Editing Vault (gymnastics)

{{Short description|Artistic gymnastics apparatus which gymnasts perform on}}
{{Distinguish|Equestrian vaulting}}
[[Image:Vault figure.jpg|thumb|right]]The '''vault''' is an [[artistic gymnastics]] maneuver typically performed on a pommel horse or a vaulting table. Both male and female gymnasts perform the vault. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is VT.

== The apparatus ==
[[File:Nederlandse kampioenschap turnen dames in Leiden, Bep Ipenburg tijdens paardoefening, Bestanddeelnr 910-8764.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Original vaulting horse configuration (women)]]
[[File:Jaarlijkse turnwedstrijden Steenwedstrijden in de Amsterdamse turnhal, winnaar, Bestanddeelnr 910-8900.jpg|thumb|Original vaulting horse configuration (men)]]
German [[Friedrich Ludwig Jahn]] popularized the vault's early forms. The apparatus itself originated as a "horse", much like the [[pommel horse]] but without the handles; it was sometimes known as the vaulting horse. The horse was set up with its long dimension perpendicular to the run for women, and parallel for men.<ref name="slate">[http://www.slate.com/id/2105452/ What's With That Weird New Vault?], an August 2004 "Explainer" article from ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''</ref> The vaulting horse was the apparatus used in the Olympics for over a century, beginning with the [[Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's vault|Men's vault in the first modern Olympics]] and ending with the Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Following an accident in 1988 and compounded by incidents in 1998 and 2000, [[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|International Gymnastics Federation (FIG)]] re-evaluated and changed the apparatus, citing both safety reasons and the desire to facilitate more impressive acrobatics.<ref name="slate"/>  The [[2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships]] were the first international competition to make use of the "vaulting table", an apparatus made by Dutch gymnastics equipment company [[Janssen-Fritsen]] since the mid-1990s. It features a flat, larger, and more cushioned surface almost parallel to the floor, which slopes downward at the end closest to the [[springboard (gymnastics)|springboard]]; gymnasts nicknamed it the "tongue";<ref name="slate"/> it appears to be somewhat safer than the old apparatus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vault: Everything You Need to know about Vault |url= http://gymnastics.about.com/od/gymnasticsapparatus/p/watchingvault.htm |access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref>

=== Dimensions ===
[[File:Vault-YOGArtisticGymnastics-BishanSportsHall-Singapore-20100816-03.jpg|thumb|Modern vaulting table]]
*Length: {{convert|120|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=magd>{{cite web |title=Apparatus Norms |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1540 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |page=II/21 |format=PDF |access-date=2009-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219195725/http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1540 |archive-date=2011-12-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=wagd>{{cite web |title=Apparatus Norms |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1540 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |page=II/43 |format=PDF |access-date=2009-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219195725/http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1540 |archive-date=2011-12-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Width: {{convert|90|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=magd /><ref name=wagd />
*Height:
**Men: {{convert|135|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=wagd />
**Women: {{convert|125|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=wagd />
*Run-up area:
**Length: {{convert|3500|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} ± {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=magd /><ref name=wagd />
**Width: {{convert|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=magd /><ref name=wagd />

== Vault as gymnastic skill==
[[File:Vault - multiple exposures.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A multiple-exposure image of a gymnast performing a vault ([[handspring double salto forward tucked]]) at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].]]
To perform a vault, the gymnast runs down a runway (the run), which is usually padded or carpeted. They hurdle onto a [[springboard (gymnastics)|springboard]] and spring onto the vault with their hands (the preflight or first flight and block). For vaults in the [[Yurchenko (vault)|Yurchenko]] family, the gymnast will put their hands onto a mat that is placed before the springboard, round-off onto the board, and do a back handspring onto the vault. The off-flight may be as simple as leaping over the apparatus or as complicated as executing several twists and turns in the air. The gymnast then lands on the mat on the other side of the apparatus.

The running speed is correlated with the difficulty of the vault performed, with a stronger correlation for women than men, who may not maximize their sprint speed to achieve even the most difficult vaults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schärer |first1=Christoph |last2=Lehmann |first2=Thomas |last3=Naundorf |first3=Falk |last4=Taube |first4=Wolfgang |last5=Hübner |first5=Klaus |title=The faster, the better? Relationships between run-up speed, the degree of difficulty (D-score), height and length of flight on vault in artistic gymnastics |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=e0213310 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0213310 |pmid=30845256 |pmc=6405201 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1413310S |language=en |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== In competitions==
===Event===
Gymnasts (both male and female) show one vault in Qualification, Team Final, and All Around Final. The gymnasts must perform a second vault during qualifications to qualify for vault apparatus finals.<ref name=vt /><ref name=vtrules>{{cite web |title=MAG Code of Points 2009-2012 |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1205 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |page=86 |format=PDF |access-date=2009-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001002145/http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1205 |archive-date=2009-10-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  In the Apparatus Finals gymnasts must also show two vaults.<ref name=vt /><ref name=vtrules />  For men, the two vaults must be from different element groups,<ref name=vtrules /> while women must show two vaults with different repulsion and flight phase from the vault table.<ref name=vt />

=== Scoring===
The score combines the D-value, the difficulty, and the E-value, the execution.

The projected difficulty is increased with every skill included. Each skill has its own value; the harder the skill, the higher the start value. In 2009, FIG made some changes to put less emphasis on the difficulty and reduce the number of skills required, making the gymnasts focus harder on the perfect execution of the vault.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Gymnastics:Women's Gymnastics Rules and Judging|url=http://gymnastics.about.com/od/majorcompetitions/a/WomensRules.htm}}</ref>

The execution score is out of 10.0, looking at the form, height, length, and landing. Judges look through four main phases: the preflight, support, after-flight, and landing.<ref name="gymnasticsontario">{{cite web|title=Women's Artistic|url=http://www.gymnasticsontario.ca/about-gymnastics/womens-artistic-wag/|publisher=Gymnastics Ontario}}</ref> Gymnasts are expected to land cleanly, with no hops or steps, and within a set landing zone on the landing mat.<ref>{{cite web |title=MAG Code of Points 2009-2012 |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1205 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |page=85 |format=PDF |access-date=2009-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001002145/http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1205 |archive-date=2009-10-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=vt>{{cite web |title=WAG Code of Points 2009-2012 |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1258 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |pages=22–23 |format=PDF |access-date=2009-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219204732/http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1258 |archive-date=2011-12-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Falling or stepping on landing incurs deduction, as will lack of height off the table, or distance from the table.<ref name=vt /><ref name=magvt>{{cite web |title=MAG Code of Points 2009-2012 |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1205 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |pages=87–88 |format=PDF |access-date=2009-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001002145/http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1205 |archive-date=2009-10-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 

== Vault families ==
<!-- rewrite by summarizing the history of different vault types rather than current FIG rules -->
[[File:First flight phases of handspring, Tsukahara, and Yurchenko vaults.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2|First flight phases of [[front handspring vaults|handspring]], [[Tsukahara (vault)|Tsukahara]], and [[Yurchenko vault family|Yurchenko vaults]]]]
Vault styles are broken into various groups or families. To compete in a vault final, a gymnast must perform two vaults from different groups whose second flight phase is not identical.<ref name=MAGCOP2022>[https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_%202022-2024%20MAG%20CoP.pdf MAG COP 2022-2024] p. 101</ref><ref name=WAGCOP2022>[https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_2022-2024%20WAG%20COP.pdf WAG COP 2022–2024] 10.3</ref>
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=== Vault groups (men) ===
There are four vault categories for men:<ref name=MAGCOP2022/>
#Single salto vaults with complex twists.
#[[front handspring vaults|Handspring vaults]] with or without simple twists, and all [[handspring double salto forward tucked|double salto fwd]].
#Handspring sideways and [[Tsukahara vaults]] with or without simple twists, and all double salto bwd.
#[[Yurchenko vault family|Round off entry vaults]]
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=== Vault groups (women) ===
There are five vault categories for women:<ref name=WAGCOP2022/>
#Vault without salto (Handspring, Yamashita, Round-off) with or without LA turn in 1st and/or 2nd flight phase.
#Handspring fwd with or without 1/1 turn (360°) in 1st flight phase – salto fwd or bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase.
#Handspring with ¼ - ½ turn (90° - 180°) in 1st flight phase (Tsukahara) – salto bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase.
#Round-off (Yurchenko) with or without ¾ turn (270°) in 1st flight phase – salto bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase.
#Round-off with ½ turn (180°) in 1st flight phase – salto fwd or bwd with or without twist in 2nd flight phase. 
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==Injuries==

The horse has been blamed for several serious accidents over the years. In 1988, American [[Julissa Gomez]] was paralyzed in a vaulting accident; she died from complications from her injuries three years later.<ref>Rebecca Seal, [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,6903,1654132,00.html "Tales from the vaults"], ''Guardian Unlimited'' December 4, 2005</ref> During warmups at the 1998 [[Goodwill Games]], Chinese gymnast [[Sang Lan]] fell and suffered [[paralysis]] from a [[Cervical vertebrae|cervical-spine]] injury.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/73748.htm "Smiling Sang Lan"] Xinhua News Agency, August 29, 2003</ref> In a series of crashes when the horse's height was set too low at the 2000 Olympics, gymnasts either rammed into the horse's front end, or had bad landings after having problems with their hand placements during push-off.<ref>[https://static.espn.go.com/oly/summer00/news/2000/0924/773871.html "Vault mixup could have cost gymnast medal"], ''ESPN'', September 28, 2000</ref>

In 2007, Dutch junior gymnast [[Imke Glas]] was seriously injured after a fall on a vault.<ref>{{cite web |title=EenVandaag: Het wonder Imke Glas |url= http://www.eenvandaag.nl/binnenland/33698/het_wonder_imke_glas |date=2008-07-08 |access-date=2009-10-04 |language=nl}}</ref>

A 2021 study suggested that landing scoring criteria for vault in women's gymnastics increased the risk of injury compared to the criteria in men's gymnastics.<ref name=Straker>{{cite journal |last1=Straker |first1=Rebecca |last2=Exell |first2=Timothy A. |last3=Farana |first3=Roman |last4=Hamill |first4=Joseph |last5=Irwin |first5=Gareth |title=Biomechanical responses to landing strategies of female artistic gymnasts |journal=European Journal of Sport Science |date=2021 |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1678–1685 |doi=10.1080/17461391.2021.1976842|pmid=34570691 |s2cid=238204536 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Both this study and an earlier one from 2015 recommended allowing more flexion at the knees during landing to reduce impact-related injuries.<ref name=Straker/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slater |first1=Allana |last2=Campbell |first2=Amity |last3=Smith |first3=Anne |last4=Straker |first4=Leon |title=Greater lower limb flexion in gymnastic landings is associated with reduced landing force: a repeated measures study |journal=Sports Biomechanics |date=2015 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=45–56 |doi=10.1080/14763141.2015.1029514|pmid=25895434 |s2cid=11858682 }}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Artistic Gymnastics Apparatus and Equipment}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions Vault Men}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions - Artistic Gymnastics - Women's Vault}}
{{NavigationWorldChampionsArtisticGymnasticsMen’sVault}}
{{NavigationWorldChampionsArtisticGymnasticsWomenVault}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vault (Gymnastics)}}
[[Category:Artistic gymnastics apparatus]]
[[Category:Vault (gymnastics)]]