Editing Victoria University of Manchester

{{Short description|British university (1851–2004)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name         = Victoria University of Manchester
| image_name   = Victoria University of Manchester Arms.svg
| image_size   = 175px
| caption      = [[Coat of arms|Arms]] of the Victoria University of Manchester, adopted 1871
| motto        = {{langx|la|Arduus ad solem}}
| mottoeng     = Striving towards the sun
| established  = {{Nowrap|12 March 1851<ref>12 March 1851 is the opening date of Owens College; the Victoria University received a royal charter 20 April 1880; a royal charter of 15 July 1903 created the Victoria University of Manchester (and abolished the pre-existing University); University and College were merged by Act of Parliament 24 June 1904. Charlton, H. B. (1951), ''Portrait of a University''. Manchester UP, p. 138.</ref>}}
| closed       = {{Nowrap|1 October 2004}}
| type         = [[public university|Public]]
| city         = [[Manchester]]
| country      = England, UK
| coordinates  = {{Coord|53.4675|N|2.2325|W|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| former_names = Owens College
| colours      = Scarf: Blue, green white
 {{scarf|{{Cells|3|navy}}{{Cells|1|white}}{{Cells|1|green}}{{Cells|1|white}}{{Cells|6|navy}}{{Cells|1|white}}{{Cells|1|green}}{{Cells|1|white}}{{Cells|3|navy}}}}
}}

The '''Victoria University of Manchester''', usually referred to as simply the '''University of Manchester''', was a [[university]] in [[Manchester]], England. It was founded in 1851 as '''Owens College'''. In 1880, the college joined the federal [[Victoria University (United Kingdom)|Victoria University]]. After the demerger of the Victoria University, it gained an independent university charter in 1904 as the Victoria University of Manchester.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/victoria/ |title=History of the Victoria University of Manchester |publisher=[[University of Manchester]] |access-date=23 February 2015 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428191334/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/victoria/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 October 2004, the Victoria University of Manchester merged with the [[University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology]] (UMIST) to form a new, larger entity named the [[University of Manchester]].

==History==

===1851–1951===
[[File:Former County Court, Quay Street, Manchester 3.JPG|thumb|Cobden's House, Quay Street]]
Owens College was founded in 1851, named after [[John Owens (merchant)|John Owens]], a textile merchant, who left a bequest of £96,942 for the purpose. Its first accommodation was at [[County Court, Manchester|Cobden House]] on [[Quay Street]], Manchester, in a house which had been the residence of [[Richard Cobden]]. In 1859, Owens College was approved as a provincial examination centre for matriculation candidates of the [[University of London]].<ref>Harte, Negley (1986) ''The University of London 1836–1986'', p.106</ref> As the college progressed the premises became inadequate so a move to [[Chorlton on Medlock]] was planned in 1871. [[Alfred Waterhouse]] was the architect of the new college building, west of Oxford Road, which was opened in 1873.{{efn|Both buildings still exist: the Quay Street house has been adapted to many purposes, recently as offices for solicitors. The college building by Waterhouse is described in the article on the [[University of Manchester]].}}

Owens College became the first affiliate college of the federal [[Victoria University (UK)|Victoria University]] in 1880. In 1884, [[University College Liverpool]] also joined the Victoria University, followed in 1887 by the [[Yorkshire College]] in [[Leeds]]. In 1903, University College Liverpool left the Victoria University to become the independent [[University of Liverpool]]; Leeds followed in 1904 to become the [[University of Leeds]].

The new Victoria University of Manchester was established by royal charter on 15 July 1903; the university and Owens College were merged by Act of Parliament on 24 June 1904. The [[Manchester University Press]] was founded by James Tait in 1904 (as the Publications Committee of the University), initially to publish academic research being undertaken at the Victoria University of Manchester. The office was accommodated in a house in Lime Grove.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.95392/2015.95392.The-Victoria-University-Of-Manchester-Calendar-1933-1934_djvu.txt Victoria University of Manchester; Calendar 1933-1934]; Internet Archive</ref> Distribution was then in the hands of Sherratt & Hughes of Manchester; from 1913 the distributors were [[Longmans, Green & Co.]] though this arrangement came to an end in the 1930s. The MUP offices moved several times to make way for other developments within the university. Since 1951 these have been [[Grove House, Manchester|Grove House]], Oxford Road,<ref>Charlton, H. B. (1951) ''[[Portrait of a University]]''. Manchester: U. P.; pp.&nbsp;94–95, 169.</ref> then the former [[University Dental Hospital of Manchester]] (''illustrated'') and until the present time the [[Manchester Medical School]] in Coupland Street.

===1951–2004===
In the mid-1960s the university and the city corporation commissioned Hugh Wilson and Lewis Womersley to produce a new plan for the campus. The final report was issued in 1966; it recommended removing traffic from Oxford Road to the adjacent main routes east and west, and building of the Precinct Centre – subsequently constructed in 1970–1972.<ref>''Manchester Education Precinct: final report'' / Hugh Wilson & Lewis Womersley. 1966</ref> The Precinct Centre building included the oldest part of the [[Manchester Business School]], Devonshire House and Crawford House and St Peter's House, the University Chaplaincy. It stood on Booth Street East and Booth Street West and Oxford Road ran through it at ground level. The architects were Wilson & Womersley, in association with the university's planning officer, H. Thomas; for St Peter's House the architects were Cruickshank & Seward.<ref>Pullan, Brian & Abendstern, Michele (2004) ''A History of the University of Manchester, 1973–90''. Manchester University Press {{ISBN|0-7190-6242-X}}</ref><ref>Hartwell, C., et al. (2004) ''Lancashire: Manchester and the South-east''. New Haven: Yales University Press; p. 429</ref>{{efn|There were also shops at ground level and first floor level and in the early years there was a branch public library.}} The Precinct Centre was the largest public building completed in the campus redevelopment, containing office and shopping space, a pub, library and post office amongst other town centre facilities, designed to separate pedestrians from traffic.<ref>H. Wilson & J. L. Womersley (1975). Manchester Education Precinct: Summary of 'A Review of the Plan 1974'. Manchester: Manchester University Press.</ref>

The Precinct Centre was demolished in August 2015 as part of Manchester University's £50m redevelopment of Manchester Business School.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford Road bridge meets its demise: Photos as Manchester University's 'iconic' bridge is torn down |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/oxford-road-bridge-demolished-photos-9862712 |website=Manchester Evening News |date=15 August 2015 |access-date=20 September 2016 |archive-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009122759/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/oxford-road-bridge-demolished-photos-9862712 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 5 March 2003 it was announced that the university was to merge with [[University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology|UMIST]] on 1 October 2004, to form the largest conventional university in the UK, the [[University of Manchester]], following which the Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST would cease to exist. The new university was inaugurated on 1 October 2004.

The university had more than 18,000 full-time students (including 2500 international students from more than 120 countries) by the time it merged with UMIST. It was regarded as one of the top universities in the country, frequently achieving top ratings for research.<ref>[http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/about/rae/ Research Assessment Exercise]; University of Manchester (The) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133424/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/about/rae/ |date=22 December 2005 }}</ref>

==Officers==
:''See also [[:Category:Vice-chancellors of the Victoria University of Manchester]]''

The chief officers of the university were the vice-chancellor,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/search/?operation=full&recid=gb133vca |title=Vice-Chancellor's Archive |work=ELGAR: Electronic Gateway to Archives at Rylands |publisher=John Rylands Library |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616042018/https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/?operation=full&recid=gb133vca |url-status=live }}</ref> the registrar, the bursar and the [[John Rylands University Library|librarian]]. In later years many administrative changes were made that increased the independence of the Director of Estates and Services, the Director of the Manchester Computing Centre, and eventually combined the offices of registrar and bursar as that of registrar and secretary, the last holder of this post was Eddie Newcomb (1995–2004).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/conferences/ahua/sp_en.html |title=Eddie Newcomb |publisher=AHUA Annual Conference 2009 |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307141241/http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/conferences/ahua/sp_en.html |archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>

==Notable people==
[[File:Manchester University Laboratory Staff 1910.jpg|thumb|Members of the Victoria Manchester University physical and electro-technical laboratories staff, 1910, including [[Ernest Marsden]], back, second from right; [[William Wilson (physicist)|William Wilson]], middle row, third from left; [[Hans Geiger]], middle row, second from right; [[Herbert Stansfield]], seated, second from left; Professors [[Arthur Schuster]] and [[Ernest Rutherford]], seated, centre.]]
{{main|List of University of Manchester people}}

In the early decades of Owens College, a few outstanding faculty members set high standards for the new institution. These included statistician [[Stanley Jevons]], jurist [[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|James Bryce]], William Eyre Walker (Art Master) and particularly [[Henry Enfield Roscoe]] Professor of Chemistry and Principal of the college.<ref>Messinger, Gary S. ''Manchester in the Victorian Age: the half-known city'' Manchester University Press 1985 p.142  {{ISBN|0719018439}}</ref> It also educated the young  [[J. J. Thomson]] before he went to [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]

Since the later 1800s, many notable people have worked and studied at the Victoria University of Manchester as, for example, [[Benedict Cumberbatch]].

==Motto and arms==
The motto of the university was ''Arduus ad solem'', meaning "striving towards the sun". It is a metaphor for aspiring to [[Divine illumination|enlightenment]]. It is quoted from [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'', Book II,<ref>Virgil Aeneid 2.475 <http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vergil/aen2.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402124629/http://thelatinlibrary.com/vergil/aen2.shtml |date=2 April 2014 }}></ref> and the archives do not record the reasons for its choice.<ref>Thompson, Joseph (1886) ''The Owens College—its foundation and growth''. Manchester: J. E. Cornish</ref> The original verse refers to a serpent and the sun, both of which featured in the university [[coat of arms]]. The serpent is traditionally associated with wisdom. The arms were granted in October 1871 to Owens College while the Victoria University had arms of its own which fell into abeyance from 1904 upon the merger of the college with the University.

According to Norman Marlow (A. N. Marlow, Senior Lecturer in Latin, Department of Classics at the university in the 1960s), the motto ''Arduus ad solem'' – taken from Aeneid II – was a play on words, relating to Manchester's geographical situation. The Virgilian context referred to Pyrrhus, appearing in shining armour 'like a snake which has sloughed its skin, reaching upwards with an effort towards the sun'; the motto was chosen by the Professor of Latin at the time ([[Augustus Wilkins]]) and the coat of arms was applied for – suggesting both the idea of the institution striving towards excellence, and the city (with its particularly high annual rainfall) 'reaching upwards with difficulty towards the sun'.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}

The emblem of the university in use for a number of years (last used September 2004) was based on the archway into the quadrangle from Oxford Road, where there are two coats of arms, of the Victoria University and the Victoria University of Manchester, flanking the gates.

==See also==
{{Portal|Greater Manchester}}
*[[Armorial of UK universities]]
*[[Victoria University (UK)|Victoria University]]
*[[The University of Manchester]]
*[[List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)]]
*[[Listed buildings in Manchester-M13]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
This is a list of books about the Victoria University of Manchester and its predecessor Owens College.

*Charlton, H. B. (1951) ''[[Portrait of a University]], 1851–1951:  to commemorate the centenary of Manchester University''. Manchester: Manchester University Press
*Fiddes, Edward (1937) ''Chapters in the History of Owens College and of Manchester University, 1851–1914''. Manchester: Manchester University Press (Fiddes was registrar of the university 1904-20 and Ward Professor of History 1926–31)
*[[Philip Hartog|Hartog, P. J.]] (1900), editor ''The Owens College, Manchester: a brief history of the college and description of its various departments''. Manchester: J. E. Cornish 
*Pullan, Brian,  with Michele Abendstern (2000) ''A History of the University of Manchester, 1951–73''. Manchester: Manchester University Press {{ISBN|0-7190-5670-5}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=GRCwn1NhCEgC&pg=PA7 Selected pages]
*Pullan, Brian; with Abendstern, Michele  (2004) ''A History of the University of Manchester, 1973-90''. Manchester: Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7190-6242-1}}
*Thompson, Joseph (1886) ''The Owens College its foundation and growth: and its connection with the Victoria University, Manchester''. Manchester: J. E. Cornish 
*[[Thomas Tout|Tout, T. F.]] & [[James Tait (historian)|Tait, James]] (eds.) (1902) ''Historical Essays by the Members of Owens College, Manchester: published in commemoration of its Jubilee, 1851-1901''. London: Longmans, Green 1902
*Whitworth Art Gallery ''Treasures of the University of Manchester: an exhibition to celebrate the granting of the royal charter to the Victoria University in 1880; Whitworth Art Gallery, 26 April -- 28 June 1980''

==External links==
{{NIE Poster|Owens College}}
*[http://archiseek.com/2009/1874-owens-college-manchester-lancashire/ 1874 – Owens College, Manchester, Lancashire]
*[http://www.manchester.ac.uk/ The University of Manchester]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041001010520/http://man.ac.uk/ Old website of The Victoria University of Manchester (closed Sep 2004)]
*[http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/search-resources/guide-to-special-collections/uomarchives/ University of Manchester Archives] held by [[University of Manchester Library|the University of Manchester Library]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100914105055/http://www.shl.lon.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/studentrecords.shtml Lists of students at Owens College]

{{University of Manchester}}
{{Defunct universities and colleges in the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:University of Manchester|.Victoria]]
[[Category:Defunct universities and colleges in England|Victoria University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Universities in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1851]]
[[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 2004]]
[[Category:1851 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2004 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:History of Manchester]]
[[Category:Alfred Waterhouse buildings]]