Editing Vampyrellidae

{{Short description|Family of single-celled organisms}}
{{expand French|topic=scitech|Vampyrellidae|category=Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia|date=June 2019}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Vampyrella lateritia.jpg
| image_alt = "Vampyrella lateritia"
| image_caption = ''[[Vampyrella lateritia]]''
| taxon = Vampyrellidae
| authority = Zopf, 1885
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = 
*[[Vampyrella]]
| diversity =
[[#Genera and species|19 species]]
}}

The family '''Vampyrellidae''' is a subgroup of the order [[Vampyrellida]] (or [[Aconchulinida]]) within the [[supergroup (biology)|supergroup]] [[Rhizaria]].<ref name="urlVampyrellidae">{{cite web |url=https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/325674 |title=Vampyrellidae |access-date=2009-03-08}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Hess|first1=Sebastian|last2=Sausen|first2=Nicole|last3=Melkonian|first3=Michael|date=2012-02-15|title=Shedding Light on Vampires: The Phylogeny of Vampyrellid Amoebae Revisited|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=2|pages=e31165|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031165|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3280292|pmid=22355342|bibcode=2012PLoSO...731165H|doi-access=free}}</ref> Based on molecular sequence data, the family currently comprises the genus ''[[Vampyrella]]'', and maybe several other vampyrellid amoebae (e.g. ''Gobiella'').<ref name=":0" /> The cells are naked and characterised by radiating, filose [[pseudopodia]] (also referred to as [[filopodia]]) and an orange colouration of the main cell body.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cienkowski|first=L.|date=1865-12-01|title=Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Monaden|journal=Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie|language=de|volume=1|issue=1|pages=203–232|doi=10.1007/BF02961414|s2cid=84323025|issn=0176-7364|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2126831}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze|last=Zopf|first=Wilhelm|publisher=Trewendt|year=1885|location=Breslau}}</ref>

In former times the family Vampyrellidae contained several genera (e.g. ''[[Vampyrella]]'', ''Gobiella'', ''Leptophrys'', ''Platyreta'', ''Theratromyxa'') and was identical with the order [[Vampyrellida]], also known under the name "Aconchulinida".<ref name="Bass">{{cite journal |author=David Bass |author2=Ema E.-Y. Chao |author3=Sergey Nikolaev |author4=Akinori Yabuki |author5=Ken-ichiro Ishida |author6=Cédric Berney |author7=Ursula Pakzad |author8=Claudia Wylezich |author9=Thomas Cavalier-Smith |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised |journal=[[Protist (journal)|Protist]] |volume=160 |issue=1 |pages=75–109 |pmid=18952499 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002}}</ref> However, based on molecular sequence data the family Vampyrellidae was restricted to a subgroup containing only the genus ''[[Vampyrella]]'', and a different family [[Leptophryidae]] was established for the genera ''[[Leptophrys]]'', ''[[Platyreta]]'' and ''[[Theratromyxa]]''.<ref name=":0" />

==Characteristics==
[[File:General physiology; an outline of the science of life (1899) (14596233838).jpg|thumb|right|''Vampyrella'' and ''[[Spirogyra]]'']]
When free-floating, the cell is spherical and around 30 μm across, with long radially directed filose pseudopods as well as distinctive shorter club-shaped ones, so that it resembles a [[heliozoa]]n. Moving, the cell stretches out and takes a more typical [[amoeboid]] form, with an obvious distinction between the clear periphery and pseudopods and the greenish interior.  In this form it finds its way into [[alga]]e cells and feeds on their interiors. At least one genus, Theratromyxa, also feeds on soil nematodes.<ref>[https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/m89-094 Morphology and fine structure of the trophozoites of Theratromyxa weberi (Protozoa: Vampyrellidae) predacious on soil nematodes]</ref> A few other vampyrellids are [[parasitism|parasitic]] on [[fungi]]. As such, these vampyrellids can be an important control of parasitic [[Rust (fungus)|rust fungus]] of [[wheat]] and other crops.

Vampyrellids characteristically have [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] with tubular [[crista]]e. Together with the [[nucleariid]]s they include the majority of the naked filose amoebae.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Systematics and phylogeny==
===Genera and species===
There are at least 19 credibly described [[species]] that are either proved or likely to belong to the family Vampyrellidae, all of them belonging to the genus ''[[Vampyrella]]''.<ref name="Hess_2022"/>
*''[[Vampyrella]]'' {{au|Cienkowski 1865}}. 19 species.
**''[[Vampyrella agilis]]'' {{au|Penard 1890}}
**''[[Vampyrella atheyae]]'' {{au|Zyloff 1903}}
**''[[Vampyrella closterii]]'' {{au|Poisson & Mangenot 1933}}<br>=''Gobiella closterii'' {{au|Röpstorf et al. 1994}}
**''[[Vampyrella euglenae]]'' {{au|Dangeard 1886}}
**''[[Vampyrella flabellata]]'' {{au|Cash 1904}}
**''[[Vampyrella gomphonematis]]'' {{au|Haeckel 1870}}
**''[[Vampyrella helioproteus]]'' {{au|Engelmann 1882}}
**''[[Vampyrella incolor]]'' {{au|de Bruyne 1890}}
**''[[Vampyrella inermis]]'' {{au|Klein 1882}}
**''[[Vampyrella lateritia]]'' {{au|(Fresenius 1856) Leidy 1879}}<br>= ''Amoeba lateritia'' {{au|Fresenius 1856}}<br>= ''Vampyrella spirogyrae'' {{au|Cienkowski 1865}}
**''[[Vampyrella mirabilis]]'' {{au|Dangeard 1935}}
**''[[Vampyrella multiformis]]'' {{au|Zopf 1885}}
**''[[Vampyrella pallida]]'' {{au|Moebius 1888}}<br>= ''Vampyrina pallida'' {{au|(Moebius 1888) Frenzel 1897}}
**''[[Vampyrella peritrichophaga]]'' {{au|Dangeard 1886}}
**''[[Vampyrella polyblasta]]'' {{au|Sorokin 1876}}
**''[[Vampyrella radiosa]]'' {{au|Penard 1890}}
**''[[Vampyrella soror]]'' {{au|Shouteden 1905}}
**''[[Vampyrella ulothricis]]'' {{au|Scherffel 1935}}
**''[[Vampyrella variabilis]]'' {{au|Klein 1882}}

===Phylogenetic tree===
The following cladogram depicts the relationships between Vampyrellidae and other vampyrellid families. Of the 19 species, only 2 species of ''[[Vampyrella]]'' have been genetically sequenced, which limits the information on the internal relationships of the genus.<ref name="Hess_2022"/>
{{clade|style=font-size:90%|label1=[[Vampyrellida]]|1={{clade|2=[[Sericomyxidae]]|1={{clade|2=[[Placopodidae]]|1={{clade|2={{clade|1=lineage B4|2=lineage B2}}|1={{clade|2=‘''[[Thalassomyxa]]'' clade’|1={{clade|2=lineage B1|label1=clade A|1={{clade|label2='''Vampyrellidae'''|2={{clade|1=''[[Vampyrella lateritia]]''|2=''[[Vampyrella pendula]]''}}|1=[[Leptophryidae]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Hess_2022">{{cite journal |last1=Hess |first1=Sebastian |last2=Suthaus |first2=Andreas |title=The Vampyrellid Amoebae (Vampyrellida, Rhizaria) |journal=Protist |year=2022 |volume=173 |issue=1: 125854 |page=125854 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2021.125854 |pmid=35091168 |s2cid=245303468 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S143446102100064X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{cite journal |first1=Peter |last1=Röpstorf |first2=Norbert |last2=Hülsmann  |first3=Klaus |last3=Hausmann  |year=1994 |title=Comparative fine structural investigations of interphase and mitotic nuclei of vampyrellid filose amoebae |journal=[[Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=18–30 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.1994.tb05930.x|s2cid=84357480 }}
*http://starcentral.mbl.edu/microscope/portal.php?pagetitle=assetfactsheet&imageid=932
*http://tolweb.org/tree?group=The_other_protists&contgroup=Eukaryotes

{{Wikispecies}}

{{Rhizaria}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q917169}}

[[Category:Rhizaria families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf]]