Editing Walvis Bay

{{Short description|Coastal town in Namibia}}
{{Redirect|Walvisbaai|the South African naval ship|SAS Walvisbaai}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available -->
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| name                            = Walvis Bay
| official_name                   =
| native_name                     = {{small|{{Native name|af|Walvisbaai}}}}<br/>{{small|{{Native name|de|Walfischbucht|paren=omit}} or {{Native name|de|Walfischbai}}}}<br/>{{small|{{Native name|hz|Ezorongondo}}}}
| other_name                      =
| settlement_type                 = [[List of cities and towns in Namibia|City]]
| image_skyline                   = Walvis Bay aerial.jpg
| imagesize                       = 300px
| image_caption                   = An aerial view of Walvis Bay
| image_flag                      = Flag of Walvis Bay.gif
| flag_size                       =
| image_shield                    = Walvis Bay COA.svg
| shield_size                     = 100px
| image_blank_emblem              =
| blank_emblem_type               =
| blank_emblem_size               =
| nickname                        = Walvis, Windwaai Baai
| motto                           = ''In utrumque paratus'' ([[Latin language|Latin]] for "Prepared for either")
<!-- images and maps  --------- -->| image_map                       =
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| pushpin_map                     = Namibia
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<!-- Location ---------------- -->| pushpin_map_caption             = Location within Namibia
| coordinates                     = {{coord|22|57|22|S|14|30|29|E|region:NA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Namibia}}
| subdivision_type1               = Region
| subdivision_type2               =
| subdivision_name1               = [[Erongo Region|Erongo]]
| subdivision_name2               = <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government -->
| established_title               = Founded
| established_date                = 1790s<ref name=Mbathera/>
<!-- Area    ------------------- -->| seat_type                       =
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| p1                              =
| government_footnotes            =
| government_type                 =
| leader_title                    = Mayor
| leader_name                     = [[Trevino Forbes]] ([[Independent Patriots for Change|IPC]])
| leader_title1                   = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1                    = [[Saara Mutondoka]] ([[Independent Patriots for Change|IPC]])
| total_type                      = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
| unit_pref                       = metric <!-- Enter: Imperial, to display imperial  before metric -->
| area_footnotes                  =
| area_magnitude                  =
| area_total_km2                  = 1124
| area_total_sq_mi                =
| area_land_km2                   = <!-- See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion -->
| area_land_sq_mi                 =
| area_water_km2                  =
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| area_water_percent              = <!-- Elevation ------------------------ -->
| elevation_footnotes             = <!-- for references: use <ref> </ref> tags -->
| elevation_m                     =
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| elevation_min_m                 =
| elevation_min_ft                = <!-- Population   --------------------- -->
| population_total                = 102,704
| population_as_of                = 2023 census
| population_footnotes            = <ref name=nsa>{{cite web | title=Table 4.2.2 Urban population by Census years (2001 and 2011) | url=http://cms.my.na/assets/documents/p19dmn58guram30ttun89rdrp1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://cms.my.na/assets/documents/p19dmn58guram30ttun89rdrp1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | work=Namibia 2011 – Population and Housing Census Main Report | publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency | access-date=24 August 2016 | page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsa.nsa.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Preliminary-Report-doc-fn.pdf|title=2023 Population & Housing Census Preliminary Report|website=Statistics Namibia|df=dmy|access-date=16 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324152514/https://nsa.nsa.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Preliminary-Report-doc-fn.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_density_sq_mi        = <!-- General information  ------------- -->
| population_note                 =
| postal_code_type                = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
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| website                         =
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| p2                              = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed -->
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| timezone                        = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset                      = +2
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| blank_name                      = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info                      = [[Desert climate#Cold desert climates|BWk]]
}}
{{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 23 August 1995
 | designation1_number = 742<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walvis Bay|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/742|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
}}
'''Walvis Bay''' ({{langx|en|lit. [[Whale]] Bay}}; {{langx|af|Walvisbaai}}; {{langx|de|Walfischbucht or Walfischbai}}) is a city<ref name="ALANlist">{{cite web
| url=http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities/list
| title=Local Authorities
| publisher=Association of Local Authorities in Namibia (ALAN)
| access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref> in [[Namibia]] and the name of the [[bay]] on which it lies. It is the [[List of cities in Namibia|second largest city in Namibia]] and the largest coastal city in the country. The city covers an area of {{convert|29|km2|sqmi}} of land.<ref name=el2010>{{cite news
| title=ELECTIONS 2010: Erongo regional profile
| publisher=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]
| url=http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14109
| date=16 November 2010
| access-date=16 November 2010
| archive-date=16 March 2012
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316095900/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14109
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>
The bay is a haven for sea vessels due to its natural deep-water harbour, protected by the Pelican Point sand spit, which is the only natural harbour of any size along the country's coast. Being rich in [[plankton]] and [[marine life]], these waters also draw large numbers of [[southern right whale]]s,<ref>[http://www.namibiandolphinproject.com/animals/species-profiles/southern-right-whale/ Southern Right Whale, Eubalaena australis], The Namibian Dolphin Project</ref> attracting whalers and fishing vessels.

A succession of colonists developed the location and resources of this strategic harbour settlement. The harbour's value about the sea route around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] had caught the attention of world powers since it was discovered by the outside world in 1485. The importance of the harbour, combined with its extreme isolation by land, explains the complicated political history of the town. For much of its history, Walvis Bay was governed as an [[exclave]] separate from the rest of the territory that today is Namibia.

The town is situated just north of the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] in the [[Kuiseb River]] delta and lies at the end of the [[TransNamib|TransNamib Railway]] to [[Windhoek]], and on [[B2 road (Namibia)|B2 road]].

Walvis Bay, with its large bay and dunes, is an important centre of tourism activity in Namibia. Attractions include the artificial [[Bird Island (Namibia)|Bird Island]], centre of a [[guano]] collection industry, the [[Dune 7 (Namibia)|Dune 7]] dune, the salt works, the abundant birdlife, and a museum. [[Kuisebmund Stadium]], home to two clubs in the [[Namibia Premier League]], is also located in the city. The beach resort of [[Langstrand]] lies just a few kilometres north. The [[Walvis Bay Export Processing Zone]] is an important facet of the local economy.

== Etymology ==
The Dutch referred to it as {{lang|nl|Walvisch Baye}} and the English as ''Whale Bay''. In its eventual formal incorporation, it was named ''Walfish Bay'', which was changed to ''Walvish Bay'', and ultimately to ''Walvis Bay''. It has also been referred to as ''Walwich Bay''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vcwNAAAAQAAJ&q=walwich&pg=PR1 ''Narrative of a voyage to the South Seas''] Charles Medyett Goodridge, Hamilton and Adams, 1832, page 16</ref> or ''Walwisch Bay''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9wXAAAAYAAJ&q=+Walwisch&pg=PA337 ''The World of Waters or A Peaceful Progress o'er the Unpathed Sea''], Fanny Osborne, R. Carter, 1852, page 337</ref> The [[Herero people]] of the area called it {{lang|hz|Ezorongondo}}.<ref>{{cite news | title=Windhoek?! Rather make that Otjomuise | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/16007/archive-read/Windhoek-Rather-make-that-Otjomuise | last=Menges | first=Werner | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | date=12 May 2005 | archive-date=13 August 2021 | access-date=13 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813191207/https://www.namibian.com.na/16007/archive-read/Windhoek-Rather-make-that-Otjomuise | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Walvis Bay map.jpeg|thumb|Map showing location of Walvis Bay and reference to South Africa before the handover to [[Namibia]]]]
Portuguese navigator [[Diogo Cão]] reached [[Cape Cross]], north of the bay, in 1485.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580''], Diffie Bailey University of Minnesota Press, 1977, page 156</ref> There followed [[Bartolomeu Dias]], who anchored his flagship ''[[São Cristóvão]]'' in what is now Walvis Bay on 8 December 1487, on his expedition to discover a sea route to the East via the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&dq=Walvis+Bay+1487&pg=PA170 ''Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism''], James Stuart Olson, Robert Shadle, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991, page 170</ref> He named the bay "O Golfo de Santa Maria da Conceição".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Su9WAAAAMAAJ&q=%22O+Golfo+de+Santa+Maria+da+Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o.%22 ''Às portas da Índia em 1484''], Abel Fontoura Costa, Imprensa da Armada, 1935, page 31</ref> However, the Portuguese did not formally stake a claim to Walvis Bay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walvis Bay|url=http://davidgrant.org/holidays/2015-africa/04-namibia/walvis-bay.html|access-date=2020-05-28|website=davidgrant.org}}</ref>

Walvis Bay was founded at the end of the 18th century as a stopover for sea travel between [[Cape Town]] and the [[Netherlands]] by the Dutch East India Company.<ref name=Mbathera>{{cite news | title=Colonial sewerage system on the verge of collapse | first=Esther | last=Mbathera | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | date=2 March 2021 | page=5 | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/99471/read/Colonial-sewerage-system-on-the-verge-of-collapse | access-date=2 March 2021 | archive-date=2 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302124514/https://www.namibian.com.na/99471/read/Colonial-sewerage-system-on-the-verge-of-collapse | url-status=dead }}</ref> No permanent (year-round) settlement was attempted and little commercial development occurred on the site until the late 19th century. In the meantime, the Cape Colony had become British, and during the [[Scramble for Africa]], the [[British Empire|British]] claimed Walvis Bay. They permitted the [[Cape Colony]] to complete the annexation of the territory in 1884, together with the [[Penguin Islands]], following initial steps that had been taken in 1878.<ref>Britannica,
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Walvis-Bay Walvis Bay], britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019</ref><ref name="receuil">[https://books.google.com/books?id=h1GU1KXstegC&pg=PA213 Succession of States and Namibian territories], Y. Makonnen in ''Recueil Des Cours, 1986: Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law'', Academie de Droit International de la Haye, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987, page 213</ref>

In 1910, Walvis Bay, as part of the [[Cape Colony]], became part of the newly formed [[Union of South Africa]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=C49CAQAAIAAJ&q=%22and+with+it%22 Debates of Parliament], ''Hansard'', Volume 9, Issues 19–21, Government Printer, 1993, page 10179</ref> Subsequently, a dispute arose with Germany over the [[exclave]]'s boundaries, which was eventually settled in 1911, with Walvis Bay being allocated an area of {{convert|434|sqmi|0|order=flip}}.<ref name="geography">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40572467.pdf Walvis Bay: exclave no more], Ieuan Griffiths, ''Geography'', Vol. 79, No. 4 (October 1994), page 354</ref>
[[File:Union of South Africa in its region.svg|thumb|Directly controlled land (including Walvis Bay) of the former [[Union of South Africa]]]]
[[File:Walvis Bay-Phare (2).jpg|thumb|300px|upright|Pelican Point, [[Lighthouse]] and Lodge (2014)]]
The exclave was overrun by the Germans during the [[South West Africa Campaign]] early in the [[First World War]], but the [[Union Defence Force (South Africa)|Union Defence Force]] (UDF) of South Africa eventually ousted the Germans in 1915.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjZHLXRKjtEC&q=%22Walvis+Bay%22&pg=PA119 |first=David  |last=Killingray |chapter=Chapter 8. The War in Africa (pages 112–126) |title=A Companion to World War I |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |editor-last1=Horne |editor-first1=John |date=2012 |page=119|isbn=9781119968702 }}</ref> Subsequently, Walvis Bay was quickly integrated into the new martial law regime in South West Africa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f5gEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22martial+law+regime%22 ''Biennial Conference: Papers nos. 33–59''], African Studies Association of the UK, 1996, page 5</ref>

South Africa was later awarded control (a [[League of Nations mandate#Class C mandates|Class "C" mandate]]) over [[South West Africa]] by the [[League of Nations]] to administer the territory.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9LLZBAAAQBAJ&dq=Walvis+Bay+was+transferred+to+South-West+Africa+by+an+act+of+the+South+African+parliament+in+1922&pg=PA67 ''The Namibian War of Independence, 1966-1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns''], Richard Dale McFarland, 2014, page 67</ref> Civilian rule was restored in South West Africa in 1921 and the administration of Walvis Bay was transferred to South West Africa under the [[South West Africa Affairs Act of 1922]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kKQvAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Civilian+rule%22+ ''Strategic territory and territorial strategy: the geopolitics of Walvis Bay's reintegration into Namibia''], David Simon, Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 1995, page 8</ref>

Despite the territory never having been part of [[German South West Africa]], the Act stated that: "the port and settlement of Walvis Bay, which forms part of the Cape of Good Hope, shall for judicial and administrative purposes be regarded as if it were part of the mandated territory of South West Africa".<ref name="geography" /> However, South Africa had also sought to annex South West Africa itself and had presented such a proposal to the League of Nations.<ref name="receuil" /> Consequently, in 1949, the Act was amended to give representation in the [[Parliament of South Africa]] to whites in South West Africa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MaU7AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Union+House+of+Assembly%22 ''Official Documents of the 4th Session of the United Nations General Assembly''], United Nations, 1949, page 11</ref>

On 14 December 1971, the [[1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike|Namibian general contract workers]] strike began in Walvis Bay, after starting the day before in [[Windhoek]]. The goal of the strike was the abolition of the contract labour system, to oppose [[apartheid]], and promote Namibia's independence.<ref name="general">{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Barbara |date=1972 |title=Namibia's General Strike |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185227 |journal=Africa Today |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=3–8 |issn=0001-9887 |jstor=4185227}}</ref>

In 1977, following increasing international pressure to relinquish its control over South West Africa, South Africa repealed the Act, but transferred control of Walvis Bay back to the [[Cape Province]], thereby making it an [[exclave]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tj8vAAAAYAAJ&q=Walvis+Bay++ ''The Green and the dry wood: The Roman Catholic Church (Vicariate of Windhoek) and the Namibian socio-political situation, 1971-1981''], Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 1983, page 6</ref> From 1980, it was represented in both the [[Cape Provincial Council|Provincial Council]] and the [[House of Assembly of South Africa|House of Assembly]] as part of the [[Green Point, Cape Town|Green Point]] constituency in [[Cape Town]], before becoming a separate constituency in 1982.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lApBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Walvis+Bay%22+Green+Point ''Sub-Saharan Africa Report'', Issues 2578-2584], Foreign Broadcast Information Service., 1982, page 48</ref>

In response, the [[United Nations Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 432|Resolution 432 (1978)]], which declared that "the territorial integrity and unity of Namibia must be assured through the reintegration of Walvis Bay within its territory".<ref>{{cite web|title=Resolution 432 (1978) of 27 July 1978|url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/68837/S_RES_432%281978%29-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|access-date=3 April 2018|website=un.org|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223162037/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/68837/S_RES_432%281978%29-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1990, South West Africa gained independence as [[Namibia]], but Walvis Bay remained under South African sovereignty, with South Africa increasing the number of troops.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160223143423/http://articles.philly.com/1990-01-14/news/25910185_1_swapo-president-sam-nujoma-namibia-daniel-tjongarero Namibia Nears Freedom, But S. Africa Tugs On Its Lifeline], David Zucchino, ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', 14 January 1990</ref> However, in 1992, the two countries agreed to establish a transitional Joint Administrative Authority for Walvis Bay and the Offshore Islands.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qrkvAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Joint+Administrative+Authority%22+ Namibia Yearbook], Issue 3, pages 18</ref> The Authority was headed by two Chief Executive Officers, [[Nangolo Mbumba]], then Secretary to the Namibian Cabinet, and Carl von Hirschberg, former South African Ambassador to the United Nations.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=l2w1AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Carl+von+Hirschberg%22+%22walvis+bay%22 ''Country Report: Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho''], [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], 1992, page 13</ref>

In August 1993, prior to the end of [[apartheid]], the [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa#Multi-Party Negotiating Forum (MPNF)|Multiparty Negotiating Forum]] in South Africa passed a resolution calling for "the incorporation-reintegration of Walvis Bay and the Off-Shore Islands into Namibia."<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/pretoria-to-quit-walvis-bay-multi-party-bodys-policy-breakthrough-1461805.html Pretoria to quit Walvis Bay: Multi-party body's policy breakthrough], ''[[The Independent]]'', 17 August 1993</ref>
The Transfer of Walvis Bay to Namibia Act was passed by the [[Parliament of South Africa]] that year.<ref>[http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/commonrepository/Processed/20140414/87758_1.pdf No. 203 of 1993: Transfer of Walvis Bay to Namibia Act, 1993.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223230143/http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/commonrepository/Processed/20140414/87758_1.pdf|date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Following the signing of [[Treaty on Walvis Bay|a treaty]] between the two countries, South Africa formally transferred sovereignty of Walvis Bay and the [[Penguin Islands]] to Namibia on 1 March 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Republic of Namibia with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands, 28 February 1994|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/ZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/ZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=3 April 2018|website=un.org}}</ref>

== Geography ==

=== Suburbs ===
Due to its South African administration, Walvis Bay was developed as a [[Racial segregation|segregated]] town. The suburb of [[Kuisebmond]], located 3.2 kilometres (1.8 mi) from Walvis Bay city centre,<ref>{{cite web |title=Route from Walvis Bay to Kuisebmond |url=https://namibia.places-in-the-world.com/3359638-3364933-route-from-walvis-bay-to-kuisebmond.html |publisher=Places in the world}}</ref> housed Black people; [[Narraville]], located 3.3 kilometres (2 mi) from Walvis Bay city centre,<ref>{{cite web |title=Route from Walvis Bay to Narraville |url=https://namibia.places-in-the-world.com/3359638-3363754-route-from-walvis-bay-to-narraville.html |publisher=Places in the world}}</ref> was inhabited by [[Coloureds]]; and [[White people in Namibia|Whites]] lived in the city centre.<ref name=Mbathera/>

After the incorporation of the town into Namibia, many people have settled in shacks around it. In an effort to reduce the impact of the [[Informal housing|informal settlements]], the municipality formed the [[Tutaleni Housing Project]] to the northeast.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

=== Climate ===
Despite its location within the [[tropics]], Walvis Bay features the very rare mild variation of the [[cold desert climate]] (''BWk'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]. It is caused by the rain shadow of the [[Naukluft Mountains]] and the cooling effect of the coastal sea temperature by the [[Benguela Current]]. Walvis Bay receives only {{convert|13.2|mm}} average precipitation per year, making it one of the driest cities on Earth. Despite its dry climate, the city is relatively humid. Average relative humidity throughout the year remains above 80%. The warmest month is February with an average temperature {{convert|17.9|C}}, while the coolest months are August and September with average temperature {{convert|13.2|C}}. The diurnal temperature range is also low, averaging only {{convert|5.7|C-change|F-change}}.

A weather station operated on the Pelican Point headland from 1958 to 1984. Unusually, the highest temperatures are not recorded during the summer; autumn, spring, and even winter have all seen higher temperatures than the hottest days in summer. These record highs occur when offshore winds blow downwards from the high plateau inland and are nonetheless mild by comparison to many other cities in the tropics at the same latitude. Higher temperatures have been recorded, even just slightly inland, such as a report of {{convert|42.8|C}} at the airport on 15 April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/extraordinary-heat-wave-sweeps-southeast-asia-and-points-beyond.html|title = Extraordinary Heat Wave Sweeps Southeast Asia and Points Beyond &#124; Weather Extremes}}</ref>

{{Clear}}
{{Weather box
| location = Pelican Point, Walvis Bay (7 m), Namibia (1958–1984)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes

| Jan record high C = 25.3
| Feb record high C = 26.4
| Mar record high C = 34.5
| Apr record high C = 35.0
| May record high C = 36.0
| Jun record high C = 32.5
| Jul record high C = 32.9
| Aug record high C = 33.4
| Sep record high C = 31.3
| Oct record high C = 27.5
| Nov record high C = 28.3
| Dec record high C = 25.5

| Jan high C = 20.0
| Feb high C = 20.3
| Mar high C = 19.6
| Apr high C = 18.6
| May high C = 19.0
| Jun high C = 18.8
| Jul high C = 17.8
| Aug high C = 16.4
| Sep high C = 15.8
| Oct high C = 16.6
| Nov high C = 17.7
| Dec high C = 19.0
| year high C = 18.3

| Jan mean C = 17.6
| Feb mean C = 17.9
| Mar mean C = 17.2
| Apr mean C = 15.7
| May mean C = 15.6
| Jun mean C = 15.2
| Jul mean C = 14.1
| Aug mean C = 13.2
| Sep mean C = 13.2
| Oct mean C = 14.0
| Nov mean C = 15.3
| Dec mean C = 16.6
| year mean C = 15.5

| Jan low C = 15.2
| Feb low C = 15.5
| Mar low C = 14.7
| Apr low C = 12.9
| May low C = 12.1
| Jun low C = 11.4
| Jul low C = 10.3
| Aug low C = 10.1
| Sep low C = 10.7
| Oct low C = 11.5
| Nov low C = 12.9
| Dec low C = 14.2
| year low C = 12.6

| Jan record low C = 10.5
| Feb record low C = 9.2
| Mar record low C = 10.5
| Apr record low C = 8.5
| May record low C = 7.0
| Jun record low C = 5.0
| Jul record low C = 3.4
| Aug record low C = 4.4
| Sep record low C = 6.1
| Oct record low C = 5.0
| Nov record low C = 8.5
| Dec record low C = 9.6

| Jan precipitation mm = 1.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 2.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 5.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 1.0
| May precipitation mm = 1.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 2.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 0.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 0.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 0.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 0.1

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 0.6
| Feb precipitation days = 0.8
| Mar precipitation days = 1.1
| Apr precipitation days = 0.5
| May precipitation days = 0.4
| Jun precipitation days = 0.5
| Jul precipitation days = 0.0
| Aug precipitation days = 0.4
| Sep precipitation days = 0.5
| Oct precipitation days = 0.4
| Nov precipitation days = 0.6
| Dec precipitation days = 0.4

| Jan humidity = 87
| Feb humidity = 87
| Mar humidity = 89
| Apr humidity = 89
| May humidity = 86
| Jun humidity = 81
| Jul humidity = 82
| Aug humidity = 86
| Sep humidity = 89
| Oct humidity = 88
| Nov humidity = 88
| Dec humidity = 88

| Jan sun = 232
| Feb sun = 189
| Mar sun = 211
| Apr sun = 237
| May sun = 251
| Jun sun = 231
| Jul sun = 236
| Aug sun = 220
| Sep sun = 189
| Oct sun = 226
| Nov sun = 210
| Dec sun = 214
| source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_681040_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Pelican Point / Walfisch-Bucht / Namibia
| publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
| access-date = 4 November 2016}}
</ref>
| source 2 = [[Danish Meteorological Institute]]<ref>
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf
 |title       = STATIONSNUMMER 68104
 |publisher   = Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate
 |access-date  = 4 November 2016
 |url-status     = bot: unknown
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf
 |archive-date = 16 January 2013
}}
</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Expand section|date=February 2021}}{{Historical populations|3=1991|4=22,999|5=2001|6=43,611|7=2011|8=62,096|align=none|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/en/namibia/cities/ Namibia: Administrative Division population statistics]</ref>|9=2023|10=102,704}}

== Economy ==

=== Tourism ===

[[File:Walvis Bay Tourist sights.webm|thumb|Popular tourist sights around Walvis Bay]]
Tourism has had an increasing influence in the town's economy, with international tourists arriving at its airport and port facilities. Several cruise liners visit the port each year. With many tourism activities hosted by small and large tour operators the town has turned into a tourism destination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Walvis Bay Tourism Centre Website |url=http://walvisbaytourism.com/ |publisher=Walvis Bay Tourism Centre}}</ref>

=== Fishing ===
[[File:Oyster farming, Walvis Bay (Namibia).jpg|thumb|[[Oyster]]s are cultivated for export at Walvis Bay]]In Walvis Bay there are a variety of fishing companies like Hangana Seafood, Caroline Fishing, Benguella Fishing Company, Cadilu Fishing, Etosha Fisheries, Kuiseb Fishing Enterprises, Blue Ocean Products, Benguella Sea Products, Consortium Fisheries, Talanam Fish Processor. These companies catch diverse types of fish, like [[Thyrsites|snoek]], [[horse mackerel]], [[anchovy]], [[white steenbras]], kabeljou, [[kingklip]], [[hake]], [[catfish]], [[tuna]], and [[sardines]]. Hangana Seafood are processors and exporters of fish and fish products. As such, the fishing enterprise accounts for a major part of Walvis Bay's economy.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In May 2018, a spokesman for the National Fishing Corporation of Namibia (Fishcor), confirmed that a new N$530 million onshore processing plant would be operational by September 2018. After completion, the factory (which plans to employ 700 people of which 70% will be female), promises to be the largest pelagic processing plant in sub-Saharan Africa and will process about 80 000 tonnes of fish per annum.<ref>{{cite news
| url=https://www.newera.com.na/2018/05/14/fishcors-n530-million-factory-ready-by-september/
| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515050147/https://www.newera.com.na/2018/05/14/fishcors-n530-million-factory-ready-by-september/
| archive-date=2018-05-15
| first=Eveline |last=de Klerk
| work=[[New Era (Namibia)]]
| date=2018-05-14
| title=Fishcor's N$530 million factory ready by September
}}</ref>

=== Manufacturing ===

In March 2018, the Namibian government in association with [[PSA Group|French Groupe PSA]] signed an investment agreement to initiate a joint-venture to assemble [[Opel]] and [[Peugeot]] vehicles in Walvis Bay.  The N$190m-project<ref>[https://www.namibian.com.na/175390/archive-read/N$190m-Peugeot-assembly-plant-for-Nam N$190m Peugeot assembly plant for Nam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502120713/https://www.namibian.com.na/175390/archive-read/N$190m-Peugeot-assembly-plant-for-Nam |date=2 May 2021 }}, ''[[The Namibian]]'', 13 March 2018</ref> has been earmarked to commence in 2018 with a forecasted annual target volume of 5000 units by 2020, a target carried by [[Southern African Customs Union|SACU]] countries' market demand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lesstephenson.wordpress.com/2018/03/13/opel-peugeot-to-open-auto-plant-in-remote-walvis-bay/|title = Opel, Peugeot to open auto plant in remote Walvis Bay|date = 13 March 2018}}</ref> However, Peugeot threatened to close the plant over disputes with South Africa over import tariffs.<ref>[https://www.namibian.com.na/194905/archive-read/Peugeot-threatens-to-shut-assembly-plant Peugeot threatens to shut assembly plant], ''[[The Namibian]]'', 1 November 2019</ref>

''Walvis Bay Salt'' produces approximately 1 million tons of salt per year through solar evaporation of sea water. Most of the salt is for industrial use but the company also produces table salt under the "Cerebos" brand.<ref>{{cite news | title=Namibia among Major Salt Producers | last=Steenkamp | first=Floris | date=July 2022 | newspaper=Mining Journal supplement to [[The Namibian]] | page=13}}</ref>

== Transport ==

[[File:Flughafen Walfish Bay Luftaufnahme.jpg|right|thumb|[[Walvis Bay Airport|Walvis Bay International Airport]]]]

Walvis Bay is an important logistical port for the southern African region, providing port facilities for the import and export of cargo for the rest of Namibia, Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Botswana. Since the Walvis Bay Corridor Group (WBCG) was established in 2000, cargo moving through the port has increased from 30,000 [[intermodal container|containers]] a year to 370,000 containers in 2016.  As of 2017 the port was being upgraded to increase its capacity to move 1 million containers a year by 2019.  Bureaucratic and logistical problems at the city's competitor port at [[Durban]], South Africa have diverted traffic to the port at Walvis Bay. Ninety-five percent of all cargo hauled overland through Walvis Bay is carried by truck.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/is-this-country-the-new-commercial-gateway-to-southern-africa/80696|title=Is This Country the New Commercial Gateway to Southern Africa?|last=Dall|first=Nick|work=OZY|date=6 September 2017|access-date=2017-09-06|language=en|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808035717/https://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/is-this-country-the-new-commercial-gateway-to-southern-africa/80696|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Walvis Bay Corridor Group is gearing up to increase import/export-business opportunities in Namibia. The Namibian National Development Plan expects to complete the expansion programme of the Walvis Bay port by 2019. Because of the harbour's geographical positioning, authorities plan to gain a footprint in providing landlocked Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries with a vital logistical hub.<ref name=Larkin/> In addition to the importance of the port, development would strengthen trade corridors which consists of current road and rail networks.<ref name=Larkin>{{cite news |title=Walvis Bay aims to become hub for SADC import/export |first=Philippa |last=Larkin |url= https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/companies/walvis-bay-aims-to-become-hub-for-sadc-importexport-8322681 |newspaper=Business Report |date=24 March 2017 |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

In an attempt to strengthen and enhance trade relations between other African countries, Namport (the Namibian Port Authority) in April 2019 signed a five-year MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) with the Port Authority of Dakar, Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neweralive.na/posts/namport-and-port-of-dakar-sign-mou|title = Namport and port of Dakar sign MoU| date=23 April 2019 }}</ref>

[[Walvis Bay Airport|Walvis Bay International Airport]] provides commercial flight services to the city's residents, as well as to neighbouring towns and villages. [[Airlink]] services flights between South Africa and Walvis Bay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flyairlink.com/routemap/WVB|title=Flights to Walvis Bay &#124; Flyairlink}}</ref>

In August 2019, a new container terminal was opened, built on a 40-acre platform reclaimed from the sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Container Terminal - Namibian Ports Authority |url=https://www.namport.com.na/port-engineering/container-terminal/592/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.namport.com.na}}</ref> The terminal was built by the state-owned China Harbour Engineering Company with funds from the Namibian government and the African Development Bank, costing N$4.2b.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Walvis Bay's New Container Terminal |url=https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/port-walvis-bays-new-container-terminal/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Ship Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

This increases the capacity of the port to 750,000 containers per year from 350,000. The terminal also includes a dedicated cruise liner berth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/news-africa/2163093/namibia-inaugurates-r4-2bn-chinese-built-port-terminal/|title=Namibia inaugurates R4.2bn Chinese-built port terminal|last=AFP|website=The Citizen|date=3 August 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>

== Education ==

Walvis Bay has a number of public (government-run), semi-public, and private schools. Among them are Duneside High School, Duinesig Primary School, International School of Walvis Bay, The Dolphin Schools, Alexanders Private School, Kuisebmond Secondary School, Walvis Bay Private School and others. A number of kindergartens cater to young children.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The [[Namibian Maritime and Fisheries Institute]] (NAMFI) is a tertiary education institution based in town.<ref name=aboutus>{{cite web |url=http://www.namfi.net/?page_id=10 |title=About us |publisher=Namibian Maritime and Fisheries Institute |year=2008 |access-date=25 October 2012 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428211115/http://www.namfi.net/?page_id=10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[International University of Management]] (IUM), [[List of universities in Namibia|Welwitchia Health Training Center]] and Monitronics Success College both have branches in Walvis Bay.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

== Politics ==

Walvis Bay is governed by a municipal council that has ten seats.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Know Your Local Authority |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research |newspaper=Election Watch |year = 2015 |issue=3 |page=4}}</ref>

=== Election results ===

The [[Namibian local and regional elections, 2015|2015 local authority election]] was won by the [[SWAPO]] party which gained eight seats (5,818 votes). One seat each was won by the [[Democratic Turnhalle Alliance]] (DTA, 565 votes) and the [[United Democratic Front (Namibia)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF, 433 votes).<ref>{{cite web | title=Local elections results | publisher=[[Electoral Commission of Namibia]] | page=2 | url=http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194328/http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0 | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 December 2015 | date=28 November 2015 }}</ref>

The [[2020 Namibian local and regional elections|2020 local authority election]] was won by the [[Independent Patriots for Change]] (IPC), an opposition party formed in August 2020. The IPC obtained 5,043 votes and gained four seats. SWAPO was the runner-up, obtaining 3,348 votes and gaining three seats. One seat each went to the [[Landless People's Movement (Namibia)|Landless People's Movement]] (LPM, a new party registered in 2018, 1,207 votes), the local [[Joint Walvis Bay Residents Association]] with 945 votes, and the [[Popular Democratic Movement]] (PDM, the new name of the DTA) with 658 votes.<ref>{{Cite web | title=2020 Local Authority Elections Results and Allocation of Seats | page=6 | date=29 November 2020 | publisher=[[Electoral Commission of Namibia]] | url=https://www.ecn.na/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Media-Release-on-LA-Results_2020.pdf | access-date=8 December 2020 | archive-date=24 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124162938/https://www.ecn.na/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Media-Release-on-LA-Results_2020.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 28 November 2024, [[Trevino Forbes]] of IPC was re-elected as the mayor of Walvis Bay at a special council meeting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nilenge |first1=Taati |title=Forbes re-elected Walvis mayor |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/forbes-re-elected-walvis-mayor/ |work=The Namibian |date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Twin towns – sister cities ===

Walvis Bay is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:

* {{flagicon|BOT}} [[Lobatse]] in Botswana
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Drakenstein Local Municipality|Drakenstein]] in South Africa<ref>[http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2011/november/article/walvis-strengthens-ties-with-drakenstein-and-lobatse/ Walvis strengthens ties with Drakenstein and Lobatse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606181324/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2011/november/article/walvis-strengthens-ties-with-drakenstein-and-lobatse/ |date=6 June 2012 }}, Adam Hartman, ''[[The Namibian]]'', 8 November 2011</ref>
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Kristiansand]] in Norway.

== Culture ==

=== Sports ===

Walvis Bay contains open spaces, scenic beauty and unique marine and plant life. It is well suited for the outdoor lifestyle, boasting sports such as sandboarding, kiting, surfing, swimming, angling, sailing, golf and other indoor and outdoor sport codes. There is Walvis Bay Lagoon and Aquatic Activities, Kuiseb River Delta and the beach itself where people enjoy swimming and catching fish.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The {{convert|2|km|adj=on|abbr=off|frac=4|spell=in}} sand spit allows the adjacent water to remain smooth in very strong winds, ideal for record attempting vessels like that by the ''[[Vestas Sailrocket]]''. The ocean side of the sand spit has a world-famous surf spot known in the international surf media as "Skeleton Bay."<ref>[https://surfeuropemag.com/features/the-worlds-7-longest-surf-rides.html The World’s Seven Longest Waves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501104432/http://surfeuropemag.com/features/the-worlds-7-longest-surf-rides.html |date=1 May 2016 }}, ''Surf Europe'', 21 July 2015</ref>

The city is home to [[Eleven Arrows F.C.]] and [[Blue Waters F.C.]], [[Association football|football]] clubs that compete in the [[Namibia Premier Football League]], and the [[Sparta Cricket Club Ground]].<ref name="CA">{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/19/5416.html |title=Sparta Cricket Club Ground |access-date=6 October 2016 |work=Cricket Archive}}</ref>

=== Places of worship ===

[[File:Eglise rhénane1880 de Walvis Bay.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Old Rhenish Mission Church, Walvis Bay]]
Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples: [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia]] ([[Lutheran World Federation]]), [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia]] ([[Lutheran World Federation]]), [[Baptist Convention of Namibia]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Assemblies of God]], [[Catholic Church]].<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2012-2013</ref> In addition to that there are also Anglican Churches namely St Raphael Anglican Church in Mondesa, St Mathews Anglican Church close to [[Namibian Port Authority|Namport]] as well as Seafarers Mission at [[Namibian Port Authority|Namport.]] There is also a [[Islam|Muslim]] mosque.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/967231062|title=OpenStreetMap Waypoint to the Walvis Bay Mosque|date=25 July 2021 |access-date=2024-08-09}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
Walvis Bay is the home of non-profit environmental organization, [[Ocean Conservation Namibia]] (OCN).<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Cara |title=They Save Baby Seals From Fishing Line and Plastics. Millions Watch. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/26/climate/ocean-conservation-naimbia-baby-seals.html |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 March 2024 |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240326193730/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/26/climate/ocean-conservation-naimbia-baby-seals.html |archive-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> In September 2024, OCN held a Walvis Bay community cleanup, an initiative aimed at addressing the growing issue of marine pollution and protecting local wildlife.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Markowitz |first1=Josá |title=Walvis Bay community rallies for marine conservation with cleanup |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/walvis-bay-community-rallies-for-marine-conservation-with-cleanup/ |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[The Namibian]] |date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Neshani Andreas]] (1964–2011), a writer, she also worked as a teacher and for the American [[Peace Corps]].
* [[Niko Bessinger]] (1948–2008), politician and independence activist.
* Naude Dreyer, co-founder of [[Ocean Conservation Namibia]].<ref name="nytimes" />
* [[Otto Herrigel]] (1937–2013), businessman and politician; first Minister of Finance, 1990 and 1992.
* [[Derek Klazen]] (born 1965), politician and former mayor of Walvis Bay, minister of fisheries and marine resources
* [[Uilika Nambahu]], politician, mayor of Walvis Bay in 2008
* [[Top Cheri]] (born 1991), singer and entrepreneur.
* [[Omar van Reenen]], LGBT activist, junior mayor of Walvis from 2014 to 2015, and served as Vice President of [[The State University of New York Student Assembly]] from 2020 to 2021

=== Sport ===
[[File:Johanna Benson.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Johanna Benson]], 2012]]
* [[Johanna Benson]] (born 1990), Paralympic gold medalist in the T37 long jump
* [[Chrysander Botha]] (born 1988), rugby union player with 55 caps for [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia]]
* twins [[Shalako Groenewald|Shalako]] & [[Zhivago Groenewald]] (born 1993), former first-class cricketers.
* [[Percy Montgomery]] (born 1974), former rugby player, with 102 caps with [[South Africa national rugby team|South Africa]].<ref>[https://pcmfsa.com/team/percy-montgomery/ Percy Montgomery (ambassador)]. Princess Charlene of Monaco Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved 26 June 2022</ref>
* [[Harry Simon (boxer)|Harry Simon]] (born 1971), former professional boxer.
* [[Hendrik Somaeb]] (born 1992), footballer with 30 caps for [[Namibia national football team|Namibia]]
* [[Damian Stevens]] (born 1995), rugby union player with 25 caps for [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia]]
* [[Marius Visser]] (born 1982), rugby union player with 18 caps for [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia]]

== Gallery ==

<gallery>
File:NA-walvis-2.jpg|[[Whale watching|Watching]] [[humpback whale]] in Walvis Bay
File:Heaviside-Delphin.jpg|[[Heaviside's dolphin]]s [[cetacean surfacing behavior|jumping]] off Walvis Bay
File:NA-walvis-4.jpg|[[Brown fur seal|Cape fur seal]]s hauling site
File:Namibia Walvis Bay 3.jpg|[[Great white pelican]]
File:Phoeniconaias minor (Walvis Bay).jpg|[[Lesser flamingo]]s
File:Pelican Point, Lighthouse and Lodge in Namibia (2014).jpg|Pelican Point Lodge and [[Lighthouse]]
File:Bird Island, Walvis Bay (Namibia).jpg|[[Bird Island (Namibia)|Bird Island]] near Walvis Bay
File:Panoramic view of the salt flats of Walvis Bay.tif|Panoramic view of the salt flats of Walvis Bay
File:Panoramic view of the salt flats.tif|Panoramic view of the salt flats of Walvis Bay
File:Vista panoramica delle Saline di Swakopmund.tif|Panoramic view of the salt flats of Walvis Bay
File:View of the salt flats of Walvis Bay.tif|Panoramic view of the salt flats of Walvis Bay
File:Walvisbay-sat.jpg|Satellite view of Walvis Bay
</gallery>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Further reading ===

* Silverman, Melinda: [http://www.namibiana.de/index.cfm?action=ViewDetails&ItemID=1852''Between the Atlantic and the Namib. An Environmental History of Walvis Bay''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706004409/http://www.namibiana.de/index.cfm?action=ViewDetails&ItemID=1852 |date=6 July 2007 }}, NWG, Windhoek 2004 – Namibiana Buchdepot
* de Beer, Charles: [http://www.namibiana.de/index.cfm?action=ViewDetails&ItemID=519''Namibia Marine Life''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924171700/https://www.namibiana.de/de/ |date=24 September 2019 }}, @tidude Graphix, Swakopmund o.J. – Namibiana Buchdepot
* Heemstra, Phillip; Smith, Margaret M.: [http://www.namibiana.de/index.cfm?action=ViewDetails&ItemID=2015''Smith's Sea Fishes'']{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Struik Publishers, Cape Town 2003
* Bridgeford, P. and M.: [http://www.namibiana.de/index.cfm?action=ViewDetails&ItemID=624''Cape Cross''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924171719/https://www.namibiana.de/de/ |date=24 September 2019 }}, Walvis Bay 2002 – Namibiana Buchdepot
* Vogt, Andreas: [http://www.namibiana.de/index.cfm?action=ViewDetails&ItemID=2220''National Monuments in Namibia'']{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Gamsberg Macmillan, Windhoek 2004 – Namibiana Buchdepot

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Walvis Bay}}
{{Commons category-inline|Walvis Bay}}
{{EB1911 poster|Walfish Bay}}

* [http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_swakopmund Images from Walvis Bay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307205124/http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_swakopmund |date=7 March 2014 }}
* [http://www.walvisbaycc.org.na/ Walvis Bay City Council]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060504015624/http://africa.cwsurf.de/WalvisBay.htm Walvis Bay Airport Information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212907/http://www.info.gov.za/acts/1993/a203-93.pdf Transfer of Walvis Bay To Namibia Act, 1993]
* [http://www.klausdierks.com/Walvis%20Bay/ Namibia's Walvis Bay Issue – Origin and Rise of a Colonial Dispute (1992)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9Qf5dRzyp8 Prime Minister Vorster Speaks on Walvis Bay], ''[[Associated Press]]'', 30 July 1978
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uARV6dQZhfU Namibia Reclaims Walvis Bay], ''[[Associated Press]]'', 28 February 1994

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Walvis Bay| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Namibia]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Namibia]]
[[Category:Cape Colony]]

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[[Category:Port cities in Africa]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in Namibia]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Erongo Region]]
[[Category:Former exclaves]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Namibia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1790s]]
[[Category:1790s establishments in South West Africa]]