Editing Vosges (department)

{{short description|Department of France in Grand Est}}
{{about|the department|the mountain range|Vosges}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name                    = Vosges
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| type                    = [[Departments of France|Department of France]]
| image_skyline           = {{Photomontage|position=center
 | photo2a = Col du Brabant - Ferme et chalets.jpg
 | photo2b = Col de Bussang from Azureva.jpg
 | photo3a = Bruyères-Vosges-17 (cropped).jpg
 | photo1a = Epinal - Chateau - panorama 3.jpg
 | size = 270
 | spacing = 2
 | color = #FFFFFF
 | border = 0
  | foot_montage = Clockwise from top: [[Épinal]] seen from the castle ruins, [[Bussang]], [[Bruyères]] with Mont Avison in the background, [[La Bresse]]
}}
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| caption                 = 
| image_flag              = Vosges.svg
| flag_alt                = 
| image_shield            = Blason département fr Vosges.svg
| shield_alt              = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = Vosges-Position.svg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of Vosges in France
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = {{coord|48|10|N|06|25|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd_scale:1000000_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name        = [[France]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Grand Est]]
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat                    = [[Épinal]]
| parts_type              = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style             = para
| p1                      = [[Neufchâteau, Vosges|Neufchâteau]]<br />[[Saint-Dié-des-Vosges]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = [[The Republicans (France)|LR]]
| leader_title            = [[List of presidents of departmental councils (France)|President of the Departmental Council]]
| leader_name             = [[François Vannson]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
| unit_pref               = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_magnitude          = 
| area_footnotes          = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_total_km2          = 5874
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| elevation_min_m         = 
| elevation_max_m         = 
| population_total        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_as_of        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes    = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_rank         = [[List of French departments by population|67th]]
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_note         = 
| blank_name_sec1         = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| blank_info_sec1         = 88
| blank_name_sec2         = [[Arrondissements of France|Arrondissements]]
| blank_info_sec2         = [[Arrondissements of the Vosges department|3]]
| blank1_name_sec2        = [[Cantons in France|Cantons]]
| blank1_info_sec2        = [[Cantons of the Vosges department|17]]
| blank2_name_sec2        = [[Communes in France|Communes]]
| blank2_info_sec2        = [[Communes of the Vosges department|507]]
| timezone1               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +1
| timezone1_DST           = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +2
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = 
| footnotes               = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries and lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
}}
{{Lorraine sidebar}}
'''Vosges''' ({{IPA|fr|voʒ|-|fr-Paris--Vosges.ogg}}) is a [[departments of France|department]] in the [[Grand Est]] [[Regions of France|region]], Northeastern [[France]]. It covers part of the [[Vosges]] mountain range, after which it is named. Vosges consists of three [[Arrondissements of the Vosges department|arrondissements]], 17 [[Cantons of the Vosges department|cantons]] and 507 [[Communes of the Vosges department|communes]],<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/departement/88-vosges Département des Vosges (88)], INSEE</ref> including [[Domrémy-la-Pucelle]], where [[Joan of Arc]] was born.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourisme.vosges.fr/en/explore/sites-and-monuments/984000307-maison-natale-de-jeanne-d-arc-domremy-la-pucelle|title=Joan of Arc's Birthplace |publisher=Tourisme Vosges |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> In 2019, it had a population of 364,499 with an area of {{convert|5,874|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}};<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=DEP-88 Comparateur de territoires], INSEE, retrieved 12 July 2022.</ref> its [[Prefectures in France|prefecture]] is [[Épinal]].

==History==
{{Further|topic=the museum|Musée Henri-Mathieu}}

===Hundred Years' War===
[[Joan of Arc]] was born in the village of Domrémy, then in the French part of the [[Duchy of Bar]], or ''Barrois mouvant'', located west of the [[Meuse]]. The part of the duchy lying east of the Meuse was part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The Duchy of Bar later became part of the [[Provinces of France|province]] of [[Lorraine]]. The village of Domrémy was renamed Domrémy-la-Pucelle in honour of Joan.<ref>Condemnation trial, p. 37.[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html]. Retrieved 23 March 2006.</ref>

===French Revolution===
The Vosges department is one of the original 83 departments of France, created on 4 March 1790 during the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=splaf/> It was made of territories that had been part of the province of [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]]. In [[German language|German]] it is referred to as ''Vogesen''.

In 1793, the independent [[Salm-Salm|Principality of Salm-Salm]] (town of [[Senones, Vosges|Senones]] and its surroundings), enclosed inside the Vosges department, was annexed to France and incorporated into Vosges. In 1795, the area of [[Schirmeck]] was detached from the [[Bas-Rhin]] department and incorporated into the Vosges department.<ref>{{cite journal |author=P.S. |year=2002 |title=L'Essor, Revue trimestrielle de Schirmeck |journal=Le Pays Lorrain |volume=83 |page=255 |publisher=Société d'archéologie lorraine et du Musée historique lorrain |issn=0031-3394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mthnAAAAMAAJ&q=Schirmeck%201795&pg=PA255 |language=fr |format=PDF |access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref> The Vosges department then had an area of {{convert|6,127|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, which it kept until 1871.

In 1794, Vosges was the site of a [[Battle of Trippstadt|major battle]] between the forces of Revolutionary France and the Allied Coalition. The oldest square in [[Paris]], Place Royale, was renamed [[Place des Vosges]] in 1800 when the department became the first to pay the new revolutionary taxes.

===Franco-Prussian War===
After the French defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870–1871, 4% of the Vosges department in the extreme northeast of the department was annexed to the [[German Empire]] by the [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)|Treaty of Frankfurt]] on the ground that the people there spoke Germanic dialects. The area annexed on 18 May 1871 corresponded to the [[Cantons of France|canton]] of Schirmeck and the northern half of the canton of [[Saales]]. Schirmeck and Saales had been historically part of [[Alsace]]. These territories, along with the rest of [[Alsace]] and the annexed territories of Lorraine, became part of the ''Reichsland'' of ''[[Alsace-Lorraine|Elsaß-Lothringen]]''. The area of the Vosges department was thus reduced to its current {{convert|5,874|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.

===First and Second World Wars===
In 1919, with the allied victory in the [[World War I]], [[Alsace-Lorraine]] was returned to France by Germany at the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. However, [[Schirmeck]] and [[Saales]] were not returned to the Vosges department, but instead were incorporated into the recreated [[Bas-Rhin]] department.

An ill-fated [[Special Air Service]] (SAS) mission called [[Operation Loyton]] took place in the Vosges forests in 1944.

Various [[War grave|military cemeteries]] are located in the department, the largest of which is the [[Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial]] in [[Dinozé]], near [[Épinal]]. It was built by the American [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division]] in September 1944 and completed in 1959. 5,253 soldiers killed in action during fighting in France, the Vosges, the Rhine valley and Germany are interred there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourisme.vosges.fr/decouvrir/sites-monuments/778003686-cimetiere-americain-dinoze |title=Cimetière americain |publisher=Tourisme Vosges |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

== Geography ==

While the west part of the Vosges is flat sedimentary land (well suited for mineral waters), the east is dominated by the Vosges Mountain range and the [[Ballons des Vosges Nature Park]]. The [[Hohneck (Vosges)|Hohneck]] at 1363m is the highest peak of the Vosges department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourisme.vosges.fr/decouvrir/sites-monuments/776000746-steles-du-sommet-du-hohneck-la-bresse|title=Stèles du sommet du Hohneck |publisher=Tourisme Vosges |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> The [[Monts Faucilles]] traverse the south of the department in a broad curve declining on the north into elevated plateaus, on the south encircling the upper basin of the River [[Saône]]. This chain, dividing the basins of the [[Rhône]] and the [[Rhine]], forms part of the European watershed between the basins of the Mediterranean and Atlantic.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Vosges (France)|display=Vosges|volume=28|page=214}} This entry further details the industrial base at the time.</ref> 48% of the department is covered by woodlands and forests (the third highest in France), while 45% of land is in agricultural use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vosges.fr/le-departement/chiffres-cles |title=Vosges - Chiffres clés |publisher=Vosges Conseil Départemental |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

The Saône (named after the Celtic goddess Sagona)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismevosges.fr/uk/sites-archeologiques.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401121305/http://www.tourismevosges.fr/uk/sites-archeologiques.php|title=The Vosges Departmental Tourist Board - Archeological sites |publisher=Tourismevosges.fr |archive-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> rises at [[Vioménil]], in the Vosges. The [[Anger (river)|Anger]] river also passes through it.
{{Further|Lac de la Lande}}

===Principal towns===

The most populated commune is [[Épinal]], the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 9 communes with more than 5,000 inhabitants:<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep88.pdf Populations légales 2019: 88 Vosges], INSEE</ref>

{| class=wikitable
! Commune
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Épinal]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 32,256
|-
| [[Saint-Dié-des-Vosges]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 19,576
|-
| [[Golbey]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 8,798
|-
| [[Thaon-les-Vosges]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 8,634
|-
| [[Gérardmer]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 7,807
|-
| [[Remiremont]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 7,691
|-
| [[Neufchâteau, Vosges|Neufchâteau]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 6,636
|-
| [[Raon-l'Étape]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 6,205
|-
| [[Rambervillers]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 5,096
|}

== Demographics ==
Population development since 1801:{{historical populations|cols=2|align=none|percentages=pagr|footnote=Sources:<ref name=splaf>{{Cite web|url=http://splaf.free.fr/88his.html|title=Historique des Vosges|website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-88|title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016|publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom
|15=1801|16=308,920|17=1806|18=334,169|19=1831|20=397,987|21=1841|22=419,992|23=1851|24=427,409|25=1861|26=415,485|27=1872|28=392,988|29=1881|30=406,862|31=1891|32=410,196|33=1901|34=421,104|35=1911|36=433,914|37=1921|38=383,684|39=1931|40=377,980|41=1936|42=376,926|43=1946|44=342,315|45=1954|46=372,523|47=1962|48=380,676|49=1968|50=388,201|51=1975|52=397,957|53=1982|54=395,769|55=1990|56=386,258|57=1999|58=380,952|59=2006|60=379,975|61=2011|62=378,830|63=2016|64=369,641}}

==Culture==

The [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[fortified town]] of [[Grand, Vosges|Grand]], located 30&nbsp;km from [[Toul]], has an [[amphitheatre]] and a temple to the [[Cult of Apollo]]. At La Bure, located a few kilometres from Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, archaeologists have found evidence for human habitation going back to around 2000 BC.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===[[Séré de Rivières system|Séré de Rivières]] forts===
As a border area, the Vosges region was a route for possible invasion. As such four important forts were constructed in the department: Bourlémont Fort in Mont-les-Neufchâteau (built between 1878 and 1881); Uxegney Fort (built between 1882 and 1884); Bois l'Abbé Fort (built in 1884 and 1885); and the Le Parmont Fort in Remiremont (built between 1874 and 1876).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismevosges.fr/uk/fort-et-cimetieres.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401130035/http://www.tourismevosges.fr/uk/fort-et-cimetieres.php |title=The Vosges Departmental Tourist Board - Forts and cemeteries |publisher=Tourismevosges.fr |archive-date=1 April 2013}}</ref>

==Politics==

The president of the Departmental Council is [[François Vannson]], first elected in 2015.

=== Presidential elections 2nd round ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Winning Candidate!!Party!!%!!2nd Place Candidate!!Party!!%
|-
|
|[[2022 French presidential election|2022]]
|[[Emmanuel Macron]]
|[[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
|47.59
|[[Marine Le Pen]]
|[[National Rally|RN]]
|52.41
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[2017 French presidential election|2017]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles|title=Présidentielles|first=Ministère de|last=l'Intérieur|website=interieur.gouv.fr}}</ref>
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 55.26
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 44.74
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| [[2012 French presidential election|2012]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 50.94
| [[François Hollande]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 49.06
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| [[2007 French presidential election|2007]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 54.72
| [[Ségolène Royal]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 45.28
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[2002 French presidential election|2002]]<ref name="auto"/>
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 78.81
| [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally|FN]]
| 21.19
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[1995 French presidential election|1995]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politiquemania.com/presidentielles-1995-departement.html|title=Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania|website=www.politiquemania.com}}</ref>
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 51.44
| [[Lionel Jospin]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 48.56
|}

===Current National Assembly Representatives===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français|url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Assemblée nationale|language=fr-FR}}</ref>!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Miscellaneous right}}" |
| [[Vosges's 1st constituency]]
| [[Stéphane Viry]]
| [[Miscellaneous right]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally}}" |
| [[Vosges's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Gaëtan Dussausaye]]
| [[National Rally]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Miscellaneous right}}" |
| [[Vosges's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Christophe Naegelen]]
| [[Miscellaneous right]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally}}" |
| [[Vosges's 4th constituency]]
| [[Sébastien Humbert]]
| [[National Rally]]
|}

== Tourism ==
<gallery>
File:Epinal chateau2.jpg|Fort of [[Épinal]]
File:PA00107138.Maison natale de Jeanne d'Arc.1.jpg|Birth house of [[Joan of Arc]] in [[Domrémy-la-Pucelle]]
File:Ballon-alsace2.jpg|Statue of Joan of Arc erected in 1909 at the former border with [[Alsace-Lorraine]]
File:Coucher de soleil sur la vallée enneigée du Chajoux, janvier 2021 (2).jpg|The [[Vosges]] mountain range in [[La Bresse]]
File:Saint-Dié-des-Vosges-Cathédrale.jpg|[[Saint-Dié Cathedral]]
File:Gérardmer - Lac 28.jpg|[[Lac de Gérardmer]]
File:BU 2013 RNR Rothenbach.JPG|[[Rainkopf]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Cantons of the Vosges department]]
*[[Communes of the Vosges department]]
*[[Arrondissements of the Vosges department]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|fr}} Vosges.com [http://www.vosges.cci.fr/ Economic information about the Vosges]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.vosges.fr/ Departmental Council website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.vosges.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|en}} [https://www.tourisme.vosges.fr/en Tourisme Vosges]
* [http://www.battlefieldseurope.co.uk/ww1alsace.aspx Illustrated Article on the Vosges Battlefields in Winter at 'Battlefields Europe']
* Climbbybike.com: [http://www.climbbybike.com/climbs_selection.asp?Mountainname=orderheight&region=Vosges&CatID=1 All information on and profiles of the climbs and cols of the Vosges]
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Vosges|year=1921 |short=x}}

{{Vosges communes}}
{{Departments of France}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vosges (department)| ]]
[[Category:1790 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Grand Est region articles needing translation from French Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Departments of Grand Est]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1790]]