://varsavianista.pl/index.php/2023/12/11/rozwoj-warszawy-w-drugiej-polowie-xix-w/|title=Architektura warszawska pierwszej połowy XIX w. |website=varsavianista.pl |author=Jerzy S. Majewski |date=11 December 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> The turn of the 20th century also precipitated the [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Neo-Renaissance]] movements in secular buildings.

[[File:Warszawa, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 42-44, Karowa 22 20170516 001 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|[[Hotel Bristol, Warsaw|Hotel Bristol]] is a unique example of Warsaw's architectural heritage, combining [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Neo-Renaissance]] designs.]]

After Poland regained its independence in 1918, national historicism became dominant and [[Art Deco]] forms also began appearing. The formation of state structures necessitated office space leading to the construction of monumental public buildings, including the [[Sejm and Senate Complex|buildings of the Sejm and the Senate]], the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education (Poland)|Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education]], the [[Ministry of Infrastructure (Poland)|Ministry of Public Works]], the [[National Museum in Warsaw|National Museum]], the [[Geological Museum of the State Geological Institute|State Geological Institute]], the [[Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego|Domestic Economy Bank]], the [[Supreme Audit Office (Poland)|Supreme Audit Office]], and the campus of the [[SGH Warsaw School of Economics|Warsaw School of Economics]]. New districts were also established in [[Żoliborz]], [[Ochota]], and [[Mokotów]], often designed around a central square with radiating streets ([[Narutowicz Square]], [[Wilson Square]]). Examples of new large urban projects are the [[Kolonia Lubeckiego|Lubecki colonies]] in Ochota.<ref name="20s">{{Cite web |url=https://varsavianista.pl/index.php/2023/12/29/architektura-warszawy-lat-20-xx-w/ |title=Architektura Warszawy lat 20. XX w. |website=varsavianista.pl |author=Jerzy S. Majewski |date=29 December 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>

Exceptional examples of [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] architecture of the later periods were not restored by the [[communism|communist]] authorities after the war or were remodelled. Notable examples of post-war architecture include the [[Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw|Palace of Culture and Science]], a [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist]] skyscraper based on the [[Empire State Building]] in New York. The [[Plac Konstytucji|Constitution Square]], with its monumental [[socialist realist]] forms, was modelled on the grand squares of Paris, London, Moscow and [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sampo Ruoppila |title=Processes of Residential Differentiation in Socialist Cities |year=2004 |pages=9–10 |publisher=European Journal of Spatial Development |url=http://www.nordregio.se/ejsd/refereed9.pdf |access-date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819093244/http://www.nordregio.se/EJSD/refereed9.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2010}}</ref> Italianate [[Tuscan order|tuscan-styled]] colonnades based on those at [[Piazza della Repubblica, Rome|Piazza della Repubblica in Rome]] were also erected on [[Plac Zbawiciela|Saviour Square]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://podroze.se.pl/polska/mazowieckie/warszawa/warszawa-plac-zbawiciela-restauracje-zakupy/1537/ |title=Warszawa: Modny Plac Zbawiciela, orientalne restauracje i wielkie zakupy |website=podroze.se.pl |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621103146/https://podroze.se.pl/polska/mazowieckie/warszawa/warszawa-plac-zbawiciela-restauracje-zakupy/1537/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Contemporary architecture]] in Warsaw is represented by the Metropolitan Office Building at [[Piłsudski Square|Pilsudski Square]] and [[Varso]] tower, both by [[Norman Foster (architect)|Norman Foster]],<ref name=Metropolitan/> [[Warsaw University Library]] (BUW) by Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski, featuring a garden on its roof and view of the Vistula River, [[Rondo 1]] office building by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], [[Złota 44]] residential skyscraper by [[Daniel Libeskind]], [[Museum of the History of Polish Jews]] by [[Rainer Mahlamäki]] and the [[Złote Tarasy|Golden Terraces]] comprising seven overlapping domes mixed-use retail and business centre.

===Landmarks===
[[File:Market Square Warsaw (22594p) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Main Market Square]] in [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
{|style="float:left;"
| {{hidden|headercss = width: 285px; background: #B5B5B5;|contentcss=|header=Map of Warsaw Old Town|content=[[File:Old Town in Warsaw map.png|left|thumb|upright=1.25|{{ordered list
| 1 = Stone stairs
| 2 = [[Museum of Warsaw]]
| 3 = [[Warsaw Barbican|Barbican]]
| 4 = Defensive walls
| 5 = Salwator tenement
| 6 = Museum of Leather Crafts
| 7 = St. Anne's tenement
| 8 = Fukier tenement
| 9 = Museum of Literature
| 10 = Museum of Artistic and Precision Crafts
| 11 = [[Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Warsaw|St. Mary's Church]]
| 12 = Gothic Bridge
| 13 = Pelican house
| 14 = [[St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw|St. John's Cathedral]]
| 15 = [[Jesuit Church, Warsaw|Jesuit Church]]
| 16 = Canonicity
| 17 = [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]]
| 18 = [[Copper-Roof Palace]]
| 19 = East&nbsp;– West Route tunnel
| 20 = Dung Hill
| 21 = Warsaw Mermaid statue
| 22 = [[Sigismund's Column]]
}}]]
}}
|}
Although contemporary Warsaw is a fairly young city compared to other European capitals, it has numerous [[tourist attraction]]s and architectural monuments dating back centuries. Apart from the [[Warsaw Old Town]] area, reconstructed after World War II, each borough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]], [[Sigismund's Column]], [[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Market Square]], and the [[Warsaw Barbican|Barbican]].

[[File:Castle Square (22271p).jpg|thumb|right|Castle Square, with the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]] and [[Sigismund's Column]] in the background]]

Further south is the so-called [[Royal Route, Warsaw|Royal Route]], with many historical churches, [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] and [[classicism|Classicist]] palaces, most notably the [[Presidential Palace, Warsaw|Presidential Palace]], and the [[University of Warsaw]] campus. The former royal residence of King [[John III Sobieski]] at [[Wilanów Palace|Wilanów]] is notable for its Baroque architecture and eloquent palatial garden.<ref name=wilanow-palac/>

In many places in the city the [[Jewish culture]] and [[History of the Jews in Poland|history]] resonates down through time.<ref name="judaica"/> Among them the most notable are the [[Jewish Theatre, Warsaw|Jewish theater]], the [[Nożyk Synagogue]], [[Janusz Korczak]]'s Orphanage and the picturesque Próżna Street.<ref name="judaica"/> The tragic pages of Warsaw's history are commemorated in places such as the [[Monument to the Ghetto Heroes]], the [[Umschlagplatz (Warsaw Ghetto)|Umschlagplatz]], fragments of the ghetto wall on Sienna Street and a mound in memory of the [[Jewish Combat Organization]].<ref name="judaica"/>

Many places commemorate the heroic history of Warsaw such as [[Pawiak]], a German [[Gestapo]] prison now occupied by a [[Mausoleum]] of Memory of [[Martyr]]dom and a museum. The [[Warsaw Citadel]], a 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the [[November Uprising]], was a place of martyrdom for the Poles. Another important monument, the statue of [[Mały Powstaniec|Little Insurrectionist]] located at the ramparts of the Old Town, commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while the [[Warsaw Uprising Monument]] by Wincenty Kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II.<ref name="heroic"/><ref name=Montagu/>

In Warsaw there are many places connected with the life and work of [[Frédéric Chopin]] who was born near the city in [[Żelazowa Wola]]. The heart of the Polish composer is sealed inside Warsaw's [[Holy Cross Church, Warsaw|Holy Cross Church]].<ref name=Holy_Cross/> During the summer time the [[Chopin Statue, Warsaw|Chopin Statue]] in Łazienki Park is a place where pianists give concerts to the park audience.<ref name=Chopin_Monument/>

Also many references to [[Marie Curie]], her work and her family can be found in Warsaw; Curie's birthplace at the [[Warsaw New Town]], the working places where she did her first scientific works<ref name=aip1/> and the [[Curie Institute (Warsaw)|Radium Institute]] at Wawelska Street for the research and the treatment of which she founded in 1925.<ref name=aip2/>

===Cemeteries===
[[File:Stare Powązki 2015.JPG|thumb|right|[[Powązki Cemetery]] (1790), Warsaw's oldest and most important necropolis]]
The oldest [[necropolis]] in Warsaw is [[Powązki Cemetery|Stare Powązki]], established in 1790. It is one of Poland's national necropolises.<ref name="cmentarze">{{Cite web |url= https://dzieje.pl/wiadomosci/warszawskie-cmentarze-czyli-historia-polski-i-warszawy-w-pigulce |title=Warszawskie cmentarze, czyli historia Polski i Warszawy w pigułce |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>

The cemetery covers an area of 43 ha. On the day of consecration of the Powązki Cemetery, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of the church of [[Charles Borromeo|Saint Charles Borromeo]], designed by the royal architect [[Domenico Merlini]]. Catacombs were intended to be a prestigious resting place intended mainly for the nobles, such as [[Michał Jerzy Poniatowski|Michał Poniatowski]], [[Hugo Kołłątaj]], [[Michał Kazimierz Ogiński]]. Over a million people are buried at Stare Powązki. In the Avenue of Merit there are the graves of insurgents and soldiers, independence activists, writers, poets, scientists, artists and thinkers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://um.warszawa.pl/-/stare-powazki-wszystkie-groby-policzone-i-opisane |title=Stare Powązki – wszystkie groby policzone i opisane |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> The nearby [[Powązki Military Cemetery]] was established in 1912 for soldiers stationed in Warsaw. After [[World War II]], the cemetery became a burial place for people associated with the [[Polish People's Republic]] - politicians, officials and military personnel.<ref name="cmentarze"/>

The complex of non-Roman Catholic cemeteries consists of [[Evangelical–Augsburg Cemetery, Warsaw|Evangelical–Augsburg Cemetery]], [[Evangelical Reformed Cemetery, Warsaw|Evangelical Reformed Cemetery]], [[Jewish Cemetery, Warsaw|Jewish Cemetery]], [[Orthodox Cemetery, Warsaw|Orthodox Cemetery]] and Muslim Tatar Cemetery.<ref name="cmentarze"/> Other significant Warsaw necropolises are: [[Bródno Cemetery]] [[Warsaw Insurgents Cemetery]], [[Służew Old Cemetery]], [[Służew New Cemetery]]. There are two large municipal cemeteries in the city – [[Northern Communal Cemetery]] and Southern Communal Cemetery.

===Memorials===
The city's symbol is the [[Mermaid of Warsaw|mermaid]] placed in the capital's coat of arms. There are three mermaid monuments in Warsaw: one on the banks of the [[Vistula]], the second on the [[Old Town Market Place, Warsaw|Old Town Square]], and the third in [[Praga-Południe]]. The oldest monument in Warsaw is the [[Sigismund's Column]]. It was built in 1644 according to the design of the Italians: Augustine Locci and Constantin Tencall. The King of Poland [[Sigismund III Vasa]] stands on a 22-meter high tower, holding a cross and a sword in his hand. The monument was destroyed and rebuilt many times.<ref name="pomniki">{{Cite web |url= https://viacitymap.pl/Miasta/Warszawa/Artykuly/Wazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie |title=Ważne pomniki w Warszawie |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Poland-00739 - MORNING TIME - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (30407658083).jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]], once part of the [[colonnade]] of [[Saxon Palace]]]]

Many monuments commemorate heroic and tragic moments in the history of Poland and Warsaw. [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] located in [[Piłsudski Square]] was built on the initiative of General [[Władysław Sikorski]] in the arcades of the [[Saxon Palace]]. In 1925, the ashes of the unknown soldier who died during the [[Battle of Lemberg (1918)|defense of Lviv]] were placed under the colonnade, then urns with soil from 24 battlefields were buried here. Among the monuments related to the [[World War II]] are [[Monument to the Heroes of Warsaw|Nike Monument]] that commemorates the heroes of Warsaw from 1939 to 1945, [[Monument to the Polish Underground State and Home Army]], Monument to the [[Little Insurrectionist]] and [[Warsaw Uprising Monument]] in front of the Supreme Court building at [[Krasiński Square]]. [[Monument to the Ghetto Heroes]] commemorates the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://viacitymap.pl/Miasta/Warszawa/Artykuly/Wazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie |title=WARSZAWSKIE POMNIKI |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>

In 1929, a [[Frédéric Chopin Monument, Warsaw|monument to Frédéric Chopin]] was constructed in the Royal [[Łazienki Park]].  Every summer at its foot classical music concerts featuring world-famous pianists take place. Other important monuments are: [[Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Warsaw|Adam Mickiewicz Monument]], [[Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument, Warsaw|Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument]], Marie Curie Monument, [[Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski Monument, Warsaw|Prince Józef  Poniatowski Monument]], [[Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Warsaw|Nicolaus Copernicus Monument]], [[Stefan Starzyński Monument]], [[Józef Piłsudski Monument, Warsaw|Józef Piłsudski Monument]], [[Janusz Korczak Monument, Warsaw|Janusz Korczak Monument]].<ref name="pomniki"/>

===Flora and fauna===
Green space covers almost a quarter of Warsaw's total area.<ref name="warsaw_tour">{{cite web |author=Warsaw Tourist Office |url=http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/warsaw-for-everyone/parks-gardens-2075.html |title=Parks & Gardens |work=warsawtour.pl |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112140506/http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/warsaw-for-everyone/parks-gardens-2075.html |archive-date=12 January 2010 |url-status=dead}} "Warsaw is a green city. Almost a quarter of its area is {{sic|comprised|hide=y|of}} fields, parks, green squares and lush gardens, making Warsaw a European metropolis that truly offers its visitors a breath of fresh air."</ref> These range from small neighborhood parks and green spaces along streets or in courtyards, to tree-lined avenues, large historic parks, nature conservation areas and urban forests at the fringe of the city. There are as many as 82 parks in the city;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/parki-5.php |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516221538/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/parki-5.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2016 |title=Parki i lasy Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=25 February 2009 |language=pl}}</ref> the oldest ones were once part of representative palaces and include the [[Saxon Garden|Saxon]] and [[Krasiński Palace|Krasiński]] Gardens, [[Łazienki Park]] (Royal Baths Park) and [[Wilanów Palace]] Parkland.
[[File:Palace on the Water, Łazienki Park, Warsaw.jpg|thumb|[[Łazienki Palace]], also referred to as the ''Palace on the Isle'']]

The Saxon Garden, covering an area of 15.5 ha, formally served as a royal garden to the now nonexistent [[Saxon Palace]]. In 1727, it was made into one of the world's first public parks and later remodelled in the forest-like [[English Garden|English style]]. The [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] is situated at the east end of the park near the central fountain, on [[Piłsudski Square]]. With its benches, flower carpets and a central pond, the Krasiński Palace Garden was once a notable strolling destination for most Varsovians. The Łazienki Park covers an area of 76 ha and its unique character and history is reflected in the [[landscape architecture]] (pavilions, sculptures, bridges, water cascades) and vegetation (domestic and foreign species of trees and shrubs). The presence of [[Indian peafowl|peacocks]], [[common pheasant|pheasants]] and squirrels at Łazienki attracts tourists and locals. The Wilanów Palace Parkland on the outskirts of Warsaw traces it history to the second half of the 17th century and covers an area of 43 ha. Its [[Garden à la française|French-styled alleys]] corresponds to the ancient, Baroque forms of the palace.

The Botanical Garden and the [[Warsaw University Library|University Library]] rooftop garden host an extensive collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a [[palm house]] in the New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/?mi_id=148&dz_id=14 |title=Nowa Pomarańczarnia |work=ePrzewodnik / Perełki Warszawy on-line |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208182537/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/?mi_id=148&dz_id=14 |archive-date=8 February 2006 |language=pl |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mokotów Field]] (once a racetrack), [[Ujazdów Park]] and [[Skaryszewski Park]] are also located within the city borders. The oldest [[Praga Park|park in the Praga]] borough was established between 1865 and 1871.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zielona.um.warszawa.pl/tereny-zielone/park-praski |title=Park Praski |work=zielona.um.warszawa.pl |access-date=19 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313065613/http://zielona.um.warszawa.pl/tereny-zielone/park-praski |archive-date=13 March 2010 |language=pl |url-status=dead}} ''Powstał w latach 1865–1871, według projektu Jana Dobrowolskiego, na prawym brzegu Wisły.''</ref>

The flora of Warsaw may be considered very rich in species on city standards. This is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula) as well as [[arable land]], [[meadow]]s and forests. The nearby [[Kampinos Forest|Kampinos Nature Reserve]] is the last remaining part of the Masovian [[Old-growth forest|Primeval Forest]] and is protected by law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=230&Itemid=170 |title=Nature reserves as a refuge of Grifola frondosa (DICKS.: FR.) GRAY in central Poland |work=bpn.com.pl |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812201420/http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=230&Itemid=170 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kabaty Woods]] are by the southern city border and are visited by the residents of southern boroughs such as [[Ursynów]]. There are 13 natural reserves in the vicinity and just {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} from Warsaw, the environment features a perfectly preserved [[ecosystem]] with a habitat of animals like the [[European otter|otter]], [[European beaver|beavers]] and hundreds of bird species.<ref name=Kayaking/> There are also several lakes in Warsaw&nbsp;– mainly the [[oxbow lake]]s at [[Czerniaków]] and [[Kamionek]].

The [[Warsaw Zoo]] covers an area of {{convert|40|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.<ref name="zoo">{{cite web |url=http://www.zoo.waw.pl/ |title=Warsaw Zoo |work=zoo.waw.pl |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428115417/https://zoo.waw.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are about 5,000 animals representing nearly 500 species.<ref name="zoo" /> Although officially created in 1928,<ref name="zoo" /> it traces back its roots to 17th century private menageries, often open to the public.<ref name="New_Zoo_Revue" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Zoo and aquarium history: ancient animal collections to zoological gardens |year=2000 |editor=Vernon N. Kisling |pages=118–119 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0-8493-2100-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413152253/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Palac Lazienki,Warszawa,Polska,UE. - panoramio (5).jpg|[[Frédéric Chopin Monument, Warsaw|Frédéric Chopin's monument]] in [[Łazienki Park]]
File:Warszawa-Ogród Saski fontanna.jpg|[[Saxon Garden]] with the central fountain
File:Pole Mokotowskie Pond Warsaw 2024 aerial (cropped).jpg|[[Mokotów Field]], with Warsaw's skyline
File:Ogród BUW w Warszawie 2019b.jpg|[[Botanical garden]] on the roof of [[University of Warsaw Library|University Library]]
File:Gorka Szczesliwicka Warsaw 2023 aerial.jpg|Artificial [[Szczęśliwice Hill|hill in Szczęśliwice Park]], with a ski slope
</gallery>

==Demographics==
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
[[File:Warsaw population pyramid.svg|thumb|Warsaw population pyramid in 2021]]
[[Demographics|Demographically]], Warsaw was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://migrationsmap.net/#/POL/arrivals |title=Migrations Map: Where are migrants coming from? Where have migrants left? |work=MigrationsMap.net |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211025416/http://migrationsmap.net/#/POL/arrivals |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to the Polish majority, there was a large and thriving Jewish minority. According to the [[Russian Empire Census|Imperial Census of 1897]], out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (equivalent to 34%).<ref name=Zimmerman/> Prior to the Second World War, Warsaw hosted the world's second largest Jewish population after [[New York City|New York]] – approximately 30 percent of the city's total population in the late 1930s.<ref name="ushmm"/> In 1933, 833,500 out of 1,178,914 people declared [[Polish language|Polish]] as their mother tongue.<ref name=Brockhaus/> There was also a notable [[Germans in Poland|German community]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wielkahistoria.pl/sklad-narodowosciowy-ii-rzeczpospolitej-wykresy-z-1926-roku/ |title=Narodowości w II RP na przedwojennych wykresach. Gdzie było najmniej Polaków, a gdzie najwięcej? |date=27 October 2019 |website=WielkaHistoria |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623005720/https://wielkahistoria.pl/sklad-narodowosciowy-ii-rzeczpospolitej-wykresy-z-1926-roku/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ethnic composition of contemporary Warsaw is incomparable to the diversity that existed for nearly 300 years.<ref name="ushmm"/> Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation. In the [[2021 Polish census|2021 census]], 98.78% of Warsaw residents identified themselves as [[Polish people|Polish]], 0.46% as [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], 0.31% as [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] and 0.21% as [[Jews|Jewish]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Przynależność narodowo-etniczna - dane NSP 2021 dla kraju i jednostek podziału terytorialnego |url=https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6536/10/1/1/przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_-_dane_nsp_2021_dla_kraju_i_jednostek_podzialu_terytorialnego.xlsx |website=Statistics Poland}}</ref>
{{Historical populations
|1700|30000
|1792|120000
|1800|63400
|1830|139700
|1850|163600
|1882|383000
|1901|711988
|1909|764054
|1925|1003000
|1933|1178914
|1939|1300900
|1945|422000
|29=1950|30=803888|31=1960|32=1139189|33=1970|34=1314892|35=1978|36=1555406|37=1988|38=1655272|39=2002|40=1689201|41=2011|42=1700612|43=2021|44=1860281|footnote=source<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Warszawa | title=Warszawa (Mazowieckie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia | access-date=8 June 2022 | archive-date=1 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201100513/https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Warszawa | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1950 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/V23BYCLDIL473QC8MPYRQGUYFKVYDV.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1960 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/81YKKICKRTXKV5LAER54LARGAJ6BEJ.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1970 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/76EMNHPUX2B49GMQEDMCT2V3K4HFFT.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+Foreign residents (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Mapa – Rok |url=https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/ |website=migracje.gov.pl |access-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022081007/https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/|archive-date=22 October 2023|language=pl-PL |date=2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Nationality||Population 
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}||102,634
|-
|{{flagcountry|Belarus}}||41,834
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}||7,773
|-
|{{flagcountry|India}}||7,438
|-
|{{flagcountry|Russia}}||6,032
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}||4,179
|-
|{{flagcountry|Georgia}}||3,867
|-
|{{flagcountry|China}}||4,037
|- 
|{{flagcountry|France}}||2,088
|-
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}||1,891
|}

In 1939, approximately 1,300,000 people resided in Warsaw;<ref name=Tihran/> by 1945 the population had dropped to 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth rate was high and the city soon began to suffer from the lack of flats and dwellings to house new incomers. The first remedial measure was the enlargement of Warsaw's total area (1951)&nbsp;– however the city authorities were still forced to introduce limitations; only the spouses and children of permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (renowned specialists, artists, engineers) were permitted to stay. This negatively affected the image of an average Warsaw citizen, who was perceived as more privileged than those migrating from rural areas, towns or other cities. While all restrictions on residency registration were scrapped in 1990, the negative opinion of Varsovians in some form continues to this day.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}<!-- DO NOT ADD REFERENCES TO ARTICLES FROM 2008 -->

[[Warsaw metropolitan area]] is an example of the development of a strongly polarized region. The capital, along with its immediate surroundings, concentrates over half of the demographic potential of the [[Masovian Voivodeship]], 2/3 of residents with higher education, and 3/4 of larger economic entities employing more than 50 workers.
Current demographic development trends are as follows:<ref name= "demografia">{{Cite web |url=https://rcin.org.pl/Content/157600/WA51_188627_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Sleszyns.pdf|title=Prognoza demograficzna dla Warszawy |year=2020 |author1= Przemysław Śleszyński|author2= Łukasz Kubiak|author3= Ewa Korcelli-Olejniczak|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
* a clear increase in the number of residents after the [[1989 Polish parliamentary election|1989 transformations]], from 1.6 to about 2.0 million inhabitants (including unregistered population), mainly due to positive migration balance.
* the highest [[Human migration|migration]] attractiveness in the country for many decades, causing a strong drain of people in the mobile age (18–44 years), including a relatively more frequent influx of women, resulting in high [[feminization]]
* processes of internal deconcentration of population, consisting of centrifugal migration direction (from central districts to external ones, from external districts to [[Suburb|suburban areas]]). Between 1989 and 2017, 213 thousand registered people moved from Warsaw to the suburbs, and in the opposite direction it was only 110 thousand.
* a clear aging of the population: at the end of 2017, people aged 60 and over constituted 27.2% of the registered population, and those aged 70 and over – 13.5%, while for example in 2002, it was respectively 21.5 and 11.5%
In the coming years, an increase in the city's population is predicted, with migration being the main factor determining the state and structure of Warsaw's population, including mainly internal (national) and external (foreign) influx. Changes in the population are not uniform for the entire Warsaw and in the division into districts, the predicted demographic changes will have a varied course. A decrease in population is forecasted in some central districts ([[Praga-Północ]], [[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]]) and an increase in other districts.<ref name= "demografia"/>

===Immigrant population===
In 2019, it was estimated that 40,000 people living in Warsaw were foreign-born. Of those, [[Ukrainians in Poland|Ukrainians]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Belarusians]], and [[Russians]] were the most prominent groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,19778457,caly-swiat-mieszka-w-warszawie-ratusz-policzyl-cudzoziemcow.html |title=Warszawa lubiana przez cudzoziemców. Ilu ich mieszka w stolicy? | publisher=gazeta.pl |access-date=22 October 2016 |archive-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106232520/http://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,19778457,caly-swiat-mieszka-w-warszawie-ratusz-policzyl-cudzoziemcow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's aggression against Ukraine]], over 1.1 million refugees from Ukraine passed through Warsaw, and at the beginning of March 2022, approximately 40,000 people applied for help every day. According to official data, over 104,000 of Ukrainian citizens who arrived in the first days after the outbreak of the war still reside in the city, including 17,000 young people and children attending urban educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://um.warszawa.pl/-/rok-wojny-i-pomocy-ukrainie|title=Rok wojny i pomocy Ukrainie|website=um.warszawa.pl|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> Due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the immigrant population has increased significantly to about 340,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/03/17/warsaws-population-has-risen-17-due-to-refugees-from-ukraine/|title=Warsaw's population has risen 17% due to refugees from Ukraine|date=17 March 2022|publisher=notesfrompoland.com|access-date=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420010850/https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/03/17/warsaws-population-has-risen-17-due-to-refugees-from-ukraine/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
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{{See also|Places of worship in Warsaw}}

{{Pie chart
| width = 80
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Warsaw (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x |access-date=May 16, 2024 |website=[[Główny Urząd Statystyczny]]}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Catholicism]] 
| value1 = 51
| color1 = Purple
| label2 = [[Protestantism]]
| value2 = 0.6
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
| value3 = 0.4
| color3 = Red
| label4 = Other Christian
| value4 = 0.1
| color4 = Orange
| label5 = Other
| value5 = 0.2
| color5 = Green
| label6 = Undeclared
| value6 = 29
| color6 = White
| label7 = [[Not religious|Irreligion]]
| value7 = 19
| color7 = Grey
}}

Throughout its existence, Warsaw had been a multi-cultural and multi-religious city.<ref>{{cite book |author=Geert Mak |title=In Europe: travels through the twentieth century |year=2008 |page=427 |publisher=Pantheon Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-28057-2 |quote=Today Warsaw is a monocultural city, which is some people's ideal. But before 1939 it was a typically multicultural society. Those were the city's most productive years. We lost that multicultural character during the war.}}</ref> According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek Orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hermann Julius Meyer |title=Meyers Konversations-Lexikon |year=1909 |page=388 |location=Leipzig and Vienna |publisher=Bibliographisches Institut |edition=6th |volume=20 |language=de}}</ref> Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 [[Mariavite Church|Mariavites]] (0.4%).<ref>{{cite book |author=Erich Zechlin |title=Die Bevölkerungs- und Grundbesitzverteilung im Zartum Polen |trans-title=The distribution of population and property in tsaristic Poland |year=1916 |pages=82–83 |publisher=Reimer |location=Berlin |language=de}}</ref> This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the [[Warsaw Uprising]] in 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.<ref>{{cite book |author=Marian S. Mazgaj |title=Church and State in Communist Poland: A History, 1944–1989 |year=2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/churchstatecommu00mazg/page/n75 67] |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5904-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/churchstatecommu00mazg |url-access=limited}}</ref>

The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warsaw|archdiocese of Warsaw]] and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Warszawa-Praga|Diocese of Warsaw-Praga]] are the two ecclesiastical districts active in the city which serve the large [[Roman Catholic]] population of 1.4 million.<ref>''Konferencja Episkopatu Polski, Informator 2017'', Biblos 2017, {{ISBN|978-83-7793-478-4}}</ref> The [[Lutheran Diocese of Warsaw]] is one of six in Poland; its main house of worship is the [[Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw|Holy Trinity Church]] from 1782, one of Warsaw's most important and historic landmarks. The [[Evangelical Reformed Parish, Warsaw|Evangelical Reformed Parish]] ([[Calvinism|Calvinist]]) is leading the [[Polish Reformed Church]]. The main tserkva of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] is Praga's [[Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene, Warsaw|Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene]] from 1869. The Jewish Commune of Warsaw (''Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska'') is one of eight in the country; Chief Rabbi of Poland [[Michael Schudrich]] resides in the city. There are also 3 active [[synagogue]]s, one of which is the pre-war [[Nożyk Synagogue]] designated for [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]]. An Islamic Cultural Centre in [[Ochota]] and a small [[mosque]] in [[Wilanów]] serve the Muslims.

There are several [[Shrines to the Virgin Mary|Marian shrine]]s in the city, including: [[Jesuit Church, Warsaw|sanctuary of the Gracious Mother of God]] with her image crowned in 1651 in the presence of [[John II Casimir Vasa|King John Casimir]]. Another patron of the city is [[Ladislas of Gielniów|Blessed Władysław of Gielniów]], bernardine from the [[St. Anne's Church, Warsaw|St. Anne's Church]]. The greatest cult is that of [[Andrew Bobola|St. Andrew Bobola]], patron of the metropolis of Warsaw, whose [[relic]]s are in the sanctuary of St. Andrew Bobola in [[Mokotów]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/41792/nd/Kult-swietych-patronow-Warszawy|title=Kult świętych patronów Warszawy| website= niedziela.pl|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
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As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the political centre of the country. Almost all central government institutions are located there, including the [[Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland|Chancellery of the President]], both houses of the [[Parliament of Poland|Polish Parliament]] (the [[lower house]] called [[Sejm]] and the [[upper house]] called [[Senate (Poland)|Senate]]), the [[Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland|Chancellery of the Prime Minister]], the [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]], the [[Supreme Court of Poland|Supreme Court]], and the [[Supreme Administrative Court of Poland|Supreme Administrative Court]]. Warsaw is also host to many major international organizations, including [[Frontex]] and the [[Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights]] (the oldest and principal institution of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]).<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/contact/ |title = Fronex Official Website |access-date = 2024-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.osce.org/odihr/contacts |title = OSCE Official Website |access-date = 2024-06-02}}</ref>

The city is represented in the parliament by 20 [[Member of Parliament|members of Sejm]] (out of 460) and 4 [[senator]]s (out of 100). In addition, Warsaw together with its metropolitan area elects 6 [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]] (Members of the European Parliament) out of 705.

===Municipal government===
{{see also|Warsaw City Council|List of city mayors of Warsaw}}
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[[File:Pałac Komisji Rządowej Przychodów i Skarbu w Warszawie 2018.jpg|thumb|right|[[Palace of the Ministry of Revenues and Treasury|Commission Palace]] at [[Bank Square, Warsaw|Bank Square]]. It serves as the official [[city hall]] as well as the seat of the [[Mayor of Warsaw]].]]
[[File:Warsaw Presidential Palace (22248p).jpg|thumb|right|[[Presidential Palace, Warsaw|Presidential Palace]] is the official seat of the [[President of Poland]].]]

The first city mayor of Warsaw was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696).<ref name=Petrozolin/> The municipal self-government existed in Warsaw until World War II and was restored in 1990 (during the communist times, the National City Council&nbsp;– ''Miejska Rada Narodowa''&nbsp;– governed in Warsaw). Since 1990, the structure of city government has been modified several times.<ref name="admin">{{cite web |url=http://e-warsaw.pl/2/index.php?id=568 |title=Administration |work=e-warsaw.pl |access-date=31 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181549/http://e-warsaw.pl/2/index.php?id=568 |archive-date=18 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw city mayors simultaneously led the [[Warsaw Voivodeship (1975-1998)|Warsaw Voivodeship]]. In the years 1990–1994, the city mayor of Warsaw was elected by the [[city council]].<ref name="djordjevic"/>

A controversial reform was introduced in 1994, which transformed the city into a loose municipal union of several gminas, dominated by one of them, the gmina Centrum encompassing the entire inner city. During this period, the mayor of gmina Centrum who was elected by its council was automatically designated as the city mayor of Warsaw, in spite of representing only a fraction of the population of the city. The city was becoming increasingly unmanageable, especially after the administrative reform of Poland in 1999 which further complicated the local government structure of Warsaw. In 2002, the new ''Warsaw Act'' of the Polish parliament restored Warsaw as a single urban gmina with the status of a city with powiat rights, led by a unified local government. At the same time, a significant reform was implemented in all Polish municipal governments, introducing direct elections of the wójt/town mayor/city mayor in all Polish gminas.<ref name="djordjevic"/> The first city mayor of Warsaw elected according to these rules was [[Lech Kaczyński]], who however resigned ahead of term when he was elected [[President of Poland|President of Polish Republic]] in 2005.

Warsaw has thereafter remained an [[urban gmina]] with the status of a [[city with powiat rights]].<ref name="admin"/> [[Legislature|Legislative power]] in Warsaw is vested in a [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Warsaw City Council]] (''Rada Miasta''), which comprises 60 members.<ref name="admin"/> Council members are elected directly every five years (since [[2018 Polish local elections|2018 election]]). Like most legislative bodies, the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.<ref name="admin"/> The city mayor exercises the executive power in the city, being the superior of all unelected municipal- or county-level officials and other employees and supervising all subsidiary entities of the city. The incumbent [[List of city mayors of Warsaw|city mayor of Warsaw]] is [[Rafał Trzaskowski]].

The ''Warsaw Act'' imposes a mandatory division into 18 auxiliary units called ''dzielnica'' (district) on the city. In spite of remaining an integral part of the city as an entity, the districts have a degree of autonomy legally guaranteed through a form of an own local self-government exercising some powers devolved by law from the city. They have the duty to assist the city mayor and the City Council in their tasks, such as supervising some municipal companies, city-owned property or schools. Each of the 18 city districts has an own council (''rada dzielnicy'')<ref name="admin"/> which elects an executive board (''zarząd dzielnicy'') headed by a district mayor (''burmistrz dzielnicy''), the latter elected by the council among several candidates nominated by the city mayor of Warsaw among the council's members.

===Districts===
{|class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!District||Population||Area
|-
| [[Mokotów]]||align = right|225,496||{{convert|35.42|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Praga Południe]]||align=right|186,623||{{convert|22.38|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Białołęka]]||align = right|154,596||{{convert|73.00|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Ursynów]]||align = right|151,345||{{convert|43.79|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Wola]]||align = right|150,977||{{convert|19.26|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Bielany]]||align = right|132,803||{{convert|32.34|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Bemowo]]||align = right|128,995||{{convert|24.95|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Targówek]]||align = right|123,957||{{convert|24.33|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]]||align=right|101,030||{{convert|15.57|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Wawer]]||align = right|86,854||{{convert|79.71|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Ochota]]||align = right|80,587||{{convert|9.72|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Ursus, Warsaw|Ursus]]||align=right|67,814||{{convert|9.35|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Praga Północ]]||align=right|60,387||{{convert|11.31|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Żoliborz]]||align = right|58,724||{{convert|8.47|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Wilanów]]||align = right|51,603||{{convert|36.73|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Włochy]]||align = right|49,332||{{convert|28.63|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Wesoła]]||align = right|26,454||{{convert|22.94|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Rembertów]]||align = right|24,768||{{convert|19.30|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| '''Total'''||align = right|1,862,345<ref name="raport o stanie miasta 2022">{{cite web |url=https://um.warszawa.pl/documents/56602/0/Raport+o+stanie+miasta+22_10_lipca.pdf/d05cd24e-c9f1-40ea-f35c-7a19ecee75b1?t=1689054386540|title=Raport o stanie miasta Warszawa 2022. |publisher=Warsaw City Hall |website=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=pl}}</ref>||{{convert|521.81|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|}
{{Warsaw districts}}
{{clear}}

As a result, Warsaw has thereafter continued as an [[urban gmina]] holding status of a [[city with powiat rights]], divided into 18 districts (''dzielnica''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/images/mapa_dzielnice.gif |title=WarsawTour – Official Tourist Portal of Warsaw |first=Stołeczne Biuro |last=Turystyki |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=13 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413200754/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/images/mapa_dzielnice.gif |url-status=dead}}</ref> auxiliary municipal units established within the city as an entity as its integral parts, though with some limited powers devolved from the city to their own local self-governments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/dzielnice.htm |title=Dzielnice |work=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=11 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701114815/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/dzielnice.htm |archive-date=1 July 2008 |language=pl |url-status=dead}}</ref> Each of the districts is customarily subdivided into several neighbourhoods lacking any meaningful legal or administrative powers. The central district of [[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]] includes the two founding neighbourhoods of the city, called the [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]] (''Stare Miasto'') and the [[Warsaw New Town|New Town]] (''Nowe Miasto'').<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mark Baker |author2=Kit F. Chung |title=Frommer's Poland |year=2011 |page=80 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-04-70964-24-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHmx1w5fhYQC&q=warsaw+Old+Town+%28Stare+Miasto%29+and+New+Town+%28Nowe+Miasto%29&pg=PA80 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031334/https://books.google.com/books?id=QHmx1w5fhYQC&q=warsaw+Old+Town+%28Stare+Miasto%29+and+New+Town+%28Nowe+Miasto%29&pg=PA80 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Districts of Warsaw">
File:Plac Konstytucji Warsaw 2022 aerial.jpg|[[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]], the central district of Warsaw, houses the most important state and municipal institutions and most tourist attractions.
File:Fabryka Norblina 2022.jpg|[[Wola]], once an industrial district, is now becoming the business center of the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://odpirson.otwartedrzwi.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ZA%C5%9A-DZIELNICE-WARSZAWY.pdf |title = Dzielnice Warszawy. Zorganizowana aktywność w środowisku. |access-date = 2024-01-17}}</ref> The photo shows the revitalized Norblin Factory.
File:Fieldorfa Street Wasaw aerial 2023.jpg|[[Praga-Południe]], the most densely populated district of Warsaw (8,839 people/km<sup>2</sup>), is composed mainly of apartment blocks built during the times of the [[Polish People's Republic]].<ref name="GUS 2022">{{cite web |url = https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/opracowania-biezace/komunikaty-i-biuletyny/inne-opracowania/przeglad-statystyczny-warszawy-4-kwartal-2022-r-,5,48.html |title = Przegląd Statystyczny Warszawy. 4 kwartał 2022 r. |publisher = Główny Urząd Statystyczny |access-date = 2024-01-17}}</ref>
File:Plac Narutowicza Warsaw 2023 skyline aerial.jpg|[[Ochota]], a residential district that developed most intensively in the [[interwar period]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Encyklopedia Warszawy |publisher = Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN |year = 1994 |location=Warsaw|isbn = 83-01-08836-2}}</ref> The photo shows [[Narutowicz Square]], the central point of the district.
File:Aleja Rzeczypospolitej Warsaw 2022 aerial.jpg|[[Wilanów]], the district with the highest [[rate of natural increase]] (7.2/1000 inhabitants).<ref name="GUS 2022"/>
</gallery>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Poland}}
[[File:Hala Koszyki 22 października 2016.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hala Koszyki]], a former [[market hall]] from the early 20th century, now a mixed-use centre]]
Warsaw is the leading economic and financial hub of the [[Visegrád Group]] and the [[Three Seas Initiative]]. In 2021, the city's gross metropolitan product (GDP) was estimated at €100 billion, which places Warsaw [[List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP|20th]] among the [[metropolitan area]]s in the [[European Union]] with largest GDP.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP | publisher=Eurostat | access-date=27 February 2023 | archive-date=27 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213552/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | url-status=live }}</ref> Warsaw generates almost 1/5 of the [[Economy of Poland|Polish GDP]] and the country's national income.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://forsal.pl/artykuly/1390382,pkb-wojewodztw-w-polsce-dane-mapa-wykresy.html |title=PKB w regionach Polski. Warszawa ciągnie polską gospodarkę [MAPA] |date=8 January 2019 | publisher=forsal.pl |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125162725/https://forsal.pl/artykuly/1390382,pkb-wojewodztw-w-polsce-dane-mapa-wykresy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, Warsaw was classified as a [[global city]], because Warsaw is a major global city that links economic regions into the world economy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities/ |title=Alpha, Beta and Gamma Cities (Updated 2020); Spotted by Locals Blog |date=24 July 2020 |website=Spotted by Locals |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205055048/https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Warsaw's city centre ([[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]]) and commercial [[Wola]] district are home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. In 2019 Warsaw was one of the top destinations for foreign investors in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kafkadesk.org/2019/06/24/warsaw-among-top-10-most-attractive-european-cities-for-foreign-investors/ |title=Warsaw among top 10 most attractive European cities for foreign investors |date=24 June 2019 | publisher=Kafkadesk |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207062851/https://kafkadesk.org/2019/06/24/warsaw-among-top-10-most-attractive-european-cities-for-foreign-investors/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The average monthly gross salary in the enterprise sector in the last quarter of 2022 amounted to 8,104 [[Polish złoty|PLN]] and was 404 [[Polish złoty|PLN]] higher than the average in the [[Masovian Voivodeship]] and as much as 1,450 [[Polish złoty|PLN]] higher than in Poland. The highest gross salary was received by employees working in the information and communication section (11,701.47 [[Polish złoty|PLN]]). There are 525,475 registered business entities in Warsaw, most of them in the districts of [[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]], [[Mokotów]], [[Wola]] and [[Praga-Południe]], 1.1 million people work in the enterprise sector. Warsaw has a well-developed office base, the office space is 6.27 million m2. The largest office buildings are [[Varso]] (63,800 m<sup>2</sup>), [[Warsaw Spire]] (60 000 m<sup>2</sup>), Forest Tower (51,500 m<sup>2</sup>) and P180 (32,000 m<sup>2</sup>), the largest projects under construction are [[The Bridge (Warsaw)|The Bridge]] (47,000 m<sup>2</sup>) and [[Skyliner (Warsaw)|Skyliner II]] (38,000 m<sup>2</sup>). The space resources of shopping centers in the Warsaw agglomeration in amount to over 1.7 million m<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="turystyka">{{Cite web |url=https://warsawtour.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Turystyka_w_Warszawie_Raport_2022.pdf |title=Turystyka w Warszawie - raport 2022 |publisher=City Hall of Warsaw |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| total_width = 260
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Varso Tower Warsaw 22(cropped).jpg
| image2 = Warsaw Spire 2019.jpg
| footer = [[Varso]] and [[Warsaw Spire]] are the skyscrapers with the largest office space
}}

In October 2019 Warsaw's unemployment rate was 1.3%, the lowest in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rdc.pl/informacje/urzad-statystyczny-stopa-bezrobocia-w-warszawie-i-w-mazowieckiem-bez-zmian/ |title=Bezrobocie w Warszawie i na Mazowszu bez zmian |website=Warszawa i Mazowsze - najnowsze wiadomości w RDC |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205081807/https://www.rdc.pl/informacje/urzad-statystyczny-stopa-bezrobocia-w-warszawie-i-w-mazowieckiem-bez-zmian/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shopping and [[consumerism]] is an important component of Warsaw's economy. The retail streets in Warsaw are [[New World Street]] (''Nowy Świat'') along with [[Krakowskie Przedmieście]]. These streets and their neighboring areas host many luxury stores and popular restaurants. However, most retailers choose to operate in the central shopping centres and [[Shopping mall|mall]]s such as [[Złote Tarasy|Złote Tarasy-Golden Terraces]], [[Galeria Mokotów]] and [[Westfield Arkadia]].<ref>[https://www.inyourpocket.com/warsaw/westfield-arkadia_20031] {{Dead link|date=December 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Luxury goods]] as well as designer labels can be found in the Vitkac Department Store and around [[Frascati, Warsaw|Frascati]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vitkac.com/us |title=Vitkac - Luxury, Premium & Contemporary Shopping | publisher=www.vitkac.com |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125105122/https://www.vitkac.com/us |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Warsaw Stock Exchange===
{{Main|Warsaw Stock Exchange}}

Warsaw's first [[stock exchange]] was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of a communist [[planned economy]] and the reintroduction of a [[free market|free-market economy]].<ref name="stock"/> Today, the [[Warsaw Stock Exchange]] (WSE) is, according to many indicators,<ref name=CEE/> the largest market in the region, with 433 companies listed and total capitalisation of 1 trillion [[Polish złoty|PLN]] as of 26 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpw.pl/statystyki-gpw|title=Główny Rynek GPW - Statystyki GPW|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031340/https://www.gpw.pl/statystyki-gpw|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the communist [[Polish United Workers' Party]] (PZPR).<ref name=Tourism/>

===Industry===
The most prominent industries and industrial sectors include high-tech, electrotechnical, chemical, cosmetic, construction, food processing, printing, [[metallurgy]], machinery and clothing. The majority of production plants and facilities are concentrated within the WOP Warsaw Industrial Precinct (''Warszawski Okręg Przemysłowy'') which is situated around the city's peripheral localities such as [[Praga]], [[Pruszków]], [[Sochaczew]], [[Piaseczno]], [[Marki]] and [[Żyrardów]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hierophant-nox.com/warszawski-okreg-przemyslowy/ |title=Warszawski Okręg Przemysłowy &#124; hierophant-nox |date=20 November 2018 |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206015436/http://www.hierophant-nox.com/warszawski-okreg-przemyslowy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Warsaw has developed a particularly strong [[Retail|retail market]]/sector, representing around 13% of the total retail stock in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://smg.cbre.com/retail/city/warsaw#regional-statistics |title=Understanding Retail Destinations in Warsaw | publisher= CBRE |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127141018/https://smg.cbre.com/retail/city/warsaw#regional-statistics |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following World War II, the authorities decided that the city will be transformed into a major centre for [[heavy industry]] and manufacturing. As a result, numerous large factories and production facilities were built in and around the city. Among the largest were ''Huta Warszawa'' [[steel works]], now [[ArcelorMittal|arcelor]]), the [[Ursus SA]], and the [[Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych]] (FSO) car factory. The now-defunct FSO, established in 1951, was once Warsaw's most successful corporation. Notable vehicles assembled there over the decades include the [[FSO Warszawa]], [[FSO Syrena]], [[Polski Fiat 125p]] and the [[FSO Polonez]]. In 1995, the factory was purchased by the [[South Korea]]n car manufacturer [[Daewoo]], which assembled its models in Warsaw for the European market.

===Tourism===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 260
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Hotel Europejski (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Hotel Europejski]]
| image2 = Hotel Polonia Palace w Warszawie 2022 (cropped)2.jpg
| caption2 = [[Hotel Polonia Palace]]
}}
The estimated number of tourist arrivals to Warsaw in 2022 was over 9 million. Most tourists came from the [[United Kingdom]] (347,000), [[Germany]] (321,000), the [[United States]] (206,000) and [[France]] (145,000). Additionally, Warsaw was visited by 5.8 million one-day tourists, giving a total of over 14.8 million tourists in 2022. The above data does not include [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian citizens]] who came to Warsaw in connection with the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. The accommodation base consists of 1,010 hotels offering over 56,000 beds. The estimated contribution of the tourism economy to Warsaw's [[GDP]] is  12.9 billion PLN, and the tourism industry employs 87,703 people.<ref name="turystyka"/>

144,220 people used Warsaw Tourist Lines in 2022 - almost 14,000 more than previous year. In the summer, Warsaw residents and tourists could use ferries across the Vistula, a ship to Serock, bus and tram lines operated with historic rolling stock, and a narrow-gauge railway. The most popular attraction among tourists was the [[Palace on the Isle|Royal Łazienki Museum]], which was visited by 5,265,110 tourists.<ref name="turystyka"/>

Warsaw is an important center for conferences and congresses. The Warsaw Convention Bureau collected information on 9,000 events in 2022, which gathered a total of 1,240,467 participants in Warsaw.<ref name="turystyka"/>

===Media and film===
{{See also|List of films set in Warsaw}}
Warsaw is the media centre of Poland, and the location of the main headquarters of [[Telewizja Polska|TVP]] and other numerous local and national TV and [[radio broadcasting|radio stations]], such as [[Polskie Radio]] (Polish Radio), [[TVN (Poland)|TVN]], [[Polsat]], [[TV4 (Poland)|TV4]], [[TV Puls]], [[Canal+ Poland]], [[Cyfra+]] and [[MTV Poland]].<ref name=broadbandtvnews/> Warsaw also has a sizable movie and television industry. The city houses several movie companies and [[movie studio|studios]].

Since May 1661 the first Polish newspaper, the ''[[Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny|Polish Ordinary Mercury]]'', was printed in Warsaw. The city is also the printing capital of Poland with a wide variety of domestic and foreign periodicals expressing diverse views, and domestic newspapers are extremely competitive. ''[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]]'', {{Lang|pl|[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]}} and ''[[Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat]]'', Poland's large nationwide daily newspapers,<ref name=instytut/> have their headquarters in Warsaw.

Since World War II, Warsaw has been the most important centre of film production in Poland. Among the movie companies are TOR, Czołówka, Zebra and [[KADR (studio)|Kadr]] which is behind several international movie productions.<ref name="pisf"/> The city itself has featured in numerous movies, both Polish and foreign, for example: [[Kanał (film)|''Kanał'']] and ''[[Korczak (film)|Korczak]]'' by [[Andrzej Wajda]] and ''[[The Decalogue (film)|The Decalogue]]'' by [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]], also including [[Academy Award|Oscar]] winner [[The Pianist (2002 film)|''The Pianist'']] by [[Roman Polanski|Roman Polański]].<ref name=thepianistmovie/> It is also home to the National Film Archive, which, since 1955, has been collecting and preserving Polish film culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fn.org.pl/en/page/231/about-the-national-film-archive.html |title=About the National Film Archive |publisher=National Film Archive |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927160201/http://www.fn.org.pl/en/page/231/about-the-national-film-archive.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Warsaw}}
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
{|style="float:right;"
|{{hidden
| headercss = width: 325px; background: #B5B5B5;
| contentcss = 
| header = Higher education in Warsaw
| content = 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Name and year established'''
* [[University of Warsaw]] (1816)
* [[Warsaw University of Technology]] (1826)
* [[Warsaw School of Economics]] (1906)
* [[Warsaw University of Life Sciences]] (1816)
* [[Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw|Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University]] (1999)
* [[Medical University of Warsaw]] (1809/1950)
* [[Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw|Academy of Fine Arts]] (1844)
* [[Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art|National Academy of Dramatic Art]] (1946)
* [[National Defence University in Warsaw|Academy of National Defence]] (1947/1990)
* [[Military University of Technology in Warsaw|Military University of Technology]] (1951)
* [[Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw|University of Physical Education in Warsaw]] (1929)
* [[Fryderyk Chopin University of Music]] (1810)
* [[Kozminski University]] (1993)<!-- An academy, as even their Polish website or facebook page says -->
* [[SWPS University]] (1996)
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE INSTITUTIONS HERE For a full list of institutions of higher education based in Warsaw, see Education in Warsaw -->
}}
|}
[[File:Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Warszawie 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Warsaw University Library]]]]
[[File:Gmach Główny Politechniki Warszawskiej 2018.jpg|thumb|right|[[Warsaw University of Technology]] main building]]
Warsaw holds some of the finest institutions of higher education in Poland. It is home to four major universities and over 62 smaller schools of higher education.<ref name="gus"/> The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29.2% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 280,000.<ref name=Studia/> Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities.

The [[University of Warsaw]] was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in [[Kraków]].<ref name=uw_edu/> The university is the largest in the country, and often regarded as one of the most prestigious, with international recognition in mathematics and science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why University of Warsaw? {{!}} University of Warsaw |url=https://en.uw.edu.pl/about-university/why-university-of-warsaw/ |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=en.uw.edu.pl |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727221023/https://en.uw.edu.pl/about-university/why-university-of-warsaw/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The top 29 best universities in Poland: 2023 rankings |url=https://www.study.eu/best-universities/poland |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=www.study.eu |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727221022/https://www.study.eu/best-universities/poland |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Szkół Wyższych Perspektywy 2023 |url=https://ranking.perspektywy.pl/ |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=ranking.perspektywy.pl |language=pl |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928211654/https://2023.ranking.perspektywy.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Warsaw University of Technology]] is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in [[East-Central Europe]].<ref name=onelab/> Other institutions for higher education include the [[Medical University of Warsaw]], the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious; the [[Defense (military)|National Defence]] University, the highest military academic institution in Poland; the [[Fryderyk Chopin University of Music]], the oldest and largest music school in Poland and one of the largest in Europe;<ref name=infochopin/> the [[Warsaw School of Economics]], the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country;<ref name=sgh_waw/> the [[Warsaw University of Life Sciences]], the largest agricultural university, founded in 1818;<ref name="sggw" /> and the [[SWPS University]], the first private secular university in the country.

Warsaw has numerous libraries, many of which contain vast collections of historic documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections is the [[National Library of Poland]]. The library holds 8.2&nbsp;million volumes in its collection.<ref name=bn_org/> Formed in 1928,<ref name="fyifrance"/> it sees itself as a successor to the [[Załuski Library]], the biggest in Poland and one of the first and biggest libraries in the world.<ref name="fyifrance"/><ref name=utoronto/>

Another important library – the University Library, founded in 1816,<ref name=buw/> is home to over two million items.<ref name=Zbiory/> The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999.<ref name=Library/> It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002. It is one of the largest roof gardens in Europe with an area of more than {{convert|10000|m²|abbr=on}}, and plants covering {{convert|5111|m²|abbr=on}}.<ref name="garden"/> As the university garden it is open to the public every day.<ref name="garden"/>

==Transport==
{{Main |Transport in Warsaw|Infrastructure in Warsaw}}
Warsaw is a considerable transport hub linking [[Western Europe|Western]], Central and Eastern Europe. The city has a good [[Bus transport in Warsaw|network of buses]] and a continuously expanding perpendicular [[Warsaw metro|metro]] running north to south and east to west. The [[Trams in Warsaw|tram system]] is one of the biggest in Europe, with a total length of {{convert|133|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ZTM 2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ztm.waw.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/www_-BIULETYN-GRUDZIEN_2022-3.pdf |title=Informator statystyczny 2022 - nr XII (grudzień)|language=pl |publisher=Warszawski Transport Publiczny |access-date=18 January 2024 }}</ref> As a result of increased foreign investment, economic growth and EU funding, the city has undertaken the construction of new roads, [[Overpass|flyovers]] and bridges.<ref name=Jeziorski/> The supervising body is the City Roads Authority (ZDM – ''Zarząd Dróg Miejskich'').

===Public transport===
The first section of the [[Warsaw Metro]] was opened in 1995 initially with a total of 11 stations.<ref name="metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=111 |title=A History of Subway Construction |work=metro.waw.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210054546/http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=111&PHPSESSID=9eb61f8f4408e4e6260cabb63fc4daa3 |archive-date=10 December 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2024, it has 39 stations running a distance of approximately {{convert|41|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=56 |title=Technical and Operating Data of the Existing Subway Section |work=metro.waw.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117051410/http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=56&PHPSESSID=12053adabbe490da1246a5eaaacb78d8 |archive-date=17 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Public transport also extends to [[light rail]] [[Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa]] line, urban railway [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Warsaw)|Szybka Kolej Miejska]], [[regional rail]] [[Koleje Mazowieckie]] (Mazovian Railways),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/transport.htm |title=Public transport |work=e-warsaw.pl |access-date=22 August 2008 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710025442/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/transport.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[bicycle sharing system]]s ([[Veturilo]]). The buses, trams, urban railway and Metro are managed by the [[Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Warszawie|Public Transport Authority]] and are collectively known as Warsaw Public Transport.
[[File:Most Poniatowskiego nocą.jpg|thumb|There are 11 bridges over the Vistula within the city. In the photo, [[Poniatowski Bridge]] and [[Świętokrzyski Bridge]] in the distance]]

The table presents statistics on public transport in Warsaw.<ref>{{cite web |title=Informator statystyczny 2023 - raport roczny |url=https://www.ztm.waw.pl/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/13-BIULETYN-DODATEK-ROCZNY-2023.pdf |access-date=18 February 2024 |publisher=Warszawski Transport Publiczny |language=pl}}</ref><ref name="ZTM 2022" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | System
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | Stations / Lines / Net length
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | Annual ridership
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | Operator / Notes
|-
! scope="row" |[[File:Warsaw Metro logo.svg|15px|link=Warsaw Metro]] [[Warsaw Metro|Metro]]
| 39 / 2 / {{cvt|41|km}}
| 199,974,995 <small>(2023)</small>
| [[Warsaw Public Transport Authority|ZTM]] / Underground rail system
|-
! scope="row" |[[File:Ico tram.png|15px|link=Trams in Warsaw]] [[Trams in Warsaw|Trams]]
| 538 / 24 / {{cvt|133|km}}
| 248,903,710 <small>(2023)</small>
| [[Warsaw Public Transport Authority|ZTM]] / Lines marked with one- or dwo-digit number
|-
! scope="row" |[[File:Ico bus (1).png|15px|link=Bus transport in Warsaw]] [[Bus transport in Warsaw|Bus]]
| 3227 / 301 / {{cvt|3024|km}}
| 452,220,927 <small>(2023)</small>
| [[Warsaw Public Transport Authority|ZTM]] / Extensive services in all boroughs / 41 Night lines / Lines marked with three-digit number
|-
! scope="row" |[[File:Skmd.png|15px|link=Fast Urban Railway (Warsaw)]] [[Fast Urban Railway (Warsaw)|Fast Urban Railway]]
| 198 / 9 / {{cvt|116|km}}
| 15,161,224 <small>(2023)</small>
| [[Warsaw Public Transport Authority|ZTM]] / Overground [[rapid transit]] rail system
|-
! scope="row" |[[File:WTP Koleje Mazowieckie.svg|15px|link=Masovian Railways]] [[Masovian Railways|Koleje Mazowieckie]]
| 45 stations within the city
| 36,018,918 <small>(2023)</small>
| [[Masovian Railways|KM]] / Regional carrier / Within the city limits a common ticket with other means of public transport / Number of passengers using stations located in Warsaw
|-
! scope="row" |[[File:WKD.svg|15px|link=Warsaw Commuter Railway]] [[Warsaw Commuter Railway|Commuter Railway]]
| 2 / 28 / {{cvt|33|km}}
| 3,516,550 <small>(2023)</small>
| [[Warsaw Commuter Railway|WKD]] / Operates on a separate railway line
|}

===Roads===
Warsaw lacks a complete [[ring road]] system and most traffic goes directly through the city centre, leading to the eleventh highest level of congestion in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=EU&country=ALL |title=TomTom Traffic Index |publisher=TomTom |year=2018 |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313133819/https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=EU&country=ALL |url-status=live }}</ref> The Warsaw ring road has been planned to consist of four [[Expressways of Poland|express roads]]: [[Expressway S2 (Poland)|S2]] (south), [[Expressway S8 (Poland)|S8]] (north-west) and [[Expressway S17 (Poland)|S17]] (east). S8, S2 and a small {{convert|3|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} section of S17 are open. Additionally, the S2 and S8 have a [[Concurrency (road)|concurrency]] with the [[Expressway S7 (Poland)|S7]] and the S2 has a short concurrency with the S8. A second ring road consisting of the [[A50 autostrada (Poland)|A50 motorway]] (south) and [[Expressway S50 (Poland)|S50 expressway]] (north) is also planned but it is unknown when construction will start.

The [[A2 autostrada (Poland)|A2 motorway]] opened in June 2012, stretches west from Warsaw and is a direct motorway connection with Łódź, [[Poznań]] and ultimately with Berlin.

===Aviation===
[[File:Lotnisko Chopina w Warszawie 2018b.jpg|thumb|[[Warsaw Chopin Airport]]]]
The city has three [[international airports]]: [[Warsaw Chopin Airport]], located just {{convert|10|km|mi}} from the city centre,  [[Warsaw Radom Airport|Warsaw-Radom Airport]], located just {{convert|90|km|mi}} south of Warsaw, which serves mainly low-cost and charter operations and finally [[Modlin Airport|Warsaw-Modlin Airport]], located {{convert|35|km|mi}} to the north, opened in July 2012. With around 100 international and domestic flights a day and with 7,440,056 passengers served in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/AVIA_PAOA__custom_3263723/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=bb0c53f4-3e09-4a12-94d6-21b67640a062 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=Eurostat |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509205723/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/AVIA_PAOA__custom_3263723/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=bb0c53f4-3e09-4a12-94d6-21b67640a062 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it has also been called "the most important and largest airport in Central Europe".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airport-business.com/2015/12/pole-position-developing-the-most-important-and-largest-airport-in-central-europe/ |title=Pole position: Developing "the most important and largest airport in Central Europe" |work=airport-business.com |date=17 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326031157/http://www.airport-business.com/2015/12/pole-position-developing-the-most-important-and-largest-airport-in-central-europe/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Warsaw Chopin Airport]] is the [[List of the busiest airports in Poland|busiest airport]] in Poland a with 21.3 million passengers in 2024 handling approximately 40% of the country's total air passenger traffic. The airport is a central hub for [[LOT Polish Airlines]] as well as a base for [[Enter Air]] and [[Wizz Air]]. There are 50 air operations performed at the airport per hour. [[London]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Paris]], and [[Amsterdam]] are the busiest international connections, while [[Kraków]], [[Wrocław]], and [[Gdańsk]] are the most popular domestic ones.<ref name="tur1">[http://www.tur-info.pl/p/ak_id,18197,,lotnisko,okecie,otwarcia_lotniska,warszawa,w_warszawie,historia,rozwoj,chopina.html "Dokładnie 72 lata temu otwarto lotnisko Okęcie"], ''www.tur-info.pl'' (information originally available from the official airport webpage), 6 June 2006. Retrieved 7 May 2008. {{in lang|pl}}</ref> The complex contains 45 passenger gates, 27 of which are equipped with jetways. A rail link has been added to connect the city with the airport in 2012.

=== Rail ===
Long distance and intercity trains are operated by [[Polish State Railways]] (PKP). There are also some suburban bus lines run by private operators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291-1119275973157/td-ut5.pdf |title=From monopoly towards market |publisher=World Bank |access-date=22 August 2008 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180159/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291-1119275973157/td-ut5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bus transport in Warsaw|Bus]] service covers the entire city, with approximately 256 routes totalling above {{convert|3000|km|}}, and with some 1,700 vehicles.

The main railway station is [[Warszawa Centralna railway station|Warszawa Centralna]] serving both domestic traffic to almost every major city in Poland, and international connections. There are also five other major railway stations and a number of smaller suburban stations.

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Public transport in Warsaw">
File:C12 Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet - peron, Otwarcie M2, 2015-03-08.jpg|[[Warsaw Metro|Metro Line 2]], [[Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet metro station|Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet station]]
File:MANLion'sCityCNG 7204.jpg|[[Bus transport in Warsaw|Bus]]
File:Pesa 128N "Jazz-Duo", -3607, Tramwaje Warszawskie (32852697973).jpg|[[Trams in Warsaw|Tram car]]
File:PESA Sundeck & Bombardier, Koleje Mazowieckie (26575134031).jpg|[[Masovian Railways|Koleje Mazowieckie]] trains at [[Warszawa Wschodnia railway station|Warszawa Wschodnia]]
File:Stacja Veturilo Kopernika-Oboźna 2023.jpg|[[Veturilo]] bicycle rack at Oboźna Street
</gallery>

==Culture==
===Music and theatre===
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
[[File:Warszawa, ul. Senatorska 21, 25 20170516 001.jpg|thumb|The edifice of the [[Grand Theatre, Warsaw|Grand Theatre]] in Warsaw. It is one of the largest theatres in Europe, featuring one of the biggest stages in the world.]]
Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the [[Great Theatre, Warsaw|''Teatr Wielki'', the Polish National Opera]], the [[Chamber opera|Chamber Opera]], the [[Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra|National Philharmonic Hall]] and the [[National Theatre, Warsaw|National Theatre]], as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres and the [[Congress Hall (Warsaw)|Congress Hall]] in the [[Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw|Palace of Culture and Science]], Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Among the events worth particular attention are: the [[International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition]], the International Contemporary Music Festival [[Warsaw Autumn]], the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International [[Stanisław Moniuszko]] Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival, and the Festival of Old Music.<ref name="salter"/>

Warsaw is also considered one of the European hubs of underground electronic music with a very attractive house and techno music scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/03/new-europe-poland-clubs |title=New Europe: Poles dancing |work=The Guardian |date=3 April 2011 |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093844/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/03/new-europe-poland-clubs |url-status=live }}</ref>

Warsaw is home to over 30 major theatres spread throughout the city, including the [[National Theatre, Warsaw|National Theatre]] (founded in 1765) and the [[Grand Theatre, Warsaw|Grand Theatre]] (established 1778).<ref name=teatrwielki1/>

Warsaw also attracts many young and off-stream directors and performers who add to the city's theatrical culture. Their productions may be viewed mostly in smaller theatres and ''Houses of Culture'' (''Domy Kultury''), mostly outside ''[[Śródmieście, Warsaw|Śródmieście]]'' (Central Warsaw). Warsaw hosts the International Theatrical Meetings.

From 1833 to the outbreak of World War II, Plac Teatralny ''([[Theatre Square (Warsaw)|Theatre Square]])'' was the country's cultural hub and home to the various theatres.<ref name="teatrwielki"/> Plac Teatralny and its environs was the venue for numerous parades, celebrations of state holidays, carnival balls and concerts.

The main building housed the [[Great Theatre, Warsaw|Great Theatre]] from 1833 to 1834, the Rozmaitości Theatre from 1836 to 1924 and then the National Theatre, the Reduta Theatre from 1919 to 1924, and from 1928 to 1939{{spaced ndash}}the Nowy Theatre, which staged productions of contemporary poetical drama, including those directed by [[Leon Schiller]].<ref name="teatrwielki"/>

Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the [[Saxon Garden]]), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939,<ref name=Letni/> and in the [[interwar period|inter-war period]], the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and [[Leon Schiller]]'s musical theatre Melodram. The [[Wojciech Bogusławski]] Theatre (1922–26) was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts{{spaced ndash}}the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.<ref name="teatrwielki"/>

===Museums and art galleries===
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
{|style="float:left;"
|{{hidden
| headercss = width: 325px; background: #B5B5B5;
| contentcss = 
| header = Museums in Warsaw
| content = 
* [[National Museum in Warsaw|National Museum]]
* [[Zachęta]] National Gallery of Art
* [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]]
* [[Warsaw Uprising Museum]]
* [[Copernicus Science Centre]]
* [[Museum of Evolution of Polish Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Museum of the Earth of the Polish Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Ujazdów Castle#Centre for Contemporary Art|Centre for Contemporary Art]]
* [[Museum of Modern Art, Warsaw|Museum of Modern Art]]
* [[Polish Army Museum|Museum of the Polish Army]]
* [[Fryderyk Chopin Museum]]
* [[Museum of Warsaw]]
* [[Museum of Polish History]]
* [[Museum of Independence]]
* [[Museum of the History of the Polish Jews]]
* [[Museum of Sport and Tourism]]
* [[Legia Warsaw Museum]]
* [[Museum of Communism, Poland|Museum of Communism]]
* [[Museum of Caricature, Warsaw|Museum of Caricature]]
* [[Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum]]
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE INSTITUTIONS HERE -->
}}
|}
[[File:Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego 2023.jpg|thumb|right|[[Warsaw Rising Museum]]]]
[[File:Zamek Ostrogskich w Warszawie 2022.jpg|thumb|right|The 17th-century [[Ostrogski Palace|Ostrogski Castle]] houses the [[Fryderyk Chopin Museum|Chopin Museum]]]]
[[File:Muzeum Kopernika - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Copernicus Science Centre]], [[planetarium]]]]
There are over 60 museums and galleries in Warsaw which are accessible to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gracetour.waw.pl/przewodnik-po-warszawie/muzea-warszawy/#:~:text=I%20tak%20przy%20kolejnych%20wycieczkach,z%20nich%20nie%20zosta%C5%82o%20zaprezentowanych. |title=Muzea Warszawy |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206035105/https://www.gracetour.waw.pl/przewodnik-po-warszawie/muzea-warszawy/#:~:text=I%20tak%20przy%20kolejnych%20wycieczkach,z%20nich%20nie%20zosta%C5%82o%20zaprezentowanych. |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the positions are the world's first [[Poster Museum, Wilanów|Museum of Posters]] boasting one of the largest collections of art [[poster]]s in the world,<ref name=postermuseum/> and the [[POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews|Museum of the History of Polish Jews]]. Among the most prestigious ones are the [[National Museum in Warsaw|National Museum]] with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity until the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection,<ref name=Schwarz/> and the [[Polish Army Museum|Museum of the Polish Army]] whose set portrays the history of arms.

The collections of [[Łazienki Palace|Łazienki]] and [[Wilanów Palace|Wilanów]] palaces focus on the paintings of the "old masters", as do those of the Royal Castle which displays the [[Palais Lanckoroński#Lanckoroński Collection|Lanckoroński Collection]] including two paintings by Rembrandt.<ref name=Wetering/> The Palace in [[Natolin Palace and Park Complex|Natolin]], a former rural residence of Duke [[Czartoryski family|Czartoryski]], is another venue with its interiors and park accessible to tourists.

The famous [[Copernicus Science Centre]] is an interactive science museum containing over 450 exhibits, enabling visitors to carry out experiments and discover the laws of science for themselves. Warsaw does not have a natural history museum. Yet, it hosts small museums of [[Museum of Evolution of Polish Academy of Sciences|Evolution]] and [[Museum of the Earth of the Polish Academy of Sciences|the Earth]], which play a similar role.

Holding Poland's largest private collection of art, the [[Museum of John Paul II Collection|Carroll Porczyński Collection Museum]]<ref>Official name: ''Museum of John Paul II Collection''</ref> displays works from such varied artists as [[Paris Bordone]], [[Cornelis van Haarlem]], [[José de Ribera]], [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], and [[Vincent van Gogh]]<ref name="muzeummalarstwa" /> along with some copies of masterpieces of European painting.

A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and [[history of Poland]] can be found in the [[Warsaw Rising Museum|Warsaw Uprising Museum]] and in the [[Katyń Museum]] which preserves the memory of that crime.<ref name=Baker/> The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the [[Warsaw Fotoplastikon]]. The [[Museum of Independence]] preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936 the [[Museum of Warsaw|Warsaw Historical Museum]] contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today.

The 17th century Royal [[Ujazdów Castle]] houses the Centre for Contemporary Art, with some permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, shows and creative workshops. The Centre realizes about 500 projects a year. The [[Zachęta]] National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of [[modern art]] by Polish and [[International Artists]] and promotes art in many other ways. Since 2011, [[Warsaw Gallery Weekend]] is held on the last weekend of September.

28 September 2023 the opening of the new building of the [[Museum of Polish History]] located at the [[Warsaw Citadel]] took place.

The city also possesses some oddities such as the [[Neon Museum, Warsaw|Neon Museum]], the [[Museum of Caricature, Warsaw|Museum of Caricature]],<ref name=Exhibitions/> the [[Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński]], the [[Legia Warsaw Museum]], and a Motorisation Museum in [[Otrębusy]].<ref name=motoryzacji/>

===Cuisine and food===
Warsaw's culinary tradition was shaped by its once multicultural population; its cuisine is distinct from that of other cities and towns in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://metrowarszawa.gazeta.pl/metrowarszawa/56,141634,20718074,krolu-zloty-gdzie-na-cymesy-w-tych-knajpach-zjesz-prawdziwe.html |title=Królu złoty, gdzie na cymesy? W tych knajpach zjesz prawdziwe, warszawskie potrawy [PRZEWODNIK] |website=metro.waw |date=4 June 2017 |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206172424/https://metrowarszawa.gazeta.pl/metrowarszawa/56,141634,20718074,krolu-zloty-gdzie-na-cymesy-w-tych-knajpach-zjesz-prawdziwe.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.polskieskarby.pl/szlak-kulinarny/warszawa |title=Warszawa |website=Polskie Skarby Kulinarne |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207093606/https://www.polskieskarby.pl/szlak-kulinarny/warszawa |url-status=live }}</ref> Strong [[Jewish cuisine|Jewish]] and [[French cuisine|French]] influences were cultivated over the years, in particular [[herring]], [[consommé]], [[bagels]], [[aspic]] and French [[meringue]]-based pastries or cakes.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://warsawtour.pl/warszawskie-specjaly/ |title=Warszawskie specjały - oficjalny portal turystyczny stolicy Polski |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206130041/https://warsawtour.pl/warszawskie-specjaly/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Traditional Varsovian food is hearty and includes a [[tripe soup]] for entrée, a [[Pyzy (dish)|pyza]] dumpling for main and the iconic [[wuzetka]] (voo-zetka) chocolate cream pie for dessert.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/tradycyjne-warszawskie-potrawy-od-cynaderek-po-zygmuntowke/ar/c17-3710290 |title=Tradycyjne warszawskie potrawy. Od Cynaderek po Zygmuntówkę |date=19 April 2016 |website=Warszawa Nasze Miasto |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206140126/https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/tradycyjne-warszawskie-potrawy-od-cynaderek-po-zygmuntowke/ar/c17-3710290 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Crayfish]] and [[Aspic|fish in gelatin]] were the classical dishes in Warsaw's restaurants throughout the 1920s and the 1930s.<ref name="auto2"/>

[[File:Wuzetka edit.JPG|thumb|right|The [[wuzetka]] chocolate sponge cake is a Warsaw classic]]
[[File:Staroświecki Sklep Wedla Szpitalna 8 Warszawa.JPG|thumb|right|Interior of the [[E. Wedel|Wedel]] Chocolate Lounge on Szpitalna Street]]

Much like [[Paris]] or [[Vienna]], Warsaw once possessed a prominent [[Parisian café|café culture]] which dated back to the early 18th century, and the city's cafeterias were a place for socializing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kawiarnie.warszawa.pl/historia-kawiarni-w-polsce |title=Historia kawiarni w Polsce. |website=www.kawiarnie.warszawa.pl |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206172053/http://www.kawiarnie.warszawa.pl/historia-kawiarni-w-polsce |url-status=live }}</ref> The historic [[E. Wedel|Wedel]] Chocolate Lounge on Szpitalna Street remains one of the most renowned spots for social gatherings. Cafeterias, confectioneries and patisseries such as [[Caffè Nero]], [[Costa Coffee]] and [[Starbucks]] are predominantly found along the Royal Route on [[New World Street]]. Thousands of Warsaw's residents also flock annually to the pastry workshops (''pączkarnia'') to buy [[pączki]] doughnuts on [[Fat Thursday]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Polska/Warszawa/Tlusty-czwartek-Warszawska-cukiernia-Zagozdzinski-wprowadza-limity-na-kupno-paczkow |title=Tłusty czwartek: Warszawska cukiernia Zagoździński wprowadza limity na kupno pączków - Wiadomości |date=18 February 2020 |website=wiadomosci.radiozet.pl |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207103300/https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Polska/Warszawa/Tlusty-czwartek-Warszawska-cukiernia-Zagozdzinski-wprowadza-limity-na-kupno-paczkow |url-status=live }}</ref>

Restaurants offering authentic [[Polish cuisine]] are concentrated around the Old Town district. Various [[spit cake]]s of [[Czech Republic|Czech]] or [[Hungary|Hungarian]] origin ([[kürtőskalács]] and [[trdelník]]) are also sold primarily in the Old Town.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/7,54420,22031343,starowka-tylko-dla-turystow-sprawdzamy-kto-ja-odwiedza.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=warszawa.wyborcza.pl |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510014437/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/7,54420,22031343,starowka-tylko-dla-turystow-sprawdzamy-kto-ja-odwiedza.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Hala Koszyki is a popular meeting place in Warsaw noted for its food hall.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/warsaw-best-restaurants-bars-things-to-do-hotels-city-break-guide-poland-a8430631.html |work=The Independent |title=WARSAW CITY GUIDE: WHERE TO EAT, DRINK, SHOP AND STAY IN POLAND'S CAPITAL |date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116193623/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/warsaw-best-restaurants-bars-things-to-do-hotels-city-break-guide-poland-a8430631.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 20th century, Warsaw was famed for its state-owned [[milk bar]]s (''[[bar mleczny]]'') which offered cheap [[fast food]] in the form of home dinners. Examples of dishes popularized by these canteens include [[tomato soup]], [[schnitzel]]s, [[frikadeller]], [[mizeria|mizeria salad]] and many others. Contemporary fast food giants like [[McDonald's]], [[KFC]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] and [[Burger King]] are the successors to milk bars, though some reemerged in recent years due to widespread [[nostalgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wawalove.wp.pl/wraca-moda-na-bary-mleczne-reaktywacja-baru-gdanskiego-6178764019673217a |title=Wraca moda na bary mleczne. Reaktywacja Baru Gdańskiego |first=Katarzyna |last=Zając-Malarowska |date=11 April 2017 |website=wawalove.wp.pl |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207164347/https://wawalove.wp.pl/wraca-moda-na-bary-mleczne-reaktywacja-baru-gdanskiego-6178764019673217a |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gourmet and [[haute cuisine]] establishments are situated in the vicinity of the downtown area or in the [[Frascati, Warsaw|Frascati]] neighbourhood. Thirteen Varsovian restaurants were appreciated by the [[Michelin Guide]], with two receiving a michelin star in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://haveabite.in/article/wyroznienia-michelin-2018-zobaczcie-zmiany-krakowie-pelna-lista-restauracji/ |title=Wyróżnienia MICHELIN 2019! Pełna lista restauracji - Kraków i Warszawa |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207051119/http://haveabite.in/article/wyroznienia-michelin-2018-zobaczcie-zmiany-krakowie-pelna-lista-restauracji/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guide.michelin.com/pl/en/restaurants/the-plate-michelin |title=The MICHELIN Plate: Good cooking – the MICHELIN Guide Poland |website=MICHELIN Guide |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127202719/https://guide.michelin.com/pl/en/restaurants/the-plate-michelin |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, [[National Geographic]] named Warsaw one of the top cities for [[Veganism|vegans]] in Europe. Śródmieście Południowe (Southern Downtown) and its "hipster food culture" was singled out as the epicenter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodd |first=Liz |date=6 February 2021 |title=The eight best cities for vegans |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2021/02/the-eight-best-cities-for-vegans |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=National Geographic |language=en-gb |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628142621/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2021/02/the-eight-best-cities-for-vegans }}</ref>

===Events===
Several commemorative events take place every year, notably the [[Orange Warsaw Festival]] featuring music concerts. One of the more popular events is the [[procession]] of the [[Biblical Magi|Three Wise Men]] (in Polish known as the Three Kings) on [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], shortly after the [[New Year]]. Paper crowns are usually worn by spectators throughout the day. The event, which runs along the Royal Route, is attended by Warsaw's highest officials and by the Polish president who resides nearby.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://niedziela.pl/artykul/26573 |title=Orszaki Trzech Króli na ulicach 515 polskich miast |website=niedziela.pl |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031309/https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/26573 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orszak.org/historia-orszaku-trzech-kroli |title=Orszak Trzech Króli / Historia Orszaku Trzech Króli |website=orszak.org |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103093025/http://orszak.org/historia-orszaku-trzech-kroli |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer's Night for a festival called [[Wianki]] (Polish for ''Wreaths'') have also become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw.<ref name="sobotka">{{cite web |author=Staś Kmieć |url=http://www.polamjournal.com/Library/Holidays/Sobotka/sobotka.html |title=Midsummer's Eve |work=polamjournal.com |access-date=2 February 2009 |archive-date=28 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928111507/http://polamjournal.com/Library/Holidays/Sobotka/sobotka.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wreath">{{cite web |author=Staś Kmieć |url=http://www.aktivist.pl/wydarzenie/eventId,393787,wianki-2008-wydarzenie.html |title=Wianki 2008 |work=aktivist.pl |access-date=2 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417070237/http://www.aktivist.pl/wydarzenie/eventId%2C393787%2Cwianki-2008-wydarzenie.html |archive-date=17 April 2009 |language=pl |url-status=dead}}</ref> The festival traces its roots to a peaceful [[paganism|pagan]] ritual where maidens would float their [[wreath]]s of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom.<ref name="sobotka"/> By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today.<ref name="sobotka"/> The city council organize concerts and other events.<ref name="wreath"/> Each Midsummer's Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, and looking for the [[fern flower]], there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.<ref name="wreath"/>

Warsaw Multimedia Fountain Park is located in an enchanting place, near the Old Town and the Vistula. The 'Water – Light – Sound' multimedia shows take place each Friday and Saturday from May until September at 9.30&nbsp;pm (May and – 9 October pm). On other weekdays, the shows do not include lasers and sound.

The [[Warsaw Film Festival|Warsaw Film festival]], an annual festival that takes place every October.<ref name="wff">{{cite web |url=http://www.wff.pl/en/o-festiwalu/ |title=Warsaw Film Festival |work=wff.pl |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-date=24 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924191121/http://www.wff.pl/en/o-festiwalu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Films are usually screened in their original language with Polish subtitles and participating cinemas include Kinoteka (Palace of Science and Culture), [[Multikino]] at [[Złote Tarasy|Golden Terraces]] and Kultura. Over 100 films are shown throughout the festival, and awards are given to the best and most popular films.<ref name="wff"/>

===Warsaw Mermaid===
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{{Main|Coat of arms of Warsaw}}
[[File:Warsaw Sirene 1659.PNG|thumb|upright|The 1659 [[Coat of arms of Warsaw|coat of arms of Old Warsaw]] on the cover of one of Warsaw's accounting books]]

The mermaid (''syrenka'') is Warsaw's symbol<ref name=ucl/> and can be found on statues throughout the city and on [[Coat of arms of Warsaw|the city's coat of arms]]. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century.<ref name=Mermaid/> The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription ''Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis'' (Seal of the city of Warsaw).<ref name="herb"/> City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a [[sea monster]] with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws.<ref name=Bratosiewicz/> In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:

{{Rquote|center|Warsaw of strong walls; why was the emblem Mermaid with sharp sword, given you by the kings?|Zygmunt Laukowski<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biega.com/syrena.html |title=Warsaw Mermaid&nbsp;– Syrena |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=25 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041430/http://biega.com/syrena.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>}}

The Mermaid Statue stands in the very centre of Old Town Square, surrounded by a fountain. Due to vandalism, the original statue had been moved to the grounds of the Museum of Warsaw – the statue in the square is a copy.
This is not the only mermaid in Warsaw. Another is located on the bank of the Vistula River near Świętokrzyski Bridge and another on Karowa Street.

The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]]'s daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of [[Copenhagen]]. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the [[Vistula]] River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.<ref name="legend"/>

Another legend says that a mermaid once swam to Warsaw from the [[Baltic Sea]] for the love of the Griffin, the ancient defender of the city, who was killed in a struggle against the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish invasions]] of the 17th century. The mermaid, wishing to avenge his death, took the position of defender of Warsaw, becoming the symbol of the city.<ref name="legend"/>

Every member of the [[Queen's Royal Hussars]] of the UK's light [[cavalry]] wears the ''Maid of Warsaw'', the crest of the City of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of his No. 2 (Service) Dress.<ref name=qohmuseum/> Members of [[No. 651 Squadron RAF|651 Squadron Army Air Corps]] of the United Kingdom also wear the ''Maid of Warsaw'' on the left sleeve of their No. 2 (Service) Dress.<ref name=RAF/>

==Sports==
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{{Main|Sport in Warsaw}}
[[File:Warsaw National Stadium before Germany - Italy (6).jpg|thumb|right|The Interior of the National Stadium before the [[UEFA Euro 2012]] semi-final match between [[Germany national football team|Germany]] and [[Italy national football team|Italy]] on 28 June 2012]]

On 9 April 2008, the Mayor of Warsaw, [[Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz]], obtained from the mayor of [[Stuttgart]] [[Wolfgang Schuster]] a challenge award&nbsp;– a [[commemorative plaque]] awarded to Warsaw as the European capital of Sport in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aces-europa.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i8gr5Zb1M8I%3D&tabid=55&mid=379 |title=European Capitals of Sport |work=aces-europa.eu |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153058/https://www.aces-europa.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i8gr5Zb1M8I%3D&tabid=55&mid=379 |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref>

The [[Kazimierz Górski National Stadium]], a 58,580-seat-capacity football (soccer) stadium, replaced Warsaw's recently demolished [[10th-Anniversary Stadium]].<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Ryan Lucas |url=http://sports.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/euro/story.asp?i=20080630175055520000101&ref=hea&tm= |title=UEFA turns attention to Euro 2012 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708171207/http://sports.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/euro/story.asp?i=20080630175055520000101&ref=hea&tm= |archive-date=8 July 2011}}</ref> The National Stadium hosted the opening match, two group matches, a quarter-final, and a semi-final of [[UEFA Euro 2012]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.e2012.org/en/4_51.html |title=Warsaw |work=e2012.org |access-date=31 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803222406/http://www.e2012.org/en/4_51.html |archive-date=3 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are many sports centres in the city as well. Most of these facilities are swimming pools and sports halls, many of them built by the municipality in the past several years. The main indoor venue is [[Torwar Hall|Hala Torwar]], used for a variety of indoor sports (it was a venue for the [[2009 EuroBasket]]<ref>[https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html 2009 EuroBasket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807052744/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html |date=7 August 2016 }}, ARCHIVE.FIBA.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016.</ref> but it is also used as an indoor skating rink). There is also an open-air skating rink (Stegny) and a horse racetrack (Służewiec).

The best of the city's swimming centres is at Wodny Park Warszawianka, {{convert|4|km|0|abbr=on}} south of the centre at Merliniego Street, where there's an Olympic-sized pool as well as water slides and children's areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wodnypark.com.pl/index.php?lang=en |title=Wodny Park |work=wodnypark.com.pl |access-date=31 January 2009 |archive-date=28 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428142436/http://www.wodnypark.com.pl/index.php?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Among the Varsovian football teams, the most recognisable is [[Legia Warsaw]]&nbsp;– the army club with a nationwide following play at the [[Polish Army Stadium]], just southeast of the centre at [[Łazienkowska Street]]. Established in 1916, they have won the [[Ekstraklasa|country's championship]] fifteen times (most recently in 2021) and won the [[Polish Cup]] nineteen times. In the [[1995–96 UEFA Champions League]] season, they reached the quarter-finals, where they lost to Greek club [[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]].

Their local rivals, [[Polonia Warsaw]], have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win the country's championship two times (in 1946 and 2000) and won the cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska Street, a ten-minute walk north from the [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]]. Polonia was relegated from the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation. They are now playing in the first league (2nd tier in Poland).

[[Legia Warszawa (basketball)|Legia Warsaw's basketball team]] was one of the country's best teams in 50s and 60s. They are now participating in [[Polish Basketball League|PLK]], the highest-tier level of the Polish basketball.

==Famous people==
{{further|List of people from Warsaw}}
{{further|Category:People from Warsaw}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Marie Curie c1920.jpg
| image2 = Benoit Mandelbrot, TED 2010 (3x4 cropped).jpg
| image3 = Samuel Goldwyn - Jul 1919 EH.jpg
| image4 = Robert Lewandowski FCB.jpg
| footer = Famous people born in Warsaw, '''clockwise from upper left''': [[Maria Skłodowska-Curie]], [[Benoit Mandelbrot]], [[Robert Lewandowski]] and [[Samuel Goldwyn]]
}}

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One of the most famous people born in Warsaw was [[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska-Curie]], who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize.<ref name=nobelprize/> Famous musicians include [[Władysław Szpilman]], [[Frédéric Chopin]] and [[Witold Lutosławski]]. Though Chopin was born in the village of [[Żelazowa Wola]], about {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} from Warsaw, he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old.<ref name=Lawrynowicz/> [[Casimir Pulaski]], a Polish general and hero of the [[American Revolutionary War]], was born here in 1745.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483059/Kazimierz-Pulaski |title=Kazimierz Pulaski – Polish patriot and United States army officer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403174849/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483059/Kazimierz-Pulaski |url-status=live }}</ref> Other important people, who lived in Warsaw (although were not born here) are also [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and [[L. L. Zamenhof]].

[[Tamara de Lempicka]] was a famous artist born in Warsaw.<ref name="lempicka"/> She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki.<ref name=marchand/> Better than anyone else she represented the [[art deco]] style in painting and art.<ref name="lempicka"/> Another notable artist born in the city was [[Wojciech Fangor]]. He was associated with [[Op art]] and [[Color field]] movements and recognized as a key figure in the history of Polish postwar [[abstract art]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |last=Grimes |first=William |date=9 November 2015 |title=Wojciech Fangor, Painter Who Emerged From Postwar Poland, Dies at 92 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/10/arts/design/wojciech-fangor-painter-who-emerged-from-postwar-poland-dies-at-92.html |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Nathan Alterman]], the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was [[Moshe Vilenski]], the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the [[Warsaw Conservatory]].<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

Other notable individuals from Warsaw include [[Samuel Goldwyn]], the founder of [[Goldwyn Pictures]], mathematician [[Benoit Mandelbrot]], physicist [[Joseph Rotblat]], biochemist [[Casimir Funk]], [[Moshe Prywes]], an Israeli physician who was the first President of [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]], and [[I. L. Peretz]], one of the three founding fathers of modern [[Yiddish literature]]. Warsaw was the beloved city of [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]], which he described in many of his novels:<ref name=jewish-theatre/> "Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever", he wrote.<ref name=Burgin/> Notable sportspeople born in Warsaw include footballers [[Robert Lewandowski]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/robert-lewandowski_prs141648/person.shtml |title=Robert Lewandowski |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901011429/https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/robert-lewandowski_prs141648/person.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Wojciech Szczęsny]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/46712/13-things-you-need-to-know-about-wojciech-szczesny |title=13 things you need to know about Wojciech Szczesny |website=asroma.com |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref> as well as tennis player [[Iga Świątek]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/326408/iga-swiatek |title=Iga Świątek |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705044830/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/326408/title/iga-swiatek-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International relations==
===Twin towns and sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Warsaw is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |website=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Warsaw |language=pl |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200516/https://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan (2002)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], Germany (1991)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States (1960)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Düsseldorf]], Germany (1989)
*{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi]], Vietnam (2000)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine (1994)
*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Riga]], Latvia (2002)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (1997)
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea (1996)
*{{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1995)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel (1992)
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuania (1998)
<!--rest - not twinning-->
{{div col end}}

Former twin towns:
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Grozny]], Russia (1997–2022)<ref name="auto3">{{cite web| url = https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996| language = pl| title = Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom| date = 3 March 2022| access-date = 5 March 2022| archive-date = 11 May 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220511060219/https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996| url-status = live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia (1993–2022)<ref name="auto3"/>

===Partnership and friendship===
Warsaw also cooperates with:<ref name=twins/>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary (2005)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina (1992)<ref>{{cite web |title=Convenios Internacionales |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |publisher=Buenos Aires |language=es |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Coventry]], United Kingdom (1957)<ref>{{cite web |title=Warsaw, Poland |url=https://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory_record/6225/warsaw_poland/category/732/europe |website=coventry.gov.uk |publisher=Coventry City Council |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826071202/https://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory_record/6225/warsaw_poland/category/732/europe |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[The Hague]], Netherlands (1991)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hamamatsu]], Japan (1990)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Harbin]], China (1993)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Île-de-France]], France (1990)
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey (1991)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain (1981)<ref>{{cite web |title=Agreements with cities |url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |website=madrid.es |publisher=Madrid |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], Philippines (2006)
*{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Oslo]], Norway (2006)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France (1999)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784 |title=Friendship and cooperation agreements |publisher=Marie de Paris |location=Paris |access-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403161510/http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784 |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Saint-Étienne]], France (1995)
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Canada (1990)
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Vienna]], Austria (1991)
*{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia (2013)<ref>{{cite web |title=Partner cities |url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ |website=yerevan.am |publisher=Yerevan |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329102031/http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Former partner cities:
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1997–2022)<ref name="auto3"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}
* [[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group]]
* [[Destruction of Warsaw]]
* [[Architecture of Warsaw]]
* [[Legia Warsaw]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Warsaw]]
* [[List of honorary citizens of Warsaw]]
* [[Street names of Warsaw]]
* [[Tourism in Poland]]
* Various [[Battle of Warsaw (disambiguation)|battles of Warsaw]]<!-- Link to disambiguation page, please do not change -->
* Various [[Treaty of Warsaw|treaties of Warsaw]]
* [[Warsaw concentration camp]]
* [[Warsaw dialect]]
* [[Warsaw Fire Guard]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Adamczyk>{{cite book |quote=The Soviet troops, ordered by Stalin to wait until the Germans had destroyed the remnants of Polish resistance, then moved into what was left of Warsaw, flushed out the remaining Germans, and proclaimed themselves liberators of the city. |author=Wesley Adamczyk |title=When God looked the other way: an odyssey of war, exile, and redemption |year=2004 |page=170 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-00443-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77sneNTXojQC&pg=PA170 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031336/https://books.google.com/books?id=77sneNTXojQC&pg=PA170 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=aip1>{{cite web |url=http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl2.htm |title=Polish Girlhood (1867–1891) |work=aip.org |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=25 February 2009 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102134102/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=aip2>{{cite web |url=http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst1.htm |title=The Radium Institute (1919–1934) |work=aip.org |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=25 February 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028083629/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=aish>{{cite web |url=http://www.aish.com/holocaust/overview/he05n27.htm |title=The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |work=aish.com |access-date=29 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623220055/http://www.aish.com/holocaust/overview/he05n27.htm |archive-date=23 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=Ascheron>{{cite web |author=Neal Ascheron |url=http://www.halat.pl/poland2.html |title=The Struggles for Poland |work=halat.pl |access-date=24 July 2008 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021011905/http://www.halat.pl/poland2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Baker>{{cite book |author1=Mark Baker |author2=Kit F. Chung |title=Frommer's Poland |year=2009 |page=79 |publisher=Frommer's |isbn=978-0-470-15819-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypJ5fzK_uSkC |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031335/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypJ5fzK_uSkC |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!-- <ref name=Blewaska>{{cite web |author=Joanna Blewąska |url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,5999966,Warszawa_da_sie_lubic_.html |title=Warszawa da się lubić? |work=Gazeta Wyborcza |date=28 November 2008 |access-date=29 September 2010 |language=pl |archive-date=11 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611074414/http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,5999966,Warszawa_da_sie_lubic_.html |url-status=live }}</ref> -->

<ref name=bn_org>{{cite web |url=http://www.bn.org.pl/index.php?id=4 |title=Historia zbiorów |work=bn.org.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201230908/http://bn.org.pl/index.php?id=4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Borkiewicz>{{cite book |first=Adam |last=Borkiewicz |title=Powstanie warszawskie 1944: zarys działań natury wojskowej |year=1957 |publisher=PAX |location=Warsaw}}</ref>

<ref name=Bratosiewicz>{{cite web |author=Ewa Bratosiewicz |url=http://www.warsaw-guide.invito.pl/index.php?str=x41 |title=Other symbols of Warsaw |work=warsaw-guide.invito.pl |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=1 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501224649/http://warsaw-guide.invito.pl/index.php?str=x41 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=broadbandtvnews>{{cite web |author=Chris Dziadul |url=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2007/10/05/a-decade-of-progress/ |title=A decade of progress |work=broadbandtvnews.com |date=5 October 2007 |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820132900/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2007/10/05/a-decade-of-progress/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Brockhaus>{{cite book |author=F.A. Brockhaus Verlag Leipzig |title=Der Grosse Brockhaus: Handbuch des Wissens |year=1935 |page=25 |publisher=Brockhaus |edition=15th |volume=20 |language=de}}</ref>

<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/636161/Warsaw-Uprising |title=Warsaw Uprising |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 February 2009 |archive-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216123931/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/636161/Warsaw-Uprising |url-status=live }} ''Hoping to gain control of Warsaw before the Red Army could "liberate" it, the Home Army followed the Soviet suggestion to revolt''.</ref>

<ref name=Burgin>{{cite book |author1=Richard Burgin |author2=Issac Bashevis Singer |title=Issac bashevis Singer Talks... About Everything |year=1978 |page=46 |publisher=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}} in: {{cite book |author1=David Neal Miller |author2=Isaac Bashevis Singer |title=Recovering the canon: essays on Isaac Bashevis Singer |year=1986 |page=40 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-07681-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6hNoUXlCXwC&q=Warsaw+has+just+now+been+destroyed.+No+one+will+ever+see+the+Warsaw+I+knew.+Let+me+just+write+about+it.+Let+this+Warsaw+not+not+disappear+forever&pg=PA40 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031333/https://books.google.com/books?id=O6hNoUXlCXwC&q=Warsaw+has+just+now+been+destroyed.+No+one+will+ever+see+the+Warsaw+I+knew.+Let+me+just+write+about+it.+Let+this+Warsaw+not+not+disappear+forever&pg=PA40 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=buw>{{cite web |url=http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=32&Itemid=76 |title=Historia |work=buw.uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062433/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=32&Itemid=76 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Chopin_Monument>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=165&dz_id=16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070528001130/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=165&dz_id=16 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2007 |title=Frédéric Chopin Monument |work=eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line |access-date=23 February 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=CEE>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18028 |title=Big Chance for the Capital |work=Warsaw&nbsp;– CEE Financial Hub Conference |publisher=warsawvoice.pl |date=11 June 2008 |access-date=28 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206014654/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18028 |archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=coat_of_arms>{{cite web |url=http://bip.warszawa.pl/English/Main_Menu/capital_city_of_warsaw/coat_of_arms_colours.htm |title=Coat of Arms and Colours of the Capital City of Warsaw |work=bip.warszawa.pl |access-date=14 January 2009 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423062848/http://bip.warszawa.pl/English/Main_Menu/capital_city_of_warsaw/coat_of_arms_colours.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Czerkawski>{{cite book |first1=Andrzej |last1=Czerkawski |first2=Tadeusz |last2=Jurga |title=Dla ciebie ojczyzno |year=1969 |page=435 |publisher=Sport i Turystyka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM8qAQAAIAAJ&q=1940 |quote=ORDER OF VALOUR "VIRTUTI MILITARI", FIFTH CLASS Capital City of Warsaw 1940 To the inhabitants of the Capital City of Warsaw – in recognition of their heroism and unshakable bravery in the struggle with the Nazi aggressor. |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031308/https://books.google.com/books?id=dM8qAQAAIAAJ&q=1940 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="destination">{{cite web |url=http://www.destinationwarsaw.com/site.php5/Show/135.html |title=Pope in Warsaw |work=destinationwarsaw.com |access-date=5 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202115249/http://destinationwarsaw.com/site.php5/Show/135.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="djordjevic">{{cite book |author=Masa Djordjevic |title=Politics of Urban Development Planning: Building Urban Governance in Post-Socialist Warsaw? |year=2006 |page=8 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |url=http://pl.scribd.com/doc/59582800/Djordjevic-Masa-Paper |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509230513/http://pl.scribd.com/doc/59582800/Djordjevic-Masa-Paper |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Exhibitions>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsaw.com/v/exhibitions/ |title=Exhibitions |work=warsaw.com |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201010139/http://www.warsaw.com/v/exhibitions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="fyifrance">{{cite web |author=Maria Witt |url=http://www.fyifrance.com/f102005c.htm |title=The Zaluski Collection in Warsaw |work=The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century |publisher=FYI France |date=15 September – 15 October 2005 |access-date=17 February 2008 |archive-date=8 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208031623/http://www.fyifrance.com/f102005c.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="garden">{{cite web |url=http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=286&Itemid=91 |title=Garden |work=buw.uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722222011/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=286&Itemid=91 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ghettouprising">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/wgupris.htm |title=The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |work=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=29 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043736/http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/wgupris.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=goeuro2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.goeuro2012.com/html/warsaw.html |title=Warsaw |work=goeuro2012.com |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603015458/http://www.goeuro2012.com/html/warsaw.html |archive-date=3 June 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

<ref name=qohmuseum>{{cite web |url=http://www.qohmuseum.org.uk/maid.htm |title=The Maid of Warsaw |work=The Queen's Own Hussars Museum |access-date=10 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012215137/http://www.qohmuseum.org.uk/maid.htm |archive-date=12 October 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Golna>{{cite book |author=Cornelia Golna |title=City of man's desire: a novel of Constantinople |year=2004 |page=318 |publisher=Go-Bos Press |isbn=90-804114-4-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031337/https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="gus">{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_as_statitical_yearbook_of_the_rep_of_poland_2008.pdf |title=Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2008 |work=stat.gov.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207061813/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_as_statitical_yearbook_of_the_rep_of_poland_2008.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="herb">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb.htm |title=History of Warsaw's Coat of Arms |work=e.warsaw.pl |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514225200/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="heroic">{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=174&dz_id=17 |title=Heroic City |work=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704051628/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=174&dz_id=17 |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/historia.htm |title=Warsaw's history |work=e-warsaw.pl |access-date=24 July 2008 |archive-date=9 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109154021/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/historia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Holy_Cross>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=112&dz_id=16 |title=Church of the Holy Cross |work=eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218162926/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=112&dz_id=16 |archive-date=18 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=infochopin>{{cite web |url=http://www.infochopin.pl/en/miejsca.php/99/ |title=The Fryderyk Chopin University of Music |work=infochopin.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524211059/http://www.infochopin.pl/en/miejsca.php/99/ |archive-date=24 May 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=instytut>{{cite web |url=http://www.instytut.com.pl/IMM/o_firmie/Press_release_media_August2008.pdf |title=Press release |work=instytut.com.pl |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224204345/http://www.instytut.com.pl/IMM/o_firmie/Press_release_media_August2008.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=jewish-theatre>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=2973 |title=The 5th Festival of Jewish Culture 'Singer's Warsaw' |work=jewish-theatre.com |access-date=4 March 2009 |language=pl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105135153/http://jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=2973 |archive-date=5 November 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Vilensky.html |title=Moshe Vilensky |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=31 July 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051917/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Vilensky.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Jeziorski>{{cite web |author=Michal Jeziorski |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/14144 |title=Improving Infrastructure |work=warsawvoice.pl |date=7 March 2007 |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627221201/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/14144 |archive-date=27 June 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="judaica">{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=270&dz_id=18 |title=Warsaw Judaica |work=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=26 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805045632/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=270&dz_id=18 |archive-date=5 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=Kayaking>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/12179/ |title=Kayaking on the Vistula |work=warsawvoice.pl |date=30 August 2006 |access-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926133856/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/12179 |archive-date=26 September 2006}}</ref>

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<ref name=Lawrynowicz>{{cite web |author=Joanna Ławrynowicz |url=http://www.infochopin.pl/en/artykuly.php/1/ |title=Frederick Francois Chopin, the most eminent Polish composer |work=infochopin.pl |access-date=10 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516080239/http://www.infochopin.pl/en/artykuly.php/1/ |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="legend">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb-1.htm |title=History of Warsaw's Coat of Arms |work=e-warsaw.pl |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529212011/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb-1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="lempicka">{{cite book |author1=Uta Grosenick |author2=Ilka Becker |title=Women artists in the 20th and 21st century |year=2001 |page=576 |publisher=Taschen |isbn=3-8228-5854-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSvSfCmzo2wC |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820043224/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSvSfCmzo2wC |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Letni>{{cite web |url=http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=letni&r3=0 |title=Teatr Letni |work=warszawa1939.pl |access-date=14 February 2008 |language=pl |archive-date=29 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629153452/http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=letni&r3=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Library>{{cite web |url=http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=285&Itemid=91 |title=Library building |work=buw.uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707061555/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=285&Itemid=91 |url-status=live }}</ref>

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<ref name=marchand>{{cite web |url=http://www.marchand.pl/artysta.php?id=134&biografia=f&l=pl |title=Tamara Łempicka |work=marchand.pl |access-date=22 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=12 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212155928/http://www.marchand.pl/artysta.php?id=134&biografia=f&l=pl |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Mermaid>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=47&dz_id=2 |title=Warsaw Mermaid's Statue |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207092210/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=47&dz_id=2 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=Metropolitan>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/4682/ |title=Metropolitan Life |work=warsawvoice.pl |date=4 February 2004 |access-date=23 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525210342/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/4682 |archive-date=25 May 2006}}</ref>

<ref name=Montagu>{{cite book |author1=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |author2=Norman Henry Gibbs |author3=J. M. A. Gwyer |author4=John Patrick William Ehrman |author5=Michael Eliot Howard |title=Grand strategy |year=1976 |editor=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |page=[https://archive.org/details/grandstrategy02butl/page/369 369] |chapter=History of the Second World War; United Kingdom military series 5 |publisher=H. M. Stationery Office |url=https://archive.org/details/grandstrategy02butl |url-access=registration}}</ref>

<ref name=motoryzacji>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzeum-motoryzacji.com.pl/podstrony/hist_muzeum_ang.html |title=Museum history |work=muzeum-motoryzacji.com.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129094040/http://muzeum-motoryzacji.com.pl/podstrony/hist_muzeum_ang.html |archive-date=29 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=muzeummalarstwa>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzeummalarstwa.pl/collection.htm |title=Museum of John Paul II Collection |work=muzeummalarstwa.pl |access-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229194215/http://www.muzeummalarstwa.pl/collection.htm |archive-date=29 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Naliwajek>{{in lang|fr}} Zbigniew Naliwajek. [http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=RLC&ID_NUMPUBLIE=RLC_307&ID_ARTICLE=RLC_307_0325 Romain Rolland et la littérature polonaise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301022929/http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=RLC&ID_NUMPUBLIE=RLC_307&ID_ARTICLE=RLC_307_0325 |date=1 March 2012 }}. Revue de littérature comparée 3/2003 (n°307), p. 325-338.</ref>

<ref name=New_Zoo_Revue>Warsaw Zoo opened 11 March 1928, on Ratuszowa Street. It was not the first [[zoo]]logical garden in Warsaw; King [[John III Sobieski|Jan Sobieski III]] kept a court menagerie in [[Wilanów]]. Several private zoos were also established in Warsaw in the 19th century. {{cite web |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/2044/ |title=New Zoo Revue |work=warsawvoice.pl |date=24 April 2003 |access-date=9 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118091706/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/2044/ |archive-date=18 January 2005}}</ref>

<ref name=nobelprize>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html |title=Marie Curie&nbsp;– The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=10 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710121624/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="obrien">{{cite book |author=Augustin P. O'Brien |title=Petersburg and Warsaw: Scenes Witnessed During a Residence in Poland and Russia in 1863–64 |year=1864 |publisher=R. Bentley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlYBAAAAQAAJ&q=Petersburg+and+Warsaw:+scenes+witnessed |access-date=28 January 2009 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031313/https://books.google.com/books?id=WlYBAAAAQAAJ&q=Petersburg+and+Warsaw%3A+scenes+witnessed |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!--<ref name=Olechno>{{cite web |author=Piotr Olechno |url=http://www.polskatimes.pl/warszawa/40061,sen-zamiast-warszawianki,id,t.html |title=Sen zamiast Warszawianki |work=polskatimes.pl |date=28 August 2008 |access-date=3 March 2009 |language=pl}}</ref> -->

<ref name=onelab>{{cite web |url=http://www.onelab.eu/index.php/about/management/steering-committee/122-warsaw-university-of-technology-wut.html |title=Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) |work=onelab.eu |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720170006/http://www.onelab.eu/index.php/about/management/steering-committee/122-warsaw-university-of-technology-wut.html |archive-date=20 July 2011}} ''With over 30,000 students served by over 2,000 professors and instructors, WUT is the largest and the highest-ranking engineering university in Poland.''</ref>

<ref name=Petrozolin>{{cite book |author=Barbara Petrozolin-Skowrońska |title=Warsaw Encyclopedia |year=1994 |page=94 |chapter=Encyklopedia Warszawy |publisher=[[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN]] |isbn=83-01-08836-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjjjAAAAMAAJ |language=pl |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031333/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjjjAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="pisf">{{cite web |url=http://www.pisf.pl/pliki/47/ed/47ed315731f90c9/pg2008_i.pdf |title=Poland film production guide 2008 |work=pisf.pl |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224204345/http://www.pisf.pl/pliki/47/ed/47ed315731f90c9/pg2008_i.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

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<ref name=poland2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.poland2012.net/stadiums-in-poland/ |title=The National Stadium in Warsaw |work=poland2012.net |access-date=24 July 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=polandtrade>{{cite web |url=http://www.polandtrade.com.hk/new/eng/news_september2004.htm |title=Attracting foreign investments |work=polandtrade.com.hk |access-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108193020/http://www.polandtrade.com.hk/new/eng/news_september2004.htm |archive-date=8 November 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=postermuseum>{{cite web |url=http://www.postermuseum.pl/en/page/show/history |title=The Poster Museum at Wilanów |work=postermuseum.pl |access-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525031921/http://www.postermuseum.pl/en/page/show/history |archive-date=25 May 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=prawo_lex>{{cite web |url=http://www.prawo.lex.pl/bap/samorzad/Dz.U.2002.41.361.html |title=Ustawa o ustroju miasta stołecznego Warszawy |work=prawo.lex.pl |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101150852/http://www.prawo.lex.pl/bap/samorzad/Dz.U.2002.41.361.html |archive-date=1 January 2007 |language=pl |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=RAF>{{cite web |url=http://www2.army.mod.uk/linkedfiles/soldierwelfare/supportagencies/aws/communityguides/swf_sa_aws_cg_w/raf_odiham_2008/raf_odiham_section_1.pdf |title=RAF Odiham |publisher=army.mod.uk |page=16 |access-date=10 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910003105/http://www2.army.mod.uk/linkedfiles/soldierwelfare/supportagencies/aws/communityguides/swf_sa_aws_cg_w/raf_odiham_2008/raf_odiham_section_1.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Rozek>{{cite book |author1=Michał Rożek |author2=Doris Ronowicz |title=Cracow: a treasury of Polish culture and art |year=1988 |page=74 |publisher=Interpress Publishers |isbn=83-223-2245-3}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name=rsi>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.rsi.pl/dokument.php?dzial=2143&id=48006&PHPSESSID=f6c400ad7970068b81fd2708234f8f93 |title=Short and long history of the Powiązki Cemetery |access-date=11 February 2008 |language=pl}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> -->

<ref name=Rymut>{{cite book |author=Kazimierz Rymut |title=Nazwy miast Polski |year=1987 |publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich |isbn=83-04-02436-5 |author-link=Kazimierz Rymut |language=pl}}</ref>

<ref name="salter">{{cite book |author1=Mark Salter |author2=Jonathan Bousfield |title=Poland |year=2002 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1-85828-849-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgQ0B1CNYfQC&q=guide+warsaw&pg=PA70 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgQ0B1CNYfQC&q=guide+warsaw&pg=PA70 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Schwarz>{{cite book |first=Birgit |last=Schwarz |title=Geniewahn: Hitler und die Kunst |year=2009 |page=312 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag Wien |isbn=978-32-05783-07-7 |quote=Mehrere Gemälde aus dem Berghof befinden sich heute im Nationalmuseum in Warschau. Bordones Venus und Amor etwa (Abb. 100) ebenso wie der Madonnen-Tondo Bugiardinis (Abb. 62) oder ein großes Ruinenbild von Pannini, das in der verglasten Veranda gehangen hatte (Abb. 113).}}</ref>

<ref name=sggw>{{cite web |url=http://www.sggw.pl/2009/10/12/warsaw-university-of-life-sciences/?lang=en |title=Warsaw University of Life Sciences |work=sggw.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127084347/http://www.sggw.pl/2009/10/12/warsaw-university-of-life-sciences/?lang=en |archive-date=27 November 2012}} ''Warsaw University of Life Sciences&nbsp;– SGGW (WULS&nbsp;– SGGW) is the oldest agricultural academic school in Poland, its history dates back to 1816.''</ref>

<ref name=sgh_waw>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/ogolne-en/ |title=Warsaw School of Economics&nbsp;– Overview |work=sgh.waw.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519091513/http://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/ogolne-en |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Snyder>{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |year=2010 |title=Bloodlands |location=London |publisher=The Bodley Head |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BQ1HKmG9xZ8C&pg=PA280 280]}}</ref>

<ref name=Stanley>{{cite web |author=John Stanley |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200403/ai_n9363971/?tag=content;col1 |title=Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764–1795): A Social System? |via=Find Articles |date=March–June 2004 |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200403/ai_n9363971/?tag=content%3Bcol1 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="stock">{{cite web |url=http://www.gpw.pl/historia_en |title=History |work=gpw.pl |access-date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904105341/http://www.gpw.pl/historia_en |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Studia>{{cite web |url=http://miasta.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,37650,5009717.html |title=Studia w liczbach: Warszawa bije Kraków |work=miasta.gazeta.pl |date=10 March 2008 |access-date=30 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=19 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219222401/http://miasta.gazeta.pl/krakow/1%2C37650%2C5009717.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=syrenka_historia>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/historia.htm |title=Historia Warszawy |access-date=11 February 2008 |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513082637/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/historia.htm |archive-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="teatrwielki">{{cite web |url=http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia&nlang=en |title=The Theatre's history |work=teatrwielki.pl |year=1998 |access-date=21 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418103152/http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia&nlang=en |archive-date=18 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=teatrwielki1>{{cite web |url=http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia |title=Teatr Wielki-Polish National Opera |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208223208/http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia |archive-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=thepianistmovie>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepianistmovie.com/index2.html |title=The Pianist |work=thepianistmovie.com |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822051023/http://www.thepianistmovie.com/index2.html |archive-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=Tihran>{{cite book |author=Dānishgāh-i Tihrān. Faculty of Fine Arts |title=International Conference on Reconstruction of War-Damaged Areas: 6–16 March 1986 : Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran |year=1990 |page=148 |publisher=University of Tehran Press}}</ref>

<ref name="timeline">{{cite book |author1=Marian Marek Drozdowski |author2=Andrzej Zahorski |title=Historia Warszawy [History of Warsaw] |year=2004 |location=Warsaw |publisher=Jeden Świat |isbn=83-89632-04-7 |language=pl}}</ref>

<ref name=Tourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.poland.gov.pl/Poland,and,Poles,545.html |title=Tourism |work=poland.gov.pl |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828133109/http://poland.gov.pl/Poland,and,Poles,545.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=ucl>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/polish/mywarsaw/warsaw10.html |title=The Mermaid |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310204657/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/polish/mywarsaw/warsaw10.html |archive-date=10 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name=unesco>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/30 |title=Historic Centre of Warsaw |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=24 July 2008 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315182313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> -->

<ref name="uprising">{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawuprising.com/timeline.htm |title=Warsaw Uprising of 1944 |work=warsawuprising.com |access-date=14 July 2008 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803215556/http://www.warsawuprising.com/timeline.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=ushmm>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069 |title=Warsaw |work=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=29 July 2008 |archive-date=16 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316161116/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=utoronto>{{cite web |author=S.D. Chrostowska |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/14/chrostowska14.shtml |title=Polish Literary Criticism Circa 1772: A Genre Perspective |work=utoronto.ca |access-date=17 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115045/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/14/chrostowska14.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=uw_edu>{{cite web |url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/en/page.php/about_uw/rese.html |title=University of Warsaw |work=uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118224224/http://uw.edu.pl/en/page.php/about_uw/rese.html |archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=Wandycz>{{cite book |author=Piotr S. Wandycz |title=France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919–1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNMIo36qQXwC&pg=PA18 |year=1962 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |page=18 |isbn=9780816658862 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101210523/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNMIo36qQXwC&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=warsaw-legend>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsaw-life.com/poland/warsaw-legend |title=The Warsaw Mermaid |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616121209/http://www.local-life.com/warsaw/articles/warsaw-legend |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=warsawuprising_com>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawuprising.com/faq.htm#Warsaw%20Ghetto%20Uprising |title=Warsaw Uprising of 1944 |work=warsawuprising.com |access-date=14 July 2008 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929145555/http://www.warsawuprising.com/faq.htm#Warsaw%20Ghetto%20Uprising |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Wetering>{{cite book |first=Ernst |last=Wetering, van de |title=A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings IV: Self-Portraits |year=2005 |page=245 |publisher=Springer |isbn=14-02032-80-3}}</ref>

<ref name=wilanow-palac>{{cite web |url=http://www.wilanow-palac.art.pl/index.php?id=343&menuid=136 |title=Palace |work=wilanow-palac.art.pl |access-date=21 February 2008 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217003405/http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/palace.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!--ref name=Yearbooks>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/index_ENG_HTML.htm |title=Demographic Yearbooks of Poland 1939–1979, 1980–1994 |work=stat.gov.pl |publisher=Central Statistical Office of Poland |access-date=29 August 2008}}</ref-->

<ref name=Zamoyski>Adam Zamoyski, ''Warsaw 1920: Lenin's Failed Conquest of Europe'' (2008)</ref>

<ref name=Zbiory>{{cite web |url=http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=56&Itemid=121 |title=Zbiory główne |work=buw.uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707063431/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=56&Itemid=121 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Zimmerman>{{cite book |author=Joshua D. Zimmerman |title=Poles, Jews and the politics of nationality |year=2004 |page=16 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=0-299-19464-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&q=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025223/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&q=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Crowley |first=David |title=Warsaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC |access-date=28 August 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |isbn=1-86189-179-2 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031329/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Olchowik-Adamowska |first1=Liliana |last2=Ławecki |first2=Tomasz |title=Travellers Warsaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXbqAQAACAAJ |access-date=11 March 2010 |edition=First |date=1 April 2006 |publisher=[[Thomas Cook Group|Thomas Cook Publishing]] |location=[[Peterborough]], United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84157-492-9 |ref=Adamowska69 |archive-date=19 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219155140/http://books.google.com/books?id=xXbqAQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* [http://www.e-warsaw.pl/index.php Official webpage of Warsaw] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116190910/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/index.php |date=16 November 2007 }} includes 360° panoramas of the [http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/unesco.htm UNESCO listed area.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504151614/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/en |date=4 May 2012 }}
* [http://mokotow.policja.waw.pl/?page=Structure&id=131 District Police Headquarters&nbsp;– Warsaw II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616152325/http://mokotow.policja.waw.pl/?page=Structure&id=131 |date=16 June 2011 }} (part of Warsaw Metropolitan Police)
* [http://www.warsawguide.com/ Warsaw Guide.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405081905/http://www.warsawguide.com/ |date=5 April 2012 }} Online City Guide for Warsaw in Poland. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160914074916/http://www.ourpoland.com/warsaw/what-to-do-in-warsaw/ What to do and see in Warsaw]
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Main|Timeline of Warsaw#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Warsaw}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Warsaw}}
* {{Official website|http://www.um.warszawa.pl/en}} {{in lang|en}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Warsaw | volume= 28 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link= Peter Kropotkin| last2= Bealby |first2= John Thomas| pages = 334&ndash;335 |short= 1}}

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