Editing W. Somerset Maugham

{{Short description|English playwright and author (1874–1965)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox writer
| name         = W. Somerset Maugham
| honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100|CH}}
| image        = Maugham retouched.jpg
| caption      = Maugham by [[Carl Van Vechten]], 1934
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1874|01|25|df=y}}
| birth_name   = William Somerset Maugham
| birth_place  = Paris, France
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1965|12|16|1874|01|25|df=y}}{{refn|group=n|name=death}}
| death_place  = [[Nice]], Alpes-Maritimes, France
| education    = {{ubl|[[The King's School, Canterbury]]|[[Heidelberg University]]|[[St Thomas's Hospital Medical School|King's College London]]}}
| occupation   = Playwright, novelist, short-story writer
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Syrie Wellcome]]|1917|1929|end=divorced}}
| children     = [[Elizabeth Hope, Baroness Glendevon|Mary Elizabeth (Liza) Wellcome]]
| years_active = 1897–1964
}}
'''William Somerset Maugham'''{{refn|Maugham usually published his works under the name of W. Somerset Maugham,<ref name=m9>Meyers, p. 9</ref> but in many biographies and studies of him, including those by [[Selina Hastings (writer)|Selina Hastings]], [[Jeffrey Meyers]] and [[Frederic Raphael]], he is referred to in the title as Somerset Maugham ''[[wikt:tout court|tout court]]''.|group=n}} {{postnom|country=GBR|size=80%|CH}} ({{IPAc-en|m|ɔː|m}} {{respell|MAWM}}; 25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965){{refn|According to the biographers [[Ted Morgan (writer)|Ted Morgan]] (1980) and Jeffrey Meyers (2004), Maugham died on 15 December;<ref name=mm/> Selina Hastings (2010) writes that he died in the early hours of 16 December.<ref name=h547>Hastings, p. 547</ref> The official registration gave the date as 16 December.<ref>Morgan, p. 617</ref>|name=death|group=n}} was an English writer, known for his plays, novels and short stories. Born in Paris, where he spent his first ten years, Maugham was schooled in England and went to a German university. He became a medical student in London and qualified as a physician in 1897. He never practised medicine, and became a full-time writer. His first novel, ''[[Liza of Lambeth]]'' (1897), a study of life in the slums, attracted attention, but it was as a playwright that he first achieved national celebrity. By 1908 he had four plays running at once in the [[West End theatre|West End]] of London. He wrote his 32nd and last play in 1933, after which he abandoned the theatre and concentrated on novels and short stories.

Maugham's novels after ''Liza of Lambeth'' include ''[[Of Human Bondage]]'' (1915), ''[[The Moon and Sixpence]]'' (1919), ''[[The Painted Veil (novel)|The Painted Veil]]'' (1925), ''[[Cakes and Ale]]'' (1930) and ''[[The Razor's Edge]]'' (1944). His short stories were published in collections such as ''[[The Casuarina Tree]]'' (1926) and ''[[The Mixture as Before]]'' (1940); many of them have been adapted for radio, cinema and television. His great popularity and prodigious sales provoked adverse reactions from highbrow critics, many of whom sought to belittle him as merely competent. More recent assessments generally rank ''Of Human Bondage'' – a book with a large autobiographical element – as a masterpiece, and his short stories are widely held in high critical regard. Maugham's plain prose style became known for its lucidity, but his reliance on clichés attracted adverse critical comment.

During the [[First World War]] Maugham worked for the British [[MI6|Secret Service]], later drawing on his experiences for stories published in the 1920s. Although primarily homosexual, he attempted to conform to some extent with the norms of his day. After a three-year affair with [[Syrie Wellcome]] which produced their daughter, [[Elizabeth Hope, Baroness Glendevon|Liza]], they married in 1917. The marriage lasted for twelve years, but before, during and after it, Maugham's principal partner was a younger man, [[Gerald Haxton]]. Together they made extended visits to Asia, the [[South Seas]] and other destinations; Maugham gathered material for his fiction wherever they went. They lived together in the [[French Riviera]], where Maugham entertained lavishly. After Haxton's death in 1944, [[Alan Searle]] became Maugham's secretary-companion for the rest of the author's life. Maugham gave up writing novels shortly after the [[Second World War]], and his last years were marred by senility. He died at the age of 91.

==Life and career==
===Background and early years===
William Somerset Maugham came from a family of lawyers. His grandfather, Robert Maugham (1788–1862), was a prominent [[solicitor]] and co-founder of the [[Law Society of England and Wales]].<ref name=odnb/> Maugham's father, Robert Ormond Maugham (1823–1884), was a prosperous solicitor, based in Paris;<ref>Hastings, p. 5</ref> his wife, Edith Mary, ''née'' Snell, lived most of her life in France, where all the couple's children were born.{{refn|Of their seven children, three died in infancy.<ref>Rogal, p. 157</ref>|group=n}} Robert Maugham handled the legal affairs of the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris|British Embassy]] there, as his eldest surviving son, Charles, later did.<ref name=timeslord/><ref>Hastings, p. 7</ref> The second son, [[Frederic Maugham, 1st Viscount Maugham|Frederic]], became a [[barrister]], and had a distinguished legal career in Britain – ''[[The Times]]'' described him as "a great legal figure" – serving as a [[Lord of Appeal in Ordinary]] (1935–1938) and [[Lord Chancellor]] (1938–1939).<ref name=timeslord>"Lord Maugham", ''The Times'', 24 March 1958, p. 14</ref> The two younger sons became writers: Henry (1868–1904) wrote poetry, essays and travel books.<ref name=odnb>Connon, Bryan [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/34947 "Maugham, (William) Somerset"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828120537/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-34947;jsessionid=CA2F5D83B1EE5E1759906AA5361078F9 |date=28 August 2022 }}, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2022 {{ODNBsub}}</ref>

[[File:Ambassade Royaume-Uni Paris 1.jpg|Maugham's birthplace: the British Embassy in Paris|alt=exterior of grand building in neo-classical style|thumb|upright=1.5|left]]

Shortly before the birth of the Maughams' fourth son the government of France proposed a new law under which all boys born on French soil to foreign parents would automatically be French citizens and liable to conscription for military service. The British ambassador, [[Lord Lyons]], had a maternity ward set up within his embassy – which was legally recognised as UK territory – enabling British couples in France to circumvent the new law, and it was there that William Somerset Maugham was born on 25 January 1874.<ref>Hastings, p. 8</ref>  Maugham never greatly liked his middle name – which commemorated a great-uncle named after [[Henry Somerset (British Army officer)|General Sir Henry Somerset]]<ref>Maugham (1975), p. 118</ref> – and was known by family and friends throughout his life as "Willie".<ref>Meyers, p. 9; Maugham (1975), p. 15; Coward, pp. 227–228; Mander and Mitchenson, p. 204; and Lyttelton and Hart-Davis (1978), p. 195</ref>

Maugham's mother died of [[tuberculosis]] in January 1882, a few days after his eighth birthday. He later said that for him her loss was "a wound that never entirely healed" and even in old age he kept her photograph at his bedside.<ref>Meyers, pp. 11–12</ref> Two and a half years after his mother's death his father died, and Maugham was sent to England to live with his paternal uncle Henry MacDonald Maugham, the vicar of [[Whitstable]] in Kent.<ref>Meyers, p. 12</ref>

After spending the first ten years of his life in Paris, Maugham found an unwelcome contrast in life at Whitstable, which according to his biographer [[Ted Morgan (writer)|Ted Morgan]] "represented social obligation and conformity, the narrow-minded provincialism of nineteenth-century small-town English life". He found his uncle and aunt well-meaning but remote by contrast with the loving warmth of his home in Paris; he became shy and developed a [[stammer]] that stayed with him all his life. In a 2004 biography of Maugham, Jeffrey Meyers comments, "His stammer, a psychological and physical handicap, and his gradual awareness of his homosexuality made him furtive and secretive".<ref>Meyers, p. 3</ref> Maugham's biographer [[Selina Hastings (writer)|Selina Hastings]] describes as "the first step in Maugham's loss of faith" his disillusion when the God in whom he had been taught to believe failed to answer his prayers for relief from his troubles. In his teens he became a lifelong non-believer.<ref>Hastings, pp. 15 and 28</ref>{{refn|Hastings comments that for the young Maugham the hardest thing to accept in abandoning religious faith was "the knowledge that with no expectation of an afterlife he would never see his mother again".<ref>Hastings, p. 28</ref> Maugham wrote in 1894, "I do not believe in God. I see no need of such an idea. It is incredible to me that there should be an after-life. I find the notion of future punishment outrageous and of future reward extravagant. I am convinced that when I die, I shall cease entirely to live; I shall return to the earth I came from".<ref>Maugham (1984), p. 26</ref>|group=n}}

From 1885 to 1890 Maugham attended [[The King's School, Canterbury]], where he was regarded as an outsider and teased for his poor English (French had been his first language), his short stature, his stammer, and his lack of interest in sport.<ref>Morgan, pp. 17 and 24</ref> He left as soon as he could, although he later developed an affection for the school, and became a generous benefactor.<ref name=h497>Hastings, p. 497</ref> A modest legacy from his father enabled him to go to [[Heidelberg University]] to study. His aunt, who was German, arranged accommodation for him, and aged sixteen he travelled to Germany. For the next year and a half he studied literature, philosophy and German.  During his time in Heidelberg he had his first sexual affair; it was with [[John Ellingham Brooks]], an Englishman ten years his senior.<ref>Morgan, p. 24</ref> Brooks encouraged Maugham's ambitions to be a writer and introduced him to the works of [[Schopenhauer]] and [[Spinoza]].<ref name=odnb/> Maugham wrote his first book while in Heidelberg, a biography of the composer [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]], but it was not accepted for publication and the author destroyed the manuscript.<ref name=m26/>

After Maugham's return to Britain in 1892, he and his uncle had to decide on his future. He did not wish to follow his brothers to [[Cambridge University]],<ref>Hastings, p. 25</ref> and his stammer precluded a career in the church or the law even if either had attracted him.<ref>Hastings, p. 35</ref> His uncle ruled out the civil service, believing that it was no longer a career for gentlemen after [[Northcote–Trevelyan Report|reforms]] requiring applicants to pass an entrance examination.<ref name=m26>Morgan, p. 26</ref> A family friend found Maugham a position in an accountant's office in London, which he endured for a month before resigning.<ref name=m27>Morgan, p. 27</ref> The local physician in Whitstable suggested the medical profession, and Maugham's uncle agreed. Maugham, who had been writing steadily since he was 15, intended to make his career as an author, but he dared not tell his guardian.<ref name=m27/> From 1892 until he qualified in 1897, he studied medicine at [[St Thomas's Hospital Medical School]] in [[Lambeth]].<ref name=odnb/>

===Early works===
[[File:Somerset-Maugham-by-Gerald-Kelly-1908.jpg|thumb|upright|Maugham in the early 20th century|alt=young man with neat dark hair and moustache, wearing a wing-collar and bow-tie in a dark suit]]
In his work as a medical student Maugham met the poorest working-class people: "I was in contact with what I most wanted, life in the raw".<ref name=m61/> In maturity, he recalled the value of his experiences: "I saw how men died. I saw how they bore pain. I saw what hope looked like, fear and relief; I saw the dark lines that despair drew on a face."<ref name =m61>Maugham (1938), p. 61</ref>

Maugham took rooms in [[Westminster]], across the [[Thames]] from the hospital. He made himself comfortable there, filled many notebooks with literary ideas, and continued writing nightly, while studying for his medical degree.<ref>Hastings, p. 36</ref> In 1897 he published his first novel, ''[[Liza of Lambeth]]'', a tale of working-class adultery and its consequences. It drew its details from his [[midwifery|obstetric]] duties in South London slums. He wrote near the opening of the novel: "...&nbsp;it is impossible always to give the exact unexpurgated words of Liza and the other personages of the story; the reader is therefore entreated with his thoughts to piece out the necessary imperfections of the dialogue".<ref>Maugham (1951), p. 8</ref>

The book received mixed reviews. ''[[The Evening Standard]]'' commented that there had not been so powerful a story of slum life since [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''The Record of Badalia Herodsfoot'' (1890), and praised the author's "vividness and knowledge&nbsp;... extraordinary gift of directness and concentration&nbsp;... His characters have an astounding amount of vitality".<ref>"Some New Novels", ''The Evening Standard'',  18 September 1897, p. 2</ref> ''[[The Westminster Gazette]]'' praised the writing but deplored the subject matter,<ref>"Liza of Lambeth", ''The Westminster Gazette'',  27 September 1897, p. 2</ref> and ''The Times'' also conceded the author's skill – "Mr Maugham seems to aspire, and not unsuccessfully, to be the [[Émile Zola|Zola]] of the [[The Cut, London|New Cut]]" – but thought him "capable of better things [than] this singularly unpleasant novel".<ref>"Recent Novels", ''The Times'', 28 December 1897, p. 11</ref> The first print run sold out within three weeks and a reprint was quickly arranged.<ref>"Liza of Lambeth", ''St James's Gazette'', 6 October 1897, p. 2</ref> Maugham qualified as a physician the month after the publication of ''Liza of Lambeth'' but he immediately abandoned medicine and embarked on his 65-year career as a writer. He later said, "I took to it as a duck takes to water."<ref>Maugham (1954), p. 8</ref>

Before the publication of his next novel, ''The Making of a Saint'' (1898), Maugham travelled to Spain. He found Mediterranean lands much to his liking, for what his biographer [[Frederic Raphael]] calls their "''douceur de vivre'' missing under grim English skies".<ref name=r14>Raphael, p. 14</ref> He based himself in [[Seville]], where he grew a moustache, smoked cigars, took lessons in the guitar,<ref name=r14/> and developed a passion for "a young thing with green eyes and a gay smile"<ref>Maugham (1939), p. 99</ref> (gender carefully unspecified, as Hastings comments).<ref>Hastings, p. 61</ref>
[[File:Lady-Frederick-1907.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|''Lady Frederick'', 1907|alt=scene from a stage play with six characters – two women and three men – in Edwardian dress grouped in a luxurious drawing room]]

''The Making of a Saint'', a historical novel, attracted less attention than ''Liza of Lambeth'' and its sales were unremarkable.<ref>Morgan, p. 68</ref> Maugham continued to write assiduously and within five years he published two more novels and a collection of short stories, and had his first play produced; but a success to match that of his first book eluded him. Between 1903 and 1906 he wrote two more plays, a travel book and two novels, but his next big commercial and critical success did not come until October 1907, when his comedy ''[[Lady Frederick]]'' opened at the [[Royal Court Theatre|Court Theatre]] in London.<ref>"Lady Frederick", ''The Era'', 2 November 1907, p. 19</ref> He had written it four years earlier,<ref>Mander and Mitchenson, p. 6</ref> but numerous managements turned it down until [[Otho Stuart]] accepted it and cast the popular [[Ethel Irving]] in the title role.<ref>Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 5 and 53</ref> It ran for 422 performances at five different [[West End theatre|West End]] theatres.<ref>Mander and Mitchenson, p. 53</ref> By the next year, while the run of ''Lady Frederick'' continued, Maugham had three other plays running simultaneously in London.<ref>Mander and Mitchenson, p. 56</ref>[[File:Shakespeare's-ghost-Maugham-posters-1908.jpg|thumb|Shakespeare's ghost broods about Maugham's domination of the London stage (''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'', 1908)|alt=drawing of Shakespeare in front of theatre posters for four different plays by Maugham all running in the West End]]
Maugham later said that he made comparatively little money from this unprecedented theatrical achievement, but it made his reputation.<ref>Maugham (1938), p. 33</ref> ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' printed a cartoon of Shakespeare's ghost looking concerned about the ubiquity of Maugham's plays. Between 1908 and the outbreak of the [[First World War]] in 1914, Maugham wrote a further eight plays,<ref name=m669>Morgan, p. 669</ref> but his stage successes did not completely distract him from writing novels. His supernatural thriller ''[[The Magician (Maugham novel)|The Magician]]'' (1908) had a principal character modelled on [[Aleister Crowley]], a well-known [[occultist]]. Crowley took offence and wrote a critique of the novel in ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', charging Maugham with "varied, shameless and extensive" plagiarism.<ref>Morgan, p. 120</ref>{{refn|Crowley's ''Vanity Fair'' review is reprinted in [[Anthony Samuel Curtis|Anthony Curtis]] and John Whitehead, eds., ''W. Somerset Maugham The Critical Heritage'' (Routledge Kegan & Paul, 1987), pp. 44–56.|group=n}}

Maugham was acutely conscious of the fate of [[Oscar Wilde]], whose arrest and imprisonment took place when Maugham was in his early twenties.<ref>Morgan, pp. 36–37</ref> Lifelong, Maugham was highly reticent about homosexual encounters, but it was thought by at least two of his lovers that at this period in his life he had recourse to young male prostitutes.<ref name=odnb/> Nevertheless he had a wish to marry, which he later greatly regretted. Looking back, he described his early attempts to be heterosexual as the greatest mistake in his life. He told his nephew [[Robin Maugham|Robin]], "I tried to persuade myself that I was three-quarters normal and that only a quarter of me was queer – whereas really it was the other way round".<ref>Maugham (1975), p. 240</ref> In 1913 he proposed to the actress Sue Jones, daughter of the playwright [[Henry Arthur Jones]];<ref>Meyers, p. 77</ref> she declined his offer.<ref>Morgan, pp. 178–179</ref> In 1914 he began an affair with [[Syrie Wellcome]], whom he had known since 1910. She was married to the pharmaceutical magnate [[Henry Wellcome]], but the couple had formally separated in 1909, after which she had a succession of partners, including the retailer [[Harry Gordon Selfridge]].<ref>Hastings, p. 166</ref>

===First World War===
By 1914 Maugham was famous, with thirteen plays and eight novels completed.<ref name=m669/> Too old to enlist when the First World War broke out, he served in France as a volunteer ambulance driver for the [[British Red Cross]]. Among his colleagues was [[Gerald Haxton|Frederick Gerald Haxton]], a young San Franciscan, who became his lover and companion for the next thirty years, but the affair between Maugham and Syrie Wellcome continued.<ref>Morgan, p. 192</ref>

In the weeks before the war began, Maugham had been completing his novel ''[[Of Human Bondage]]'', a [[Bildungsroman]] with substantial autobiographical elements. The critic [[John Sutherland (author)|John Sutherland]] says of it:
[[File:Of-human-bondage-ad-1916.jpg|thumb|One of the more favourable initial reviews, quoted in Maugham's British publisher's advertisement, August 1915|alt= press advertisement quoting a review: "The only novel of the year in which one can take cover from the sad, swift thoughts that sigh and wine about our heads in war-time"]]
{{Blockquote|The hero, Philip Carey, suffers the same childhood misfortunes as Maugham himself: the loss of his mother, the breakup of his family home, and his emotionally straitened upbringing by elderly relatives. In addition, Carey has a [[club foot]], a disability which commentators equate with either Maugham's stammer or his homosexuality.<ref name=sohb/>}}
According to some of Maugham's intimates, the main female character, the manipulative Mildred, was based on "a youth, probably a rent boy, with whom he became infatuated". Raphael comments that there is no firm evidence for this,<ref name=odnb/><ref>Raphael, p. 25</ref> and Meyers suggests that she is based on Harry Phillips, a young man whom Maugham had taken to Paris as, nominally, his secretary for a prolonged stay in 1905.<ref>Meyers, pp. 60 and 111</ref>

Maugham proofread ''Of Human Bondage'' at [[Malo-les-Bains]], near [[Dunkirk]], during a lull in his ambulance duties.<ref>Morgan, p. 188</ref> When the book was published in 1915 some of the initial reviews were favourable but many, both in Britain and in the US, were unenthusiastic.<ref name=m197>Morgan, p. 197</ref> The ''[[New York World]]'' described the romantic obsession of the protagonist as "the sentimental servitude of a poor fool".<ref name=m197/> The tide of opinion was turned by the influential American novelist and critic [[Theodore Dreiser]], who called Maugham a great artist and the book a work of genius, of the utmost importance, comparable to a [[Beethoven]] symphony.<ref name=odnb/><ref>Morgan, pp. 197–198.</ref> Bryan Connon comments in ''[[The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', "After this it seemed that Maugham could not fail, and the public eagerly bought his novels [and] volumes of his carefully crafted short stories".<ref name=odnb/>

In 1915 Syrie Wellcome became pregnant, and in September, while Maugham was on leave to be with her, she gave birth to their only child, [[Elizabeth Hope, Baroness Glendevon|Mary Elizabeth]], known as Liza.<ref>Morgan, pp. 198–199</ref> The baby was legally the daughter of Henry Wellcome, although he had not seen his wife for many years. He successfully sued for divorce in 1916, citing Maugham as [[co-respondent]].<ref name=odnb/>{{refn|The [[decree nisi]] was granted on the grounds of adultery on 14 February 1916,<ref>"Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division", ''The Times'', 15 February 1916, p. 4</ref> and the divorce was finalised by the [[decree absolute]] issued on 30 August 1916, after which Maugham and Syrie were free to marry.<ref>Hastings, p. 195</ref>|group=n}}

===Secret Service and marriage===
After the birth of his daughter, Maugham moved to Switzerland. His fluency in French and German was an advantage, and for a year he worked in [[Geneva]] – at his own expense – as an agent for the British [[MI6#History and development|Secret Service]].<ref>Fowler, p. 114; and Meyers, pp. 113–115</ref> He was recruited by [[John Wallinger|Sir John Wallinger]], a friend of Syrie, portrayed as the spymaster "R" in the ''[[Ashenden: Or the British Agent|Ashenden]]'' stories Maugham wrote after the war. Syrie and Liza were with him for part of the year, providing a convincing domestic cover, and his profession as a writer enabled him to travel about and stay in hotels without attracting attention.<ref name=m113>Meyers, pp. 113–115</ref> His covert job, which was in violation of Switzerland's neutrality laws,{{refn|A colleague in [[Lausanne]] had been imprisoned for two years for breaking Swiss law.<ref>Meyers, p. 114</ref>|group=n}} was to coordinate the work of British agents in enemy territory and dispatch their information to London.<ref name=m113/> In his overt capacity as an author he wrote ''Caroline'', a three-act comedy, which opened in February 1916 at the [[Noël Coward Theatre|New Theatre]], London, with [[Irene Vanbrugh]] in the title role.<ref>"London Theatres", ''The Stage'', 10 February 1916, p. 22</ref>
[[File:Somerset-Maugham-1914.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Maugham at the start of the First World War|alt=white man in early middle age; he has a full head of neat dark hair and a small moustache]]

In November 1916 Maugham was asked by the intelligence service to go to the [[South Seas]].<ref name=m117/> [[Samoa]] was regarded as crucial to Britain's strategic interests, and Maugham's task was to gather information about the island's powerful radio transmitter and the threat from German military and naval forces in the region.<ref name=m117>Meyers, p. 117</ref> He was reunited with Haxton, who joined him as secretary-companion.<ref>Morgan, p. 207; and Meyers, p. 117</ref> In addition to his intelligence work, Maugham gathered material for his fiction wherever he went. He was, by his own account, not a particularly imaginative or inventive person, but he studied people and places and used them, sometimes with minimal alteration or disguise, in his stories.<ref>Maugham (1938), p. 29</ref> He was helped in this by Haxton – extrovert and gregarious in contrast with Maugham's shyness – who became what Morgan terms an "intermediary with the outside world". Maugham wrote of Haxton:
{{Blockquote|He had an amiability of disposition that enabled him in a very short time to make friends with people in ships, clubs, bar-rooms, and hotels, so that through him I was able to get into easy contact with an immense number of persons whom otherwise I should have known only from a distance.<ref>Maugham (1938), p. 200</ref>}}
After the South Seas trip Maugham visited the US and was joined by Syrie. In May 1917 they married at a ceremony in [[New Jersey]]. He entered the marriage from a sense of duty rather than from personal inclination, and the two quickly began to grow apart.<ref>Morgan, pp. 221–222</ref> She returned to England and he continued with his work as a secret agent. He was selected by [[Sir William Wiseman, 10th Baronet|Sir William Wiseman]] of British Intelligence to go to Russia, where the overthrow of the monarchy threatened to lead to a Russian withdrawal from the war. Maugham's job was to counter German propaganda, and to encourage the moderate republican Russian government under [[Alexander Kerensky]] to continue fighting.<ref>Fowler, pp. 112–115</ref> He arrived in [[Petrograd]] in August, too late to influence the outcome: in November, Kerensky was supplanted by [[Lenin]] and the [[Bolshevik]]s, who took Russia out of the war.<ref>Morgan, p. 231</ref>

By that time Maugham was ill with tuberculosis. He returned to Britain and spent three months in a sanatorium in Scotland. While there he wrote a [[farce]], ''[[Home and Beauty]]'', which was presented at the [[Playhouse Theatre]] in August 1919 starring [[Gladys Cooper]] and [[Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1858)|Charles Hawtrey]].<ref>"Home and Beauty", ''The Times'', 1 September 1919, p. 8</ref> In the same year Maugham published one of his best-known novels,<ref name=dnb/> ''[[The Moon and Sixpence]]'', about a respectable stockbroker who rebels against conformity, abandons his wife and children, flees to [[Tahiti]] and becomes a painter.<ref name=dnb/> It was well received: reviewers called it "extraordinarily powerful and interesting",<ref>"With Silent Friends", ''The Tatler'', 4 June 1919, p. 268</ref> and "a triumph [that] has given me such pleasure and entertainment as rarely comes my way";<ref>"Mr Maugham's new novel", ''Westminster Gazette'', 3 May 1919, p. 9</ref> one described it as "an exhibition of the beast in man, done with such perfect art that it is beyond praise".<ref>"Somerset Maugham's Great Allegory", ''Philadelphia Evening Public Ledger'', 9 August 1919, p. 6</ref>

===1920s: travel and divorce===
[[File:Syrie-Maugham-in-her-shop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.00|[[Syrie Maugham]] in her shop, 1921|alt=White woman in smart day clothes, including a hat, in a shop full of antiques and objets d'art]]
After the war Maugham had to choose between living in Britain or being with Haxton, because the latter was refused admission to the country. The lifelong ban followed his arrest and trial over a homosexual incident in 1915. He was acquitted, but was nonetheless registered as an "undesirable alien".<ref>Hastings, p. 181</ref> When in Britain, Maugham lived with his wife at their house in [[Marylebone]], but the couple were temperamentally incompatible, and their relationship grew increasingly fractious.<ref>Hastings, pp. 236–237</ref> He spent much time travelling with Haxton. They visited the Far East together in 1919–20, keeping Maugham away from home for six months.<ref>Hastings, p. 241</ref>

In late 1920 Maugham and Haxton set out on a trip that lasted more than a year. In the US they spent time in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], which Maugham despised from the first, but found highly remunerative.<ref>Morgan, p. 249</ref> They then visited San Francisco and sailed to [[Honolulu]] and Australia before the final leg of their voyage, to Singapore and the [[Malay Peninsula]], where they remained for six months.<ref>Hastings, pp. 253 and 257–259</ref> Maugham, as always, observed closely and collected material for his stories wherever they went. His fellow author [[Cyril Connolly]] wrote, "there will remain a story-teller's world from Singapore to the [[Marquesas]] that is exclusively and forever Maugham".<ref>Quoted in Hastings, p. 258</ref> In 1922–23 Maugham's next extended trip was in south and east Asia, with stops at Colombo, Rangoon, [[Mandalay]], Bangkok and Hanoi.<ref>Hastings, p. 285</ref>

In Maugham's absence his wife found an occupation, becoming a sought-after interior designer. Her concentration on her work briefly lessened the domestic tensions at the couple's house when Maugham was in residence.<ref>Hastings, p. 282</ref>  By 1925, Maugham, learning that his wife was spreading scandal about his private life and had taken lovers of her own, was reconsidering his future. After another long trip to the Far East, he agreed with Syrie that they would live separately, she in London and he at [[Cap Ferrat]] in the south of France.<ref>Hastings, pp. 315 and 317</ref> They divorced in 1929.{{refn|Maugham gave his ex-wife a house in the [[King's Road]], fully furnished, a [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] and £2,400 a year for her ({{Inflation|UK|2400|1929|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) and £600 for Liza ({{Inflation|UK|600|1929|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).<ref>Morgan, p. 308</ref>|group=n}}

During the 1920s Maugham published one novel (''[[The Painted Veil (novel)|The Painted Veil]]'', (1925)), three books of short stories (''[[The Trembling of a Leaf]]'' (1921),  ''[[The Casuarina Tree]]'' (1926) and ''[[Ashenden: Or the British Agent|Ashenden]]'' (1928)) and a travel book (''[[On a Chinese Screen]]'', (1922)) but much of his work was for the theatre. He wrote seven plays during the decade: ''The Unknown'' (1920), ''[[The Circle (play)|The Circle]]'' (1921), ''East of Suez'' (1922), ''The Camel's Back'' (1923), ''[[The Constant Wife]]'' (1926), ''[[The Letter (play)|The Letter]]'' (1927) and ''[[The Sacred Flame (play)|The Sacred Flame]]'' (1928).<ref>Morgan, p. 670</ref> His longest-running play of the decade, and of his whole career, was ''Our Betters''. It was written in 1915 and staged in New York in 1917, for a satisfactory but not unusual 112 performances, but when produced in the West End in 1923 it was played 548 times.<ref name=m144>Mander and Mitchenson, p. 144</ref>{{refn|This was Maugham's longest-running original play, but a dramatisation of his short story ''Rain'' made by John Colton and Clemence Randolph in 1921 ran on Broadway for 648 performances.<ref name=mm143>Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 143 and 252</ref>|group=n}}

===1930–1940===
[[File:Hugh-Walpole-1923.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Hugh Walpole]] – caricatured as Alroy Kear in ''[[Cakes and Ale]]''|alt=middle aged white man, clean shaven, with receding hair, smartly dressed in a lounge suit, semi-profile]]
In 1930 Maugham published the novel ''[[Cakes and Ale]]'', regarded by Connon as the most likely of the author's works to survive.<ref name=odnb/> This book, described by Raphael as "an elegant piece of literary malice",<ref name=dnb/> is a satire on the literary world and a humorously cynical observation of human mating.<ref name=dnb/> There was hostile comment in the press that the central figure seemed to be a tasteless parody of [[Thomas Hardy]], who had died in 1928. Maugham further damaged his own reputation by denying that another character, Alroy Kear – a superficial novelist of more pushy ambition than literary talent – was a caricature of [[Hugh Walpole]].<ref name=h350/> Few believed Maugham's denial and he eventually admitted it was a lie.<ref>Maugham (1950), pp. ix–x</ref> Hastings quotes a contemporary's view that Kear was Maugham's revenge on Walpole for "a stolen boyfriend, an unrequited love and an old canker of jealousy".<ref name=h350>Hastings, p. 350</ref>

By the early 1930s Maugham had grown tired of the theatre. He told [[Noël Coward]] in 1933:
{{Blockquote|I am done with playwriting.&nbsp;... I cannot tell you how I loathe the theatre. It is all very well for you, you are author, actor and producer. What you give an audience is all your own; the rest of us have to content ourselves with at the best an approximation of what we see in the mind's eye. After one has got over the glamour of the stage and the excitement, I do not myself think the theatre has much to offer the writer compared with the other mediums in which he has complete independence and need consider no one.<ref>Coward, p. 227</ref>}}
Maugham's thirty-second and last play was ''Sheppey'' (1933). It was a departure from his previous style; its moral ambiguity and equivocal ending puzzled the critics and the public.<ref>Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 251–252</ref> Despite some help from Coward in the drafting and having [[Ralph Richardson]] as star and [[John Gielgud]] as director, it ran for a modest 83 performances.<ref>Coward, p. 226; and Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 245–246</ref> Maugham later wrote, "I grew conscious that I was no longer in touch with the public that patronises the theatre. This happens in the end to most dramatists, and they are wise to accept the warning. It is high time for them then to retire. I did so with relief."<ref>Maugham (1952), p. xvii</ref> Raphael suggests that Maugham now wished to write to please himself rather than others.<ref>Raphael, p. 64</ref>

[[File:CapFerrat.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.5|[[Cap Ferrat]], Maugham's home from 1927|alt=view of leafy promontory into the Mediterranean Sea]]
Maugham's days of lengthy trips to distant places were mostly behind him, but at Kipling's suggestion he sailed to the West Indies in 1936. The British colonies there failed to provide him with anything like the material he had gathered in the Asian outposts in the 1920s, but the French penal settlement on [[Devil's Island]] furnished him with some stories.<ref>Raphael, p. 67</ref> During a visit to India in 1938 he found his interest prompted less by the British expatriates than by Indian philosophers and ascetics: "As soon as the Maharajas realized that I didn't want to go on tiger hunts but that I was interested in seeing poets and philosophers they were very helpful."<ref>Quoted in Raphael, p. 68</ref> He visited the Hindu sage [[Ramana Maharishi]] at his [[Sri Ramana Ashram|ashram]], and later used him as the model for the spiritual guru of his 1944 novel ''[[The Razor's Edge]]''.<ref>Zaleski, p. 219</ref>

Throughout the decade Maugham, with Haxton in attendance, lived and entertained lavishly at his house on Cap Ferrat, the [[Villa La Mauresque]]. His domestic staff there comprised thirteen servants.{{refn|Maugham said, "Sometimes it fills me with uneasiness that no less than thirteen persons should spend their lives administering to the comfort of one old party".<ref>Morgan, p. 307</ref> Robin Maugham records that as late as the 1960s Maugham employed six indoor servants and four gardeners.<ref>Maugham (1975), p. 243</ref>|group=n}} When the [[Second World War]] began in 1939 he stayed in his home as long as he could, but in June 1940 France surrendered; knowing himself to be proscribed by the Nazis ([[Joseph Goebbels]] denounced him personally) Maugham made his way to England in uncomfortable conditions on a coal freighter from [[Nice]].<ref>Raphael, pp. 72–73</ref> Haxton, as a citizen of neutral America, was not in immediate peril from the Germans and remained at the villa, securing it and its contents as far as possible, before making his way via Lisbon to New York.<ref>Raphael, p. 73</ref>

===Second World War===
Maugham spent most of the war years in the US, based for much of the time at a comfortable house on the estate of his American publisher, [[Nelson Doubleday]]. His lifestyle was modest: he felt that despite his considerable wealth he should not live luxuriously while Britain was enduring wartime privations.<ref name=dnb/> He saw little of Haxton, who undertook war work in Washington DC.<ref>Morgan, p. 469</ref> As always, Maugham wrote continually. His daily routine was to write between an early breakfast and lunchtime, after which he entertained himself.<ref>Morgan, p. 113</ref> His most substantial book from the war years was ''The Razor's Edge''; he found writing it unusually tiring – he was seventy when it was completed – and vowed it would be the last long novel he wrote.<ref>Morgan, p. 475</ref>

Haxton was holding down a responsible job in Washington and enjoying his new independence and self-reliance.<ref>Morgan, p. 476</ref> Maugham was happy for him and was reconciled to the possibility of returning to La Mauresque without him after the war. The possibility became a certainty when in November 1944, after a six-month illness initially diagnosed as [[pleurisy]], Haxton died of tuberculosis.<ref>Morgan, pp. 478 and 483</ref> Maugham was distraught; he told his nephew, Robin, "You'll never know how great a grief this has been to me. The best years of my life – those we spent wandering about the world – are inextricably connected with him. And in one way or another – however indirectly – all I've written during the last twenty years has something to do with him".<ref>Maugham (1975), p. 58</ref>

Even before Haxton's mortal illness, Maugham had already chosen a replacement as secretary-companion, in anticipation that Haxton would not return to live at La Mauresque. This was [[Alan Searle]], whom Maugham had known since 1928, when Searle was twenty-three.<ref>Hastings, p. 344</ref> He came from [[Bermondsey]], a poor district of London. Morgan describes him:
{{Blockquote| ...&nbsp;the son of a tailor, he dropped his aitches like one of the characters in ''Liza of Lambeth''. He had already been taken up by older homosexuals, including [[Lytton Strachey]], who called him "my [[Bronzino]] boy".<ref>Morgan, pp. 313–314</ref>}}
Maugham's biographers have differed considerably about Searle's character and his influence for better or worse on his employer. Connon writes, "He was seen by some as a near saint and by others, particularly the Maugham family, as a villain";<ref name=odnb/> Hastings labels him "a podgy [[Iago]] ... constantly briefing against [Syrie and Liza]", and quotes [[Alan Pryce-Jones]]'s summary: "an intriguer, a schemer with a keen eye to his own advantage, a troublemaker".<ref>Hastings, pp. 539 and 543</ref> Raphael calls him "a man of more reliable stamp" than Haxton;<ref name=dnb/> Meyers describes him as "sober, efficient, honest and gentle".<ref>Meyers, p. 276</ref>

===Post-war and final years===
Before returning to the south of France after the war, Maugham travelled to England and lived in London until the end of 1946. While there, he established and endowed the [[Somerset Maugham Award]], to be administered by the [[Society of Authors]] and given annually for a work of fiction, non-fiction, or poetry written by a British subject under the age of thirty-five.<ref>Hastings, p. 495</ref>{{refn|The judges for the inaugural award were [[V. S. Pritchett]], [[C. V. Wedgwood]] and [[Cecil Day-Lewis]]. Among winners during Maugham's lifetime were [[Doris Lessing]] (1954), [[Kingsley Amis]] (1955), [[Ted Hughes]] (1960), [[V. S. Naipaul]] (1961) and [[John le Carré]] (1964).<ref>Hastings, p. 496</ref>|group=n}} After returning to Cap Ferrat he completed his last full-length work of fiction, the historical novel ''Catalina''.<ref name=h497/> He took part in the adaptation for the cinema of some of his short stories, ''[[Quartet (1948 film)|Quartet]]'' (1948), ''[[Trio (1950 film)|Trio]]'' (1950) and ''[[Encore (1951 film)|Encore]]'' (1951), in all of which he appeared, contributing on-screen introductions.<ref name=sutherland>Sutherland, John. [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192122711.001.0001/acref-9780192122711-e-1879 "Maugham, W. Somerset"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813232653/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192122711.001.0001/acref-9780192122711-e-1879 |date=13 August 2022 }}, ''The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English'', Oxford University Press, 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2022 {{subscription required}}</ref> He did the same on American television, introducing the ''Somerset Maugham Theater'' series, which a reviewer said enjoyed "tremendous popularity&nbsp;... and has won for him an audience of millions of enthusiastic fans".<ref>Jonas, p. 20</ref>

Maugham made many subsequent visits to London, including one for his daughter's second marriage in July 1948, where, in Hastings's words, "with professional ease he acted the part of proud father, managed to be civil to Syrie, and made a creditable speech at the reception at [[Claridge's]] afterwards".<ref name=h501>Hastings, p. 501</ref> During a visit in 1954 he was invested as a [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH) by [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] at a private audience in [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref name=h503>Hastings, p. 503</ref> He was widely understood in literary circles to have turned down a [[knight bachelor|knighthood]] and to have hankered after the more prestigious and exclusive British honour, the [[Order of Merit]], saying to friends that the CH "means 'Well done, but&nbsp;...'".{{refn|Maugham considered himself a better writer than [[Thomas Hardy]] or [[John Galsworthy]], who were among the few earlier novelists to receive the OM.<ref name=h503/>|group=n}} There is some suggestion that his known homosexuality may have militated against his receiving the higher honour.<ref name=h503/>

[[File:Maugham-books-at-King's-School.jpg|Some of the 5,000 books Maugham gave to the library he endowed at [[The King's School, Canterbury]], in 1961<ref name=lib/>|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=spines of handsomely leather-bound books with gold lettering, all of Maugham's own writings]]
In the post-war era, Maugham settled into a pattern of life that changed little from year to year:
{{Blockquote|Winter and spring at the Mauresque, a few weeks of foreign travel (Austria, Italy, Spain) with a stay at a spa ([[Vichy]], [[Abano Terme|Abano]], [[Vevey]]), an intensely social summer on the Riviera, followed by the autumn in London in his regular suite at the [[Dorchester Hotel]].<ref>Hastings, p. 507</ref>}}
In 1959 the foreign travel included a final trip to the far East.<ref>Raphael, p. 119</ref> He kept himself fit, and further attempted to fend off the encroachments of age with supposedly rejuvenating injections at the clinic of [[Paul Niehans]].<ref>Morgan, p. 420</ref> Nonetheless, his final years, according to Connon, were marred by increasing senility, misguided legal disputes and a memoir, published in 1962, ''Looking Back'', in which "he denigrated his late former wife, was dismissive of Haxton, and made a clumsy attempt to deny his homosexuality by claiming he was a red-blooded heterosexual".<ref name=odnb/> He attempted to disinherit his daughter and to make Searle his adopted son, but the courts prevented it.<ref>Morgan, pp. 607–608</ref>

Maugham died in the Anglo-American Hospital in Nice on the night of 15–16 December 1965 at the age of 91, of complications following a fall.{{refn|Sources differ (see footnote 1) on whether Maugham died on 15 or 16 December, but it is generally agreed that to circumvent a law requiring autopsies in cases of death in hospital, he was taken by ambulance, shortly before or shortly after his death, to La Mauresque and it was announced that he had died there on 16 December.<ref name=mm>Morgan, p. 617; and Meyers, p. 338</ref>|group=n}} He was cremated in [[Marseille]] on 20 December. Two days later his ashes were interred in the grounds of The King's School, Canterbury, beside the wall of the Maugham Library, which he had endowed in 1961.<ref name=lib>"Mr Somerset Maugham's Library for School", ''The Times'', 30 March 1961, p. 6</ref> Morgan observes:
{{Blockquote|Maugham, the disbeliever in ecclesiastical ritual, was buried without ritual but on hallowed ground. Canterbury was the shrine of [[Thomas à Becket]], murdered in 1170 in the cathedral, and the destination of [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer's]] [[Canterbury Tales|storytelling pilgrims]]. It was a fitting burial place for a teller of tales.<ref>Morgan, p. 619</ref>}}

==Works==
Although most of Maugham's early successes were as a dramatist, it is for his novels and short stories that he has been best known since the 1930s.<ref name=dnb/> He was a prolific writer: between 1902 and 1933 he had 32 plays staged, and between 1897 and 1962 he published 19 novels, nine volumes of short stories, and non-fiction books covering travel, reminiscences, essays and extracts from his notebooks.<ref>Morgan, pp. 669–671</ref> His works sold prodigiously throughout the English-speaking world. His American publishers estimated that four and a half million copies of his books were bought in the US during his lifetime.<ref>Morgan, p. 555</ref>

[[File:Maugham-symbol.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Ancient north African symbol, used on the covers of Maugham's books from 1901 onwards. He said it was a sign to ward off the evil eye.<ref>Morgan, p. 86</ref>|alt= drawing of a tall cross with two cross-bars and two curved shapes forming an arch over it]]
Maugham wrote that he followed no master, and acknowledged none, but he named [[Guy de Maupassant]] as an early influence.<ref name=f1899/> In the view of Kenneth Funsten in a 1981 study, British writers with whom Maugham has stylistic affinities include [[Jonathan Swift]], [[William Hazlitt]], [[John Dryden]] and [[John Henry Newman]] – "all practitioners of precise prose".<ref name=f1899>Funsten, p. 1899</ref> Maugham's literary style was plain and functional; he disclaimed any pretence of being a prose stylist. He was not known as a phrase-maker; the 2014 edition of ''[[The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations]]'' cites him ten times, compared with nearly a hundred quotations from his contemporary [[Bernard Shaw]].<ref>Knowles, pp. 515 and 719–721</ref> [[H. E. Bates|H.{{space}}E.{{space}}Bates]], praising many of Maugham's attributes as a writer, objected to his frequent reliance on clichéd phrases,<ref>Curtis and Whitehead, p. 424</ref> and [[George Lyttelton (teacher)|George Lyttelton]] commented that Maugham "purchases a beautiful lucidity at the cost of numberless clichés", but rated the lucidity second only to that of Shaw.<ref>Lyttelton and Hart-Davis (1984), pp. 6 and 97–98</ref> Morgan comments:
{{Blockquote|In his effort to achieve a casual tone, "like the conversation of a well-bred man", he used colloquialisms that bordered on clichés. He did not use them, like [[Evelyn Waugh]], to reveal character through dialogue, but in the narrator's voice. His characters "got along like a house afire", or "didn't care a row of pins for each other", or exchanged "sardonic grins" and "disparaging glances". A person was "as clever as a bagful of monkeys", the beauty of the heroine "took your breath away", a friend was "a damned good sort", a villain was "an unmitigated scoundrel", a bore "talked your head off", and the hero's heart "beat nineteen to the dozen".<ref>Morgan, pp. 343–343</ref>}}
In his 1926 short story "The Creative Impulse" Maugham made fun of self-conscious stylists whose books appealed only to a literary clique: "It was indeed a scandal that so distinguished an author, with an imagination so delicate and a style so exquisite, should remain neglected of the vulgar".<ref>Maugham (1931), p. 255</ref> After his early writing, in which long sentences are punctuated with semicolons and commas, Maugham came to favour short, direct sentences. In ''[[The Spectator]]'' the critic J. D. Scott wrote of "The Maugham Effect": "This quality is one of force, of swiftness, of the dramatic leap". Scott thought the style more effective in narrative than in suggestion and nuance.<ref>Curtis and Whitehead, p. 442</ref>

===Plays===
{{see also|W. Somerset Maugham on stage and screen#Plays}}
[[File:Maugham-Jack-Straw.jpg|''Jack Straw'' (1908), one of Maugham's most successful comedies: [[Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1858)|Charles Hawtrey]] seated and [[Lottie Venne]] centre|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=stage scene with grand dame centre, in large Edwardian hat, with men in evening clothes to her left and right]]
The biggest theatrical success of Maugham's career was an adaptation by others{{refn|The adaptation was by John Colton and Clemence Randolph.<ref name=mm143/>|group=n}} of his short story "Rain", which opened on Broadway in 1921 and ran for 648 performances.<ref name=mm143/> The majority of his original plays were comedies, but of his serious dramas ''East of Suez'' (1922), ''The Letter'' (1927) and ''The Sacred Flame'' (1929) ran for more than 200 performances.<ref>Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 191, 205 and 210</ref> Among his longest-running comedies were ''Lady Frederick'' (1907), ''Jack Straw'' (1908), ''Our Betters'' (1923){{refn|The play was first presented in New York in 1917, running for 112 performances.<ref>Mander and Mitchenson, p. 143</ref>|group=n}} and ''The Constant Wife'' (1926), which ran in the West End or on Broadway for 422, 321, 548 and 295 performances respectively.<ref>Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 27, 59, 143 and 295</ref> Raphael remarks about Maugham as a playwright, "His wit was sharp but rarely distressing; his plots abounded in amusing situations, his characters were usually drawn from the same class as his audiences and managed at once to satirize and delight their originals".<ref name=dnb>Raphael, Frederic. [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-34947 "Maugham, William Somerset"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828120601/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-34947 |date=28 August 2022 }}, ''Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 1981. Retrieved 28 July 2022 {{ODNBsub}}</ref>

As in his novels and short stories, Maugham's plots are clear and his dialogue naturalistic.<ref name=m1/> The critic [[J. C. Trewin]] writes, "His dialogue, unlike that of many of his contemporaries, is designed to be spoken&nbsp;... Maugham does not write elaborately visual prose: that is, it does not make a fussy pattern on the page".<ref name=m1>Mander and Mitchenson, p. 1</ref> Trewin quoted with approval Maugham's observation, "Words have weight, sound, and appearance; it is only by considering these that you can write a sentence that is good to look at and good to listen to".<ref name=m1/>
[[File:Maugham-The-Circle-Clark-Venne-Aynesworth-1921.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|''[[The Circle (play)|The Circle]]'' (1921): [[E. Holman Clark]], [[Lottie Venne]] and [[Allan Aynesworth]]|alt=Three middle aged people in 1920s clothes, a woman centre, a man on each side, leaning towards her]]
Unlike his elder contemporary Shaw, Maugham did not view drama as [[didactic]] or moralistic;<ref>Crawford Fred D. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27796888 "Bernard Shaw's Theory of Literary Art"], ''The Journal of General Education'', Vol. 34, No. 1 (Spring 1982), pp. 21 and 23 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815125338/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27796888 |date=15 August 2022 }}; and Mander and Mitchenson, p. 15</ref> like his younger contemporary Coward, he wrote plays to entertain, and any moral or social conclusions were at most incidental.<ref>Mander and Mitchenson, p. 15; and Richards, pp. 25 and 68</ref> Several commentators have characterised him as a pessimist, who did not share Shaw's optimistic belief that art could improve humanity.<ref>Sternlicht, p. 72; Innes p. 254; Rogal, p. 247 and Curtis, p. 398</ref> [[Christopher Innes]] has observed that, like [[Chekhov]], Maugham qualified as a doctor, and their medical training gave them "a materialistic [[determinism]] that discounted any possibility of changing the human condition".<ref>Innes, p. 254</ref> When Maugham's ''[[The Circle (play)|The Circle]]'' was revived in the US in 2011, the reviewer in ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that the play had been criticised "for not having anything substantial to say about love, marriage or infidelity. Actually it has extremely complicated things to say about them, but its most important message may be that actions have real consequences, no matter how casually those actions may be taken".<ref>Gates, Anita. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/nyregion/the-circle-by-somerset-maugham-in-westport-review.html " In Fine Society, Infidelity and Its Consequences"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815092130/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/nyregion/the-circle-by-somerset-maugham-in-westport-review.html |date=15 August 2022 }}, ''The New York Times'', 19 June 2011, Section CT, p. 10</ref>  Trewin singles out ''The Circle'', calling it one of the great comedies of the 20th century, and comparing it  with [[William Congreve|Congreve's]] ''[[The Way of the World]]'', to the disadvantage of the latter: "He can put Congreve to shame in the task of telling a theatrical story – telling it clearly and without inessentials".<ref name=m2>Mander and Mitchenson, p. 2</ref>

A few of Maugham's plays have been revived occasionally. The [[Internet Broadway Database]] in 2022 records three productions since the author's death: ''The Constant Wife'' directed by Gielgud and starring [[Ingrid Bergman]] in 1975; ''The Circle'', starring [[Rex Harrison]], [[Stewart Granger]] and [[Glynis Johns]] in 1989–90; and another production of ''The Constant Wife'', with [[Kate Burton (actress)|Kate Burton]] in the title role.<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/w-somerset-maugham-8707 "W. Somerset Maugham"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815131636/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/w-somerset-maugham-8707 |date=15 August 2022 }},  Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 15 August 2022</ref> In London, the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] has presented two Maugham plays since its inception in 1963: ''Home and Beauty'' in 1968 and ''For Services Rendered'' in 1979.<ref>[http://catalogue.nationaltheatre.org.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Roles&id=ROLE107359 "Somerset Maugham"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729114202/http://catalogue.nationaltheatre.org.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Roles&id=ROLE107359 |date=29 July 2022 }}, National Theatre archive. Retrieved 29 July 2022</ref> Other London productions have included ''The Circle'' (1976), ''For Services Rendered'' (1993), ''The Constant Wife'' (2000) and ''Home and Beauty'' (2002).<ref>"The Old Vic", ''The Times'', 13 April 1993, p. 31; Nightingale, Benedict. "BN's best London shows", ''The Times'', 2 December 2000, p. 53; and Johns, Ian. "Oh what a frivolous look at war", ''The Times'', 31 October 2002, p. 23</ref>

===Novels===
{{see also|List of works by W. Somerset Maugham#Novels and story collections}}
[[File:Of-human-bondage-cover-1915.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Of Human Bondage]]'', 1915 American edition, with the Maugham symbol on the cover|alt=spine and front cover of hardbound book]]
Maugham published novels in every decade from the 1890s to the 1940s. There are nineteen in all, of which those most often mentioned by critics are ''Liza of Lambeth'', ''Of Human Bondage'', ''The Painted Veil'', ''Cakes and Ale'', ''The Moon and Sixpence'' and ''The Razor's Edge''.<ref>[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100141957 "W. Somerset Maugham"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817124531/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100141957 |date=17 August 2022 }}, Oxford Reference;  [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192806871.001.0001/acref-9780192806871-e-4965 "Maugham, W. Somerset"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817124537/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192806871.001.0001/acref-9780192806871-e-4965 |date=17 August 2022 }}, ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature''; and Sutherland, John. [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192122711.001.0001/acref-9780192122711-e-1879 "Maugham, W. Somerset"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813232653/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192122711.001.0001/acref-9780192122711-e-1879 |date=13 August 2022 }}, ''The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English''. Oxford University Press, 2005 and 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2022 {{subscription required}}</ref>

''Liza of Lambeth'' caused outrage in some quarters, not only because its heroine sleeps with a married man, but also for its graphic depiction of the deprivation and squalor of the London slums, of which most people from Maugham's social class preferred to remain ignorant.<ref>Morgan, pp. 55 and 57</ref> Unlike many of Maugham's later novels it has an unequivocally tragic ending.<ref>Morgan, p. 53</ref>

''Of Human Bondage'', influenced by [[Goethe]] and [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]],<ref name=sohb>Sutherland, John. [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192122711.001.0001/acref-9780192122711-e-2164 "Of Human Bondage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726185026/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192122711.001.0001/acref-9780192122711-e-2164 |date=26 July 2022 }}, ''The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English'', Oxford University Press, 2005. Retrieved 17 August 2022 {{subscription required}}</ref> is a serious, partly autobiographical work, depicting a young man's struggles and emotional turmoil. The hero survives, and by the end of the book he is evidently set for a happy ending.<ref name=odnb/> ''The Painted Veil'' is a story of marital strife and adultery against the background of a [[cholera]] epidemic in Hong Kong. Again, despite the suffering of the main characters, there is a reasonably happy ending for the central figure, Kitty.<ref>Meyers, pp. 164–165</ref>

''Cakes and Ale'' combines humorous satire on the London literary scene and wry observations about love. Like ''Of Human Bondage'' it has a strong female character at its centre, but the two are polar opposites: the malign Mildred in the earlier novel contrasts with the lovable, and much loved, Rosie in ''Cakes and Ale''.<ref>Ross, pp. 117–118</ref> Rosie appears to be based on Sue Jones, to whom Maugham had proposed in 1913.<ref>Meyers, p. 199</ref> He observed, "I am willing enough to agree with common opinion that ''Of Human Bondage'' is my best work. It is the kind of book that an author can only write once. After all, he has only one life. But the book I like best is ''Cakes and Ale''. It was an amusing book to write."<ref>Maugham (1950), pp. xi–xii</ref>

''The Moon and Sixpence'' is the story of a man rejecting a conventional lifestyle, family obligations and social responsibility to indulge his ambition to be a painter.<ref>Morgan, p. 239</ref> The structure of the book is unusual in that the protagonist is already dead before the novel opens, and the narrator attempts to piece together his story, and particularly his final years in Tahitian exile. ''The Razor's Edge'', the author's last major novel,<ref name=odnb/> is described by Sutherland as "Maugham's twentieth-century manifesto for human fulfilment", satirising Western materialism and drawing on Eastern spiritualism as a way to find meaning in existence.<ref>Sutherland, John. [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192122711.001.0001/acref-9780192122711-e-2399 "Razor's Edge, The"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817123031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192122711.001.0001/acref-9780192122711-e-2399 |date=17 August 2022 }}, ''The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English'', Oxford University Press, 2005. Retrieved 17 August 2022 {{subscription required}}</ref>

===Short stories===
{{see also|List of works by W. Somerset Maugham#Novels and story collections}}
[[File:Maugham-Cupid-and-the-Vicar-of-Swale.jpg|upright=1.5|Illustrated title of an early (1900) Maugham short story|thumb|alt=Mediaeval scene, with a figure in armour carrying a banner reading "Cupid and the Vicar of Swale by Wm Somerset Maugham"]]
For many readers and critics, the best of Maugham is in his short stories.<ref name=c434/><ref name=mcc/> Raphael writes that Maugham became widely regarded as the supreme English exponent of the form – "both the magazine [[Squib (writing)|squib]] and the more elaborate [[Conte (literature)|conte]]".<ref name=dnb/> Most were first published in weekly or monthly magazines and later collected in book form. The first volume, ''Orientations'', came out in 1898 and his last, ''Creatures of Circumstance'', in 1947, with seven others between the two. Maugham's British and American publishers issued and reissued various, sometimes overlapping, permutations during his lifetime and subsequently.<ref>Morgan, pp. 669–670</ref>

The stories range from the short sketches of ''On a Chinese Screen'', which he had written during his 1920 travels through China and Hong Kong, to many, mostly serious, short stories dealing with the lives of British and other colonial expatriates in the Pacific Islands and Asia. These often convey the emotional toll that isolation exacts from the characters. Among the best-known examples are "[[Rain (short story)|Rain]]" (1921), charting the moral disintegration of a [[missionary]] attempting to convert the sexual sinner Sadie Thompson;<ref>Morgan, p. 252</ref> "The Letter" (1924), dealing with domestic murder and its implications;<ref>Meyers, p. 252</ref> "The Book Bag" (1932), a story of the tragic result of an incestuous relationship;<ref>Meyers, p. 366</ref> and "Flotsam and Jetsam" (1947), set in a rubber plantation in Borneo, where a dreadful shared secret binds a husband and wife to a mutually abhorrent relationship.<ref>Meyers, p. 289</ref>

Among the short stories set in England, one of the best-known is "The Alien Corn" (1931), where a young man rediscovers his Jewish heritage and rejects his family's efforts to distance themselves from Judaism.{{refn|[[Frederic Raphael]] in his biography of Maugham, comments that although Maugham has sometimes been accused of anti-Semitism, it is not in evidence in this story, which treats the Jewish characters with a sympathy "which is not to be found in more 'important' writers of the period".<ref>Raphael, p. 60</ref> Morgan and others nevertheless record slighting remarks, as well as complimentary ones, Maugham made elsewhere about Jews.<ref>Morgan, p. 140</ref>|group=n}} His aspiration to become a concert pianist ends in failure and suicide.<ref>Meyers, p. 208</ref> Another English story is "Lord Mountdrago" (1939), depicting the psychological collapse of a pompous cabinet minister.<ref>Morgan, p. 438</ref>

The polished, detached [[Ashenden: Or the British Agent|William Ashenden]], the central figure of the eponymous collection of spy stories (1928), is a writer recruited, as Maugham was, into the British Secret Service. His stories – the first in the genre of spy fiction continued by [[Ian Fleming]], [[John le Carré]] and many others<ref>Hastings, p. 228</ref> – are based so closely on Maugham's experiences that it was not until ten years after the war ended that the security services permitted their publication.<ref>Hastings, p. 226</ref> In the 1928 volume Ashenden features in sixteen stories; two years later he reappeared, in his peacetime role of writer, as the narrator of ''Cakes and Ale''.<ref>Hastings, p. 345</ref>

Comic stories include "Jane" (1923), about a dowdy widow who reinvents herself as an outrageous and conspicuous society figure, to the consternation of her family;<ref name=m354>Morgan, p. 354</ref> "The Creative Impulse" (1926), in which a domineering authoress is shocked when her mild-mannered husband leaves her and sets up home with their cook;<ref name=m354/> and "The Three Fat Women of Antibes" (1933) in which three middle-aged friends play highly competitive [[contract bridge|bridge]] while attempting to slim, until reversals at the bridge table at the hands of an effortlessly slender fourth player provoke them into extravagantly breaking their diets.<ref>Curtis and Whitehead, p. 342</ref>

===Adaptations===
{{see also| W. Somerset Maugham on stage and screen#Film adaptations}}
[[File:Ellis Fairbanks newmovie733.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Patricia Ellis]] and [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr.]] in the [[The Narrow Corner (film)|1933 film]] of Maugham's 1932 novel ''[[The Narrow Corner]]''|alt=film poster featuring head and shoulders of young white woman and man lovingly side by side]]
''The New York Times'' commented in 1964:
{{blockquote|There are times when one thinks that British television and radio would have to shut up shop if there were not an apparently inexhaustible supply of stories by Maugham to turn into 30-minute plays. One recalls, too, the long list of movies that have been made from his novels – ''[[Of Human Bondage (1934 film)|Of Human Bondage]]'', ''[[The Moon and Sixpence (1942 film)|The Moon and Sixpence]]'', ''[[The Painted Veil (1934 film)|The Painted Veil]]'', ''[[The Razor's Edge (1946 film)|The Razor's Edge]]'' and the rest.<ref>Quoted in Curtis and Whitehead, p. 448</ref>}}
In a study published thirteen years after Maugham's death, [[Robert Calder (writer)|Robert L. Calder]] notes that the writer's works had been made into forty films and hundreds of radio and television plays, and he suggests "it would be fair to say that no other serious writer's work has been so often presented in other media".<ref>Calder, p. 262</ref>

In Calder's view Maugham's "ability to tell a fascinating story and his dramatic skill" appealed strongly to the makers of films and radio programmes, but his liberal attitudes, disregard of conventional morality and unsentimental view of humanity led adapters to make his stories "blander, safer, and more narrowly moralistic than he had ever conceived them".<ref>Calder, p. 263</ref> Some of his stories were judged too improper for the cinema; Calder cites an adaptation of the historical novel ''Then and Now'' which the [[Hays Office]] rejected for thirty-seven separate reasons.<ref name=c263>Calder, pp. 263–264</ref> In the first screen version of ''[[Sadie Thompson (film)|Rain]]'' (1928) expurgations fundamentally altered the characters;<ref name=c264>Calder, p. 264</ref> an adaptation of "The Facts of Life" in the 1948 omnibus film ''[[Quartet (1948 film)|Quartet]]'' omitted the key plot point that the scheming young woman on whom the young hero turns the tables is a prostitute with whom he has just spent a night;<ref>Calder, pp. 264–265</ref> in "The Ant and the Grasshopper" a young adventurer marries not a rich old woman who dies soon afterwards but a rich young one who remains very much alive.<ref>Calder, p. 266</ref> Titles were altered to avoid association with stage plays held to be sensational: ''Rain'' became ''Sadie Thompson'' and ''The Constant Wife'' became ''Charming Sinners''.<ref name=c264/>

Radio and television adaptations have, in general, been more faithful to Maugham's original stories.<ref>Calder, pp. 271–272</ref> Calder cites [[BBC Television]]'s series of twenty-six stories shown in 1969 and 1970, adapted by dramatists including [[Roy Clarke]], [[Simon Gray]], [[Hugh Leonard]], [[Simon Raven]] and [[Hugh Whitemore]],<ref>[https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?order=first&filt=is_tv&q=%22W.+Somerset+Maugham%22&after=1968-12-31T23%3A00%3A00.000Z&before=1970-12-31T22%3A59%3A59.999Z#top "W. Somerset Maugham"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816101319/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?order=first&filt=is_tv&q=%22W.+Somerset+Maugham%22&after=1968-12-31T23:00:00.000Z&before=1970-12-31T22:59:59.999Z#top |date=16 August 2022 }}, BBC Genome. Retrieved 16 August 2022</ref> "presented with scrupulous fidelity to [their] tone, attitude, and thematic intention".<ref>Calder, p. 272</ref> On radio, the BBC's connection with Maugham goes back to 1930, when [[Hermione Gingold]] and [[Richard Goolden]] starred in an adaptation of "Before the Party" from his 1922 volume ''The Casuarina Tree''.<ref name=genome1>[https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?order=first&q=%22Somerset+Maugham%22 "Somerset Maugham"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828120531/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?order=first&q=%22Somerset+Maugham%22 |date=28 August 2022 }}, BBC Genome. Retrieved 16 August 2022</ref> Since then BBC radio has broadcast numerous adaptations of his plays, novels and short stories – ranging from one-off presentations to 12-part serialisations – including six productions of ''The Circle'' and two adaptations apiece of ''The Razor's Edge'', ''Of Human Bondage'' and ''Cakes and Ale''.<ref name=genome1/>

==Awards and honours==
Maugham was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1954, on the recommendation of the British prime minister, [[Winston Churchill]],<ref name=h503/> and six years later – along with Churchill – he was one of the first five writers to be made a [[Companion of Literature]].{{refn|The other three were [[E. M. Forster]], [[John Masefield]] and [[G. M. Trevelyan]].<ref>"Companions of Literature", ''The Sphere'', 27 May 1961, p. 329</ref>|group=n}} He was a Commandeur of the [[Legion of Honour]], and an honorary doctor of the universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Toulouse|Toulouse]]. On his eightieth birthday the [[Garrick Club]] gave a dinner in his honour: only [[Dickens]], [[Thackeray]] and [[Anthony Trollope|Trollope]] had been similarly honoured.<ref name=dnb/> He was a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]], a Fellow of the [[Library of Congress]], Washington, an honorary member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]], and an honorary senator of Heidelberg University.<ref>[https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-48724 "Maugham, (William) Somerset"], ''Who's Who & Who Was Who'', Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2022 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613191233/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-48724 |date=13 June 2021 }}</ref>

==Reputation==
The critic Philip Holden wrote in 2006 that Maugham occupies a paradoxical position in twentieth-century British literature. Although he was an important influence on many well-known writers, "Maugham's critical stock has remained low".<ref name=h/> Maugham outsold, and outlived, contemporaries such as [[James Joyce]], Virginia Woolf and [[D. H. Lawrence]], but, in Holden's view, "he could not match them in terms of stylistic innovation or thematic complexity".<ref name=h>Holden, Philip. [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001/acref-9780195169218-e-0305 "Maugham, W. Somerset"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817110236/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001/acref-9780195169218-e-0305 |date=17 August 2022 }}, ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature'', Oxford University Press, 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2022 {{subscription required}}</ref> Nonetheless, Maugham is recognised as an influence on Coward, Lawrence, [[Kingsley Amis]], [[Graham Greene]], [[Christopher Isherwood]], [[V. S. Naipaul]] and [[George Orwell]].<ref name=m388>Morgan, p. 388</ref> His urbane spy, Ashenden, influenced the stories of [[Raymond Chandler]], Ian Fleming, [[Georges Simenon]] and John le Carré.<ref name=m388/>

In ''The Summing Up'' (1938), Maugham wrote of his non-dramatic work, "I have no illusions about my literary position. There are but two important critics in my own country who have troubled to take me seriously and when clever young men write essays about contemporary fiction they never think of considering me. I do not resent it. It is very natural".<ref>Maugham (1938), p. 147</ref> Some biographers have doubted Maugham's claim to be unresentful at being overlooked or dismissed by literary critics, but there is little doubt that he was right about it.<ref name=c1>Curtis and Whitehead, p. 1</ref> [[L. A. G. Strong]] acknowledged his craftsmanship, but described his writing as having an effect like "that of music expertly played in an expensive restaurant at dinner".<ref>Quoted in Curtis and Whitehead, p. 14</ref> [[Virginia Woolf]] was friendly though a little patronising;<ref>Morgan, p. 111</ref> [[Lytton Strachey]] disparaged one of his books as "Class II, Division I".<ref>Morgan, p. 280</ref> [[Lee Wilson Dodd]] wrote, "Mr Maugham knows how to plan a story and carry it through. Competence is the word. His style is without a trace of imaginative beauty."<ref>Curtis and Whitehead, p. 194</ref> In a 2016 survey Don Adams remarks, "The gist of the criticism of Maugham's fiction, that it lacks psychological and emotional profundity, is remarkably consistent throughout the decades."<ref>Adams, p. 45</ref>

The "two important critics" Maugham referred to were probably [[Desmond MacCarthy]] and [[Raymond Mortimer]];<ref name=c1/> the former particularly praised the short stories, tracing their roots in French naturalism, and the latter reviewed Maugham's books carefully and on the whole favourably in the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=c1/> A rising critic of a younger generation, Cyril Connolly, praised Maugham for his lucidity and called him "the last of the great professional writers",<ref name=c1/> but Connolly's contemporary [[Edmund Wilson]] insisted that Maugham was second-rate and "disappointing".<ref>Morgan, p. 500</ref>{{refn|Wilson later admitted that he had not read ''Of Human Bondage'', ''Cakes and Ale'' or ''The Razor's Edge''.<ref name=m501>Morgan, p. 501</ref>|group=n}} Even an admirer such as [[Evelyn Waugh]] felt that Maugham's disciplined writing with its "brilliant technical dexterity" was not without disadvantages:
{{Blockquote|He is never boring or clumsy, he never gives a false impression; he is never shocking; but this very diplomatic polish makes impossible for him any of those sudden transcendent flashes of passion and beauty which less competent novelists occasionally attain.<ref>Quoted in Curtis and Whitehead, p. 188</ref>}}
Maugham himself, although he never used the terms "second rate" or "mediocre" about his work,<ref>Blackburn and Arsov, p. 142</ref>{{refn|In his 1980 biography of Maugham, [[Ted Morgan (writer)|Ted Morgan]] mistakenly states that in ''The Summing Up'' Maugham wrote, "I know just where I stand – in the very first row of the second-raters".<ref name=m501/> As the later researchers Daniel Blackburn and Alexander Arsov have pointed out, this phrase does not appear in Maugham's book and there is no known evidence that he ever used it anywhere.<ref>Blackburn and Arsov, pp. 140 and 149</ref> Nonetheless the phrase has been wrongly attributed to Maugham in press articles, biographies and dictionaries of quotations.<ref>Blackburn and Arsov, p. 149</ref>|group=n}} was modest about his status. He said that lacking any great powers of imagination he wrote about what he saw, and that although he could see more than most people could, "the greatest writers can see through a brick wall – my vision is not so penetrating".<ref>Maugham (1984), p. 142</ref>

Marking Maugham's eightieth birthday ''The New York Times'' commented that he had not only outlived his contemporaries including Shaw, [[Joseph Conrad]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[Henry James]], [[Arnold Bennett]] and [[John Galsworthy]] but was now seen to rank with them in excellence, after years in which his popularity had caused critics to depreciate his work.<ref name=c434>Curtis and Whitehead, p. 434</ref> The tribute continued, "Best sellers that appeal to the mass reader are seldom good literature, but there are exceptions. ''Of Human Bondage'' is certainly one; ''Cakes and Ale'' probably; ''The Moon and Sixpence'' possibly. Some of the short stories will undoubtedly prove immortal".<ref name=c434/> In 2014 [[Robert McCrum]] concluded an article about ''Of Human Bondage'' – which he said "shows the author's savage honesty and gift for storytelling at their best":
{{Blockquote|Many would say that his short stories embody his best work, and he remains a substantial figure in the early-20th-century literary landscape. Although Maugham's former reputation has become somewhat eclipsed, ''Of Human Bondage'' can still be cited as his masterpiece, a 20th-century English classic with a devoted following.<ref name=mcc>McCrum, Robert. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/21/100-best-novels-of-human-bondage-somerset-maugham-robert-mccrum-philip-carey "The 100 best novels: No 44 – Of Human Bondage by W Somerset Maugham (1915)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811052951/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/21/100-best-novels-of-human-bondage-somerset-maugham-robert-mccrum-philip-carey |date=11 August 2022 }}, ''The Guardian'', 21 July 2014</ref>}}

==Notes, references and sources==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=n}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
====Books====
* {{cite book | last=Coward | first=Noël |authorlink= Noël Coward| editor = Barry Day |year = 2007 |title = The Letters of Noël Coward |location = London |publisher = Methuen |isbn = 978-1-4081-0675-4 |url = https://archive.org/details/lettersofnoelcow0000cowa }}
*{{cite book | last = Curtis | first = Anthony|authorlink=Anthony Samuel Curtis|author2= John Whitehead | title = W. Somerset Maugham: The Critical Heritage| date = 1987| location = London and New York| publisher = Routledge and Kegan Paul| isbn = 978-0-415-15925-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Fowler | first = Wilton B. | title = British-American Relations, 1917–1918; The Role of Sir William Wiseman | date = 1969| location = Princeton | publisher = Princeton University Press| isbn = 978-1-4008-7650-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/britishamericanr0000fowl/page/114/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book | last =Funsten | first =Kenneth|chapter=W. Somerset Maugham | title =Critical Survey of Short Fiction |editor=Frank N. Magill |volume=5 | date =1981 | location =Englewood Cliffs | publisher =Salem Press | oclc = 559531006 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hastings | first = Selina | authorlink = Selina Hastings (writer) | title = The Secret Lives of Somerset Maugham: A Biography | date = 2010 | orig-date = 2009 | location = New York | publisher = Random House | isbn = 978-0-679-60371-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/secretlivesofsom0000hast/page/n7/mode/2up }}
*{{cite book | last = Innes | first = Christopher | authorlink=Christopher Innes|title = Modern British Drama: The Twentieth Century| date = 2002| location = Cambridge and New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-01675-9 }}
*{{cite book | editor-last =Knowles | editor-first =Elizabeth | title = The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations| date =2014 | location =Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn =978-0-19-966870-0 }}   
* {{cite book | last1 = Lyttelton | first1 = George | authorlink=George Lyttelton (teacher)| author2 = [[Rupert Hart-Davis]] | title = Lyttelton–Hart-Davis Letters | volume = 1 | date = 1978 | location = London | publisher = John Murray | isbn = 978-0-7195-3478-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/lytteltonhartdav0001lytt}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Lyttelton | first1 = George | author2 = Rupert Hart-Davis | title = Lyttelton–Hart-Davis Letters | volume = 6 | date = 1984 | location = London | publisher = John Murray | isbn = 978-0-7195-4108-7}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Mander | first1 = Raymond |authorlink=Mander and Mitchenson | author2 = [[Joe Mitchenson]] | title = Theatrical Companion to Maugham | date = 1955 | location = London | publisher = Rockliffe | oclc = 1336174067 }}
* {{cite book | last = Maugham | first = Robin |authorlink = Robin Maugham | title = Somerset and All the Maughams | date = 1975 | orig-date = 1966 | location = London | publisher = Penguin | isbn = 978-0-14-003906-1 }}
*{{cite book | last =Maugham | first =W. Somerset | title =First Person Singular| date =1931 | location =London | publisher =Heinemann | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.13013/page/255/mode/2up|oclc = 702711668}} 
* {{cite book | last = Maugham | first = W. Somerset | title = The Summing Up | date = 1938 | publisher = Heinemann | location = London | oclc = 270829625 | url = https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.2433/page/n5/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last=Maugham|first=W. Somerset| year=1950|orig-date=1930 | title=Cakes and Ale |location=New York | publisher=Random House | oclc=228969568 |url=https://archive.org/details/cakesale0000maug/page/n11/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book | last = Maugham | first = W. Somerset | title = Liza of Lambeth| date=1951| orig-date = 1897| location = London | publisher = Heinemann | oclc =903861310 | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125670/page/n39/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book | last =Maugham | first =W. Somerset | title =Collected Plays |volume=3 | date =1952 | location =London | publisher =Heinemann | oclc = 851722749| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125970/page/n19/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book | last = Maugham | first = W. Somerset | title = The Partial View| date = 1954| location = London | publisher = Heinemann | oclc =1239777338}}
*{{cite book | last = Maugham | first = W. Somerset| title = A Writer's Notebook | date = 1984 | orig-date=1915| location = London| publisher = Penguin| isbn = 978-0-14-002644-3 |url = https://archive.org/details/writersnotebook0000maug}}
* {{cite book | last = Meyers | first = Jeffrey | title = Somerset Maugham: A Life | date = 2004 | location = New York | publisher = Knopf | isbn = 9780375414756 | oclc = 754042769 | url = https://archive.org/details/somersetmaughaml00meye/page/n7/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book | last = Morgan | first = Ted | authorlink = Ted Morgan (writer)| title = Maugham | date = 1980 | location = New York | publisher = Simon and Schuster | isbn = 978-0-67-150581-3| oclc = 1036531202 | url = https://archive.org/details/maugham00tedm/page/n3/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book | last = Raphael | first = Frederic | authorlink=Frederic Raphael | title = Somerset Maugham| date = 1989| location = London | publisher = Thames and Hudson | oclc = 658161005}}
* {{cite book |last = Richards |first = Dick |year = 1970 |title = The Wit of Noël Coward |location = London |publisher = Sphere Books |isbn = 978-0-7221-3676-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Rogal | first = Samuel J. | title = A William Somerset Maugham Encyclopedia | date = 1997 | location = Westport and London | publisher = Greenwood Press | isbn = 978-0-313-29916-2 }}
*{{cite book | last = Sternlicht | first = Sanford | title = A Reader's Guide to Modern British Drama| date = 2004| location = Syracuse| publisher = Syracuse University Press| isbn =978-0-8156-3076-0 }}
*{{cite book | last=Zaleski |first=Philip |author2=Carol Zaleski |  title = Prayer: A History | date = 2006 | location =New York | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | isbn =978-0-618-77360-2 }}

====Journals====
*{{cite journal |last= Adams|first= Don| title = Somerset Maugham's Ethically Earnest Fiction| journal = The Cambridge Quarterly| date = March 2016|volume=45|issue=1| pages = 42–67|doi= 10.1093/camqtly/bfv039|jstor= 4407495|doi-access= free}} {{subscription required}}
*{{cite journal |last= Blackburn |first= Daniel |author2= Alexander Arsov | title = W. Somerset Maugham's apocryphal second-rate status: setting the record straight | journal = English Literature in Transition 1880–1920 |volume=59 |issue=2 | date = January 2016 | pages = 139–152 |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276275999 }} {{subscription required}}
*{{cite journal |last= Calder|first= Robert L.| title = Somerset Maugham and the Cinema| journal = Literature/Film Quarterly| date = Summer 1978|volume=6| issue=3| pages =  262–273|jstor= 43796106|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43796106}} {{subscription required}}
*{{cite journal |last= Jonas|first= Klaus W.| title = W. Somerset Maugham: An Appreciation| journal = Books Abroad| date = Winter 1959|volume=33|issue=1| pages = 20–24|doi= 10.2307/40097653|jstor= 40097653|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/40097653 }} {{subscription required}}
*{{cite journal |last= Ross|first= Woodburn| title = W. Somerset Maugham: Theme and Variations| journal = College English|volume=8|issue=3| date = December 1946| pages = 113–122|doi= 10.2307/371434|jstor= 371434|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/371434  }} {{subscription required}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box}}
{{commons category|William Somerset Maugham}}
{{Wikiquote|William Somerset Maugham}}
{{Wikisource author|William Somerset Maugham}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111117133221/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=W.&last=Maugham&middle=Somerset W. Somerset Maugham] at [[Internet Off-Broadway Database]]
* [http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/?lid=7207 National Theatre, Maugham's Theatrical Collection]
* [http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/?lid=7113 National Theatre, Shakespearean Characters]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723090323/http://www.maleisie.be/en/literature_william_somerset_maugham.html William Somerset Maugham's stories on Malaya, Borneo and Singapore]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203623/http://www.iblist.com/author1025.htm W. Somerset Maugham] at the Internet Book List

===Electronic editions===
* {{FadedPage|id=Maugham, W. Somerset (William Somerset)|name=Somerset Maugham|author=yes}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=126 |name=Somerset Maugham}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Somerset Maugham}}
* {{Librivox author|id=73}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/w-somerset-maugham}}

{{W. Somerset Maugham|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maugham, Somerset}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English novelists]]
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[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]
[[Category:Maugham family|W. Somerset Maugham]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
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