Editing Waalo

{{Short description|Former kingdom in West Africa}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = ''Waalo''
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Walo
|common_name = Walo Kingdom
|status    = [[monarchy|Kingdom]]
|government_type  = Monarchy
|
|year_start  = 13th-14th century
|year_end    = 1855
|
|event_start = Waalo founded by Ndiadiane Ndiaye
|date_start  = 
|event_end   = French colonization
|date_end    = 
|
|event1      = part of the [[Jolof Empire]]
|date_event1 = {{Circa|1350}}-1549 (de facto) / 1715 (de jure)
|event2      = 
|date_event2 = 
|event3      = 
|date_event3 = 
|event4      = 
|date_event4 = 
|
|event_pre   = 
|date_pre    = 
|event_post  = <!--- Optional: A crucial event that took place before after "event_end"--->
|date_post   = 
|
|<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->
|p1          = Takrur
|flag_p1     = <!--- Default: "Flag of {{{p1}}}.svg" (size 30) --->
|image_p1    = <!--- Use if image size needs to be reduced --->
|s1          = French West Africa
|flag_s1     = Flag of France.svg
|image_s1    = <!--- Use if image size needs to be reduced --->
|
|image_flag   = <!--- Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}}.svg --->
|flag         = <!--- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --->
|flag_type    = <!--- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" --->
|
|image_coat   = <!--- Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}}.svg --->
|symbol       = <!--- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}} --->
|symbol_type  = <!--- Displayed text for link under symbol. Default "Coat of arms" --->
|
|image_map    = File:Kingdom of Waalo Map.png
|image_map_caption  = Waalo ca. 1850
|
|capital          = Ndiourbel;<br/>[[Richard Toll|Ndiangué]];<br/>[[N'Der|Nder]]
|
|national_motto   = 
|national_anthem  = 
|common_languages = [[Wolof language|Wolof]]
|religion         = [[African traditional religion]]; [[Islam]]
|currency         = 
|
|<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --->
|leader1      = 
|leader2      = 
|year_leader1 = 
|year_leader2 = 
|title_leader = Brak
|
|legislature = 
|
|<!--- Area and population of a given year --->
|stat_year1 = 
|stat_area1 = 
|stat_pop1  = 
|stat_year2 = 
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|stat_year5 = 
|stat_area5 = 
|stat_pop5  = 
|footnotes  = 
}}

'''Waalo''' ({{langx|wo|Waalo}}) was a kingdom on the lower [[Senegal River]] in West Africa, in what is now [[Senegal]] and [[Mauritania]]. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emirates; to the south was the kingdom of [[Cayor]]; to the east was [[Jolof Kingdom|Jolof]].

==History==
===Origins===
Oral histories claim that, before becoming a kingdom, the area of Waalo was ruled by a patchwork of [[Lamane]]s, a [[Serer people|Serer]] title meaning the original owner of the land.<ref name = Epopee>{{cite book |last1=Dieng |first1=Bassirou |last2=Kesteloot |first2=Lilyan |page=255|title=Les épopées d'Afrique noire: Le myth de Ndiadiane Ndiaye |date=2009 |publisher=Karthala |location=Paris |isbn=978-2811102104}}</ref> Etymological evidence suggests that the area was ruled by the Jaa'ogo dynasty of [[Takrur]].{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=39}} This aligns with early Arabic written sources which describe an island town known as '''Awlil''' (Waalo) near the mouth of the Senegal river, in a region called Senghana.<ref>Seck, Ibrahima, '‘The French Discovery of Senegal: Premises for a Policy of Selective Assimilation', in Toby Green (ed.), Brokers of Change: Atlantic Commerce and Cultures in Pre-Colonial Western Africa, Proceedings of the British Academy (London, 2012; online edn, British Academy Scholarship Online, 31 Jan. 2013), https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.003.0016, accessed 29 Sept. 2024.</ref>{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=20}} 

===Founding===
The exact founding date of Waalo is debated by historians, but is associated with the rule of the first king, the semi-legendary [[Ndiadiane Ndiaye]], in the 13th or 14th century.<ref name="sarr">Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal)", in Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 46, série B, nos 3-4, 1986–1987. {{p.|19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ndiaye |first1=Bara |editor1-last=Fall |editor1-first=Mamadou |editor2-last=Fall |editor2-first=Rokhaya |editor3-last=Mane |editor3-first=Mamadou |title=Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle |date=2021 |publisher=HGS Editions |location=Dakar |page=187 |language=French |chapter=Le Jolof: Naissance et Evolution d'un Empire jusqu'a la fin du XVIIe siecle}}</ref>{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=57}} Ndiaye, originally a [[Fula people|Fula]] from Takrur, united the Lamanes and ruled Waalo for 16 years as an arbiter or judge rather than king before, according to some oral accounts, being driven out by his half brother Barka Bo, or Barka Mbodj. After this, Ndiaye took control of Jolof and founded the [[Jolof Empire]].{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=45}}<ref name = Epopee/> Barka Mbodj was the first ruler to use the royal title '[[Brak (title)|Brak]]'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boulègue |first1=Jean |title=Le Grand Jolof'', (XVIII<sup>e</sup> - XVI<sup>e</sup> Siècle)'' |date=1987 |publisher=Karthala Editions |location=Paris |page=63}}</ref> Ndiaye eventually made Waalo a vassal.{{sfn|Davis|p=198}}


Europeans first appeared off the coast of Waalo in the 15th century, and soon began trading. This caused a significant shift in economic power away from the Jolof heartland towards coastal vassals such as Waalo and [[Cayor]]. [[Buumi Jelen]], a member of the [[List of rulers of the Jolof Empire|royal family]], may have established his own control over Waalo during this period, and is credited with creating a system of ''alkaldes'' who served as customs collectors for the Buurba Jolof. He later attempted to ally with the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to take power, but was killed by his erstwhile allies in a dispute.{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=150}}

The Jolof empire broke up in the aftermath of the battle of Danki in 1549, though the Brak continued to pay symbolic tribute to the Bourba Jolof until 1715.{{sfn|Barry|1972|p=134}}

===The French and the Desert===
In 1638, the French established the first permanent European trading settlement at the mouth of the Senegal River, moving to the site of [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]] in 1659 while facing consistent military and political pressure from the [[Brak (African kings)|Brak]].{{sfn|Barry|1972|p=116}} The French presence would have a decisive effect on the rest of the history of Waalo.

Partly in response to the shift in trade away from [[Berbers|Berber]] tribes to the French, [[Nasr ad-Din (Lamtuna)|Nasr ad-Din]], a Berber [[Marabout]], launched the [[Char Bouba War]] or the Marabout War, overthrowing the ruling aristocracy of Waalo (among other Senegal river kingdoms) in an attempt to establish an Islamic theocracy. Upon his death in 1674, however, his movement collapsed and the old hierarchies, aligned with Arab Hassan tribes north of the river and vigorously supported by the French, re-asserted themselves.{{sfn|Davis|p=169}}{{sfn|Barry|1972|p=148–50}}

During this same period, [[Morocco|Moroccan]] forces came south to the Senegal river, forcing the Brak to move the capital from Ngurbel to the south bank and permanently breaking the kingdom's control on the north side.{{sfn|Webb|1995|p=40}}

===A Regional Power===
In another attempt to further strengthen their economic position in the Senegal valley, in 1724 the French allied with Maalixuri, the lord of [[Bethio]], to pressure the ''Brak'' Yerim Mbyanik and the [[Emirate of Trarza]] into concessions. His attempt at secession from Waalo failed when the French company stopped their support. By 1734 Yerim Mbyanik had the most powerful army in the region.{{sfn|Barry|1992|p=280}} His rule and that of his two successors, Njaam Aram Bakar and Naatago Aram, was the apogee of Waalo-Waalo power.

Through the middle decades of the 18th century, Waalo exerted hegemony over the entire Senegal estuary and dominated Cayor as well. When the English took Saint-Louis in 1758 they found that the ''Brak'' had total control over river trade. Naatago repeatedly demanded increases in customs payments and slave prices, and blockaded the island when necessary.{{sfn|Barry|1992|p=281}} In 1762 he appropriated payments from Cayor intended for Saint-Louis, and two years later invaded.{{sfn|Webb|1995|p=42}}

===Decline===
In 1765 the ''Damel'' of Cayor counterattacked, armed with English guns, and soundly defeated the Waalo-Waalo.{{sfn|Webb|1995|p=42}} After Naatago's death in 1766 a long civil war broke out, with the Moors constantly intervening and raiding. In 1775 the English took more than 8000 slaves from Waalo in less than six months.{{sfn|Barry|1992|p=281}}

With recurring civil war and frequent foreign meddling in succession disputes, Waalo's power declined progressively in favor of the Moorish Emirate of Trarza.{{sfn|Barry|1972|p=195–99}}

In the 1820s the [[marabout]] of [[Koki, Senegal|Koki]] Ndiaga Issa, who had amassed significant political power in Cayor, was driven out by the [[damel]]. His forces, led by general Dille Thiam, took control of Waalo instead. The French intervened however, and killed Thiam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colvin |first1=Lucie Gallistel |title=ISLAM AND THE STATE OF KAJOOR: A CASE OF SUCCESSFUL RESISTANCE TO JIHAD |journal=Journal of African History |date=1974 |volume=xv |issue=4 |page=604 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C5103BEEF02E021E91F418FDD3693BC7/S002185370001389Xa.pdf/islam_and_the_state_of_kajoor_a_case_of_successful_resistance_to_jihad.pdf |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

To stop the cripplying Moorish raids and present a unified front against the French, the [[Lingeer]] [[Njembot Mbodj]] married the Emir of Trarza in 1833. Faced with an alliance that could threaten the survival of the colony, Saint Louis attacked Waalo, deepening the long-running crisis. Njembot Mbodj was succeeded by her sister [[Ndaté Yalla Mbodj|Ndate Yalle]] in 1847, but the French finally conquered the kingdom in 1855.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheldon |first1=Kathleen |title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=179}}</ref>{{sfn|Barry|1972|p=284–9}}

==Society==
===Government===
{{further|Lingeer Ndoye Demba|Joos Maternal Dynasty}}
The royal capital of Waalo was first [[Ndiourbel]] (Guribel) on the north bank of the [[Senegal River]] (in modern [[Mauritania]]), then [[Richard Toll|Ndiangué]] on the south bank of the river. The capital was moved to [[N'Der|Nder]] on the west shore of the [[Lac de Guiers]].

Waalo had a complicated political and social system, which has a continuing influence on [[Wolof people|Wolof]] culture in Senegal today, especially its highly formalized and rigid caste system. The kingdom was indirectly hereditary, ruled by three matrilineal families: the Logar, the Tedyek, and the [[Joos Maternal Dynasty|Joos]], all from [[:Category: Senegambian languages|different ethnic]] backgrounds. The Joos were of [[Serer people|Serer]] origin. This [[Serer maternal clans|Serer matriclan]] was established in Waalo by [[Lingeer Ndoye Demba]] of [[Kingdom of Sine|Sine]]. Her grandmother [[Lingeer Fatim Beye]] is the matriarch and early ancestor of this dynasty. These matrilineal families engaged in constant dynastic struggles to become "[[Brak (African kings)|Brak]]" or king of Waalo, as well as warring with Waalo's neighbors. The royal title "[[Lingeer]]" means queen or royal princess, used by the Serer and Wolof. Several Lingeer, notably [[Njembot Mbodj]] and [[Ndaté Yalla Mbodj]] ruled Waalo in their own right or as regents.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weikert |first1=Imche |editor1-last=Fauvelle-Aymar |editor1-first=François-Xavier |editor2-last=Hirsch |editor2-first=Bertrand|title=Les ruses de l'historien. Essais d'Afrique et d'ailleurs en hommage à Jean Boulègue |date=2013 |publisher=Karthala Editions|location=Paris |url=https://www.cairn.info/les-ruses-de-l-historien--9782811109394-page-15.htm |language=French |chapter=Les souveraines dans les systèmes politiques duaux en Afrique: L’exemple de la lingeer au Sénégal|series=Hommes et sociétés |pages=15–29 |doi=10.3917/kart.fauve.2013.01.0015 |isbn=978-2-8111-0939-4 |s2cid=246907590 }}</ref>

The Brak ruled with a kind of legislature, the ''Seb Ak Baor'', that consisted of three great electors who selected the next king. Their titles come from [[Fula language|Pulaar]] terms that initially meant 'masters of initiation', and originate from the period before Ndiadiane Ndiaye when [[Takrur]] dominated the area.{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=39}} There was also a complicated hierarchy of officials and dignitaries.  Women had high positions and figured prominently in the political and military history of Waalo.

Provinces were ruled by semi-independent ''Kangam'', such as the Bethio. Shifting allegiances between these powerful nobles, the Brak, other kingdoms, and the French of Saint-Louis led to a series of civil wars.{{sfn|Barry|1972|p=189}}

===Religion===
Waalo had its own traditional African religion. Islam was initially the province of the elite, but in the aftermath of Marabout War the ruling class increasingly rejected it while it become more and more widespread among the ruled. The Brak himself converted only in the 19th century.{{sfn|Barry|1972|p=157}}

==Economy==
Waalo played an integral role in the slave trade in the Senegal river valley, with most captives coming from regions upriver, often captured in war or slaving raids. Other trade goods included [[gum arabic]], [[leather]], and [[ivory]], as well as the foodstuffs, primarily [[millet]] upon which Saint-Louis depended.{{sfn|Barry|1972|p=120–5}}

Waalo was paid fees for every boatload of gum arabic or slaves that was shipped on the river, in return for its "protection" of the trade.{{sfn|Barry|1972|p=127}}

== Kings of Waalo ==
In all, Waalo had 52 kings since its founding. Names and dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (1989).<ref name="Stewart">{{Cite book|title=African States and Rulers|last=Stewart|first=John|publisher=McFarland|year=1989|isbn=0-89950-390-X|location=London|page=288}}</ref> 

The dates provided on this list are inaccurate (especially the earlier kings). It is the general consensus amongst historians that [[Ndiadiane Ndiaye]] and his maternal half brother Barka Mboge (or Baka Bo M'Bodje or Barka Mody, the first ''Brak'' of Waalo<ref name="BARRUL"/>) ruled in the latter half of the 14th century. Ndiadiane Ndiaye, who was born to a [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]] mother (not Fula) and a [[Serer people|Serer]] father,<ref>{{cite book | last= [[Babacar Sedikh Diouf|Diouf, Babacar Sedikh]] |first= |title=O maad a sinig: Kumba Ndoofeen fa Maak JUUF (Buka-Cilaas), 1853-1871 | publisher=PAPF |location=Dakar |year=1987 |trans-title=[[Maad a Sinig|King of Sine]] [[Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof|Kumba Ndofeen fa Maak Juuf (also known as "Buka-Chilaas")]], reigned: 1853–1871 |oclc=54639013 |lang=srr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sallah |first=Tijan M. | title=Wolof: (Senegal) |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing|Rosen]] p. 21| location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-82391-987-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdANcnMEWYAC}}</ref> ruled [[Jolof Empire|Jolof]] from circa. 1360.<ref>[[John Fage|Fage, J. D.]]; Oliver, Roland; "The Cambridge History of Africa." Volume 3. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1975, p. 486, {{ISBN|0521209811}} & {{ISBN|9780521209816}}</ref> His half brother Barka (son of Mbarik/Mbanyik Bo, of [[Bambara people|Bambara]] origin (whose surname "Bo" is [[Wolofization|Wolofized]] to "Mboge") and Fatoumata Sallah/Sall, a Toucouleur woman)) ruled Waalo from c. 1358 - 1367.<ref name="BARRUL">Barry, Boubacar, "Le royaume du Waalo: le Sénégal avant la conquête." KARTHALA Editions, 1985, p. 66, 328, {{ISBN|9782865371419}} [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p7sksX5VsncC&pg=PA328#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> Barka Mboge's son Caaka Mbar (or Tyaak Mbar) succeeded him in c. 1367. During his reign, he visited the [[Kingdom of Sine]] and married the [[Serer people|Serer]] princess [[Lingeer]] [[Ndoye Demba]], ancestor of the [[Joos Maternal Dynasty]] of Waalo.<ref>Brigaud, Félix, "Histoire du Sénégal: Des origines aux traités de protectorat", Clair-afrique (1964), p 16</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! Reign Start
! Reign End
|-
| 1
| [[Ndiadiane Ndiaye|N'Dya-N'Dya]]
| align="center" | 1186
| align="center" | 1202
|-
| 2
| Mbang Waad
| align="center" | 1202
| align="center" | 1211
|-
| 3
| Barka Mbody
| align="center" | 1211
| align="center" | 1225
|-
| 4
| Tyaaka Mbar
| align="center" | 1225
| align="center" | 1242
|-
| 5
| ''unknown''
| align="center" | 1242
| align="center" | 1251
|-
| 6
| Amadu Faaduma
| align="center" | 1251
| align="center" | 1271
|-
| 7
| Yerim Mbanyik
| align="center" | 1271
| align="center" | 1278
|-
| 8
| Tyukuli
| align="center" | 1278
| align="center" | 1287
|-
| 9
| Naatago Tany
| align="center" | 1287
| align="center" | 1304
|-
| 10
| Fara Yerim
| align="center" | 1304
| align="center" | 1316
|-
| 11
| Mbay Yerim
| align="center" | 1316
| align="center" | 1331
|-
| 12
| Dembaane Yerim
| align="center" | 1331
| align="center" | 1336
|-
| 13
| N'dyak Kumba Sam Dyakekh
| align="center" | 1336
| align="center" | 1343
|-
| 14
| Fara Khet
| align="center" | 1343
| align="center" | 1348
|-
| 15
| N'dyak Kumba-gi tyi Ngelogan
| align="center" | 1348
| align="center" | 1355
|-
| 16
| N'dyak Kumba-Nan Sango
| align="center" | 1355
| align="center" | 1367
|-
| 17
| N'dyak Ko N'Dyay Mbanyik
| align="center" | 1367
| align="center" | 1380
|-
| 18
| Mbany Naatago
| align="center" | 1380
| align="center" | 1381
|-
| 19
| Meumbody N'dyak
| align="center" | 1381
| align="center" | 1398
|-
| 20
| Yerim Mbanyik Konegil
| align="center" | 1398
| align="center" | 1415
|-
| 21
| Yerim Kode
| align="center" | 1415
| align="center" | 1485
|-
| 22
| Fara Toko
| align="center" | 1485
| align="center" | 1488
|-
| 23
| Fara Penda Teg Rel
| align="center" | 1488
| align="center" | 1496
|-
| 24
| Tykaaka Daro Khot
| align="center" | 1496
| align="center" | 1503
|-
| 25
| Naatago Fara N'dyak
| align="center" | 1503
| align="center" | 1508
|-
| 26
| Naatago Yerim
| align="center" | 1508
| align="center" | 1519
|-
| 27
| Fara Penda Dyeng
| align="center" | 1519
| align="center" | 1531
|-
| 28
| Tani Fara N'dyak
| align="center" | 1531
| align="center" | 1542
|-
| 29
| Fara Koy Dyon
| align="center" | 1542
| align="center" | 1549
|-
| 30
| Fara Koy Dyop
| align="center" | 1549
| align="center" | 1552
|-
| 31
| Fara Penda Langan Dyam
| align="center" | 1552
| align="center" | 1556
|-
| 32
| Fara Ko Ndaama
| align="center" | 1556
| align="center" | 1563
|-
| 33
| Fara Aysa Naalem
| align="center" | 1563
| align="center" | 1565
|-
| 34
| Naatago Kbaari Daaro
| align="center" | 1565
| align="center" | 1576
|-
| 35
| Beur Tyaaka Loggar
| align="center" | 1576
| align="center" | 1640
|-
| 36
| Yerim Mbanyik Aram Bakar
| align="center" | 1640
| align="center" | 1674
|-
| 37
| Naatago Aram Bakar
| align="center" | 1674
| align="center" | 1708
|-
| 38
| N'dyak Aram Bakar Teedyek
| align="center" | 1708
| align="center" | 1733
|-
| 39
| Yerim N'date Bubu
| align="center" | 1733
| align="center" | 1734
|-
| 40
| Meu Mbody Kumba Khedy
| align="center" | 1734
| align="center" | 1735
|-
| 41
| Yerim Mbanyik Anta Dyop
| colspan="2" align="center" | 1735
|-
| 42
| Yerim Khode Fara Mbuno
| align="center" | 1735
| align="center" | 1736
|-
| 43
| N'dyak Khuri Dyop
| align="center" | 1736
| align="center" | 1780
|-
| 44
| Fara Penda Teg Rel
| align="center" | 1780
| align="center" | 1792
|-
| 45
| N'dyak Kumba Khuri Yay
| align="center" | 1792
| align="center" | 1801
|-
| 46
| Saayodo Yaasin Mbody
| align="center" | 1801
| align="center" | 1806
|-
| 47
| Kruli Mbaaba
| align="center" | 1806
| align="center" | 1812
|-
| 48
| Amar Faatim Borso
| align="center" | 1812
| align="center" | 1821
|-
| 49
| Yerim Mbanyik Teg
| align="center" | 1821
| align="center" | 1823
|-
| 50
| Fara Penda Adam Sal
| align="center" | 1823
| align="center" | 1837
|-
| 51
| Kherfi Khari Daano
| align="center" | 1837
| align="center" | 1840
|-
| 52
| [[Mö Mboj Maalik Mboj|Mbeu Mbody Maalik]]
| align="center" | 1840
| align="center" | 1855
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Boubacar |title=Le royaume du Waalo: le Senegal avant la conquete |date=1972 |publisher=Francois Maspero |location=Paris}}
* {{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Boubacar |author1-link=Boubacar Barry |editor1-last=Ogot |editor1-first=B. A. |title=General History of Africa vol. V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century |date=1992 |publisher=UNESCO |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/j.f.adeajayigeneralhistoryofafricavolum/Africa%20V/page/n287/mode/2up |access-date=16 September 2023 |chapter=Senegambia from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century: evolution of the Wolof, Sereer and ‘Tukuloor’}}
* Barry, Boubacar. 'The Subordination of Power and Mercantile Economy: The Kingdom of Waalo 1600-1831 "in The Political Economy of Under-Development, Dependence in Senegal by Rita Cruise O'Brien (Ed.) Sage Series on African Mod. and Dev., Vol. 3. California. pp.&nbsp;39–63.
* {{cite book |last1=Boulegue |first1=Jean |title=Les royaumes wolof dans l'espace sénégambien (XIIIe-XVIIIe siècle) |date=2013 |publisher=Karthala Editions |location=Paris |language=French}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Davis |editor1-first=R. Hunt |title=Encyclopedia Of African History And Culture, Vol. 2 |publisher=The Learning Source |edition=E-book |access-date=18 May 2023|url=https://pdfdrive.to/download/encyclopedia-of-african-history-and-culture}}
* {{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=James |title=Desert frontier : ecological and economic change along the Western Sahel, 1600-1850 |date=1995 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison |isbn=0299143309 |url=https://archive.org/details/desertfrontierec0000webb/page/28/mode/2up |access-date=25 December 2023}}
*[[John Fage|Fage, J. D.]]; Oliver, Roland; "The Cambridge History of Africa." Volume 3. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1975, p. 486, {{ISBN|0521209811}} & {{ISBN|9780521209816}}
* {{cite book | last= [[Babacar Sedikh Diouf|Diouf, Babacar Sedikh]] |first= |title=O maad a sinig: Kumba Ndoofeen fa Maak JUUF (Buka-Cilaas), 1853-1871 | publisher=PAPF |location=Dakar |year=1987 |trans-title=[[Maad a Sinig|King of Sine]] [[Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof|Kumba Ndofeen fa Maak Juuf (also known as "Buka-Chilaas")]], reigned: 1853–1871 |oclc=54639013 |lang=srr}}
*Sallah, Tijan M., ''Wolof: (Senegal).'' [[Rosen Publishing]], 1995, New York. p. 21. {{ISBN|978-0-82391-987-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=VdANcnMEWYAC]
*Barry, Boubacar, "Le royaume du Waalo: le Sénégal avant la conquête." KARTHALA Editions, 1985, p. 66, 328, {{ISBN|9782865371419}} [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p7sksX5VsncC&pg=PA328#v=onepage&q&f=false]
*Brigaud, Félix, "Histoire du Sénégal: Des origines aux traités de protectorat", Clair-afrique (1964), p 16

==Further reading==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Senegal_native.html WORLD STATESMEN.org] Senegal Traditional States
* [http://www.ons.mr/content/view/158/58/ Présentation du pays] at the website of the national office of statistics, La République Islamique de Mauritanie : www.ons.mr.
* [http://grioo.com/opinion5550.html Ndete Yalla, dernière reine du Walo (Sénégal)]. Extrait du portrait de cette reine sénégalaise du 19e siècle que nous dresse Sylvia Serbin dans son ouvrage « Reines d’Afrique et héroïnes de la diaspora noire » (Editions Sépia) Par Sylvia Serbin.
* [http://www.cresp.sn/ecoyoff/palette/6page2b.htm NDIOURBEL: Première capital du Waalo]{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in Sites et Monuments historiques du Senegal, Center of Resources for the Emergence of Social Participation, Senegal.

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[[Category:Former monarchies of Africa]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Senegal]]
[[Category:Countries in precolonial Africa]]
[[Category:Political history of Mauritania]]
[[Category:French West Africa]]
[[Category:1855 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1287]]
[[Category:Jolof Empire]]