Editing Walt Whitman

{{Short description|American poet, essayist and journalist (1819–1892)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Walt Whitman
| image       = Walt Whitman - George Collins Cox.jpg
| caption     = Whitman in 1887
| birth_name  = Walter Whitman Jr.
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1819|5|31}}
| birth_place = [[Huntington, New York]], U.S.
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1892|3|26|1819|5|31}}
| death_place = [[Camden, New Jersey]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Harleigh Cemetery, Camden|Harleigh Cemetery]], Camden, New Jersey, U.S.
| resting_place_coordinates =
{{Coord|39.9271816|-75.0937119|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| signature   = Walt Whitman signature.svg
| occupation  = {{hlist|Poet|essayist|journalist}}
}}

'''Walter Whitman Jr.''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|hw|ɪ|t|m|ə|n}}; May 31, 1819&nbsp;– March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist; he also wrote two novels. He is considered one of the most influential poets in [[American literature]] and [[world literature]]. Whitman incorporated both [[transcendentalism]] and [[literary realism|realism]] in his writings and is often called the father of [[free verse]].<ref name=Reynolds314/> His work was controversial in his time, particularly his 1855 poetry collection ''[[Leaves of Grass]]'', which was described by some as obscene for its overt sensuality.

Whitman was born in [[Huntington, New York|Huntington]] on [[Long Island]] and lived in [[Brooklyn]] as a child and through much of his career. At age 11, he left formal schooling to go to work. He worked as a journalist, a teacher, and a government clerk. Whitman's major poetry collection, ''Leaves of Grass'', first published in 1855, was financed with his own money and became well known. The work was an attempt to reach out to the common person with an American [[epic poetry|epic]]. Whitman continued expanding and revising ''Leaves of Grass'' until his death in 1892.

During the [[American Civil War]], he went to [[Washington, D.C.]], and worked in hospitals caring for the wounded. His poetry often focused on both loss and healing. On the [[assassination of Abraham Lincoln]], whom [[Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln|Whitman greatly admired]], he authored two poems, "[[O Captain! My Captain!]]" and "[[When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd]]", and [[Walt Whitman's lectures on Abraham Lincoln|gave a series of lectures on Lincoln]]. After suffering a [[stroke]] towards the end of his life, Whitman moved to [[Camden, New Jersey]], where his health further declined. When he died at age 72, his funeral was a public event.<ref name=Loving480/><ref name=Reynolds589>Reynolds, 589.</ref>

Whitman's influence on poetry remains strong. Art historian [[Mary Berenson]] wrote, "You cannot really understand America without Walt Whitman, without ''Leaves of Grass''... He has expressed that civilization, 'up to date,' as he would say, and no student of the philosophy of history can do without him."<ref name="Reynolds, 4">Reynolds, 4.</ref> [[Modernism|Modernist]] poet [[Ezra Pound]] called Whitman "America's poet... He {{em|is}} America."<ref name="ReferenceA">Pound, Ezra. "Walt Whitman", ''Whitman'', Roy Harvey Pearce, ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962: 8.</ref> According to the [[Poetry Foundation]], he is "America's world poet—a latter-day successor to [[Homer]], [[Virgil]], [[Dante]], and [[Shakespeare]]."<ref name=":Poetry Foundation">{{cite web| title=Walt Whitman| url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/walt-whitman| website=Poetry Foundation| access-date=July 4, 2024| archive-date=July 4, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704233359/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/walt-whitman| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life and work==
===Early life===
[[File:Corner of Henry and Cranberry Streets.png|thumb|The Apprentices' Library Association in 1825]]
Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, in [[West Hills, New York]], the second of nine children of [[Quakers|Quaker]] parents Walter and Louisa Van Velsor Whitman,<ref>Miller, 17.</ref> of English and Dutch descent respectively.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Walt Whitman |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=January 12, 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walt-Whitman |quote=His ancestry was typical of the region: his mother, Louisa Van Velsor, was Dutch, and his father, Walter Whitman, was of English descent. |access-date=January 20, 2024 }}</ref> He was immediately nicknamed "Walt" to distinguish him from his father.<ref name=Loving29>Loving, 29.</ref> At the age of four, Whitman moved with his family from Huntington to [[Brooklyn]], living in a series of homes, in part due to bad investments.<ref>Loving, 30.</ref> Whitman looked back on his childhood as generally restless and unhappy, given his family's difficult financial struggles.<ref>Reynolds, 24.</ref> One happy moment that he later recalled was when he was lifted in the air and kissed on the cheek by the [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Marquis de Lafayette]] during a celebration of the setting of the [[Brooklyn Apprentices' Library]]'s cornerstone by Lafayette in Brooklyn on July 4, 1825.<ref>Reynolds, 33–34.</ref> Whitman later worked as a librarian at that institution.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brooklyn!, 3rd Edition: The Ultimate Guide to New York's Most Happening Borough|author=Ellen Freudenheim, Anna Wiener|year=2004|page=339|isbn=9780312323318|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]}}</ref>

At the age of 11, Whitman ended his formal schooling<ref>Loving, 32.</ref> and sought employment to assist his family, which was struggling financially. He was an office boy for two lawyers and later was an [[apprenticeship|apprentice]] and [[printer's devil]] for the weekly Long Island newspaper the ''Patriot'', edited by Samuel E. Clements.<ref>Reynolds, 44.</ref> There, Whitman learned about the printing press and [[typesetting]].<ref>Kaplan, 74.</ref> He may have written "sentimental bits" of filler material for occasional issues.<ref>Callow, 30.</ref> Clements aroused controversy when he and two friends attempted to dig up the corpse of the [[Quaker]] minister [[Elias Hicks]] to create a plaster mold of his head.<ref>Callow, 29.</ref> Clements left the ''Patriot'' shortly afterward, possibly as a result of the controversy.<ref>Loving, 34.</ref>

===Career===
[[File:Walt Whitman, age 28, 1848.png|thumb|upright=1|Whitman at the age of 28 in 1848]]
The following summer Whitman worked for another printer, Erastus Worthington, in [[Brooklyn]].<ref name=Reynolds45>Reynolds, 45.</ref> His family moved back to [[West Hills, New York]], on [[Long Island]] in the spring, but Whitman remained and took a job at the shop of Alden Spooner, editor of the leading [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] weekly newspaper the ''Long-Island Star''.<ref name=Reynolds45/> While at the ''Star'', Whitman became a regular patron of the local library, joined a town debating society, began attending theater performances,<ref>Callow, 32.</ref> and anonymously published some of his earliest poetry in the ''[[New-York Mirror]]''.<ref>Kaplan, 79.</ref> At the age of 16 in May 1835, Whitman left the ''Star'' and Brooklyn.<ref>Kaplan, 77.</ref> He moved to New York City to work as a [[Compositor (typesetting)|compositor]]<ref>Callow, 35.</ref> though, in later years, Whitman could not remember where.<ref name=Kaplan81>Kaplan, 81.</ref> He attempted to find further work but had difficulty, in part due to a severe fire in the printing and publishing district,<ref name=Kaplan81/> and in part due to a general collapse in the economy leading up to the [[Panic of 1837]].<ref>Loving, 36.</ref> In May 1836, he rejoined his family, now living in [[Hempstead (village), New York|Hempstead, Long Island]].<ref>Callow, 36.</ref> Whitman taught intermittently at various schools until the spring of 1838, though he was not satisfied as a teacher.<ref>Loving, 37.</ref>

After his teaching attempts, Whitman returned to [[Huntington, New York]], to found his own newspaper, the ''[[Long Islander News|Long-Islander]]''. Whitman served as publisher, editor, pressman, and distributor and even provided home delivery. After ten months, he sold the publication to E. O. Crowell, whose first issue appeared on July 12, 1839.<ref name=Reynolds60>Reynolds, 60.</ref> There are no known surviving copies of the ''Long-Islander'' published under Whitman.<ref>Loving, 38.</ref> By the summer of 1839, he found a job as a typesetter in [[Jamaica, Queens]], with the ''Long Island Democrat'', edited by James J. Brenton.<ref name=Reynolds60/> He left shortly thereafter, and made another attempt at teaching from the winter of 1840 to the spring of 1841.<ref>Kaplan, 93–94.</ref> One story, possibly [[wikt:apocryphal|apocryphal]], tells of Whitman's being chased away from a teaching job in [[Southold, New York]], in 1840. After a local preacher called him a "[[Sodomy|Sodomite]]", Whitman was allegedly [[Tarring and feathering|tarred and feathered]]. Biographer [[Justin Kaplan]] notes that the story is likely untrue, because Whitman regularly vacationed in the town thereafter.<ref>Kaplan, 87.</ref> Biographer [[Jerome Loving]] calls the incident a "myth".<ref>Loving, 514.</ref> During this time, Whitman published a series of ten editorials, called "Sun-Down Papers—From the Desk of a Schoolmaster", in three newspapers between the winter of 1840 and July 1841. In these essays, he adopted a constructed persona, a technique he would employ throughout his career.<ref>Stacy, 25.</ref>

Whitman moved to New York City in May, initially working a low-level job at the ''New World'', working under [[Park Benjamin Sr.]] and [[Rufus Wilmot Griswold]].<ref>Callow, 56.</ref> He continued working for short periods of time for various newspapers; in 1842 he was editor of the ''[[The New York Aurora|Aurora]]'' and from 1846 to 1848 he was editor of the ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]''.<ref>Stacy, 6.</ref> While working for the latter institution, many of his publications were in the area of music criticism, and it is during this time that he became a devoted lover of [[Italian opera]] through reviewing performances of works by [[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]], [[Donizetti]], and [[Verdi]]. This new interest had an impact on his writing in free verse. He later said, "But for the opera, I could never have written ''Leaves of Grass''."<ref>{{cite journal|title= Walt Whitman's Conversion To Opera|author=Brasher, Thomas L.|editor=Judith Tick, Paul E. Beaudoin|journal=Music in the USA: A Documentary Companion|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|page=207}}</ref>

Throughout the 1840s, Whitman contributed freelance fiction and poetry to various periodicals,<ref>Reynolds, 83–84.</ref> including ''[[Brother Jonathan (newspaper)|Brother Jonathan]]'' magazine edited by [[John Neal]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Merlob | first = Maya | editor2-last = Carlson | editor2-first = David J. | editor1-last = Watts | editor1-first = Edward | chapter = Chapter 5: Celebrated Rubbish: John Neal and the Commercialization of Early American Romanticism | title = John Neal and Nineteenth Century American Literature and Culture | publisher = Bucknell University Press | location = Lewisburg, Pennsylvania | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-61148-420-5 | page = 119, n18}}</ref> Whitman lost his position at the ''Brooklyn Eagle'' in 1848 after siding with the free-soil "[[Barnburners and Hunkers|Barnburner]]" wing of the Democratic party against the newspaper's owner, [[Isaac Van Anden]], who belonged to the conservative, or "[[Barnburners and Hunkers|Hunker]]", wing of the party.<ref>Stacy, 87–91.</ref> Whitman was a delegate to the 1848 founding convention of the [[Free Soil Party]], which was concerned about the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and northern businessmen moving into the newly colonized western territories. Abolitionist [[William Lloyd Garrison]] derided the party philosophy as "white manism".<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Louisa May Alcott on Race, Sex, and Slavery|author1=Alcott, Louisa May|author2=Elbert, Sarah|author1-link=Louisa May Alcott|author2-link=Sarah Elbert |date=1997|publisher=Northeastern University Press|isbn=978-1555533076|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6g6kwxBDzxoC}}</ref>

In 1852, he serialized a novel, ''[[Life and Adventures of Jack Engle]]'', in six installments of New York's ''The Sunday Dispatch''.<ref name="jack" /> In 1858, Whitman published a 47,000 word series, ''Manly Health and Training'', under the pen name Mose Velsor.<ref name=schuessler>{{cite news|last= Schuessler |first= Jennifer |title= Found: Walt Whitman's Guide to 'Manly Health' |date= April 29, 2016 |access-date= May 1, 2016 |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/books/walt-whitman-promoted-a-paleo-diet-who-knew.html |quote= Now, Whitman's self-help-guide-meets-democratic-manifesto is being published online in its entirety by a scholarly journal, in what some experts are calling the biggest new Whitman discovery in decades.}}</ref><ref name= wwqr-vol33-iss3>{{cite journal|title= Special Double Issue: Walt Whitman's Newly Discovered 'Manly Health and Training' |date=Winter–Spring 2016 |access-date= May 1, 2016 |journal= Walt Whitman Quarterly Review |issn= 0737-0679 |volume=  33 |number= 3 |url= http://ir.uiowa.edu/wwqr/vol33/iss3/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160502103230/http://ir.uiowa.edu/wwqr/vol33/iss3/|url-status= dead|archive-date= May 2, 2016}}</ref> Apparently he drew the name Velsor from Van Velsor, his mother's family name.<ref>{{cite web |last= Whitman |first= Walt |title= Genealogy – Van Velsor and Whitman |type= excerpt from ''Specimen Days'' |year= 1882 |url= http://www.bartleby.com/229/1003.html |website= [[Bartleby.com]] |access-date= May 2, 2016 |quote= THE LATER years of the last century found the Van Velsor family, my mother's side, living on their own farm at Cold Spring, Long Island, New York State, ... |archive-date= May 5, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160505124953/http://www.bartleby.com/229/1003.html |url-status= live }}</ref> This self-help guide recommends beards, nude sunbathing, comfortable shoes, bathing daily in cold water, eating meat almost exclusively, plenty of fresh air, and getting up early each morning. Present-day writers have called ''Manly Health and Training'' "quirky",<ref>{{cite web|last= Onion |first= Rebecca |title= Finding the Poetry in Walt Whitman's Newly Rediscovered Health Advice |date= May 2, 2016 |website= [[Slate.com]] |access-date= May 2, 2016 |url= http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2016/05/02/walt_whitman_s_manly_health_and_training_has_poetry_hidden_in_its_health.html |quote= a quirky document full of prescriptions that seem curiously modern}}</ref> "so over the top",<ref>{{cite journal |last= Cueto |first= Emma |title= Walt Whitman's Advice Book For Men Has Just Been Discovered And Its Contents Are Surprising |date= May 2, 2016 |journal= [[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |access-date= May 2, 2016 |url= http://www.bustle.com/articles/158277-walt-whitmans-advice-book-for-men-has-just-been-discovered-and-its-contents-are-surprising |quote= And there are lots of other tidbits that, with a little modern rewording, would be right at home in the pages of a modern men's magazine—or even satirizing modern ideas about manliness because they're so over the top. |archive-date= May 8, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160508070441/http://www.bustle.com/articles/158277-walt-whitmans-advice-book-for-men-has-just-been-discovered-and-its-contents-are-surprising |url-status= live }}</ref> "a pseudoscientific tract",<ref>{{cite journal|last= Turpin |first= Zachary |title= Introduction to Walt Whitman's 'Manly Health and Training' |date=Winter–Spring 2016 |journal= Walt Whitman Quarterly Review |issn= 0737-0679 |volume=  33 |number= 3 |page= 149 |doi=10.13008/0737-0679.2205 |quote= a pseudoscientific tract|doi-access= free }}</ref> and "wacky".<ref name=schuessler/>

===''Leaves of Grass''===
{{Main|Leaves of Grass}}
[[File:Walt Whitman, steel engraving, July 1854.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Whitman in July 1854, aged 35, from the [[Book frontispiece|frontispiece]] to ''[[Leaves of Grass]]'' from a lost [[daguerreotype]] by [[Gabriel Harrison]]]]
Whitman claimed that after years of competing for "the usual rewards", he determined to become a poet.<ref>Kaplan, 185.</ref> He first experimented with a variety of popular literary genres that appealed to the cultural tastes of the period.<ref>Reynolds, 85.</ref> As early as 1850, he began writing what would become ''Leaves of Grass'',<ref>Loving, 154.</ref> a collection of poetry that he would continue editing and revising until his death.<ref>Miller, 55.</ref> Whitman intended to write a distinctly American [[epic poetry|epic]]<ref>Miller, 155.</ref> and used [[free verse]] with a [[cadence (music)|cadence]] based on the Bible.<ref>Kaplan, 187.</ref> At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the already-printed first edition of ''Leaves of Grass''. George "didn't think it worth reading".<ref name=Callow226>Callow, 226.</ref>

Whitman paid for the publication of the first edition of ''Leaves of Grass'' himself<ref name=Callow226/> and had it printed at a local print shop during its employees' breaks from commercial jobs.<ref>Loving, 178.</ref> A total of 795 copies were printed.<ref>Kaplan, 198.</ref> No author is named; instead, facing the title page was an engraved portrait done by Samuel Hollyer,<ref>Callow, 227.</ref> but 500 lines into the body of the text he calls himself "Walt Whitman, an American, one of the roughs, a kosmos, disorderly, fleshly, and sensual, no sentimentalist, no stander above men or women or apart from them, no more modest than immodest".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/reviews/leaves1855/anc.00019.html|title=Review of ''Leaves of Grass'' (1855)|publisher=The Walt Whitman Archive}}</ref> The inaugural volume of poetry was preceded by a prose preface of 827 lines. The succeeding untitled twelve poems totaled 2315 lines with 1336 lines belonging to the first untitled poem, later called "[[Song of Myself]]". The book received its strongest praise from [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], who wrote a flattering five-page letter to Whitman and spoke highly of the book to friends.<ref>Kaplan, 203.</ref> Emerson called it "the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed."<ref name=":Poetry Foundation"/> Emerson had called for the first truly American poet, saying that aspects of America "are yet unsung. Yet America is a poem in our eyes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Harriet |date=2024-07-18 |title=Ralph Waldo Emerson Found His Poets in Whitman & Dickinson |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet-books/2015/09/ralph-waldo-emerson-found-his-poets-in-whitman-dickinson |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Poetry Foundation |language=en |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718190807/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet-books/2015/09/ralph-waldo-emerson-found-his-poets-in-whitman-dickinson |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first edition of ''Leaves of Grass'' was widely distributed and stirred up significant interest,<ref>Reynolds, 340.</ref> in part due to Emerson's praise,<ref>Callow, 232.</ref> but was occasionally criticized for the seemingly "obscene" nature of the poetry.<ref>Loving, 414.</ref> Geologist [[Peter Lesley]] wrote to Emerson, calling the book "trashy, profane & obscene" and the author "a pretentious ass".<ref>Kaplan, 211.</ref> Whitman embossed a quote from Emerson's letter, "I greet you at the beginning of a great career", in gold leaf on the spine of the second edition. Of this action, [[Laura Dassow Walls]], professor emerita of English at the [[University of Notre Dame]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.nd.edu/people/laura-walls/|title=Laura Walls &#124; Department of English &#124; University of Notre Dame|access-date=July 21, 2024|archive-date=July 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721113637/https://english.nd.edu/people/laura-walls/|url-status=live}}</ref> wrote: "In one stroke, Whitman had given birth to the modern cover [[blurb]], quite without Emerson's permission."<ref>[[Laura Dassow Walls|Walls, Laura Dassow]] ''Henry David Thoreau: A Life'', 394. Chicago and London: [[The University of Chicago Press]], 2017. {{ISBN|978-0-226-59937-3}}</ref>

On July 11, 1855, a few days after ''Leaves of Grass'' was published, Whitman's father died at the age of 65.<ref>Kaplan, 229.</ref> In the months following the first edition of ''Leaves of Grass'', critical responses began focusing on what some found offensive sexual themes. Though the second edition was already printed and bound, the publisher almost did not release it.<ref>Reynolds, 348.</ref> In the end, the edition went to retail, with 20 additional poems,<ref>Callow, 238.</ref> in August 1856.<ref>Kaplan, 207.</ref> ''Leaves of Grass'' was revised and re-released in 1860,<ref>Loving, 238.</ref> again in 1867, and several more times throughout the remainder of Whitman's life. Several well-known writers admired the work enough to visit Whitman, including [[Amos Bronson Alcott]] and [[Henry David Thoreau]].<ref>Reynolds, 363.</ref>

During the first publications of ''Leaves of Grass'', Whitman had financial difficulties and was forced to work as a journalist again, specifically with Brooklyn's ''Daily Times'' starting in May 1857.<ref>Callow, 225.</ref> As an editor, he oversaw the paper's contents, contributed book reviews, and wrote editorials.<ref>Reynolds, 368.</ref> He left the job in 1859, though it is unclear whether he was fired or chose to leave.<ref>Loving, 228.</ref> Whitman, who typically kept detailed notebooks and journals, left very little information about himself in the late 1850s.<ref>Reynolds, 375.</ref>

===Civil War years===
[[File:Manuscript Whitman Broadway 1861.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Whitman's handwritten manuscript for "Broadway, 1861"]]
[[File:Walt Whitman - Brady-Handy restored.png|thumb|upright=1|An 1862 photograph of Whitman taken by [[Mathew Brady]]]]
As the [[American Civil War]] was beginning, Whitman published his poem "[[s:Leaves of Grass/Book XXI#Beat! Beat! Drums!|Beat! Beat! Drums!]]" as a patriotic rally call for the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].<ref>Callow, 283.</ref> Whitman's brother George had joined the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] army in the [[51st New York Infantry Regiment]] and began sending Whitman several vividly detailed letters of the battle front.<ref>Reynolds, 410.</ref> On December 16, 1862, a listing of fallen and wounded soldiers in the ''[[New-York Tribune]]'' included "First Lieutenant G. W. Whitmore", which Whitman worried was a reference to his brother George.<ref name=Kaplan268>Kaplan, 268.</ref> He made his way south immediately to find him, though his wallet was stolen on the way.<ref name=Reynolds411>Reynolds, 411.</ref> "Walking all day and night, unable to ride, trying to get information, trying to get access to big people", Whitman later wrote,<ref>Callow, 286.</ref> he eventually found George alive, with only a superficial wound on his cheek.<ref name=Kaplan268/> Whitman, profoundly affected by seeing the wounded soldiers and the heaps of their amputated limbs, left for [[Washington, D.C.]], on December 28, 1862, with the intention of never returning to New York.<ref name=Reynolds411/>

In Washington, D.C., Whitman's friend Charley Eldridge helped him obtain part-time work in the army paymaster's office, leaving time for Whitman to volunteer as a nurse in the army hospitals.<ref>Callow, 293.</ref> He would write of this experience in "The Great Army of the Sick", published in a New York newspaper in 1863<ref>Kaplan, 273.</ref> and, 12&nbsp;years later, in a book called ''Memoranda During the War''.<ref>Callow, 297.</ref> He then contacted Emerson, this time to ask for help in obtaining a government post.<ref name=Reynolds411/> Another friend, John Trowbridge, passed on a letter of recommendation from Emerson to [[Salmon P. Chase]], Secretary of the Treasury, hoping he would grant Whitman a position in that department. Chase, however, did not want to hire the author of such a disreputable book as ''Leaves of Grass''.<ref>Callow, 295.</ref>

The Whitman family had a difficult end to 1864. On September 30, 1864, Whitman's brother George was captured by [[Confederate Army|Confederate forces]] in [[Virginia]],<ref>Loving, 281.</ref> and another brother, Andrew Jackson, died of [[tuberculosis]] compounded by alcoholism on December 3.<ref>Kaplan, 293–294.</ref> That month, Whitman committed his brother Jesse to the Kings County Lunatic Asylum.<ref>Reynolds, 454.</ref> Whitman's spirits were raised, however, when he finally got a better-paying government post as a low-grade clerk in the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] in the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]], thanks to his friend [[William Douglas O'Connor]]. O'Connor, a poet, daguerreotypist, and an editor at ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' wrote to [[William Tod Otto]], Assistant [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]], on Whitman's behalf.<ref name=Loving283>Loving, 283.</ref> Whitman began the new appointment on January 24, 1865, with a yearly salary of $1,200.<ref name=Reynolds455>Reynolds, 455.</ref> A month later, on February 24, 1865, George was released from capture and granted a [[furlough]] because of his poor health.<ref name=Loving283/> By May 1, Whitman received a promotion to a slightly higher clerkship<ref name=Reynolds455/> and published ''Drum-Taps''.<ref name=Loving290>Loving, 290.</ref>

Effective June 30, 1865, however, Whitman was fired from his job.<ref name=Loving290/> His dismissal came from the new Secretary of the Interior, former [[Iowa]] Senator [[James Harlan (senator)|James Harlan]].<ref name=Reynolds455/> Though Harlan dismissed several clerks who "were seldom at their respective desks", he may have fired Whitman on moral grounds after finding an 1860 edition of ''Leaves of Grass''.<ref>Loving, 291.</ref> O'Connor protested until J. Hubley Ashton had Whitman transferred to the Attorney General's office on July 1.<ref>Kaplan, 304.</ref> O'Connor, though, was still upset and vindicated Whitman by publishing a biased and exaggerated biographical study, ''The Good Gray Poet'', in January 1866.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Connor|first=William Douglas|url=https://whitmanarchive.org/criticism/disciples/tei/anc.00170.html|title=The Good Gray Poet|publisher=Bunce and Huntington (The Walt Whitman Archive)|year=1866|location=New York}}</ref> The fifty-cent pamphlet defended Whitman as a wholesome patriot, established the poet's nickname and increased his popularity.<ref>Reynolds, 456–457.</ref> Also aiding in his popularity was the publication of "[[O Captain! My Captain!]]", a conventional poem on the [[death of Abraham Lincoln]], the only poem to appear in anthologies during Whitman's lifetime.<ref>Kaplan, 309.</ref>

Part of Whitman's role at the Attorney General's office was interviewing former Confederate soldiers for presidential [[pardon]]s. "There are real characters among them", he later wrote, "and you know I have a fancy for anything out of the ordinary."<ref>Loving, 293.</ref> In August 1866, he took a month off to prepare a new edition of ''Leaves of Grass'' which would not be published until 1867 after difficulty in finding a publisher.<ref>Kaplan, 318–319.</ref> He hoped it would be its last edition.<ref name="Loving, 314">Loving, 314.</ref> In February 1868, ''Poems of Walt Whitman'' was published in England thanks to the influence of [[William Michael Rossetti]],<ref>Callow, 326.</ref> with minor changes that Whitman reluctantly approved.<ref>Kaplan, 324.</ref> The edition became popular in England, especially with endorsements from the highly respected writer [[Anne Gilchrist (writer)|Anne Gilchrist]].<ref>Callow, 329.</ref> Another edition of ''Leaves of Grass'' was issued in 1871, the same year it was mistakenly reported that its author died in a railroad accident.<ref>Loving, 331.</ref> As Whitman's international fame increased, he remained at the attorney general's office until January 1872.<ref>Reynolds, 464.</ref> He spent much of 1872 caring for his mother, who was now nearly eighty and struggling with [[arthritis]].<ref>Kaplan, 340.</ref> He also traveled and was invited to [[Dartmouth College]] to give the commencement address on June 26, 1872.<ref>Loving, 341.</ref>

===Health decline and death===
[[File:WhitmanHouse-CamdenNJ1.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Whitman spent his last years at his home in [[Camden, New Jersey]], which is open to the public as the [[Walt Whitman House]].]]
After suffering a paralytic stroke in early 1873, Whitman was induced to move from Washington to the home of his brother—George Washington Whitman, an engineer—at 431 Stevens Street in Camden, New Jersey. His mother, having fallen ill, was also there and died that same year in May. Both events were difficult for Whitman and left him depressed. He remained at his brother's home until buying his own in 1884.<ref>Miller, 33.</ref> However, before purchasing his home, he spent the greatest period of his residence in Camden at his brother's home on Stevens Street. While in residence there he was very productive, publishing three versions of ''Leaves of Grass'' among other works. He was also last fully physically active in this house, receiving both [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Thomas Eakins]]. His other brother, Edward, an "invalid" since birth, lived in the house.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Camden and the Last Years, 1875–1892 {{!}} Timeline {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} Walt Whitman Papers in the Charles E. Feinberg Collection {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/feinberg-whitman/articles-and-essays/timeline/camden-and-the-last-years-1875-to-1892/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA |archive-date=July 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729210923/https://www.loc.gov/collections/feinberg-whitman/articles-and-essays/timeline/camden-and-the-last-years-1875-to-1892/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

When his brother and sister-in-law were forced to move for business reasons, he bought his own house at 328 Mickle Street (now [[Walt Whitman House|330 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard]]).<ref>Haas, Irvin. ''Historic Homes of American Authors''. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1991: 141. {{ISBN|0-89133-180-8}}.</ref> First taken care of by tenants, he was completely bedridden for most of his time in Mickle Street. During this time, he began socializing with Mary Oakes Davis—the widow of a sea captain. She was a neighbor, boarding with a family in Bridge Avenue just a few blocks from Mickle Street.<ref>Loving, 432.</ref> She moved in with Whitman on February 24, 1885, to serve as his housekeeper in exchange for free rent. She brought with her a cat, a dog, two turtledoves, a canary, and other assorted animals.<ref>Reynolds, 548.</ref> During this time, Whitman produced further editions of ''Leaves of Grass'' in 1876, 1881, and 1889.<ref name="auto"/>

While in [[South Jersey]], Whitman spent a good portion of his time in the then quite pastoral community of [[Laurel Springs, New Jersey|Laurel Springs]], between 1876 and 1884, converting one of the Stafford Farm buildings to his summer home. The restored summer home has been preserved as a museum by the local historical society. Part of his ''Leaves of Grass'' was written here, and in his ''Specimen Days'' he wrote of the spring, creek and lake. To him, Laurel Lake was "the prettiest lake in: either America or Europe".<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://westfieldnj.com/whs/history/Counties/CamdenCounty/laurelsprings.htm
 |title=Laurel Springs History - 1976 Bicentennial publication produced for the Borough of Laurel Springs
 |publisher=WestfieldNJ.com
 |author=<!-- not stated -->
 |access-date=April 30, 2013
 |archive-date=March 3, 2013
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303031323/http://www.westfieldnj.com/whs/history/Counties/CamdenCounty/laurelsprings.htm
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

As the end of 1891 approached, he prepared a final edition of ''Leaves of Grass'', a version that has been nicknamed the "Deathbed Edition". He wrote, "L. of G. ''at last complete''—after 33 y'rs of hackling at it, all times & moods of my life, fair weather & foul, all parts of the land, and peace & war, young & old."<ref>Reynolds, 586.</ref> Preparing for death, Whitman commissioned a [[granite]] [[mausoleum]] shaped like a house for $4,000<ref name=Loving479>Loving, 479.</ref> and visited it often during construction.<ref>Kaplan, 49.</ref> In the last week of his life, he was too weak to lift a knife or fork and wrote: "I suffer all the time: I have no relief, no escape: it is monotony—monotony—monotony—in pain."<ref>Reynolds, 587.</ref>
{{Listen|type=speech
|filename=Walt Whitman - America.ogg
|title="America"
|description=An 1890 recording thought to be Walt Whitman reading the opening four lines of his poem "America"
}}

Walt Whitman died on March 26, 1892,<ref>Callow, 363.</ref> at his home in Camden, New Jersey at the age of 72.<ref>Griffiths, Rhys (March 2017), [https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/death-walt-whitman "Death of Walt Whitman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319091133/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/death-walt-whitman |date=March 19, 2022 }}, ''History Today'', volume 67, issue 3.</ref> An [[autopsy]] revealed his lungs had diminished to one-eighth their normal breathing capacity, a result of bronchial pneumonia,<ref name=Loving479/> and that an egg-sized abscess on his chest had eroded one of his ribs. The cause of death was officially listed as "[[pleurisy]] of the left side, consumption of the right lung, general [[miliary tuberculosis]] and parenchymatous [[nephritis]]".<ref name="Reynolds, 588">Reynolds, 588.</ref> A public viewing of his body was held at his Camden home; more than 1,000 people visited in three hours.<ref name=Loving480>Loving, 480.</ref> Whitman's oak coffin was barely visible because of all the flowers and wreaths left for him.<ref name="Reynolds, 588"/> Four days after his death, he was buried in his tomb at [[Harleigh Cemetery, Camden|Harleigh Cemetery]] in Camden.<ref name=Loving480/> Another public ceremony was held at the cemetery, with friends giving speeches, live music, and refreshments.<ref name=Reynolds589/> Whitman's friend, the orator [[Robert G. Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]], delivered the eulogy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Theroux |first1=Phyllis |title=The Book of Eulogies |date=1977 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |page=30}}</ref> Later, the remains of Whitman's parents and two of his brothers and their families were moved to the mausoleum.<ref>Kaplan, 50.</ref> His brain was donated to the [[American Anthropometric Society]] in Philadelphia, but it was accidentally destroyed.<ref name=Spitzka>{{cite journal |last1=Spitzka |first1=Edw. Anthony |title=A Study of the Brains of Six Eminent Scientists and Scholars Belonging to the American Anthropometric Society, together with a Description of the Skull of Professor E. D. Cope |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |date=1907 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=175–308 |doi=10.2307/1005434 |jstor=1005434 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005434 |access-date=December 29, 2023 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311174940/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005434 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Writing==
[[File:Whitman at about fifty.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Whitman, pictured at age 50 in 1869]]

Whitman's work broke the boundaries of poetic form and is generally prose-like.<ref name=Reynolds314>Reynolds, 314.</ref> Its signature style deviates from the course set by his predecessors and includes "idiosyncratic treatment of the body and the soul as well as of the self and the other."<ref>Kirmizi, Busra, and Martin Kopacik, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yk7LDQAAQBAJ&dq=idiosyncratic+treatment+of+the+body,+the+soul,+the+self,+and+the+other&pg=PA101 "The Affinity between the Body, The Self and Nature in Whitman's 'Song of Myself{{'"}}], in ''Academic research of SSaH 2016'', p. 101. {{ISBN|978-80-906231-8-7}}.</ref> It uses unusual images and symbols, including rotting leaves, tufts of straw, and debris.<ref>Kaplan, 233.</ref> Whitman openly wrote about death and sexuality, including prostitution.<ref name="Loving, 314"/> He is often labeled the father of [[free verse]], though he did not invent it.<ref name=Reynolds314/>

===Poetic theory===
Whitman wrote in the preface to the 1855 edition of ''Leaves of Grass'': "The proof of a poet is that his country absorbs him as affectionately as he has absorbed it." He believed there was a vital, [[wikt:symbiotic|symbiotic]] relationship between the poet and society.<ref>Reynolds, 5.</ref> He emphasized this connection especially in "[[Song of Myself]]" by using an all-powerful first-person narration.<ref>Reynolds, 324.</ref> An American epic, it deviated from the historic use of an elevated hero and instead assumed the identity of the common people.<ref>Miller, 78.</ref> ''Leaves of Grass'' also responded to the impact of rapid [[urbanization in the United States]] on the masses.<ref>Reynolds, 332.</ref>

==Lifestyle and beliefs==
===Alcohol===
Whitman was a vocal proponent of [[temperance movement in the United States|temperance]] and in his youth he rarely drank alcohol. He once stated he did not taste "strong liquor" until he was 30<ref>Loving, 71.</ref> and occasionally argued for [[prohibition of alcohol|prohibition]].<ref>Callow, 75.</ref> His first novel, ''[[Franklin Evans]], or The Inebriate'', published November 23, 1842, is a temperance novel.<ref>Loving, 74.</ref> Whitman wrote the novel at the height of the popularity of the [[Washingtonian movement]], a movement that was plagued with contradictions, as was ''Franklin Evans''.<ref>Reynolds, 95.</ref> Years later Whitman claimed he was embarrassed by the book<ref>Reynolds, 91.</ref> and called it "damned rot".<ref>Loving, 75.</ref> He dismissed it by saying he wrote the novel in three days solely for money while under the influence of alcohol.<ref>Reynolds, 97.</ref> Even so, he wrote other pieces recommending temperance, including ''The Madman'' and a short story "Reuben's Last Wish".<ref>Loving, 72.</ref> Later in life he was more liberal with alcohol, enjoying local wines and champagne.<ref name="Binns">{{cite book |last1=Binns |first1=Henry Bryan |title=A life of Walt Whitman |date=1905 |publisher=Methuen & Co. |location=London |page=315 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/56536/56536-h/56536-h.htm#Page_315 |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015094444/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/56536/56536-h/56536-h.htm#Page_315 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
Whitman was deeply influenced by [[deism]]. He denied any one faith was more important than another, and embraced all religions equally.<ref name=Reynolds237>Reynolds, 237.</ref> In "Song of Myself", he gave an inventory of major religions and indicated he respected and accepted all of them—a sentiment he further emphasized in his poem "With Antecedents", affirming: "I adopt each theory, myth, god, and demi-god, / I see that the old accounts, bibles, genealogies, are true, without exception".<ref name=Reynolds237/> In 1874, he was invited to write a poem about the [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]] movement, to which he responded: "It seems to me nearly altogether a poor, cheap, crude [[wikt:humbug|humbug]]."<ref>Loving, 353.</ref> Whitman was a religious skeptic: though he accepted all churches, he believed in none.<ref name=Reynolds237/> God, to Whitman, was both [[immanent]] and [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]] and the human soul was immortal and in a state of progressive development.<ref name="Kuebrich">{{cite book|author-first=David|author-last=Kuebrich|chapter=Religion and the poet-prophet |editor-first=Donald D.|editor-last=Kummings|title=A Companion to Walt Whitman|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uTCiN347lMC&pg=PA211|access-date=August 13, 2010|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9551-5|pages=211–}}</ref> ''American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia'' classes him as one of several figures who "took a more [[Pantheism|pantheist]] or [[Pandeism|pandeist]] approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world."<ref>{{Cite book |title = American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia |url = https://archive.org/details/americanphil_xxxx_2008_000_9069252 |url-access = registration |editor-first1= John |editor-last1= Lachs |editor-first2= Robert|editor-last2= Talisse |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0415939263 |page = [https://archive.org/details/americanphil_xxxx_2008_000_9069252/page/n335 310]|publisher = Routledge }}</ref>
According to literary critic [[Harold Bloom]]:
{{Blockquote|Walt Whitman was the crucial celebrant of what I think we yet will call the American Religion, the momentary fusion of all denominations in an amalgam of Enthusiasm and [[Gnosticism]]… Our theologians and prophets of the American Religion include Emerson, [[Joseph Smith]], and [[Horace Bushnell]], among others. The philosopher [[William James]] is its psychologist, and Walt Whitman forever will be its poet-prophet, who sings only songs of myself. We now have an American Jesus and an American Holy Spirit, and have largely banished [[Yahweh]], except that he marches as Warrior God, endlessly trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored.<ref name="LOG#" />}}

===Sexuality===
[[File:Whitman, Walt (1819-1892) and Doyle.JPG|thumb|upright=1|Whitman and [[Peter Doyle (transit worker)|Peter Doyle]], one of the men with whom Whitman is speculated to have had an [[intimate relationship]]]]
Though biographers continue to debate Whitman's sexuality, he is usually described as either [[homosexual]] or [[bisexuality|bisexual]] in his feelings and attractions. Whitman's sexual orientation is generally assumed on the basis of his poetry, though this assumption has been disputed. His poetry depicts love and sexuality in a more earthy, individualistic way common in American culture before the [[medicalization of sexuality]] in the late 19th century.<ref>D'Emilio, John and Estelle B. Freeman, ''Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America''. University of Chicago Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-226-14264-7}}</ref><ref name="Fone">{{cite book |last1=Fone |first1=Byrne R. S. |title=Masculine Landscapes: Walt Whitman and the Homoerotic Text |date=1992 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |location=Carbondale, IL}}</ref> Though ''Leaves of Grass'' was often labeled pornographic or obscene, only one critic remarked on its author's presumed sexual activity: in a November 1855 review, [[Rufus Wilmot Griswold]] suggested Whitman was guilty of "that horrible sin not to be mentioned among Christians".<ref>Loving, 184–185.</ref> The manuscript of his love poem "Once I Pass'd Through A Populous City", written when Whitman was 29, indicates it was originally about a man.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Rictor |date=November 1974 |title=The Homophobic Imagination: An Editorial |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/374839 |journal=College English |volume=36 |issue=3 |page=274 |doi=10.2307/374839 |jstor=374839 |access-date=March 10, 2024 |archive-date=September 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055530/https://www.jstor.org/stable/374839 |url-status=live }}</ref> Late in his life, when Whitman was asked outright whether his "[[Calamus (poems)|Calamus]]" poems were homosexual—[[John Addington Symonds]] inquired about "athletic friendship", "the love of man for man", or "the Love of Friends"<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Addington Symonds to Walt Whitman, 7 February 1872 (Correspondence) – The Walt Whitman Archive |url=https://whitmanarchive.org/biography/correspondence/tei/loc.01961.html |access-date=April 24, 2021 |website=whitmanarchive.org}}</ref>—he chose not to respond.<ref>Reynolds, 527.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WY2UFkNTR0EC&q=john+addington+symonds |title=Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography |date=1996 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-679-76709-1 |pages=198, 396, 577 |language=en}}</ref>

Whitman had intense friendships with many men and boys throughout his life. Some biographers have suggested that he did not actually engage in sexual relationships with males,<ref name="Loving19">Loving, 19.</ref> while others cite letters, journal entries, and other sources that they claim as proof of the sexual nature of some of his relationships.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walt Whitman, Prophet of Gay Liberation|url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/whitman.htm|access-date=January 9, 2022|website=rictornorton.co.uk|archive-date=July 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720141818/http://rictornorton.co.uk/whitman.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> English poet and critic John Addington Symonds spent 20 years in correspondence trying to pry the answer from him.<ref name="robinson">Robinson, Michael. ''Worshipping Walt''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010: 142–143. {{ISBN|0691146314}}</ref> In 1890, Symonds wrote to Whitman: "In your conception of Comradeship, do you contemplate the possible intrusion of those semi-sexual emotions and actions which no doubt do occur between men?" In reply, Whitman denied that his work had any such implication, asserting "[T]hat the calamus part has even allow'd the possibility of such construction as mention'd is terrible—I am fain to hope the pages themselves are not to be even mention'd for such gratuitous and quite at this time entirely undream'd & unreck'd possibility of morbid inferences—wh' are disavow'd by me and seem damnable", and insisting that he had fathered six illegitimate children. Some contemporary scholars are skeptical of the veracity of Whitman's denial or the existence of the children he claimed.<ref name="Higgins">{{cite book |last1=Higgins |first1=Andrew C. |chapter=Symonds, John Addington [1840–1893] |editor-last1=LeMaster |editor-first1=J. R. |editor-last2=Kummings |editor-first2=Donald D. |title=Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia| date=1998 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |url=http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/encyclopedia/entry_56.html |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=James E. Jr. |chapter=Sex and Sexuality |editor-last1=LeMaster |editor-first1=J. R. |editor-last2=Kummings |editor-first2=Donald D. |title=Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia| date=1998 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |url=http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/encyclopedia/entry_49.html |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Tayson">{{cite journal |last1=Tayson |first1=Richard |title=The Casualties of Walt Whitman |url=https://www.vqronline.org/essay/casualties-walt-whitman |journal=VQR: A National Journal of Literature and Discussion |issue=Spring |date=2005 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-date=October 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013085644/https://www.vqronline.org/essay/casualties-walt-whitman |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Gritz">{{cite news |last1=Rothenberg Gritz |first1=Jennie |title=But Were They Gay? The Mystery of Same-Sex Love in the 19th Century |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/09/but-were-they-gay-the-mystery-of-same-sex-love-in-the-19th-century/262117/ |access-date=October 11, 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=September 7, 2012 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930222331/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/09/but-were-they-gay-the-mystery-of-same-sex-love-in-the-19th-century/262117/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a letter dated August 21, 1890, Whitman claimed: "I have had six children—two are dead." This claim has never been corroborated.<ref>Loving, 123.</ref>

[[Peter Doyle (transit worker)|Peter Doyle]] may be the most likely candidate for the love of Whitman's life.<ref name="Kaplan">{{cite book |last1=Kaplan |first1=Justin |title=Walt Whitman: A Life |date=2003 |publisher=Harper Perennial Modern Classics |location=New York |page=287}}</ref><ref name="Shively" /><ref>Reynolds, 487.</ref> Doyle was a bus conductor whom Whitman met around 1866, and the two were inseparable for several years. Interviewed in 1895, Doyle said: "We were familiar at once—I put my hand on his knee—we understood. He did not get out at the end of the trip—in fact went all the way back with me."<ref>Kaplan, 311–312.</ref> In his notebooks, Whitman disguised Doyle's initials using the code "16.4" (P.D. being the 16th and 4th letters of the alphabet).<ref name="Shively">{{cite book |last1=Shively |first1=Charley |title=Calamus Lovers: Walt Whitman's Working Class Camerados |date=1987 |publisher=Gay Sunshine Press |location=San Francisco|page=25 |isbn=978-0-917342-18-9}}</ref> [[Oscar Wilde]] met Whitman in the United States in 1882 and later told the homosexual-rights activist [[George Cecil Ives]] that "I have the kiss of Walt Whitman still on my lips."<ref>Stokes, John, ''Oscar Wilde: Myths, Miracles and Imitations'', Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 194, n.7.</ref> The only explicit description of Whitman's sexual activities is secondhand. In 1924, [[Edward Carpenter]] told [[Gavin Arthur]] of a sexual encounter in his youth with Whitman, the details of which Arthur recorded in his journal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gay Sunshine|url=http://www.leylandpublications.com/exc_gaysuccess.html|access-date=January 9, 2022|website=www.leylandpublications.com|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412213114/http://www.leylandpublications.com/exc_gaysuccess.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kantrowitz">{{cite book |last1=Kantrowitz |first1=Arnie |chapter=Carpenter, Edward [1844–1929] |editor-last1=LeMaster |editor-first1=J. R. |editor-last2=Kummings |editor-first2=Donald D. |title=Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia| date=1998 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |url=http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/encyclopedia/entry_12.html |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>Arthur, Gavin ''The Circle of Sex'', University Books, New York 1966.</ref>[[File:Walt Whitman and Bill Duckett.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Whitman and Bill Duckett]]Another possible lover was Bill Duckett. As a teenager, he lived on the same street in Camden and moved in with Whitman, living with him a number of years and serving him in various roles. Duckett was 15 when Whitman bought his house at 328 Mickle Street. From at least 1880, Duckett and his grandmother, Lydia Watson, were boarders, subletting space from another family at 334 Mickle Street. Because of this proximity, Duckett and Whitman met as neighbors. Their relationship was close, with the youth sharing Whitman's money when he had it. Whitman described their friendship as "thick". Though some biographers describe Duckett as a boarder, others identify him as a lover.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Henry  |title=Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0190288877 |page=289}}</ref> Their photograph together is described as "modeled on the conventions of a marriage portrait", part of a series of portraits of the poet with his young male friends, and encrypting male–male desire.<ref name="Bohan">{{cite book |last1=Bohan |first1=Ruth L. |title=Looking into Walt Whitman: American Art, 1850–1920 |date=April 26, 2006 |publisher=Penn State University Press |location=University Park|page=136 |edition=1st}}</ref> Another young man with whom Whitman had an intense relationship was Harry Stafford, with whose family Whitman stayed when at Timber Creek, and whom he first met in 1876, when Stafford was 18. Whitman gave Stafford a ring, which was returned and re-given over the course of a stormy relationship lasting several years. Of that ring, Stafford wrote to Whitman: "You know when you put it on there was but one thing to part it from me, and that was death."<ref name="Folsom">{{cite journal |last1=Folsom |first1=Ed |title=An Unknown Photograph of Whitman and Harry Stafford |journal=Walt Whitman Quarterly Review |date=April 1, 1986 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=51–52 |doi=10.13008/2153-3695.1125 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

There is also some evidence that Whitman had sexual relationships with women. He had a romantic friendship with a New York actress, Ellen Grey, in the spring of 1862, but it is not known whether it was also sexual. He still had a photograph of her decades later, when he moved to Camden, and he called her "an old sweetheart of mine".<ref>Callow, 278.</ref> Toward the end of his life, he often told stories of previous girlfriends and sweethearts and denied an allegation from the ''[[New York Herald]]'' that he had "never had a love affair".<ref>Reynolds, 490.</ref> As Whitman biographer Jerome Loving wrote, "the discussion of Whitman's sexual orientation will probably continue in spite of whatever evidence emerges."<ref name=Loving19/>

===Shakespeare authorship===
Whitman was an adherent of the [[Shakespeare authorship question]], refusing to believe in the historical attribution of the works to [[William Shakespeare]] of [[Stratford-upon-Avon]]. In 1888, Whitman commented in ''November Boughs'':

{{Blockquote|Conceiv'd out of the fullest heat and pulse of European feudalism—personifying in unparalleled ways the medieval aristocracy, its towering spirit of ruthless and gigantic caste, with its own peculiar air and arrogance (no mere imitation)—only one of the "wolfish earls" so plenteous in the plays themselves, or some born descendant and knower, might seem to be the true author of those amazing works—works in some respects greater than anything else in recorded literature.<ref>Nelson, Paul A. "[http://www.shakespearefellowship.org/virtualclassroom/whitman.htm Walt Whitman on Shakespeare]" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324230827/http://www.shakespearefellowship.org/virtualclassroom/whitman.htm |date=2007-03-24}}. Reprinted from ''The Shakespeare Oxford Society Newsletter'', Fall 1992: Volume 28, 4A.</ref>}}

===Slavery===
Like many in the [[Free Soil Party]] who were concerned about the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and northern businessmen exploiting the newly colonized western territories,<ref name="Klammer">{{cite book |last1=Klammer |first1=Martin |chapter=Free Soil Party |editor-last1=LeMaster |editor-first1=J. R. |editor-last2=Kummings |editor-first2=Donald D. |title=Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia| date=1998 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |url=https://whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/encyclopedia/entry_461.html |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> Whitman opposed the extension of slavery in the United States and supported the [[Wilmot Proviso]].<ref name=Reynolds117>Reynolds, 117.</ref> At first he was opposed to [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]], believing the movement did more harm than good. In 1846, he wrote that the abolitionists had, in fact, slowed the advancement of their cause by their "[[wikt:ultraism|ultraism]] and officiousness".<ref>Loving, 110.</ref> His main concern was that their methods disrupted the democratic process, as did the refusal of the Southern states to put the interests of the nation as a whole above their own.<ref name=Reynolds117/> In 1856, in his unpublished ''The Eighteenth Presidency'', addressing the men of the South, he wrote "you are either to abolish slavery or it will abolish you". Whitman also subscribed to the widespread opinion that even free African-Americans should not vote<ref name=Reynolds473>Reynolds, 473.</ref> and was concerned at the increasing number of African-Americans in the legislature; as [[David S. Reynolds|David Reynolds]] notes, Whitman wrote in prejudiced terms of these new voters and politicians, calling them "blacks, with about as much intellect and calibre (in the mass) as so many baboons."<ref>Reynolds, 470.</ref> [[George B. Hutchinson|George Hutchinson]] and David Drews have written that "what little is known about the early development of Whitman's racial awareness suggests that he imbibed the prevailing white prejudices of his time and place, thinking of black people as servile, shiftless, ignorant, and given to stealing," but that despite his views remaining largely unchanged, "readers of the twentieth century, including black ones, imagined him as a fervent antiracist."<ref name="Racial Attitudes">{{cite book |last1=Hutchinson |first1=George |last2=Drews |first2=David |chapter=Racial Attitudes |editor-last1=LeMaster |editor-first1=J. R. |editor-last2=Kummings |editor-first2=Donald D. |title=Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia| date=1998 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |url=http://whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/encyclopedia/entry_44.html |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref>

===Nationalism===
[[File:§Whitman, Walt (1819-1892) - 1887 - ritr. da Eakins, Thomas - da Internet.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Whitman, portrait by [[Thomas Eakins]] in 1887]]

Whitman is often described as America's national poet, creating an image of the United States for itself. "Although he is often considered a champion of democracy and equality, Whitman constructs a hierarchy with himself at the head, America below, and the rest of the world in a subordinate position."<ref name="ijas.iaas.ie">{{cite journal |last1=O'Reilly |first1=Nathanael |title=Imagined America: Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of Leaves of Grass |journal=Irish Journal of American Studies |date=2009 |volume=1 |pages=1–9 |url=http://ijas.iaas.ie/imagined-america-walt-whitmans-nationalism-in-the-first-edition-of-leaves-of-grass/ |access-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024140311/http://ijas.iaas.ie/imagined-america-walt-whitmans-nationalism-in-the-first-edition-of-leaves-of-grass/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his study "The Pragmatic Whitman: Reimagining American Democracy", Stephen John Mack suggests that critics, who tend to ignore it, should look again at Whitman's nationalism: "Whitman's seemingly mawkish celebrations of the United States{{nbsp}}[...] [are] one of those problematic features of his works that teachers and critics read past or explain away" (xv–xvi). Nathanael O'Reilly in an essay on "Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of ''Leaves of Grass''" claims that "Whitman's imagined America is arrogant, expansionist, hierarchical, racist and exclusive; such an America is unacceptable to Native Americans, African-Americans, immigrants, the disabled, the infertile, and all those who value equal rights."<ref name="ijas.iaas.ie"/> Whitman's nationalism avoided mentioning the ongoing [[Native American genocide in the United States]]. As George Hutchinson and David Drews further suggest in an essay "Racial attitudes": "Clearly, Whitman could not consistently reconcile the ingrained, even foundational, racist character of the United States with its egalitarian ideals. He could not even reconcile such contradictions in his own psyche." The authors concluded their essay with:<ref name="Racial Attitudes"/>

{{Blockquote|Because of the radically democratic and [[egalitarian]] aspects of his poetry, readers generally expect, and desire for, Whitman to be among the literary heroes that transcended the racist pressures that abounded in all spheres of public discourse during the nineteenth century. He did not, at least not consistently; nonetheless his poetry has been a model for democratic poets of all nations and races, right up to our own day. How Whitman could have been so prejudiced, and yet so effective in conveying an egalitarian and antiracist sensibility in his poetry, is a puzzle yet to be adequately addressed.}}

In reference to the [[Mexican–American War]], Whitman wrote in 1864 that Mexico was "the only [country] to whom we have ever really done wrong."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kummings |first1=Donald D. |last2=LeMaster |first2=J. R. |title=Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia |date=1998 |publisher=Garland |page=427}}</ref> In 1883, celebrating the 333rd anniversary of Santa Fe, Whitman argued that the indigenous and Spanish-Indian elements would supply leading traits in the "composite American identity of the future."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Joanna |title=Walt Whitman in Context |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=314}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|As to our aboriginal or Indian population—the Aztec in the South, and many a tribe in the North and West—I know it seems to be agreed that they must gradually dwindle as time rolls on, and in a few generations more leave only a reminiscence, a blank. But I am not at all clear about that. As America, from its many far-back sources and current supplies, develops, adapts, entwines, faithfully identifies its own—are we to see it cheerfully accepting and using all the contributions of foreign lands from the whole outside globe—and then rejecting the only ones distinctively its own—the autochthonic ones? As to the Spanish stock of our Southwest, it is certain to me that we do not begin to appreciate the splendor and sterling value of its race element. Who knows but that element, like the course of some subterranean river, dipping invisibly for a hundred or two years, is now to emerge in broadest flow and permanent action?<ref>{{cite book |last1=Folsom |first1=Ed |title=Walt Whitman's Native Representations |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=95–96}}</ref>}}

==Legacy and influence==
[[File:Walt Whitman, 1940.JPG|thumb|upright=1|In 1940, Whitman was honored on a [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States#Famous Americans Series of 1940|Famous Americans Series]] postage stamp issue.]]
Whitman has been claimed as the first "poet of democracy" in the United States, a title meant to reflect his ability to write in a singularly American character. An American-British friend of Whitman, [[Mary Berenson|Mary Whitall Smith Costelloe]], wrote: "You cannot really understand America without Walt Whitman, without ''Leaves of Grass'' ... He has expressed that civilization, 'up to date,' as he would say, and no student of the philosophy of history can do without him."<ref name="Reynolds, 4"/>  [[Andrew Carnegie]] called him "the great poet of America so far".<ref>Kaplan, 22.</ref> Whitman considered himself a messiah-like figure in poetry.<ref>Callow, 83.</ref> Others agreed: one of his admirers, William Sloane Kennedy, speculated that "people will be celebrating the birth of Walt Whitman as they are now the birth of Christ".<ref>Loving, 475.</ref>

Literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] wrote, as the introduction for the 150th anniversary of ''Leaves of Grass'':
{{Blockquote|If you are American, then Walt Whitman is your imaginative father and mother, even if, like myself, you have never composed a line of verse. You can nominate a fair number of literary works as candidates for the secular Scripture of the United States. They might include [[Herman Melville|Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', [[Mark Twain|Twain]]'s ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'', and Emerson's two series of ''Essays'' and ''[[The Conduct of Life]]''. None of those, not even Emerson's, are as central as the first edition of ''Leaves of Grass'', whose 150th anniversary we now mark.<ref name="LOG#">{{Cite book |title=Leaves of Grass |last=Whitman |first=Walt |publisher=Penguin Classics |date=2005 |isbn=978-0143039273}} Introduction.</ref>}}

In his own time, Whitman attracted an influential coterie of disciples and admirers. Among his admirers were the [[Eagle Street College]], an informal group established in 1885 at the home of James William Wallace on Eagle Street in [[Bolton]], England, to read and discuss the poetry of Whitman. The group subsequently became known as the Bolton Whitman Fellowship or Whitmanites. Its members held an annual "Whitman Day" celebration around the poet's birthday.<ref name="WWC">{{Citation |title=C.F. Sixsmith Walt Whitman Collection |url=http://archiveshub.ac.uk/features/0602whitman.html |publisher=Archives Hub |access-date=August 13, 2010 |archive-date=April 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430174722/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/features/0602whitman.html |url-status=live }}.</ref> Whitman's niece, Jessie Louisa Whitman, also contributed to his legacy by allowing Ralph L. Fansler to record her memories of Whitman during a series of interviews that took place between 1939 and 1943. In the interviews Jessie is noted for her faithfulness and lifelong interest in her uncle.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waldron |first=Randall |date=1989-07-01 |title=Jessie Louisa Whitman: Memories of Uncle Walt, et al., 1939–1943 |url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/wwqr/article/id/25922/ |journal=Walt Whitman Quarterly Review |language= |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–27 |doi=10.13008/2153-3695.1231 |issn=2153-3695}}</ref> Jessie held letters written by Whitman, which were given to the [[Missouri Historical Society]] in 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1960-01-13 |title=17 letters from poet Walt Whitman to family given to historical society |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-17-letters-from/162654453/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |pages=3}}</ref>

=== American poets ===
Whitman is one of the most influential American poets. [[Modernism|Modernist]] poet [[Ezra Pound]] called Whitman "America's poet ... He ''is'' America."<ref name="ReferenceA" /> His April 1913 poem, "A Pact," begins: "I make truce with you, Walt Whitman— I have detested you long enough."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pound |first1=Ezra |author1-link = Ezra Pound|title=A Pact |journal=[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry: A Magazine of Verse]] |date=April 1913 |volume=II |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=2&issue=1&page=19 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> To poet [[Langston Hughes]], who wrote "[[I, Too|I, too, sing America]]", Whitman was a literary hero.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ward|first=David C.|date=September 22, 2016|title=What Langston Hughes' Powerful Poem 'I, Too' Tells Us About America's Past and Present|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/what-langston-hughes-powerful-poem-i-too-americas-past-present-180960552/|access-date=July 31, 2019|website=Smithsonian|language=en}}</ref> Whitman's [[wikt:vagabond|vagabond]] lifestyle was adopted by the [[Beat generation|Beat movement]] and its leaders such as [[Allen Ginsberg]]<ref>Ginsburg's poem, [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47660/a-supermarket-in-california "A Supermarket in California"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402051327/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47660/a-supermarket-in-california |date=April 2, 2024 }}, explicitly addresses Whitman.</ref> and [[Jack Kerouac]] in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as anti-war poets such as [[Adrienne Rich]], [[Alicia Ostriker]], and [[Gary Snyder]].<ref>Loving, 181.</ref> [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]] numbered himself among Whitman's "wild children", and the title of Ferlinghetti's 1961 collection ''[[Starting from San Francisco]]'' is a reference to Whitman's ''Starting from Paumanok''.<ref>{{cite web|author-last=Foley|author-first=Jack|title=A Second Coming|url=http://www.cprw.com/Foley/ferlinghetti.htm|access-date=February 18, 2010|website=[[Contemporary Poetry Review]]|date=2008|archive-date=December 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206151251/http://www.cprw.com/Foley/ferlinghetti.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[June Jordan]] published a pivotal essay entitled "For the Sake of People's Poetry: Walt Whitman and the Rest of Us", praising Whitman as a democratic poet whose works speak to ethnic minorities from all backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 7, 2020|title=For the Sake of People's Poetry by June Jordan|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/68627/for-the-sake-of-peoples-poetry|access-date=November 7, 2020|website=Poetry Foundation|language=en}}</ref> United States poet laureate [[Joy Harjo]], who is a Chancellor of the [[Academy of American Poets]], counts Whitman among her influences.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Poets|first=Academy of American|title=An Interview with Joy Harjo, U.S. Poet Laureate |url=https://poets.org/text/interview-joy-harjo-us-poet-laureate|date=April 1, 2019|access-date=November 7, 2020|website=poets.org}}</ref>

=== Latin American poets ===
Whitman's poetry influenced Latin American and Caribbean poets in the 19th and 20th centuries, starting with Cuban poet, philosopher, and nationalist leader [[José Martí]], who published essays in Spanish on Whitman's writings in 1887.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Mary Edgar|title=Walt Whitman's Popularity among Latin-American Poets|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/977855|journal=The Americas|year=1952|volume=9|issue=1|pages=3–15|doi=10.2307/977855|jstor=977855|s2cid=147381491 |issn=0003-1615|quote=Modernism, it has been said, spread the name of Whitman in Hispanic America. Credit, however, is given to Jose Marti.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Santí|first=Enrico Mario|title=This Land of Prophets: Walt Whitman in Latin America|date=2005|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12245-2_3|work=Ciphers of History|pages=66–83|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-12245-2_3|isbn=978-1-4039-7046-6|access-date=November 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Molloy|first=S.|date=January 1, 1996|title=His America, Our America: Jose Marti Reads Whitman|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-57-2-369|journal=Modern Language Quarterly|volume=57|issue=2|pages=369–379|doi=10.1215/00267929-57-2-369|issn=0026-7929}}</ref> Álvaro Armando Vasseur's 1912 translations further raised Whitman's profile in Latin America.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Cohen|first1=Matt|last2=Price, Rachel|title=Walt Whitman in Latin America and Spain: Walt Whitman Archive Translations|url=https://whitmanarchive.org/published/foreign/spanish/vasseur/introduction.html|access-date=November 7, 2020|website=whitmanarchive.org|publisher=The Walt Whitman Archive|quote=Only with Vasseur's subsequent 1912 translation did Whitman become available and important to generations of Latin American poets, from the residual modernistas to the region's major twentieth-century figures.}}</ref>  Peruvian vanguardist [[César Vallejo]], Chilean poet [[Pablo Neruda]], and Argentine [[Jorge Luis Borges]] acknowledged Walt Whitman's influence.<ref name=":0" />

=== European authors ===
Some, like [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Edward Carpenter]], viewed Whitman both as a prophet of a utopian future and of same-sex desire—the passion of comrades. This aligned with their own desires for a future of brotherly [[socialism]].<ref>Robinson, Michael. ''Worshipping Walt''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010: 143–145. {{ISBN|0691146314}}</ref> Whitman also influenced [[Bram Stoker]], author of ''[[Dracula]]'', and was a model for the character of [[Count Dracula|Dracula]]. Stoker said in his notes that Dracula represented the quintessential male which, to Stoker, was Whitman, with whom he corresponded until Whitman's death.<ref>Nuzum, Eric. ''The Dead Travel Fast: Stalking Vampires from Nosferatu to Count Chocula''. Thomas Dunne Books, 2007: 141–147. {{ISBN|0-312-37111-X}}</ref>

===Film and television===
Whitman's life and verse have been referenced in a substantial number of works of film and video. In ''[[Dead Poets Society]]'' (1989) by [[Peter Weir]], teacher John Keating, portrayed by [[Robin Williams]], inspires his students with the works of Whitman, [[Henry David Thoreau|Thoreau]], [[Robert Frost|Frost]], [[Shakespeare]] and [[Lord Byron|Byron]].<ref name="Britton" /><ref name="Wilmington">{{cite news |last1=Wilmington |first1=Michael |date=June 2, 1989 |title=Movie Review: 'Poets Society': A Moving Elegy From Peter Weir |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-06-02-ca-1055-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416024446/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-06-02-ca-1055-story.html |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |access-date=October 10, 2020 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Alex |date=18 September 2018 |title=The Book List: The poems that give 'Dead Poets Society' life |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/dead-poets-society-poems-robin-williams-walt-whitman-a8542921.html |website=independent.co.uk}}</ref>

In the movie ''[[Beautiful Dreamers]]'' (Hemdale Films, 1992) Whitman was portrayed by [[Rip Torn]]. Whitman visits an insane asylum in [[London, Ontario]], where some of his ideas are adopted as part of an [[occupational therapy]] program.<ref name="Britton">{{cite book |last1=Britton |first1=Wesley A. |editor-last1=LeMaster |editor-first1=J. R. |editor-last2=Kummings |editor-first2=Donald D. |title=Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia|chapter=Media Interpretations of Whitman's Life and Works |date=1998 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |url=https://whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/encyclopedia/entry_537.html |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref>

Whitman's poem "Yonnondio" influenced both a [[Yonnondio|book]] (''Yonnondio: From the Thirties'', 1974) by [[Tillie Olsen]] and a sixteen-minute film, ''Yonnondio'' (1994) by Ali Mohamed Selim.<ref name="Britton"/>

Whitman's poem "I Sing the Body Electric" (1855) was used by [[Ray Bradbury]] as the title of a short story and a short story collection. Bradbury's story was adapted for the ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|Twilight Zone]]'' [[I Sing the Body Electric (The Twilight Zone)|episode of May 18, 1962]], in which a bereaved family buys a made-to-order robot grandmother to forever love and serve the family.<ref name="Jewell">{{cite book|author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Jewell |author-first2=Kenneth M. |author-last2=Price|chapter=Twentieth Century Mass Media Appearances |editor-first=Donald D.|editor-last=Kummings|title=A Companion to Walt Whitman|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uTCiN347lMC&pg=PA349|access-date=August 13, 2010|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9551-5|pages=211–}}</ref>
"I Sing the Body Electric" inspired the showcase finale in the movie ''Fame'' (1980), a diverse fusion of gospel, rock, and orchestra.<ref name="Britton"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Daniel B. |title=Singing the Body Electric: Using ePortfolios to IntegrateTeaching, Learning and Assessment |journal=Journal of Performing Arts Leadership in Higher Education |date=2013 |volume=IV |issue=Fall |pages=22–48 |url=https://cnu.edu/jpalhe/pdf/jpalhe_volume4.pdf |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012065109/https://cnu.edu/jpalhe/pdf/jpalhe_volume4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Music and audio recordings===
Whitman's poetry has been set to music by more than 500 composers; indeed it has been suggested that his poetry has been set to music more than that of any other American poet except for [[Emily Dickinson]] and [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americancomposers.org/rel990515.htm|title=American Composers Orchestra – May 15, 1999 – Walt Whitman & Music<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=June 13, 2010|archive-date=April 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427030321/http://www.americancomposers.org/rel990515.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Sommerfeld, Paul (May 8, 2019), [https://blogs.loc.gov/music/2019/05/celebrating-walt-whitman/ "Celebrating Walt Whitman's 200th Birthday"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824093703/https://blogs.loc.gov/music/2019/05/celebrating-walt-whitman/ |date=August 24, 2022 }}, ''In the Muse Performing Arts Blog'', Library of Congress.</ref> Those who have set his poems to music include [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]]; [[Ernst Bacon]]; [[Leonard Bernstein]]; [[Benjamin Britten]]; [[Rhoda Coghill]]; [[David Conte]]; [[Ronald Corp]]; [[George Crumb]]; [[Frederick Delius]]; [[Howard Hanson]]; [[Karl Amadeus Hartmann]]; [[Hans Werner Henze]]; [[Bernard Herrmann]];<ref>Music to accompany ''Whitman'', a radio play by [[Norman Corwin]]</ref>[[Jennifer Higdon]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jenniferhigdon.com/pdf/program-notes/Dooryard-Bloom.pdf|title=PROGRAM NOTES: "Dooryard Bloom"|access-date=August 4, 2024|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125654/http://www.jenniferhigdon.com/pdf/program-notes/Dooryard-Bloom.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Paul Hindemith]];<ref>[[When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd (Hindemith)]]</ref> [[Ned Rorem]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordsong.org/song/five-poems-of-walt-whitman|title=Five Poems of Walt Whitman &#124; Song Texts, Lyrics &…|website=Oxford Song|access-date=November 19, 2024|archive-date=September 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916112920/https://oxfordsong.org/song/five-poems-of-walt-whitman|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Howard Skempton]]; [[Eva Ruth Spalding]]; [[Williametta Spencer]]; [[Charles Villiers Stanford]];<ref>[[Elegiac Ode]]</ref> [[Robert Strassburg]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Walt Whitman Quarterly Review|volume=21|number=3|year=2004|title=In Memoriam: Robert Strassburg, 1915–2003|first=Ed |last=Folsom |pages=189–191|doi=10.13008/2153-3695.1733|doi-access=free}}</ref>  [[Ananda Sukarlan]]; [[Ivana Marburger Themmen]];<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Aaron I.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16714846|title=International encyclopedia of women composers|date=1987|isbn=0-9617485-2-4 | publisher=London Books & Music (USA)|edition=2nd|location=New York|oclc=16714846|access-date=July 28, 2021|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225121554/https://www.worldcat.org/title/international-encyclopedia-of-women-composers/oclc/16714846|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rossini Vrionides]];<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neilson|first=Kenneth P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pqip_ur9fg4C&q=rosina+vrionides|title=The World of Walt Whitman Music: A Bibliographical Study|date=1963|publisher=Kenneth P. Neilson|language=en}}</ref> [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]];<ref>[[A Sea Symphony]]</ref> [[Kurt Weill]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kwf.org/works/walt-whitman-songs-for-voice-and-piano/|title=Four Walt Whitman Songs|website=The Kurt Weill Foundation for Music|access-date=February 22, 2022|archive-date=March 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319091136/https://www.kwf.org/works/walt-whitman-songs-for-voice-and-piano/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Helen L. Weiss]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Weise collection of Helen Weiss papers, circa 1940–1948, 1966|url=http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/ead.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_PUSpMsColl1399&#ref3|access-date=June 9, 2021|website=dla.library.upenn.edu|archive-date=August 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817154405/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/ead.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_PUSpMsColl1399&#ref3|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Charles Wood (composer)|Charles Wood]]; and [[Roger Sessions]].<ref>[https://www.dramonline.org/albums/sessions-roger-when-lilacs-last-in-the-dooryard-bloom-d Sessions, Roger/When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd], ''DRAM''.</ref> ''[[Crossing (opera)|Crossing]]'', an opera composed by [[Matthew Aucoin]] and inspired by Whitman's Civil War diaries, premiered in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |author-link=Anthony Tommasini |last=Tommasini |first=Anthony |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/01/arts/music/review-matthew-aucoins-crossing-is-a-taut-inspired-opera.html |title=Review: Matthew Aucoin's ''Crossing'' Is a Taut, Inspired Opera |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 31, 2015}}</ref>

In 2014, German publisher Hörbuch Hamburg issued the bilingual double-CD audio book of the ''Kinder Adams/Children of Adam'' cycle, based on translations by Kai Grehn in the 2005 ''Children of Adam from Leaves of Grass'' (Galerie Vevais), accompanying a collection of nude photography by [[Paul Cava]]. The audio release included a complete reading by [[Iggy Pop]], as well as readings by [[Marianne Sägebrecht]]; [[Martin Wuttke]]; [[Birgit Minichmayr]]; [[Alexander Fehling]]; [[Lars Rudolph]]; [[Volker Bruch]]; [[Paula Beer]]; Josef Osterndorf; Ronald Lippok; [[Jule Böwe]]; and [[Robert Gwisdek]].<ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Pop |author-first1=Iggy |author-link1=Iggy Pop |author-link2=Paula Beer |author-link3=Jule Böwe |author-link4=Volker Bruch |author-link5=Alexander Fehling |author-link6=Robert Gwisdek |author-link7=Birgit Minichmayr |author-link8=:de:Josef Ostendorf |author-link9=Lars Rudolph |author-link10=Marianne Sägebrecht |author-link11=Martin Wuttke |date=August 25, 2019 |orig-date=2014 |editor-last=Grehn |editor-first=Kai |editor-link=:de:Kai Grehn |title=Iggy Pop spricht Walt Whitman – Kinder Adams – Children of Adam: Von Kai Grehn nach einem Text von Walt Whitman |trans-title= |url=https://www.hoerspielundfeature.de/iggy-pop-spricht-walt-whitman-kinder-adams-children-of-adam-100.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111015528/https://www.hoerspielundfeature.de/iggy-pop-spricht-walt-whitman-kinder-adams-children-of-adam-100.html |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2022 |publisher=[[Radio Bremen|RB]]/[[Deutschlandradio Kultur]]/[[Südwestrundfunk|SWR]] |language=de |author-first2=Paula |author-last2=Beer |author-first3=Jule |author-last3=Böwe |author-first4=Volker |author-last4=Bruch |author-first5=Alexander |author-last5=Fehling |author-first6=Robert |author-last6=Gwisdek |author-first7=Birgit |author-last7=Minichmayr |author-first8=Josef |author-last8=Ostendorf |author-first9=Lars |author-last9=Rudolph |author-first10=Marianne |author-last10=Sägebrecht |author-first11=Martin |author-last11=Wuttke}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111021209/https://download.deutschlandfunk.de/file/dradio/2019/08/24/kinder_adams_children_of_adam_drk_20190824_1830_d075d4fe.mp3] [52:29]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Walt Whitman Quarterly Review |volume=33 | number=3 |date=2016 |title=Whitman, Walt, Kinder Adams/Children of Adam; Iggy Pop, Alva Noto, and Tarwater, Leaves of Grass (review) |first=Stefan |last=Schöberlein |pages=311–312 |issn=0737-0679 |doi=10.13008/0737-0679.2210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2014 composer [[John Zorn]] released ''[[On Leaves of Grass]]'', an album inspired by and dedicated to Whitman.<ref name="Tzadik">{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Tzadik|url=https://www.tzadik.com/index.php?catalog=8320|access-date=January 9, 2022|website=www.tzadik.com|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174028/http://www.tzadik.com/index.php?catalog=8320|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Namesake recognition===
[[File:20241017 1whitma71325.jpg|thumb|Walt Whitman service area in New Jersey]]
[[File:Walt Whitman Monument at the Walt Whitman Bridge Entrance.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The [[Walt Whitman (Davidson)|Whitman statue]] at the entrance to the [[Walt Whitman Bridge]]. The bridge connects [[Philadelphia]] and [[South Jersey]] and is one of the longest bridges on the [[East Coast of the United States|U.S. East Coast]].]]
Whitman's importance in American culture is reflected in schools, roads, rest stops, and bridges named after him. Among them are the [[Walt Whitman High School (Bethesda, Maryland)|Walt Whitman High School]] in [[Bethesda, Maryland]] and [[Walt Whitman High School (Huntington Station, New York)|Walt Whitman High School]] on [[Long Island]], [[Syosset Central School District|Walt Whitman Elementary School]] ([[Woodbury, Nassau County, New York|Woodbury, New York]]), Walt Whitman Boulevard ([[Cherry Hill, New Jersey]]), and a service area on the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] in [[Cherry Hill, New Jersey|Cherry Hill]], to name a few.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The [[Walt Whitman Bridge]], which crosses the [[Delaware River]] between [[Philadelphia]] and [[Gloucester City, New Jersey]] near Whitman's home in Camden, New Jersey, was opened on May 16, 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drpa.org/bridges/bridges_ww.html|title=Walt Whitman Bridge|publisher=Delaware River Port Authority of Pennsylvania and New Jersey|date=2013|access-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112190012/http://www.drpa.org/bridges/bridges_ww.html|archive-date=November 12, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[Walt Whitman (Davidson)|statue of Whitman]] by [[Jo Davidson]] is located at the entrance to the Walt Whitman Bridge and another casting resides in the [[Bear Mountain State Park]]. The controversy that surrounded the naming of the Walt Whitman bridge has been documented in a series of letters from members of the public, which are held in the University of Pennsylvania library.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Delaware River Port Authority records on the naming of the Walt Whitman Bridge |url=https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/UPENN_RBML_PUSP.MS.COLL.1043 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=Philadelphia Area Archives |series=Ms. Coll 1043}}</ref> The web page about this matter states: "The bridge was meant to be named after a person of note who had lived in New Jersey, but some area citizens opposed the name 'Walt Whitman Bridge'.... Many objecting to the choice of his name for the bridge saw Whitman's work as sympathizing with communist ideals and criticized him for his egalitarian view of humanity."<ref name=":1" />

In 1997, the [[Walt Whitman Community School]] in [[Dallas]] opened, becoming the first private high school catering to LGBT youth.<ref name="Jetp12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Jet|date=September 22, 1997|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref> His other namesakes include the [[Walt Whitman Shops]] in [[Huntington Station, New York]], near his birthplace, and Walt Whitman Road, which spans Huntington Station to [[Melville, New York|Melville]] on Long Island.<ref>{{Cite web | last=A Simon Mall|first=Simon Property Group|title=Walt Whitman Shops®|url=https://www.simon.com/mall/walt-whitman-shops|access-date=January 9, 2022|website=www.simon.com|language=en-us|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109221654/https://www.simon.com/mall/walt-whitman-shops|url-status=live}}</ref>

Whitman was inducted into the [[New Jersey Hall of Fame]] in 2009,<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090202/ap_en_mu/people_nj_hall_of_fame;_ylt=AlZVKwTMpyR6gahss6B1PmtxFb8C New Jersey to Bon Jovi: You Give Us a Good Name] Yahoo News, February 2, 2009.</ref> and, in 2013, he was inducted into the [[Legacy Walk]], an outdoor public display in Chicago that celebrates [[LGBT]] history and people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicagophoenix.com/2013/10/12/boystown-unveils-new-legacy-walk-lgbt-history-plaques/|title=Boystown unveils new Legacy Walk LGBT history plaques|work=Chicago Phoenix|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313200751/http://chicagophoenix.com/2013/10/12/boystown-unveils-new-legacy-walk-lgbt-history-plaques|archive-date=March 13, 2016}}</ref>

A coed [[Camp Walt Whitman|summer camp]] founded in 1948 in [[Piermont, New Hampshire]], is named after Whitman.<ref>[http://www.campwalt.com/our-philosophy-history.html Camp Walt Whitman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428171743/http://www.campwalt.com/our-philosophy-history.html |date=April 28, 2017 }} July 1, 2016.</ref><ref name="NYT CWW">{{cite news |last1=Domius |first1=Susan |title=A Place and an Era in Which Time Could Stand Still |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/nyregion/15bigcity.html |access-date=November 20, 2018 |agency= |date=August 14, 2008}}</ref>

A crater on [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] is named for him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mercury |url=http://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/world/mercury/e/10 |website=We Name the Stars |access-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-date=March 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303213353/http://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/world/mercury/e/10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Works==

{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|others=yes|about=yes|viaf=2478331}}
* ''[[Franklin Evans]]; or The Inebriate: A Tale of the Times'' (1842)
* ''[[The Half-Breed (short story)|The Half-Breed; A Tale of the Western Frontier]]'' (1846)
* ''[[Life and Adventures of Jack Engle]]'' (serialized in 1852)<ref name="jack">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/arts/in-a-walt-whitman-novel-lost-for-165-years-clues-to-leaves-of-grass.html |title=In a Walt Whitman Novel, Lost for 165 Years, Clues to ''Leaves of Grass'' |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |date=February 20, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 21, 2017 |archive-date=February 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221044847/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/arts/in-a-walt-whitman-novel-lost-for-165-years-clues-to-leaves-of-grass.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Leaves of Grass]]'' (1855, the first of seven editions through 1891)
* ''[[Manly Health and Training]]'' (1858)<ref>[https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/wwqr/issue/10268/info/ "Walt Whitman's Newly Discovered 'Manly Health and Training{{'"}}], ''Walt Whitman Quarterly Review'', Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 2016.</ref>
* ''[[Drum-Taps]]'' (1865)
* ''[[Democratic Vistas]]'' (1871)
* ''Memoranda During the War'' (1876)
* ''Specimen Days'' (1882)
* ''The Wound Dresser: Letters written to his mother from the hospitals in Washington during the Civil War'', edited by [[Richard Maurice Bucke|Richard M. Bucke]] (1898){{efn|Not to be confused with Whitman's poem "The Wound-Dresser"<ref>{{cite web |title=The Wound-Dresser |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/53027/the-wound-dresser |website=Poetry Foundation |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>}}
* ''Walt Whitman Speaks: His Final Thoughts on Life, Writing, Spirituality, and the Promise of America ''as told to'' [[Horace Traubel]]'', edited by [[Brenda Wineapple]] (2019)<ref>Wineapple, Brenda, [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/04/18/walt-whitman-alone/  {{"'}}I Have Let Whitman Alone': Horace Traubel's monumental chronicle of Whitman's reflections, ruminations, analyses, and affirmations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223024436/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/04/18/walt-whitman-alone/ |date=February 23, 2022 }}, ''The New York Review of Books'', April 18, 2019.</ref>

==See also==
* [[LGBT history in New York#19th century|LGBT history in New York (19th century)]]
* [[Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Walt Whitman's lectures on Abraham Lincoln]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
* [[Philip Callow|Callow, Philip]]. ''From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman''. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992. {{ISBN|0-929587-95-2}}
* [[Justin Kaplan|Kaplan, Justin]]. ''Walt Whitman: A Life''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979. {{ISBN|0-671-22542-1}}
* [[Jerome Loving|Loving, Jerome]]. ''Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself''. [[University of California Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|0-520-22687-9}}
* [[James E. Miller|Miller, James E.]] ''Walt Whitman''. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1962
* [[David S. Reynolds|Reynolds, David S.]] ''Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography''. New York: [[Vintage Books]], 1995. {{ISBN|0-679-76709-6}}
* Stacy, Jason. ''Walt Whitman's Multitudes: Labor Reform and Persona in Whitman's Journalism and the First 'Leaves of Grass', 1840–1855''. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-4331-0383-4}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|q=Walt Whitman |s=Author:Walt Whitman |b=no |n=no |v=no |voy=no |species=no |d=no |wikt=no}}

=== Online editions ===
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/walt-whitman}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=600}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Walt Whitman}}
* {{Librivox author |id=588}}
* [https://whitmanarchive.org/published-writings Published Writings at Walt Whitman Archive]

=== Archives ===
* [https://whitmanarchive.org/ The Walt Whitman Archive] at the University of Nebraska  Lincoln
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079623 Walt Whitman papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079471 Walt Whitman documents at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
* [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.MS263 Walt Whitman, "The Bible as Poetry"]. Manuscript 1883 at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center].
* [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.WHITMANW Walt Whitman collection 1884–1892] at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center.]
* [[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.whitman|Walt Whitman collection]]. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
* [http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_MsColl190 Walt Whitman collection, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania.]
* [http://guides.lib.byu.edu/speccoll/whitman Walt Whitman collection] at [https://sites.lib.byu.edu/sc/ L. Tom Perry Special Collections], Brigham Young University.
* [http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/pacscl/WWCC_MsColl66 "The Untimeliness of the Walt Whitman Exhibition at the New York Public Library: An Open Letter to Trustees," by Charles F. Heartman], at the [https://www.waygay.org/archives John J. Wilcox, Jr. LGBT Archives, William Way LGBT Community Center.]
* [https://library.udel.edu/static/purl.php?mss0099_0819 Horace Traubel collection of Walt Whitman papers] at [https://library.udel.edu/special/ Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Museums and Press.]
* [https://archives.nypl.org/brg/186048 Susan Jaffe Tane collection of Walt Whitman, 1842–2012], held by the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, [[New York Public Library]].
* [https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/247 William E. Barton Collection of Walt Whitman Materials] at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections

=== Exhibitions ===
* [https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/whitman/ Walt Whitman in His Time and Ours] at [https://library.udel.edu/special/ Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Museums and Press], February 12 to June 14, 2019
* [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/whitman/ Revising Himself: Walt Whitman and Leaves of Grass] at the [[Library of Congress]], [https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-05-080/ "Exhibition Celebrates 150 Years of Walt Whitman's 'Leaves of Grass{{'"}}], May 16 to December 3, 2005
* [https://www.library.upenn.edu/about/exhibits-events/whitman-vignettes Whitman Vignettes: Camden and Philadelphia] at [https://www.library.upenn.edu/kislak Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts], University of Pennsylvania, May 28 to August 23, 2019
* [https://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/walt-whitman Walt Whitman Bard of Democracy] at the [[Morgan Library & Museum|Morgan Library and Museum]], June 7 to September 15, 2019
* [https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/march-14-2019/new-york-public-library-honors-bicentennial-walt-whitmans-birth Walt Whitman: America's Poet] at the [[New York Public Library]], March 29 to August 30, 2019
* [https://www.grolierclub.org/default.aspx?p=v35ListDocument&NoModResize=1&NoNav=1&ShowFooter=False&nw=1&listname=&listitemid=150508&ID=756962318 Poet of the Body: New York's Walt Whitman] at the [[Grolier Club]], May 15 to July 27, 2019

{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?71073-1/walt-whitmans-america ''Booknotes'' interview with Reynolds on ''Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography'', April 28, 1996], [[C-SPAN]]}}

=== Historic sites ===
* [http://www.waltwhitman.org/ Walt Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905072135/http://www.waltwhitman.org/ |date=September 5, 2015 }}
* [http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/historic/whitman/index.html Walt Whitman Camden Home Historic Site]

=== Other external links ===
* [https://whitmanweb.iwp.uiowa.edu/ Whitman Web – University of Iowa International Program]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/whitman/ Walt Whitman: Online Resources at the Library of Congress.]
* [http://www.whitmanarchive.org/ The Walt Whitman Archive] includes all editions of ''Leaves of Grass'' in page-images and transcription, as well as manuscripts, criticism, and biography.
* [https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/walt-whitman Walt Whitman: Profile, Poems, Essays] at Poets.org.
* [https://archive.today/20140225182839/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Skins/BEagle/Client.asp?Skin=BEagle&AW=1393351193140&AppName=2&GZ=T ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' Online]. Brooklyn Public Library.
* {{Find a Grave|1098}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1578667|name=Walt Whitman}}
* Johnson, John A., and Lloyd D. Worley. [http://www.personal.psu.edu/~j5j/papers/Poetry1987.pdf "Criminals' Responses to Religious Themes in Whitman's Poetry"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010942/http://www.personal.psu.edu/~j5j/papers/Poetry1987.pdf Archive]). In J. M. Day and W. S. Laufer (eds), ''Crime, Values, and Religion'', [[Norwood, NJ]]: [[Ablex]], 1987, 133–51.

{{Walt Whitman|state=expanded}}
{{When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd}}
{{Shakespeare authorship question}}
{{Hall of Fame for Great Americans}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Poetry|New Jersey|New York (state)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Whitman, Walt}}
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