Editing Walter Gropius

{{Short description|German-American architect (1883–1969)}}
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{{Infobox architect
| birth_name = Walter Adolph Georg Gropius
| image = WalterGropius-1919.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Louis Held]], {{circa|1919}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1883|5|18}}
| birth_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], German&nbsp;Empire
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1969|7|5|1883|5|18}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Alma Mahler]]|1915|1920|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Ise Gropius|1923}}
}}
| children = 2, including [[Manon Gropius|Manon]]
| practice = {{Plainlist|
* [[Peter Behrens]] (1908–1910)
* [[The Architects' Collaborative]] (1945–1969)
}}
| significant_buildings = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fagus Factory]]
* [[Werkbund Exhibition (1914)]]
* [[Bauhaus]]
* [[Gropius House]]
* [[University of Baghdad]]
* [[John F. Kennedy Federal Building|J.F. Kennedy Federal Building]]
* [[MetLife Building|Pan Am Building]]
}}
| significant_projects =
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[AIA Gold Medal]] (1959)
* [[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)|Albert Medal]] (1961)
* [[Goethe Prize]] (1961)
}}
| signature = Walter Gropius Signature.png
}}

'''Walter Adolph Georg Gropius''' (18 May 1883 – 5 July 1969) was a German-born American architect and founder of the [[Bauhaus|Bauhaus School]],<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/b/bauhaus Bauhaus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328094311/http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/b/bauhaus |date=28 March 2017 }}, [[Tate|The Tate Collection]], retrieved 18 May 2008</ref> who is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of [[modernist architecture]]. He was a founder of Bauhaus in Weimar and taught there for several years, becoming known as a leading proponent of the [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caves |first=R. W. |title=Encyclopedia of the City |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |pages=319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/International-Style-architecture|title=International Style {{!}} architecture|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=17 September 2018|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917034540/https://www.britannica.com/art/International-Style-architecture|url-status=live}}</ref> Gropius emigrated from Germany to England in 1934 and from England to the United States in 1937, where he spent much of the rest of his life teaching at the [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]]. In the United States he worked on several projects with [[Marcel Breuer]] and with the firm [[The Architects Collaborative]], of which he was a founding partner. In 1959, he won the [[AIA Gold Medal]], one of the most prestigious awards in architecture.

==Early life and family==
Born in [[Berlin]], Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber (1855–1933), daughter of the Prussian politician {{ill|Georg Scharnweber|de}} (1816–1894). Walter's great-uncle [[Martin Gropius]] (1824–1880) was the architect of the [[Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin|Kunstgewerbemuseum]] in Berlin and a follower of [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]], with whom Walter's great-grandfather Carl Gropius, who fought under Field Marshal [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]] at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], had shared a flat as a bachelor.<ref>[[Wolf Burchard]],'"Onkel Walter": Family Memories of Walter Gropius', The Decorative Arts Society Newsletter 104 (Summer 2015): 5</ref>

[[File:Manon+Gropius+Alma 1918 (round-frame-194x194).png|thumb|Gropius in 1918, with his wife Alma Mahler and their daughter, Manon|alt=]]
[[File:Walter Gropius in his sergeant uniform in World War I.jpg|thumb|Gropius in his sergeant's uniform during [[World War I]]|alt=]] [[File:Monument to the March dead.jpg|thumb|Gropius's ''[[Monument to the March Dead]]'' (1921) was dedicated to the memory of nine workers who died in Weimar resisting the [[Kapp Putsch]].]]

[[File:Gropius and Seidler by Dupain 1954.jpg|thumb|Gropius with [[Harry Seidler]] in Sydney, Australia, in 1954|alt=]]In 1915, Gropius married [[Alma Schindler|Alma Mahler]] (1879–1964), widow of [[Gustav Mahler]]. Walter and Alma's daughter, named [[Manon Gropius|Manon]] after Walter's mother, was born in 1916. When Manon died of [[Poliomyelitis|polio]] at age 18, in 1935, composer [[Alban Berg]] wrote his [[Violin Concerto (Berg)|Violin Concerto]] in memory of her (it is inscribed "to the memory of an angel"). Gropius and Mahler divorced in 1920 (She had by that time established a relationship with [[Franz Werfel]], whom she later married).

Gropius married Ilse Frank, known as Ise, on 16 October 1923; they remained together until his death in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/490640/a-new-biography-paints-a-colorful-portrait-of-bauhaus-founder-walter-gropius/|title=A New Biography Paints a Colorful Portrait of Bauhaus Founder Walter Gropius|date=19 March 2019|website=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108165127/https://hyperallergic.com/490640/a-new-biography-paints-a-colorful-portrait-of-bauhaus-founder-walter-gropius/|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple adopted Beate Frank known as [[Ati Gropius Johansen|Ati]], the orphaned daughter of Ise's sister Hertha.<ref name="MacCarthyF">MacCarthy, Fiona. ''Walter Gropius, Visionary founder of the Bauhous'' (2019). London, Faber & Faber.</ref><ref name="ARCHITECTS">[http://www.architects.org/architectureboston/articles/recollections-ati-gropius-johansen-daughter-walter-and-ise-gropius "Recollections by Ati Gropius Johansen, daughter of Walter and Ise Gropius"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505074948/http://www.architects.org/architectureboston/articles/recollections-ati-gropius-johansen-daughter-walter-and-ise-gropius |date=5 May 2014 }}, ''ArchitectureBoston'', Summer 2013 issue: American Gropius (Volume 16 n2)</ref> Ise Gropius died on 9 June 1983 in Lexington, Massachusetts.<ref name="bauhaus-online.de" />

Walter's sister Manon Burchard (1880–1975) is the great-grandmother of the German film and theater actresses [[Marie Burchard]] and {{ill|Bettina Burchard|de}}, and of the curator and art historian [[Wolf Burchard]].<ref>Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, volume 3, 1972</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early career (1908–1914) ===
In 1908, after studying architecture in [[Munich]] and Berlin for four semesters, Gropius joined the office of the architect and industrial designer [[Peter Behrens]], one of the first members of the utilitarian school.<ref name="bauhaus-online.de">[http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/personen/ise-gropius-frank "Ise Gropius (-Frank)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225329/http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/personen/ise-gropius-frank |date=8 April 2014 }}. bauhaus-online.de.</ref> His fellow employees at this time included [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], [[Le Corbusier]], and Dietrich Marcks.

Gropius left the firm of Behrens in 1910 and established a practice in Berlin with fellow employee [[Adolf Meyer (architect)|Adolf Meyer]]. Together they share credit for one of the pioneering modernist buildings created during this period: the [[Fagus Factory|Faguswerk]] in [[Alfeld (Leine)|Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany]], a shoe [[last]] factory. Although Gropius and Meyer only designed the facade, the glass curtain walls of this building demonstrated both the modernist principle that [[Form follows function|form reflects function]] and Gropius's concern with providing healthful conditions for the working class.

The factory is now regarded as one of the crucial founding monuments of European modernism. Gropius was commissioned in 1913 to design a car for the Prussian Railroad Locomotive Works in [[Königsberg]]. This locomotive was unique and the first of its kind in Germany and perhaps in Europe.<ref>Isaacs, pp. 25 and 29</ref>

Other works of this early period include the office and factory building for the [[Werkbund Exhibition (1914)]] in [[Cologne]].

Gropius published an article about "The Development of Industrial Buildings" in 1913, which included about a dozen photographs of factories and [[grain elevators]] in North America. A very influential text, this article had a strong influence on other European modernists, including Le Corbusier and [[Erich Mendelsohn]], both of whom reprinted Gropius's grain elevator pictures between 1920 and 1930.<ref name="American Colossus">[http://www.american-colossus.com/ American Colossus: the Grain Elevator 1843–1943] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102080038/http://www.american-colossus.com/ |date=2 November 2009 }}, Colossus Books,
2009. american-colossus.com</ref>

Gropius's career was interrupted by the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914. He was drafted in August 1914 and served as a sergeant major at the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western front]] during the war years (getting wounded and almost killed)<ref name="beeb">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/gropiusw1.shtml|title=Walter Adolph Gropius 1883 – 1969|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104131501/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/gropiusw1.shtml|archive-date=4 November 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=2 August 2006}}</ref> and then as a lieutenant in the [[signal corps]].<ref>Isaacs, pp. 38–41</ref> Gropius was awarded the [[Iron Cross]] twice<ref name="http://www.architectural-review.com">Paul Davies (30 April 2013), [http://www.architectural-review.com/reviews/walter-gropius/8646993.article "Walter Gropius"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501153254/http://www.architectural-review.com/reviews/walter-gropius/8646993.article |date=1 May 2014 }}. ''Architectural Review''.</ref> ("when it still meant something," he confided to his friend Chester Nagel) after fighting for four years.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ireland |first1=Corydon |date=19 March 2014 |title=Ties to the past |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/03/ties-to-the-past/ |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217112425/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/03/ties-to-the-past/ |archive-date= 17 December 2023 }}</ref> Gropius then, like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect.

=== Bauhaus period (1919–1932) ===
Gropius's career advanced in the postwar period. [[Henry van de Velde]], the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in [[Weimar]] was asked to step down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality. His recommendation for Gropius to succeed him led eventually to Gropius's appointment as master of the school in 1919. It was this academy which Gropius transformed into the world-famous [[Bauhaus]] (a.k.a. Gropius School of Arts), attracting a faculty that included [[Paul Klee]], [[Johannes Itten]], [[Josef Albers]], [[Herbert Bayer]], [[László Moholy-Nagy]], [[Otto Bartning]] and [[Wassily Kandinsky]].

In principle, the Bauhaus represented an opportunity to extend beauty and quality to every home through well designed industrially produced objects. The Bauhaus program was experimental and the emphasis was theoretical.<ref>Isaacs, pp. 66–72</ref> One example product of the Bauhaus was the armchair F 51, designed for the Bauhaus's directors room in 1920 – nowadays a re-edition in the market, manufactured by the German company TECTA/Lauenfoerde.

In 1919, Gropius was involved in the [[Glass Chain]] utopian [[Expressionist architecture|expressionist]] correspondence under the pseudonym "Mass." Usually more notable for his functionalist approach, the ''[[Monument to the March Dead]]'', designed in 1919 and executed in 1920, indicates that expressionism was an influence on him at that time. In 1920, the Bauhaus was given its first major commission that would utilize almost all of the workshops in the school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Architecture |url=https://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/bauhaus/new_artist/body_spirit/architecture/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=The Getty Research Institute|date=10 June 2019 }}</ref> This commission was for a house for [[Adolf Sommerfeld]] made from wood. The architectural designs for the house came from Gropius and Adolf Meyer. The [[Sommerfeld House]] was completed in 1921.

In 1923, Gropius designed his famous door handles, now considered an icon of 20th-century design and often listed as one of the most influential designs to emerge from Bauhaus. Facing political and financial difficulties in Weimar, Gropius and the Bauhaus moved to [[Dessau]] in 1925 following an offer from the city. Gropius designed the new [[Bauhaus Dessau building|Bauhaus Dessau school building]] in 1925–26 on commission from the city of Dessau. He collaborated with [[Carl Fieger]], [[Ernst Neufert]] and others within his private architectural practice.<ref>[https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/architecture/bauhaus-building/bauhaus-building.html Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. The Bauhaus Building by Walter Gropius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228082923/https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/architecture/bauhaus-building/bauhaus-building.html |date=28 December 2018 }}. Retrieved 3 January 2019</ref> Gropius also designed the Master Houses (Meisterhäuser) (1925–1926) in Dessau, along with the Törten Housing Estate (Siedlung Dessau-Törten) which was built from 1926 to 1928. In 1927 he designed the Dessau City Employment office (Arbeitsamt), but left the Bauhaus and Dessau before construction began. The City Employment office was completed in 1929. He also designed large-scale housing projects in [[Berlin]], [[Karlsruhe]] that were major contributions to the [[New Objectivity (architecture)|New Objectivity]] movement, including a contribution to the [[Siemensstadt]] project in Berlin.
[[File:2020-09-24-Vereinfachter-Wiederaufbau-Haus-Gropius-Ebertallee-Bauhaus-Meisterhaeuser-Dessau-Rosslau-1.jpg|thumb|Modern reconstruction of Gropius's house in Dessau which was destroyed during World War II. ]]
Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928 and moved to Berlin. [[Hannes Meyer]] took over the role of Bauhaus director.<ref>[https://www.bauhaus100.de/en/past/people/directors/walter-gropius/ Bauhaus100. Walter Gropius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031623/https://www.bauhaus100.de/en/past/people/directors/walter-gropius/ |date=7 February 2017 }} Retrieved 6 February 2017</ref> His work was also part of the [[Art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics#Architecture|architecture event]] in the [[Art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics|art competition]] at the [[1932 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920626 |title=Walter Gropius |work=Olympedia |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608010332/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920626 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== England (1934–1937) ===
The rise of Hitler in the 1930s would soon drive Gropius out of Germany. Before that, however, he did accept an invitation in early 1933 to compete for the design of the new [[Reichsbank]] building and submitted a detailed plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/strange-bedfellows-modernists-nazis|title=Strange Bedfellows: The Modernists and the Nazis – Los Angeles Review of Books|website=lareviewofbooks.org|date=8 February 2015|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212950/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/strange-bedfellows-modernists-nazis|url-status=live}}</ref> He also designed furniture, cars, high-rise housing developments [[Berlin Modernism Housing Estates|Siedlung]] and an unrealized [[Palace of the Soviets]] in [[Moscow]].

Gropius was able to leave [[Nazi Germany]] in 1934 with the help of [[Maxwell Fry]] on the pretext of making a temporary visit to Italy for a film propaganda festival; he then fled to the United Kingdom to avoid the fascist powers of Europe. Although not Jewish, his association with "degenerate" modern art despised by the Nazis meant he was obliged to emigrate when commissions dried up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190329-the-design-geniuses-who-fled-turmoil |title=The design geniuses who fled turmoil - BBC Culture |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601185613/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190329-the-design-geniuses-who-fled-turmoil |url-status=live }}</ref> He lived and worked in the artists' community associated with [[Herbert Read]] in [[Hampstead]], London, as part of the [[Isokon]] group.

=== United States (from 1937) ===
Gropius arrived in the United States in February 1937, while their twelve-year-old daughter, Ati, finished the school year in England.<ref name="historicnewengland.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100709232912/http://www.historicnewengland.org/historic-properties/homes/Gropius%20House/gropius-house-history Gropius House History]. Historic New England</ref> The house the Gropiuses built for themselves in 1938 in [[Lincoln, Massachusetts]] (now known as [[Gropius House]]) was influential in bringing [[International Modernism]] to the US, but Gropius disliked the term: "I made it a point to absorb into my own conception those features of the New England architectural tradition that I found still alive and adequate."<ref>[http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/gropiushouse/ Gropius House by Walter Gropius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804112317/http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/gropiushouse/ |date=4 August 2004 }}. galinsky.com</ref> In designing his house, Gropius used the approach developed at the Bauhaus. The Gropiuses believed their house could embody architectural qualities similar to those practiced today, such as simplicity, economy, and aesthetic beauty.<ref name="historicnewengland.org" />

Helen Storrow, a banker's wife and philanthropist, became Gropius's benefactor when she invested a portion of her land and wealth for the architect's home. She was so satisfied with the result that she gave more land and financial support to four other professors, two of whom Gropius designed homes for. With the Bauhaus philosophy in mind, every aspect of the homes and their surrounding landscapes was planned for maximum efficiency and simplicity. Gropius's house received a huge response and was declared a National Landmark in 2000.<ref name="ncmodernist.org">[http://www.ncmodernist.org/gropius.htm "Walter Gropius"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408221610/http://www.ncmodernist.org/gropius.htm |date=8 April 2014 }}. ncmodernist.org</ref>

Gropius and his Bauhaus protégé [[Marcel Breuer]] both moved to [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], to teach at the [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]] (1937–1952)<ref>{{citation |url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~art00032 |access-date=13 January 2017 |title=Gropius, Walter, 1883–1969. Papers, 1930–1972: A Guide |publisher=Harvard University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103054741/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~art00032 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and collaborate on projects including [[The Alan I W Frank House]] in Pittsburgh and the company-town [[Aluminum City Terrace]] project in [[New Kensington]], Pennsylvania, before their professional split. In 1938 he was appointed Chair of the Department of Architecture, a post he held until his retirement in 1952.<ref name="http://www.britannica.com">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/246573/Walter-Gropius/2889/Harvard-years "Walter Gropius"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427211543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/246573/Walter-Gropius/2889/Harvard-years |date=27 April 2014 }}. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Gropius also sat on the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) Visiting Committee at the end of his career. The well-known architect designed the Richards and Child residence halls on the Harvard campus that were built in the 1950s.<ref name="www.gsas.harvard.edu">[http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/current_students/gsas_residence_halls.php/ "GSAS Residence Halls"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427211927/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/current_students/gsas_residence_halls.php/ |date=27 April 2014 }}. gsas.harvard.edu.</ref> In 1944, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

Gropius was one of several refugee German architects who provided information to confirm the typical construction of German houses to the RE8 research department set up by the British [[Air Ministry]]. This was used to improve the effectiveness of air raids on German cities by the [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] of the [[Royal Air Force]] in [[World War II]]. The research was to discover the most efficient way of setting fire to houses with [[incendiary bombs]] during bombing raids. The findings were used in planning raids such as [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|the bombing of Hamburg in July 1943]].<ref name="Overy 2013">{{cite book |last1=Overy |first1=Richard |title=The Bombing War, Europe 1939–45 |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books Ltd. |location=London |isbn=978-0-141-92782-4 |page=328 |edition=Kindle, 2014}}</ref>

===The Architects Collaborative===
In 1945, Gropius was asked by the young founding members of [[The Architects Collaborative]] (TAC) to join as their senior partner.<ref name="Cox-2021">{{cite AV media |people=Wendy, Cox |date=17 June 2021 |title=Sarah Pillsbury Harkness: Legacy of Craft within Modernism |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4aRCoWsLG4 |format=recorded lecture |time=00:04:10 minutes |location= |publisher=Historic New England |quote= |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153235/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4aRCoWsLG4 |url-status=live }}</ref> TAC represented a manifestation of his lifelong belief in the significance of teamwork, which he had already successfully introduced at the Bauhaus. Based in Cambridge, the original TAC partners included [[Norman C. Fletcher]], [[Jean B. Fletcher]], [[John C. Harkness]], [[Sarah P. Harkness]], [[Robert S. MacMillan]], Louis A. MacMillen, and [[Benjamin C. Thompson]]. Among TAC's earliest works were two residential housing developments in [[Lexington, Massachusetts]]: [[Six Moon Hill]] and [[Five Fields]]. Each incorporated contemporary design ideas, reasonable cost, and practical thinking about how to support community life. Another early TAC work is the Graduate Center of [[Harvard University]] in Cambridge (1949/50).<ref name="http://bauhaus-online.de">[http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/personen/walter-gropius "Walter Gropius"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401100516/http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/personen/walter-gropius |date=1 April 2014 }}. bauhaus-online.de.</ref> TAC would become one of the most well-known and respected architectural firms in the world before it closed its doors amidst financial problems in 1995.

In 1967, Gropius was elected into the [[National Academy of Design]] as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1968.

==Death==
Gropius died on 5 July 1969, in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, aged 86. He had been diagnosed with inflammation of the glands, and was admitted to hospital on 7 June. After an operation was performed successfully on 15 June, there was hope of a full recovery. Gropius described himself as a "tough old bird", and continued to make progress for about a week. However, his lungs became congested and could not supply proper amounts of oxygen to the blood and brain. He lost consciousness, and died in his sleep.<ref>Isaacs, p. 311</ref>

==Legacy==
Today, Gropius is remembered not only by his various buildings but also by the district of [[Gropiusstadt]] in Berlin. In the early 1990s, a series of books entitled The Walter Gropius Archive was published covering his entire architectural career. The CD audiobook ''Bauhaus Reviewed 1919–33'' includes a lengthy English Language interview with Gropius.

Upon his death his widow, Ise Gropius, arranged to have his collection of papers divided into early and late papers. Both parts were photographed with funds provided by the [[Fritz Thyssen Foundation|Thyssen Foundation]]. The late papers, relating to Gropius's career after 1937, and the photos of the early ones, then went to the [[Houghton Library]] at Harvard University; the early papers and photos of the late papers went to the Bauhaus Archiv, then in [[Darmstadt]], since reestablished in Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gropius, Walter, 1883–1969. Additional papers|url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/findingAidDisplay?_collection=oasis&inoid=4352&histno=1|publisher=Houghton Library, Harvard University, Online Finding Aid|access-date=4 June 2012}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mrs. Gropius also deeded the Gropius House in Lincoln to [[Historic New England]] in 1980, now a house museum. The Gropius House was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1988 and is now available to the public for tours.<ref name="ncmodernist.org" />

[[Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv]] in the [[White City (Tel Aviv)|White City]] recognizes the greatest concentration of Bauhaus buildings in the world.

In 1959, he received the [[AIA Gold Medal]]. On 17 May 2008, [[Google Doodle]] commemorated Walter Gropius' 125th birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/125th-birthday-of-walter-gropius/|title=125th Birthday of Walter Gropius|work=Google|date=17 May 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715183255/https://www.google.com/doodles/125th-birthday-of-walter-gropius |archive-date= 15 July 2023 }}</ref>

In 1996, the Bauhaus Building and the Master Houses were added to list of [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/729/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029063153/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/729 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Selected buildings==
* 1906 granary in Jankowo, Western Pomerania, Poland<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/jankowo-spichlerz | title=Spichlerz |website=Zabytek.pl |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230310174504/https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/jankowo-spichlerz |archive-date= 10 March 2023 }}</ref>
* 1910–1911 the [[Fagus Factory]], Alfeld an der Leine, Germany
* 1914 Office and Factory Buildings at the Werkbund Exhibition, 1914, [[Cologne]], Germany
* 1921 [[Sommerfeld House]], Berlin, Germany designed for [[Adolf Sommerfeld]]
* 1922 competition entry for the [[Tribune Tower|Chicago Tribune Tower]] competition
* 1925–1932 [[Bauhaus]] School and Meisterhäuser (houses for senior staff), [[Dessau]], Germany
* 1926–1928 Törten housing estate in Dessau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/de/index.html|title=Das Bauhaus in Dessau|website= bauhaus-dessau.de|language=de|access-date=19 May 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190519150912/https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/de/index.html |archive-date= 19 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 1927–1929 Dessau Employment Office (Arbeitsamt).
* 1936 [[Impington Village College|Village College]], Impington, Cambridgeshire, England
* 1936 [[66 Old Church Street, Chelsea]], London, England
* 1937 The [[Gropius House]], Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA
* 1939 [[Waldenmark]], Wrightstown Township, Pennsylvania (with Marcel Breuer)
* 1939–1940 The [[The Alan I W Frank House|Alan I W Frank House]], Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (with Marcel Breuer)
* 1942–1944 [[Aluminum City Terrace]] housing project, [[New Kensington]], Pennsylvania, USA
* 1945–1959 [[Michael Reese Hospital]], Chicago, Illinois, USA – Master planned {{convert|37|acre|m2|adj=on}} site and led the design for at least 8 of the approx. 28 buildings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mertens|first=Richard|date=20 August 2009|title=Battle to Save Chicago's Gropius Architecture has Preservationists and City at Odds.|journal=Christian Science Monitor|pages=17|via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Martin |first=Schmidt, Garden and |title=Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, Detail and Elevation |date=1900–1910 |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/131645/michael-reese-hospital-chicago-illinois-detail-and-elevation |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112091823/https://www.artic.edu/artworks/131645/michael-reese-hospital-chicago-illinois-detail-and-elevation |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
* 1949–1950 [[Harvard Graduate Center]], Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (The Architects' Collaborative)<ref>[http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Harvard_Graduate_Center.html Harvard Graduate Center – Walter Gropius – Great Buildings Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828091333/http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Harvard_Graduate_Center.html |date=28 August 2005 }}. greatbuildings.com</ref>
* 1957–1960 [[University of Baghdad]], Baghdad, Iraq
* 1963–1966 [[John F. Kennedy Federal Building|John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building]], Boston, Massachusetts, USA
* 1948 [[Peter Thacher Junior High School]],
* 1957–1959 Dr. and Mrs. Carl Murchison House, Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA (The Architects' Collaborative)
* 1958–1963 [[Pan Am Building]] (now the Metlife Building), [[New York City|New York]], with [[Pietro Belluschi]] and project architects [[Emery Roth]] & Sons
* 1957 [[Interbau]] [[Walter-Gropius-Haus (Berlin)|Apartment blocks, Hansaviertel (Walter-Gropius-Haus) Berlin]], Germany, with The Architects' Collaborative and Wils Ebert
* 1960 [[Temple Oheb Shalom (Baltimore, Maryland)]]
* 1960 the [[Gropiusstadt]] building complex, Berlin, Germany
* 1961 The award-winning [[Wayland High School]], Wayland, Massachusetts, USA (demolished 2012)
* 1959–1961 [[Embassy of the United States in Athens|Embassy of the United States]], Athens, Greece (The Architects' Collaborative and consulting architect [[Pericles A. Sakellarios]])
* 1968 Glass Cathedral, Thomas Glassworks, [[Amberg]]
* 1967–1969 [[Tower East]], Shaker Heights, Ohio, was Gropius's last major project.
* 1968–1970 [[Huntington Museum of Art]], Huntington, West Virginia, USA. Original building expanded with Gropius addition with little alteration to the original structure. Only American art museum to be brought to completion using a Gropius design.
* 1973–1980 [[Porto Carras]], at Chalkidiki, Greece, was built posthumously from Gropius designs, it is one of the largest holiday resorts in Europe.

NB: The building in [[Niederkirchnerstraße]], Berlin known as the Gropius-Bau is named for Gropius's great-uncle, [[Martin Gropius]], and is not associated with the Bauhaus.

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Dessau Bauhaus-Gebäude asv2024-06 img1.jpg|[[Bauhaus]] Dessau building, built 1925–1926
File:Walter Gropius photo Gropius house Lincoln MA.jpg|Gropius House (1938) in Lincoln, Massachusetts
File:Reception stair.jpg|The Alan I W Frank House
File:Aluminum City Terrace, Gropius, HAER PA,65-NEKEN,3-2.jpg|Aluminum City Terrace (1944)
File:6355 Dessau 01.JPG|Front view of the modern reconstruction of Gropius's house in Dessau (1925-–1926). It was destroyed during World War II. This reconstruction (2014) was not built as an exact replica of the original house.
File:Damaschkestraße, Dessau (Siedlung Törten).jpg|Part of the Törten Housing Estate (Siedlung Dessau-Törten) designed by Gropius (1926–1928)
File:Arbeitsamt Dessau3.JPG|Dessau Employment Office (Arbeitsamt) designed by Gropius in 1927 and built between 1928 and 1929
File:Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts - Front View.JPG|The Gropius House (1938) in Lincoln Massachusetts
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[The Back Bay Center]], 1953 Boston proposed development

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book
 | first = Reginald
 | last = Isaacs
 | title = Walter Gropius: An illustrated Biography of the Creator of the Bauhaus
 | place = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Bulfinch Press]]
 | edition = First English-language
 | year = 1991
 | isbn = 978-0-8212-1753-5
 | url-access = registration
 | url = https://archive.org/details/gropiusillustrat0000isaa
 }}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=Walter Gropius}}
* ''The New Architecture and the Bauhaus'', Walter Gropius, 1935.
* ''The Scope of Total Architecture'', Walter Gropius, 1956.
* ''From Bauhaus to Our House'', Tom Wolfe, 1981.
* ''The Walter Gropius Archive'', Routledge (publisher), 1990–1991.
* ''Walter Gropius: Visionary Founder of the Bauhaus'', Fiona MacCarthy (author), 2020.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Walter Gropius}}
* [http://www.rosenthalusa.com/1288d872/GROPIUS_Walter.htm Designer portrait on rosenthalusa.com]
* More information on Gropius's early years at the Bauhaus can be found in his correspondence with Lily Hildebrandt, with whom he had an affair between 1919 and 1922: [[hdl:10020/cifa850676|Hans and Lily Hildebrandt papers]], [[Getty Research Institute]], Los Angeles. CA.
* [http://www.ltmrecordings.com/bauhausreviewednotes.html ''Bauhaus Reviewed 1919–33'' audiobook liner notes at LTM]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/006575}}

{{Walter Gropius}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gropius, Walter}}
[[Category:Walter Gropius]]
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