Editing Valerie Solanas

{{Short description|American radical feminist (1936–1988)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|cs1-dates=ll|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Valerie Solanas
| image              = Valerie Solanas by Fred W. McDarrah.jpg
| caption            = Solanas in ''[[The Village Voice]]'' newsroom, 1967, by [[Fred W. McDarrah]]
| birth_name         = Valerie Jean Solanas
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1936|4|9}}
| birth_place        = [[Ventnor City, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1988|4|25|1936|4|9}}
| death_place        = [[San Francisco, California]], U.S.
| occupation         = Writer
| education          = [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
| children           = 1
| movement           = [[Radical feminism]]
| signature          = Solanas-signature.png
| module             = {{Infobox writer
| embed        = yes
| pseudonym    =
| period       =
| genre        =
| notableworks = {{plainlist|
* ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Up Your Ass (play)|Up Your Ass]]'', a play ({{abbr|wr.|written}} 1965, {{abbr|prem.|premiered}} 2000, {{abbr|publ.|published}} 2014)}}
| influences   =
| influenced   =
| awards       =
| portaldisp   =
}}
| criminal_charges   = [[Attempted murder]], assault, [[Gun law in the United States|illegal possession of a gun]]; [[Plea deal|plead to]] reckless assault with intent to harm
| criminal_penalty   = 3 years imprisonment
}}

'''Valerie Jean Solanas''' (April 9, 1936 – April 25, 1988) was an American [[radical feminist]] known for [[Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol|her attempt to murder]] the artist [[Andy Warhol]] in 1968. 

Solanas appeared in the Warhol film ''[[I, a Man]]'' (1967) and self-published the ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'', a feminist pamphlet calling for the extinction of men. She believed Warhol was conspiring with her publisher, [[Maurice Girodias]], to keep her manuscript from getting published. On June 3, 1968, Solanas shot Warhol and art critic [[Mario Amaya]] at [[the Factory]]. She was charged with [[attempted murder]], assault, and illegal possession of a firearm. Solanas was subsequently diagnosed with [[Schizophrenia|paranoid schizophrenia]] and sentenced to three years in prison. After her release, Solanas was arrested again for aggravated assault in 1971 after threatening ''[[Evergreen Review]]'' editor [[Barney Rosset]]. She continued to promote the ''SCUM Manifesto'' and was an editor for the biweekly feminist magazine ''[[Majority Report]]''. She became destitute and died of [[pneumonia]] in 1988.

[[Category:Violence against men]]

== Early life ==
Valerie Solanas was born in 1936 in [[Ventnor City, New Jersey]], to Louis Solanas and Dorothy Marie Biondo.<ref>State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Violet|1990|p=184}}.</ref><ref name="Lord">{{harvp|Lord|2010}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Harron|1996|p=xi}}.</ref> Her father was a bartender and her mother a dental assistant.<ref name="Lord" /><ref name="Fahs_3">{{harvp|Fahs|2014|p=3}}.</ref> She had a younger sister, Judith Arlene Solanas Martinez.<ref>{{harvp|Jansen|2011|p=141}}.</ref> Her father was born in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada, to parents who immigrated from Spain. Her mother was an Italian-American of [[Genoa]]n and [[Sicilian Americans|Sicilian]] descent born in [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="Fahs_3" />

Solanas alleged that her father regularly [[child sexual abuse|sexually abused]] her.<ref name="Watson35">{{harvp|Watson|2003|pp=35–36}}.</ref> Her parents divorced when she was young, and her mother remarried shortly afterwards.<ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1996|p=48}}.</ref> Solanas disliked her stepfather and began rebelling against her mother, becoming a [[truancy|truant]]. As a child, she wrote insults for children to use on one another, for the cost of a dime. She beat up a girl in high school who was bothering a younger boy, and also hit a [[nun]].<ref name="Lord" />

Because of her rebellious behavior, Solanas' mother sent her to be raised by her grandparents in 1949. Solanas reported that her grandfather was a violent alcoholic who often beat her. When she was aged 15, she left her grandparents and became homeless.<ref>{{harvp|Buchanan|2011|p=132}}.</ref> In 1953, Solanas gave birth to a son, fathered by a married sailor.<ref>{{harvp|Fahs|2014|pp=23–24}}.</ref>{{Efn|Solanas's cousin claimed the man was a sailor, and that she may have also given birth to a second child before leaving home.<ref name="Fahs2008">{{harvp|Fahs|2008}}.</ref>}} The child, named David, was taken away and she never saw him again.<ref name="Coburn">{{cite web |first=Judith |last=Coburn |date=January 11, 2000 |title=Solanas Lost and Found |work=[[The Village Voice]] |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-01-11/news/solanas-lost-and-found/ |access-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013095242/http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-01-11/news/solanas-lost-and-found/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jobey">{{cite news |first=Liz |last=Jobey, Liz |title=Solanas and Son |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 24, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hewitt|2004|p=602}}.</ref>{{Efn|Lord stated that Solanas and her son lived with "a middle-class military couple outside of Washington, D.C." before she went to the University of Maryland. This couple might have paid for her college tuition, according to Lord.<ref name="Lord" />}}

After high school, Solanas earned a degree in [[psychology]] from the [[University of Maryland, College Park]], where she was in the [[Psi Chi]] Honor Society.<ref>{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=154}}.</ref><ref>Regarding the honor society: {{harvp|Jansen|2011|p=152}}.</ref> While at the University of Maryland, she hosted a call-in radio show where she gave advice on how to combat men.<ref name="Watson35" /> Solanas was an open lesbian, despite the conservative cultural climate of the 1950s.<ref name="Heller2001">{{harvp|Heller|2001}}.</ref>

Solanas attended the [[University of Minnesota]]'s Graduate School of Psychology, where she worked in the animal research laboratory,<ref name="Nickels2005C">{{harvp|Nickels|2005|pp=15–16}}.</ref> before dropping out and moving to attend [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] for a few courses. It was during this time that she began writing the ''SCUM Manifesto''.<ref name="Jobey" />

== New York City and the Factory ==
[[File:Warhol silver trunk 03.jpg|thumb|right|alt=silver painted trunk within a Plexiglas vitrine|This prop trunk, used in [[Andy Warhol]]'s Silver [[The Factory|Factory]], is where the copy of the "Up Your Ass" script Solanas gave Warhol was eventually found after Warhol's death in 1987.]]

In the mid-1960s, Solanas moved to New York City and supported herself through [[begging]] and [[Prostitution in the United States|prostitution]].<ref name="Heller2001" /><ref>{{harvp|Hamilton|2002|pp=264 ''ff''}}.</ref> In 1965, she wrote two works: an autobiographical<ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1968|p=89}}.</ref> short story, "A Young Girl's Primer on How to Attain the Leisure Class",<!--Some sources title this work "A Young Girl's Primer or How to Attain the Leisure Class", but the original typed version uses "on", not "or".--> and a play, ''[[Up Your Ass (play)|Up Your Ass]]'',{{Efn|The original title of the work is ''Up Your Ass, or, From the Cradle to the Boat, or, The Big Suck, or, Up from the Slime''.<ref name="Lord" /><ref name="Fahs2008" />}} about a young prostitute.<ref name="Heller2001" /> According to James Martin Harding, the play is "based on a plot about a woman who 'is a man-hating hustler and panhandler' and who&nbsp;... ends up killing a man."<ref name="CuttingPerfs-p168">{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=168}}.</ref> Harding describes it as more a "provocation than&nbsp;... a work of dramatic literature"<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=169}}.</ref> and "rather adolescent and contrived".<ref name="CuttingPerfs-p168" /> The short story was published in [[Cavalier (magazine)|''Cavalier'' magazine]] in July 1966.<ref>{{harvp|Watson|2003|p=447}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |title=For 2¢: Pain |journal=[[Cavalier (magazine)|Cavalier]] |date=July 1966 |pages=38–40, 76–77}}</ref> ''Up Your Ass'' remained unpublished until 2014.<ref>{{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Up Your Ass |publisher=VandA.ePublishing |asin=B00JE6N2UG}}</ref>

In 1967, Solanas called [[pop art]]ist [[Andy Warhol]] at his studio, [[the Factory]], and asked him to produce ''Up Your Ass''. According to Warhol, he thought the title was "wonderful" and he invited her to come over with it.<ref name="Warhol 1980">{{Cite book |last=Warhol |first=Andy |url=https://archive.org/details/popismwarhol60s0000warh/mode/2up?q=valerie |title=Popism: The Warhol '60s |date=1980 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-173095-7 |location=New York |pages=271}}</ref> He accepted the script for review, told Solanas it was "well typed", and promised to read it.<ref name="Nickels2005C" /> However, when he read the script he thought it was so [[pornographic]] that it must have been a police trap.<ref name="Warhol 1980" /> Solanas later contacted Warhol about the script and when she was told that he had lost it, she started demanding money.<ref name="Warhol 1980" /> She was staying at the [[Hotel Chelsea|Chelsea Hotel]] and told Warhol that she needed money for rent so he offered to pay her $25 to appear in his film ''[[I, a Man]]'' (1967).<ref name="Warhol 1980" /><ref name="Nickels2005C" />

In her role in ''I, a Man'', Solanas leaves the film's title character, played by [[Tom Baker (American actor)|Tom Baker]], to fend for himself, explaining, "I gotta go beat my meat" as she exits the scene.<ref>{{Cite video |people=Warhol, Andy (Director) |date=1967 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0220569 |title=I, a Man |medium=Motion picture}}</ref> She was satisfied with her experience working with Warhol and her performance in the film, and brought [[Maurice Girodias]], the founder of [[Olympia Press]], to see it. Girodias described her as being "very relaxed and friendly with Warhol". Solanas also had a nonspeaking role in Warhol's film ''[[Bike Boy]]'' (1967).<ref>{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|p=201}}.</ref>

=== ''SCUM Manifesto'' ===
{{Main|SCUM Manifesto}}

In 1967, Solanas self-published her best-known work, the ''SCUM Manifesto'', a scathing critique of [[Patriarchy|patriarchal culture]]. The manifesto's opening words are:<ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1967|p=1}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|DeMonte|2010|p=178}}.</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=<!-- The quotation marks within the quotation are in the original. -->"Life" in this "society" being, at best, an utter bore and no aspect of "society" being at all relevant to women, there remains to civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking females only to overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation and eliminate the male sex.}}

Some authors have argued that the ''Manifesto'' is a [[SCUM Manifesto#As parody and satire|parody and satirical work]] targeting patriarchy. According to Harding, Solanas described herself as "a social propagandist",<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=152}}, citing {{harvp|Frank|1996|p=211}}.</ref> but she denied that the work was "a put on"<ref name="Marmorstein_9">{{harvp|Marmorstein|1968|p=9}}.</ref> and insisted that her intent was "dead serious".<ref name="Marmorstein_9" /> The ''Manifesto'' has been translated into over a dozen languages and is excerpted in several [[feminism|feminist]] anthologies.<ref>{{harvp|Hewitt|2004|p=603}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Morgan|1970|pp=514–519}}.</ref><ref>See also {{harvp|Rich|1993|p=17}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=165}}, citing as excerpting ''SCUM Manifesto'':<br />{{cite book |editor1-last=Kolmar |editor1-first=Wendy |editor2-last=Bartkowski |editor2-first=Frances |title=Feminist Theory: A Reader |location=Mountain View, California |publisher=Mayfield |date=2000}}<br /> {{cite book |editor1-last=Albert |editor1-first=Judith Clavir |editor2-last=Albert |editor2-first=Stewart Edward |title=The Sixties Papers: Documents of a Rebellious Decade |date=1984}}</ref>

While living at the [[Hotel Chelsea|Chelsea Hotel]], Solanas introduced herself to Girodias, a fellow resident of the hotel. In August 1967, Girodias and Solanas signed<ref>{{harvp|Harron|1996|p=xxi}}.</ref> an informal contract stating that she would give Girodias her "next writing, and other writings".<ref name="Baer-Outlaw-p202">{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|p=202}}.</ref> In exchange, Girodias paid her $500.<ref name="Baer-Outlaw-p202" /><ref>{{harvp|Watson|2003|p=334}}.</ref><ref name="BaerAbt-p51">{{harvp|Baer|1996|p=51}}.</ref> Solanas took this to mean that Girodias would own her work.<ref name="BaerAbt-p51" /> She told [[Paul Morrissey]] that "everything I write will be his. He's done this to me&nbsp;.... He's screwed me!"<ref name="BaerAbt-p51" /> Solanas intended to write a novel based on the ''SCUM Manifesto'' and believed that a conspiracy was behind Warhol's failure to return the ''Up Your Ass'' script. She suspected that he was coordinating with Girodias to steal her work.

=== Shooting ===
{{main|Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol}}
[[File:Andy Warhol by Jack Mitchell.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Warhol]] and his dachshund [[Archie Warhol]], 1973]]
On June 3, 1968, Valerie Solanas arrived at the [[Hotel Chelsea]] and asked for Girodias, who was unavailable. She stayed there for three hours before heading to the [[Grove Press]], where she asked for [[Barney Rosset]], who was also not available.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p202-3">{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|pp=202–203}}.</ref> In her 2014 biography of Solanas, Breanne Fahs argues that it is unlikely that she appeared at the Hotel Chelsea looking for Girodias, speculating that Girodias may have fabricated the account to boost sales for the ''SCUM Manifesto''.<ref name="Fahs_133">{{harvp|Fahs|2014|p=133}}.</ref> Instead, is believed to have been at the Actors Studio in Manhattan early that morning. Actress [[Sylvia Miles]] claimed Solanas arrived at the Actors Studio looking for [[Lee Strasberg]], asking to leave a copy of ''Up Your Ass''.<ref name="Fahs_133" /> Miles informed Solanas that Strasberg would not be in until the afternoon, accepted the script, and then shut the door because she knew Solanas was trouble.<ref name="Fahs_133" />

Solanas then visited producer [[Margo Feiden]] (then Margo Eden) in Brooklyn to convince her to produce ''Up Your Ass''. Feiden repeatedly refused to produce the play, so Solanas pulled out her gun and she promised to shoot Andy Warhol to make her and the play famous. As she left Feiden's residence, she handed her a partial copy of an earlier draft of the play and other personal papers.<ref>{{harvp|Fahs|2014|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h9ZWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT323 footnote 198]}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Fahs|2014|pp=134–137}}.</ref> Feiden reported the incident to her local police precinct, but they responded with reluctance, stating that arresting someone because they believed she was going to kill Warhol was impossible.<ref name="Fahs_137">{{harvp|Fahs|2014|p=137}}.</ref> 

Solanas went to the Factory and waited outside for Andy to get money. Morrissey arrived and tried to get rid of her by telling her Warhol wouldn't be in that day.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p203">{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|p=203}}.</ref> She left but later entered the building with Warhol and Factory assistant [[Jed Johnson (designer)|Jed Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Member |first=Samuel Spencer Newsweek Is A. Trust Project |date=2022-03-10 |title=When and Why Andy Warhol Was Shot |url=https://www.newsweek.com/andy-warhol-diaries-when-why-shot-valerie-solanas-netflix-1686744 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> While Warhol was on the phone, Solanas fired at him three times. Her first two shots missed, but the third went through his [[spleen]], [[stomach]], [[liver]], [[esophagus]], and [[lung|lungs]].<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p202-3" /> She then also shot art critic [[Mario Amaya]].<ref name="Harding2010C">{{harvp|Harding|2010|pp=151–173}}.</ref> Warhol was taken to [[Cabrini Medical Center|Columbus–Mother Cabrini Hospital]] in critical condition, where he underwent a successful five-hour operation.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p202-3" /><ref>{{harvp|Dillenberger|2001|p=31}}.</ref>

Later that day, Solanas turned herself in to police, gave up her gun, and confessed to the shooting,<ref>{{harvp|Baer|1996|p=53}}.</ref> telling an officer that Warhol "had too much control in my life".<ref name="Harding2010B">{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=152}}.</ref> She was fingerprinted and charged with [[felonious assault]] and possession of a deadly weapon.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204">{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|p=204}}.</ref> The next morning, the New York ''[[New York Daily News|Daily News]]'' ran the front-page headline: "Actress Shoots Andy Warhol". Solanas demanded a retraction of the statement that she was an actress. The ''Daily News'' changed the headline in its later edition and added a quote from Solanas stating, "I'm a writer, not an actress."<ref name="Harding2010B" />

=== Trial ===
At her arraignment in [[Manhattan Criminal Court]], Solanas denied shooting Warhol because he would not produce her play but said "it was for the opposite reason",<ref name="ActressDefiant-col1">{{cite news |last1=Faso |first1=Frank |first2=Henry |last2=Lee |date=June 5, 1968 |title=Actress defiant: 'I'm not sorry' |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |volume=49 |issue=297 |page=42}}</ref> that "he has a legal claim on my works".<ref name="ActressDefiant-col1" />  She declared that she wanted to represent herself<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204" /> and she insisted that she "was right in what I did! I have nothing to regret!"<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204" /> The judge struck Solanas' comments from the court record and had her admitted to [[Bellevue Hospital]] for psychiatric observation.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204" />{{Quote box |width=26em |align=right |bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |halign=left |quote=I consider that a moral act. And I consider it immoral that I missed. I should have done target practice.|source = — Valerie Solanas on her assassination attempt on Andy Warhol<ref name="replies">{{cite journal |title=Valerie Solanas replies |date=August 1, 1977 |journal=The Village Voice |volume=XXII |issue=31 |page=29}}</ref><ref name="Third">{{harvp|Third|2006}}.</ref>}}
After a cursory evaluation, Solanas was declared mentally unstable and transferred to the prison ward of [[Elmhurst Hospital Center|Elmhurst Hospital]].<ref>{{harvp|Fahs|2014|p=198}}.</ref> She appeared at [[New York Supreme Court]] on June 13, 1968. [[Florynce Kennedy]] represented her and asked for a writ of {{lang|la|[[habeas corpus]]}}, arguing that Solanas was being held inappropriately at Elmhurst. The judge denied the motion and Solanas returned to Elmhurst. On June 28, Solanas was indicted on charges of [[attempted murder]], assault, and illegal possession of a firearm.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 29, 1968 |title=Woman Indicated in N.Y. In Warhol Shooting |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-valerie-solanas-indicte/157789249/ |work=The Buffalo News |pages=3}}</ref> She was declared "incompetent" in August and sent to [[Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 17, 1968 |title=Girl Who Shot Andy Warhol Ruled Insane |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-valerie-solan/157789401/ |work=The San Francisco Examiner |pages=3}}</ref> That same month, [[Olympia Press]] published the ''SCUM Manifesto'' with essays by Girodias and Krassner.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sorensen |first=Robert |date=1968-08-18 |title=SCUM Founder Puts Men Down With Loud Thud |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-scum-founder-puts-men-down/170843768/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=Star Tribune |pages=E 7}}</ref>

In January 1969, Solanas underwent psychiatric evaluation and was diagnosed with chronic [[paranoid schizophrenia]].<ref name="Watson35" /> In June, she was deemed fit to stand trial. She represented herself without an attorney and pleaded guilty to "reckless assault with intent to harm".<ref name="Jansen153">{{harvp|Jansen|2011|p=153}}.</ref><ref name="AKPress55">{{harvp|Solanas|1996|p=55}}.</ref> Solanas was sentenced to three years in prison, with one year of time served.<ref name="Jansen153" /><ref name="AKPress55" />

== Media response ==
The shooting of Warhol propelled Solanas into the public spotlight, prompting a flurry of commentary and opinions in the media. Robert Marmorstein, writing in ''[[The Village Voice]]'', declared that Solanas "has dedicated the remainder of her life to the avowed purpose of eliminating every single male from the face of the earth".<ref name="Marmorstein_9" /> [[Norman Mailer]] called her the "[[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]] of feminism".<ref name="Nickels2005D" /> Historian [[Alice Echols]] writes that members of [[New York Radical Women]] knew "next to nothing" about Solanas until her 1968 shooting of Warhol, but that afterward, Solanas’s case became a {{lang|fr|[[cause célèbre]]}} among radical feminists, and ''SCUM Manifesto'' became "obligatory reading".<ref>{{harvp|Echols|1989|p=104–105}}.</ref>

[[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], the New York chapter president of the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW), described Solanas as "the first outstanding champion of women's rights"<ref name="Nickels2005D">{{harvp|Nickels|2005|p=17}}.</ref> and "a 'heroine' of the feminist movement",<ref name="Friedan_109">{{harvp|Friedan|1976|p=109}}.</ref><ref name="Friedan_138">{{harvp|Friedan|1998|p=138}}.</ref> and "smuggled [her manifesto]&nbsp;... out of the mental hospital where Solanas was confined".<ref name="Friedan_109" /><ref name="Friedan_138" /> According to [[Betty Friedan]], the NOW board rejected Atkinson's statement.<ref name="Friedan_138" /> Atkinson left NOW and founded another feminist organization.<ref>{{harvp|Willis|1992|p=124}}.</ref> According to Friedan, "the media continued to treat Ti-Grace as a leader of the women's movement, despite its repudiation of her".<ref>{{harvp|Friedan|1998|p=139}}.</ref> Kennedy, another NOW member, called Solanas "one of the most important spokeswomen of the feminist movement."<ref name="Nickels2005C" /><ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1996|p=54}}.</ref>

English professor [[Dana Heller]] argued that Solanas was "very much aware of feminist organizations and activism",<ref name="Heller_160">{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=160}}.</ref> but "had no interest in participating in what she often described as 'a [[civil disobedience]] [[luncheon]] club.'"<ref name="Heller_160" /> Heller also stated that Solanas could "reject mainstream [[liberal feminism]] for its blind adherence to cultural codes of feminine politeness and decorum which the ''SCUM Manifesto'' identifies as the source of women's debased social status".<ref name="Heller_160" />

== Later life and death ==
After Solanas was released from the New York State Prison for Women in 1971,<ref>{{harvp|Buchanan|2011|p=48}}.</ref> she [[Stalking|stalked]] Warhol and others over the telephone.<ref name="AKPress55" /> In November 1971, Solanas [[Recidivism|was arrested again]] for aggravated assault after threatening [[Barney Rosset]], editor of ''[[Evergreen Review]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brilliant, Damaged & Damaging: Revisiting Valerie Solanas, Andy Warhol's Would-Be Killer |url=https://www.out.com/entertainment/art-books/2014/03/28/valerie-solanas-woman-wrote-scum-shot-andy-warhol |access-date=October 25, 2024 |website=www.out.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=James |date=February 23, 2017 |title='Rosset: My Life in Publishing and How I Fought Censorship' |url=https://www.sfgate.com/books/article/Rosset-My-Life-in-Publishing-and-How-I-Fought-10953953.php |website=SF Gate}}</ref> She was subsequently institutionalized several times and then drifted into obscurity.<ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1996|pp=55–56}}.</ref>

In the mid-1970s, according to Heller, Solanas was "apparently homeless" in New York City, "continued to defend her political beliefs and the ''SCUM Manifesto''", and "actively promoted" her new ''Manifesto'' revision.<ref name="Heller_164">{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=164}}.</ref>

Solanas may have intended to write an eponymous autobiography.<ref>{{harvp|Winkiel|1999|p=74}}.</ref> In a 1977 ''Village Voice'' interview,<ref name="Heller_151">{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=151}}.</ref> she announced a book with her name as the title.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Howard |author1-link=Howard Smith (director) |last2=Van der Horst |first2=Brian |title=Valerie Solanas Interview |department="Scenes" column |work=The Village Voice |volume=XXII |issue=30 |date=July 25, 1977}}</ref> The book, possibly intended as a parody, was supposed to deal with the "conspiracy" that led to her imprisonment.<ref name="Heller_151" /> In a corrective 1977 ''Village Voice'' interview, Solanas said the book would not be autobiographical other than a small portion and that it would be about many things, include proof of statements in the manifesto, and would "deal {{em|very}} intensively with the subject of bullshit", but she said nothing about parody.<ref name="replies" />

Solanas worked for a year and a half as an editor for ''[[Majority Report]]'', a biweekly feminist publication.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Grave of Valerie Jean Solanas - Stierch.JPG|thumb|The grave of Valerie Jean Solanas at Saint Marys Catholic Church Cemetery, Fairfax County, Virginia]]In the late 1980s, [[Isabelle Collin Dufresne|Ultra Violet]] tracked down Solanas in [[northern California]] and interviewed her over the phone.<ref>{{harvp|Violet|1990|p=v}}.</ref> According to Ultra Violet, Solanas had changed her name to Onz Loh and stated that the August 1968 version of the ''Manifesto'' had many errors, unlike her own printed version of October 1967, and that the book had not sold well. Solanas said that until she was informed by Violet, she was unaware of Warhol's death in 1987.<ref>{{harvp|Violet|1990|pp=183–189}}.</ref>{{Efn|Violet objected to assassination;<ref>{{harvp|Violet|1990|p=189}}.</ref> for a possible contrast in her views and another near-killing of Warhol, see: {{harvp|Violet|1990|p=241}}.}}

On April 25, 1988, at the age of 52, Valerie Solanas died of [[pneumonia]] at the [[Hotel Bristol|Bristol Hotel]] in the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin district]] of San Francisco.<ref>{{harvp|Watson|2003|p=425}}.</ref> A building superintendent at the hotel, not on duty that night, had a vague memory of Solanas: "Once, he had to enter her room, and he saw her typing at her desk. There was a pile of typewritten pages beside her. What she was writing and what happened to the manuscript remain a mystery."<ref name="Coburn" /><ref>{{harvp|Harron|1996|p=xxxi}}.</ref> Her mother burned all her belongings posthumously.<ref name="Coburn" />

== Legacy ==
=== Popular culture ===
Composer [[Pauline Oliveros]] released "To Valerie Solanas and [[Marilyn Monroe]] in Recognition of Their Desperation" in 1970. In the work, Oliveros seeks to explore how, "Both women seemed to be desperate and caught in the traps of inequality: Monroe needed to be recognized for her talent as an actress. Solanas wished to be supported for her own creative work."<ref>{{cite web |first=Pauline |last=Oliveros |title=To Valerie Solanas and Marilyn Monroe in Recognition of Their Desperation (1970) |url=http://www.deeplistening.org/site/content/valerie-solanas-and-marilyn-monroe-recognition-their-desperation-1970-0 |publisher=Deep Listening |date=September 1970 |access-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813231042/http://www.deeplistening.org/site/content/valerie-solanas-and-marilyn-monroe-recognition-their-desperation-1970-0 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pauline Oliveros |publisher=Roaratorio |url=http://roaratorio.com/21.html |access-date=November 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005046/http://roaratorio.com/21.html |archive-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref>

Actress [[Lili Taylor]] played Solanas in the film ''[[I Shot Andy Warhol]]'' (1996), which focused on Solanas's assassination attempt on Warhol (played by [[Jared Harris]]). Taylor won Special Recognition for Outstanding Performance at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] for her role.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rich |first=B. Ruby |date=1996 |title=I Shot Andy Warhol |work=Archives |publisher=[[Sundance Institute]] |url=http://history.sundance.org/films/1347 |access-date=November 27, 2011}}</ref> The film's director, [[Mary Harron]], requested permission to use songs by [[The Velvet Underground]] but was denied by [[Lou Reed]], who feared that Solanas would be glorified in the film. Six years before the film's release, Reed and [[John Cale]] included a song about Solanas, "I Believe", on their [[concept album]] about Warhol, ''[[Songs for Drella]]'' (1990). In "I Believe", Reed sings, "I believe life's serious enough for retribution&nbsp;... I believe being sick is no excuse. And I believe I would've pulled the switch on her myself." Reed believed Solanas was to blame for Warhol's death from a [[gallbladder]] infection twenty years after she shot him.<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Schaub |date=November 2003 |title=The 'Idiot Madness' of Valerie Solanis |work=[[Bookslut]] |url=http://www.bookslut.com/propaganda/2003_11_000965.php |access-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-date=August 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819164243/http://www.bookslut.com/propaganda/2003_11_000965.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Up Your Ass'' was rediscovered in 1999 and produced in 2000 by [[George Coates|George Coates Performance Works]] in San Francisco. The copy Warhol had lost was found in a trunk of lighting equipment owned by Billy Name. Coates learned about the rediscovered manuscript while at an exhibition at [[The Andy Warhol Museum]] marking the 30th anniversary of the shooting. Coates turned the piece into a musical with an all-female cast. Coates consulted with Solanas' sister, Judith, while writing the piece, and sought to create a "very funny satirist" out of Solanas, not just showing her as Warhol's attempted assassin.<ref name="Coburn" /><ref name="Carr">{{cite web |first=C. |last=Carr |title=SCUM Goddess |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/arts/scum-goddess-7141341 |work=The Village Voice |date=July 22, 2003 |access-date=August 13, 2015}}</ref>

Solanas' life has inspired three plays. ''Valerie Shoots Andy'' (2001), by Carson Kreitzer, starred two actors playing a younger (Heather Grayson) and an older (Lynne McCollough) Solanas.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Neil |last=Genzlinger |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/01/theater/theater-review-writer-one-day-would-be-killer-next-reliving-warhol-shooting.html |title=Theater Review: A Writer One Day, a Would-be Killer the Next – Reliving the Warhol Shooting |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 1, 2001 |access-date=November 27, 2011}}</ref> ''Tragedy in Nine Lives'' (2003), by Karen Houppert, examined the encounter between Solanas and Warhol as a [[Greek tragedy]] and starred [[Juliana Francis]] as Solanas.<ref name="Carr" /> In 2011, ''Pop!'', a musical by Maggie-Kate Coleman and Anna K. Jacobs, focused mainly on Warhol (played by Tom Story). Rachel Zampelli played Solanas and sang "Big Gun", described as the "evening's strongest number" by ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Peter |last=Marks |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/theater-review-pop-paints-bold-portrait-of-warhol-and-his-inner-circle/2011/07/19/gIQAjEgaOI_story.html |title=Theater review: 'Pop!' paints bold portrait of Warhol and his inner circle |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=Nash Holdings |location=Washington, DC |date=July 19, 2011 |access-date=November 27, 2011}}</ref>

Swedish author [[Sara Stridsberg]] wrote a [[semi-fiction]]al novel about Solanas called {{lang|de|Drömfakulteten}} ('The Dream Faculty'), published in 2006. The book's narrator visits Solanas toward the end of her life at the Bristol Hotel. Stridsberg was awarded the [[Nordic Council's Literature Prize]] for the book.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007 |title=Sara Stridsberg wins the Literature Prize |work=News |publisher=Norden |url=http://www.norden.org/en/news-and-events/news/sara-stridsberg-wins-the-literature-prize |access-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-date=May 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507090527/http://www.norden.org/en/news-and-events/news/sara-stridsberg-wins-the-literature-prize |url-status=dead}}</ref> The novel was later translated into and published in English under the title ''Valerie, or, The Faculty of Dreams: A Novel'' in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374151911 |title=Valerie &#124; Sara Stridsberg &#124; Macmillan |publisher=Us.macmillan.com |date=2019 |access-date=August 7, 2019}}</ref>

In 2006 Solanas was featured in eleventh episode of the second season [[Adult Swim]] show [[The Venture Bros.|The Venture Bros]] as part of a group called The Groovy Gang. The group was a parody of the [[Scooby-Doo|Scooby Gang]] from [[Scooby-Doo]] and was made up of parodies of Solanas ([[Velma Dinkley|Velma]]), [[Ted Bundy]] ([[Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)|Fred]]), [[David Berkowitz]] ([[Shaggy Rogers|Shaggy]]), [[Patty Hearst]] ([[Daphne Blake|Daphne]]), and Groovy ([[Scooby-Doo (character)|Scooby]]). In the episode she is voiced by [[Joanna P. Adler|Joanna Adler]]. Most of her lines in the episode are quotes from the SCUM Manifesto.

Solanas was featured in a 2017 episode of the [[FX (TV channel)|FX]] series ''[[American Horror Story: Cult]]'', "[[Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag]]". She was played by [[Lena Dunham]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Laura |last=Bradley |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/08/american-horror-story-cult-spoilers |title=How ''American Horror Story: Cult'' Will Change the ''A.H.S.'' Game |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |location=New York |date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> The episode portrayed Solanas as the instigator of most of the [[Zodiac Killer]] murders.

=== Influence and analysis ===
Author James Martin Harding explained that, by declaring herself independent from Warhol, after her arrest she "aligned herself with the historical [[avant-garde]]'s rejection of the traditional structures of bourgeois theater"<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=153}}.</ref> and that her anti-patriarchal "militant hostility&nbsp;... pushed the avant-garde in radically new directions".<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|pp=29, 30, 31, 33, 153}}.</ref> Harding believed that Solanas' assassination attempt on Warhol was its own theatrical performance.<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|loc=chap.&nbsp;6, esp. pp.&nbsp;151–158; and see pp. 21, 24, 26, 29, 63 & 178}}.</ref> At the shooting, she left on a table at the Factory a paper bag containing a gun, her address book, and a [[sanitary napkin]].<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=151}}.</ref> Harding stated that leaving behind the sanitary napkin was part of the performance,<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|pp=151–153}}.</ref> and called "attention to basic feminine experiences that were {{sic|publi|cally}} taboo and tacitly elided within avant-garde circles".<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|pp=152, 153}}.</ref>

Feminist philosopher [[Avital Ronell]] compared Solanas to an array of people: [[John and Lorena Bobbitt|Lorena Bobbitt]], a "girl [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]", [[Medusa]], the [[Unabomber]], and [[Medea]].<ref>{{harvp|Ronell|2004}}.</ref> Ronell believed that Solanas was threatened by the hyper-feminine women of the Factory that Warhol liked and felt lonely because of the rejection she felt due to her own [[butch and femme|butch]] [[androgyny]]. She believed Solanas was ahead of her time, living in a period before feminist and lesbian activists such as the [[Guerrilla Girls]] and the [[Lesbian Avengers]].<ref name="Nickels2005D" />

Solanas has also been credited with instigating [[radical feminism]].<ref name="Third" /> [[Catherine Lord]] wrote that "the feminist movement would not have happened without Valerie Solanas".<ref name="Lord" /> Lord believed that the reissuing of the ''SCUM Manifesto'' and the disowning of Solanas by "women's liberation politicos" triggered a wave of radical feminist publications. According to [[Vivian Gornick]], many of the [[women's liberation]] activists who initially distanced themselves from Solanas changed their minds a year later, developing the first wave of radical feminism.<ref name="Lord" /> At the same time, perceptions of Warhol were transformed from largely nonpolitical into political martyrdom because the motive for the shooting was political, according to Harding and [[Victor Bockris]].<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=172}}, citing: {{cite book |last=Bockris |first=Victor |title=The Life and Death of Andy Warhol |page=236}}</ref> Solanas' idiosyncratic views on gender are a focus of [[Andrea Long Chu|Andrea Long Chu's]] 2019 book, [[Females (Chu book)|''Females'']].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lorusso |first1=Melissa |title=In 'Females,' The State Is Less a Biological Condition Than an Existential One |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/30/774365692/in-females-the-state-is-less-a-biological-condition-than-an-existential-one |website=NPR |access-date=June 27, 2020 |date=October 30, 2019}}</ref>

Fahs describes Solanas as a contradiction that "alienates her from the feminist movement", arguing that Solanas never wanted to be "in movement" but nevertheless fractured the feminist movement by provoking NOW members to disagree about her case. Many contradictions are seen in Solanas' lifestyle as a lesbian who sexually serviced men, her claim to be [[asexuality|asexual]], a rejection of [[queer culture]], and a non-interest in working with others despite a dependency on others.<ref name="Fahs2008" /> Fahs also brings into question the contradictory stories of Solanas' life. She is described as a victim, a rebel, and a desperate loner, yet her cousin says she worked as a [[waitress]] in her late 20s and 30s, not primarily as a prostitute, and friend Geoffrey LaGear said she had a "groovy childhood". Solanas also kept in touch with her father throughout her life, despite claiming that he sexually abused her. Fahs believes that Solanas embraced these contradictions as a key part of her identity.<ref name="Fahs2008" />

In 2018, ''[[The New York Times]]'' started a series of delayed [[obituary|obituaries]] of significant individuals whose importance the paper's obituary writers had not recognized at the time of their deaths. In June 2020, they started a series of obituaries on LGBTQ individuals, and on June 26, they profiled Solanas.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/obituaries/valerie-solanas-overlooked.html |title=Overlooked No More: Valerie Solanas, Radical Feminist Who Shot Andy Warhol |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 26, 2020 |last=Wertheim |first=Bonnie |quote=Overlooked is a series of obituaries about remarkable people whose deaths, beginning in 1851, went unreported in ''The Times''. This month we’re adding the stories of important L.G.B.T.Q. figures.}}</ref>

== Works ==
* ''Up Your Ass'' (1965){{Efn|Although ''Up Your Ass'' was written in 1965, it was not produced as a play until 2000, and was not published until 2014 (as a [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] ebook).<ref>{{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Up Your Ass |publisher=VandA.ePublishing |asin=B00JE6N2UG}}</ref>}}
* "A Young Girl's Primer on How to Attain the Leisure Class", ''[[Cavalier (magazine)|Cavalier]]'' (1966)
* ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' (1967)

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|32em}}
* {{cite book |last=Baer |first=Freddie |date=1996 |chapter=About Valerie Solanas |pages=48–57 |editor-last=Solanas |editor-first=Valerie |title=SCUM Manifesto |location=Edinburgh |publisher=AK Press |isbn=978-1-873176-44-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Paul D. |date=2011 |title=Radical Feminists: A Guide to an American Subculture |publisher=Greenwood |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-59884-356-9}}
* {{cite book |last=DeMonte |first=Alexandra |date=2010 |chapter=Feminism: Second-wave |editor-last=Chapman |editor-first=Roger |title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices |location=Armonk, New York |publisher=M.&nbsp;E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-84972-713-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Dillenberger |first=Jane Daggett |date=2001 |title=The Religious Art of Andy Warhol |publisher=Continuum |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8264-1334-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |date=1989 |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-1786-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo/page/104/mode/2up}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fahs |first=Breanne |date=Fall 2008 |title=The radical possibilities of Valerie Solanas |journal=[[Feminist Studies]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=591–617 |jstor=20459223}}
* {{cite book |last=Fahs |first=Breanne |date=2014 |title=Valerie Solanas: The Defiant Life of the Woman Who Wrote SCUM (and Shot Andy Warhol) |publisher=The Feminist Press |location=New York |url=https://www.feministpress.org/books-n-z/valer |isbn=978-1-55861-848-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Frank |first=Marcie |date=1996 |chapter=Popping off Warhol: From the gutter to the underground and beyond |pages=[https://archive.org/details/popoutqueerwarho00jenn/page/210 210–223] |editor1-first=Jennifer |editor1-last=Doyle |editor2-first=Jonathan |editor2-last=Flatley |editor3-first=José Esteban |editor3-last=Muñoz |title=Pop Out: Queer Warhol |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/popoutqueerwarho00jenn |chapter-url-access=registration |location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-1741-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Friedan |first=Betty |date=1976 |title=It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-46398-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Friedan |first=Betty |date=1998 |orig-date=1963 |title=It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-46885-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Neil A. |date=2002 |title=Rebels and Renegades: A Chronology of Social and Political Dissent in the United States |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-93639-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Harding |first=James Martin |date=2010 |title=Cutting Performances: Collage Events, Feminist Artists, and the American Avant-Garde |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0-472-11718-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Harron |first=Mary |date=1996 |chapter=Introduction: On Valerie Solanas |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ishotandywarhol00harr/page/ vii–xxxi] |editor1-first=Mary |editor1-last=Harron |editor2-first=Daniel |editor2-last=Minahan |title=I Shot Andy Warhol |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3491-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ishotandywarhol00harr/page/}}
* {{cite journal |last=Heller |first=Dana |date=2001 |title=Shooting Solanas: Radical feminist history and the technology of failure |journal=[[Feminist Studies]] |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=167–189 |jstor=3178456 |doi=10.2307/3178456 |hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0027.113 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Heller |first=Dana |date=2008 |chapter=Shooting Solanas: Radical feminist history and the technology of failure |pages=151–168 |editor1-first=Victoria |editor1-last=Hesford |editor2-first=Lisa |editor2-last=Diedrich |title=Feminist Time against Nation Time: Gender, Politics, and the Nation-State in an Age of Permanent War |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-1123-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Hewitt |first=Nancy A. |date=2004 |chapter=Solanas, Valerie |editor1-first=Susan |editor1-last=Ware |editor2-first=Stacy Lorraine |editor2-last=Braukman |title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-01488-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Jansen |first=Sharon L. |date=2011 |title=Reading Women's Worlds from Christine de Pizan to Doris Lessing: A Guide to Six Centuries of Women Writers Imagining Rooms of Their Own |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-11066-3}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kaufman |editor1-first=Alan |editor2-last=Ortenberg |editor2-first=Neil |editor3-last=Rosset |editor3-first=Barney |date=2004 |title=The Outlaw Bible of American Literature |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-56025-550-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/outlawbibleofame0000unse}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lord |first1=Catherine |date=2010 |title=Wonder waif meets super neuter |journal=[[October (journal)|October]] |volume=132 |issue=132 |pages=135–136 |doi=10.1162/octo.2010.132.1.135 |s2cid=57566909}}
* {{cite journal |last=Marmorstein |first=Robert |date=June 13, 1968 |title=A winter memory of Valerie Solanis [''sic'']: Scum goddess |journal=The Village Voice |volume=XIII |issue=35 |pages=9–10, 20}}
* {{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Robin |date=1970 |title=Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From the Women's Liberation Movement |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-70539-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/sisterhoodispowe00vint}}
* {{cite book |last=Nickels |first=Thom |date=2005 |title=Out in History: Collected Essays |publisher=STARbooks Press |isbn=978-1-891855-58-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rich |first=B. Ruby |author-link=B. Ruby Rich |date=1993 |title=Manifesto destiny: Drawing a bead on Valerie Solanas |journal=Voice Literary Supplement |volume=119 |pages=16–17}}
* {{cite book |last=Ronell |first=Avital |author-link=Avital Ronell |date=2004 |chapter=Deviant payback: The aims of Valerie Solanas |pages=1–32 |editor-last=Solanas |editor-first=Valerie |title=SCUM Manifesto |publisher=Verso |location=London |isbn=978-1-85984-553-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=1967 |title=SCUM Manifesto |publisher=self-published}}
* {{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=1968 |title=SCUM Manifesto |publisher=Olympia Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=1996 |title=SCUM Manifesto |publisher=AK Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-1-873176-44-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Third |first1=Amanda |date=2006 |title='Shooting from the hip': Valerie Solanas, SCUM and the apocalyptic politics of radical feminism |journal=[[Hecate (journal)|Hecate]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=104–132}}
* {{cite book |last=Violet |first=Ultra |date=1990 |title=Famous for 15 Minutes: My Years with Andy Warhol |publisher=Avon Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-380-70843-7}}
* {{cite book |author1-link=Steven Watson (author) |last=Watson |first=Steven |date=2003 |title=Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties |publisher=Pantheon Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-679-42372-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Willis |first=Ellen |date=1992 |chapter=Radical feminism and feminist radicalism |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nomorenicegirlsc00will/page/117 117–150] |title=No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-5250-1 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/nomorenicegirlsc00will/page/117}}
* {{cite book |last=Winkiel |first=Laura |date=1999 |chapter=The 'sweet assassin' and the performative politics of ''SCUM Manifesto'' |pages=62–86 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Patricia Juliana |title=The Queer Sixties |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92169-5}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=135325}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Valerie Solanas}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140429044932/http://www.feministpress.org/books/breanne-fahs/valerie-solanas Valerie Solanas The Defiant Life of the Woman Who Wrote SCUM (and Shot Andy Warhol)]'', by Breanne Fahs (2014)
* [http://www.womynkind.org/valbio.htm About Valerie Solanas] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141017211938/http://www.womynkind.org/valbio.htm |date=October 17, 2014}}, by Freddie Baer (1999)
* "[http://www.villagevoice.com/theater/0108,solomon,22438,11.html Whose Soiree Now?]" ({{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080614145826/http://www.villagevoice.com/theater/0108,solomon,22438,11.html |date=June 14, 2008}}), by Alisa Solomon (''[[The Village Voice]]'', February 2001)
* ''[http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,1432425,00.html Valerie Jean Solanas (1936–88)]'' ([[Guardian Unlimited]], March 2005)
* {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050817015943/http://geocities.com/WestHollywood/Village/6982/solanas.html |date=August 17, 2005 |title=Valerie Solanas bibliography}}
* {{IMDb name|0812640}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120622192115/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2010/05/andy_warhol_sho.php "The Shot That Shattered the Velvet Underground"], written June 6, 1968, from ''The Village Voice'' archives.
<!-- See the talk page for the Wikisource URL on the SCUM Manifesto. The Manifesto is under copyright. Until we have a link with explicit permission to republish the Manifesto that fits Wikimedia Foundation's legal requirements, we will not link to the text of a copy, as that would be a copyright violation. Please see Talk page for progress on this. -->

{{Radical feminism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanas, Valerie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
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