Editing Urology

{{Short description|Medical specialty on the urinary and reproductive systems}}
{{For|the scientific journal|Urology (journal){{!}}''Urology'' (journal)}}

{{Infobox occupation
| name               = Urologist
| image              = Urologist performing a TURP.png
| caption            = Urologist performing a [[TURP]]
| official_names     = 
<!------------Details------------------->
| type               = [[Specialty (medicine)|Specialty]]
| activity_sector    = [[Medicine]], [[surgery]]
| competencies       = 
| formation          = 
*[[Doctor of Medicine]]
*[[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]]
*[[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]
| employment_field   = [[Hospital]]s, [[clinic]]s
| related_occupation = 
}}

'''Urology''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] [[wikt:οὖρον|οὖρον]] ''ouron'' "urine" and {{lang|grc|-λογία}} ''[[wiktionary:-logia|-logia]]'' "study of"), also known as '''genitourinary surgery''', is the branch of [[medicine]] that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the [[urinary system]] and the [[reproductive organ]]s. Organs under the domain of urology include the [[kidney]]s, [[adrenal glands]], [[ureter]]s, [[urinary bladder]], [[urethra]], and the male reproductive organs ([[testes]], [[epididymis|epididymides]], [[vas deferens|vasa deferentia]], [[seminal vesicle]]s, [[prostate]], and [[Human penis|penis]]).

The urinary and reproductive tracts are closely linked, and disorders of one often affect the other. Thus a major spectrum of the conditions managed in urology exists under the domain of [[genitourinary disorders]]. Urology combines the management of medical (i.e., non-surgical) conditions, such as [[urinary-tract infection]]s and [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]], with the management of surgical conditions such as bladder or [[prostate cancer]], [[kidney stone]]s, congenital abnormalities, traumatic injury, and [[stress incontinence]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Urology | publisher = American Medical Association | url = https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/urology | access-date = 28 April 2020}}</ref>

Urological techniques include minimally invasive [[Robot-assisted surgery|robotic]] and [[laparoscopic surgery]], laser-assisted surgeries, and other scope-guided procedures. Urologists receive training in open and minimally invasive surgical techniques, employing real-time ultrasound guidance, fiber-optic endoscopic equipment, and various lasers in the treatment of multiple benign and malignant conditions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Urologist in Noida |url=https://www.credihealth.com/doctors/noida/urology|date=27 March 2019 |work=Full Details Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Marks AJ| author2 = Teichman JM | title = Lasers in clinical urology: State of the art and new horizons | journal = World Journal of Urology | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 227–233 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17393172 | doi = 10.1007/s00345-007-0163-x | s2cid = 23167891 }}</ref> Urology is closely related to (and urologists often collaborate with the practitioners of) [[oncology]], [[nephrology]], [[gynaecology]], [[andrology]], [[pediatric surgery]], [[colorectal surgery]], [[gastroenterology]], and [[endocrinology]].

Urology is one of the most competitive and highly sought surgical specialties for [[physician]]s, with new urologists comprising less than 1.5% of United States medical-school graduates each year.<ref name="pmid20567253">{{cite journal | display-authors = 4 | author = Ahmed K | author2 = Jawad M | author3 = Dasgupta P | author4 = Darzi A | author5 = Athanasiou T | author6 = Khan MS | title = Assessment and maintenance of competence in urology | journal = Nat Rev Urol | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 403–13 | date = 2010 | pmid = 20567253 | doi = 10.1038/nrurol.2010.81 | s2cid = 24794856 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/ |title= Facts: Applicants, Matriculants, Enrollment, Graduates, MD/PhD, and Residency Applicants Data - Data and Analysis |publisher= AAMC |access-date= 2013-09-01}}</ref>

Urologists are physicians which have specialized in the field after completing their general degree in medicine. Upon successful completion of a residency program, many urologists choose to undergo further advanced training in a subspecialty area of expertise through a fellowship lasting an additional 12 to 36 months. Subspecialties may include: urologic surgery, urologic oncology and urologic oncological surgery, endourology and endourologic surgery, [[urogynecology]] and urogynecologic surgery, reconstructive urologic surgery (a form of [[reconstructive surgery]]), minimally-invasive urologic surgery, [[pediatric urology]] and pediatric urologic surgery (including adolescent urology, the treatment of premature or delayed puberty, and the treatment of congenital urological syndromes, malformations, and deformations), [[Organ transplantation|transplant]] urology (the field of transplant medicine and surgery concerned with transplantation of organs such as the kidneys, bladder tissue, ureters, and, recently, penises), [[voiding dysfunction]], [[paruresis]], [[neurourology]], and androurology and [[sexual medicine]]. Additionally, some urologists supplement their fellowships with a master's degree (2–3 years) or with a Ph.D. (4–6 years) in related topics to prepare them for academic as well as focused clinical employment.

==Training==
===United States===
As of 2022, there are 146 [[residency (medicine)|residency]] programs that offered 356 categorical positions.<ref name="auanet.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.auanet.org/meetings-and-education/for-residents/urology-and-specialty-matches |title=Urology and Specialty Matches |access-date=2022-09-05 }}</ref> Urology is one of the early match programs, with results given to applicants by early February (6 weeks before NRMP match). Applications are accepted starting Sep 1, with some programs accepting applications until early Jan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/education/accredited-us-urology-programs.cfm|title=American Urological Association - Accredited U.S. Urology Residency Programs|website=Auanet.org}}</ref>

It is a relatively competitive specialty to match into, with only 65.6% of US seniors matching in the 2022 match cycle.<ref name="auajournals.org">{{cite journal |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000002839 |title=Urology Residency Match: Trends and Costs |date=2022 |doi=10.1097/JU.0000000000002839 |access-date=2022-09-05 |last1=Guckien |first1=Zoe |last2=Singh |first2=Nikhi P. |last3=Boyd |first3=Carter J. |last4=Rais-Bahrami |first4=Soroush |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=208 |issue=4 |pages=767–770 |pmid=35748668 |s2cid=249988399 }}</ref> The number of positions has grown from 278 in 2012 to 356 in 2022. Matching is significantly more difficult for IMGs and students who have a year or more off before residency - match rates were 27% and 55% respectively in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urologymatch.com/node/2|title=Urology Residency Guide - Urology Match|website=Urologymatch.com}}</ref>

The medical school environment may also be a factor. A study in 2012 also showed after an analysis of match rates from schools between 2005 and 2009 that 20 schools sent more than 15 students into urology (1 [[standard deviation]] above the [[median]]), with Northwestern University sending 44 students over those five years.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=3058515|year=2010|last1=Kutikov|first1=A|title=The Gatekeeper Disparity: Why Do Some Medical Schools Send More Medical Students into Urology?|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=185|issue=2|pages=647–652|last2=Bonslaver|first2=J|last3=Casey|first3=J. T.|last4=Degrado|first4=J|last5=Dusseault|first5=B. N.|last6=Fox|first6=J. A.|last7=Lashley-Rogers|first7=D|last8=Richardson|first8=I|last9=Smaldone|first9=M. C.|last10=Steinberg|first10=P. L.|last11=Trivedi|first11=D. B.|last12=Routh|first12=J. C.|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.113|pmid=21168862}}</ref>

After urology residency, there are seven subspecialties recognized by the AUA (American Urological Association):
* Oncology
* Calculi
* Female Urology
* Infertility
* Pediatrics
* Transplant (renal)
* Neurourology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urologymatch.com/node/85|title=Urology - An Overview - Urology Match|website=Urologymatch.com|access-date=2016-09-28|archive-date=2022-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819122228/http://www.urologymatch.com/node/85|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
Training is completed through the [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]]<ref name="RACS">{{cite web|url=https://www.surgeons.org/surgical-specialties/urology/|title=Urology|last=(RACS)|first=Royal Australasian College of Surgeons|website=Surgeons.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> (RACS). The program requires six years of full-time training (for those who commenced prior to 2016), or five years for those who commenced after 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usanz.org.au/overview/|title=Overview - Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand|website=Usanz.org.au|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> The program is accredited by the [[Australian Medical Council]].<ref name="RACS"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ama.com.au/careers/pathways/urology|title=Urology|date=2016-02-17|work=Australian Medical Association|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en}}</ref>

===Nepal===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
In Nepal, the formal urologist degree awarded is MCh (Magister Chirurgiae).<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Urology and Kidney Transplant Surgery |url=http://tuth.org.np/?p=291 |website=TUTH |publisher=Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref> This is a three years course post masters and includes thesis and a mandatory publication. This degree is awarded after completing MBBS (four and half year plus a one-year rotatory internship) and MS (Mastery of surgery) in general surgery (three years course). Till now{{when?|date=August 2022}} two universities Tribhuvan University and Kathmandu University as well as two Autonomous institutes BP Koirala Institute of health sciences and National Academy of Medical Sciences (Bir Hospital) run the MCh Urology programme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nams.org.np/about.php | title=NAMS }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iom.edu.np/?page_id=21 |title=About IOM &#124; Institute of Medicine |access-date=2020-09-23 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001183907/http://www.iom.edu.np/?page_id=21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This degree is equivalent to Clinical PhD and called as "Chikitsa Bidhyabaridhi" by Tribhuvan University (Government University) and is considered to be the highest degree among the surgical discipline degrees.

===Ethiopia===
In Ethiopia, in 2001, there were only five qualified urologists. All trained abroad, in countries like India, Tanzania and Hungary. Before this chapter all urology cases were managed by general surgeons. The only urological unit in the country was at Tikur Anbessa Tertiary Hospital. The services provided included [[ESWL]] and endo-urology. The urology training program was started in 2009 with a curriculum for general surgeons which had a three-year training program. Up to 2019, six urologists have graduated by this program for general surgeons. The first residency program started accepting general practitioners in 2010 for a five-year program.<ref name="aau.edu.et">{{cite web|url=http://www.aau.edu.et/chs/|title = College of Health Sciences &#124; Addis Ababa University Sites site|website=Aau.edu.et}}</ref> The first two years were trainings in general surgery, the next three years were dedicated urology training program, which included the same three-year training as of the general surgeons three year curriculum. It started with two residents who graduated in 2015 with a certificate in specialty of urology. Up to 2019, seventeen urologists have graduated from this five-year residency program. From the start these programs in 2009 up to 2019, a total of 23 urologists have been trained in Tikur Anbessa Tertioary Hospital. As of 2020, there were 26 trainees in the programme. All of the urologists who graduated from Tikur Anbessa Tertioary Hospital were as of 2020 working in different parts of the country.<ref name="aau.edu.et"/>

==Subdisciplines==
As a medical discipline that involves the care of many organs and physiological systems, urology can be broken down into several subdisciplines. At many larger academic centers and university hospitals that excel in patient care and clinical research, urologists often specialize in a particular sub discipline.

===Endourology===
Endourology is the branch of urology that deals with the closed manipulation of the urinary tract.<ref>{{cite web|title=Website of the Endourologic Society|url=http://www.endourology.org/|publisher=Endourology.org|access-date=2013-09-01}}</ref> It has lately grown to include all minimally invasive urologic surgical procedures. As opposed to open surgery, endourology is performed using small cameras and instruments inserted into the urinary tract. Transurethral surgery has been the cornerstone of endourology. Most of the urinary tract can be reached via the urethra, enabling prostate surgery, surgery of tumors of the [[urothelium]], stone surgery, and simple urethral and ureteral procedures. Recently, the addition of laparoscopy and robotics has further subdivided this branch of urology.

===Laparoscopy===
[[Laparoscopy]] is a rapidly evolving branch of urology and has replaced some open surgical procedures. [[Robotic surgery|Robot-assisted surgery]] of the prostate, kidney, and ureter has been expanding this field. Today, many prostatectomies in the United States are carried out by so-called robotic assistance. This has created controversy, however, as robotics greatly increase the cost of surgery and the benefit for the patient may or may not be proportional to the extra cost. Moreover, current (2011) market situation for robotic equipment is a de facto monopoly of one publicly held corporation<ref>{{cite web|title=Intuitive Surgical, Inc.|url=http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/|website=Intuitivesurgical.com|access-date=2013-09-01}}</ref> which further fuels the cost-effectiveness controversy.

===Urologic oncology===
Urologic oncology concerns the surgical treatment of malignant genitourinary diseases such as cancer of the prostate, adrenal glands, bladder, kidneys, ureters, testicles, and penis, as well as the skin and subcutaneous tissue and muscle and fascia of those areas (that particular subspecialty overlaps with dermatological oncology and related areas of oncology). The treatment of genitourinary cancer is managed by either a urologist or an oncologist, depending on the treatment type (surgical or medical). Most urologic oncologists in Western countries use minimally invasive techniques (laparoscopy or endourology, robotic-assisted surgery) to manage urologic cancers amenable to surgical management.

===Neurourology===
Neurourology concerns [[nervous system]] control of the genitourinary system, and of conditions causing abnormal [[urination]]. Neurological diseases and disorders such as a stroke, [[multiple sclerosis]], [[Parkinson's disease]], and [[spinal cord injury]] can disrupt the lower urinary tract and result in conditions such as [[urinary incontinence]], [[detrusor]] overactivity, [[urinary retention]], and [[bladder sphincter dyssynergia|detrusor sphincter dyssynergia]]. [[Urodynamic testing|Urodynamic studies]] play an important diagnostic role in neurourology. Therapy for nervous system disorders includes clean intermittent self-catheterization of the bladder, anticholinergic drugs, injection of Botulinum toxin into the bladder wall and advanced and less commonly used therapies such as sacral [[Neuromodulation (medicine)|neuromodulation]].
Less marked neurological abnormalities can cause urological disorders as well—for example, abnormalities of the sensory nervous system are thought by many researchers to play a role in disorders of painful or frequent urination (e.g. painful bladder syndrome also known as [[interstitial cystitis]]).

===Pediatric urology===
{{Main|Pediatric urology}}
[[Pediatric]] urology concerns urologic disorders in [[child]]ren. Such disorders include [[cryptorchidism]] (undescended testes), congenital abnormalities of the genitourinary tract, [[enuresis]], underdeveloped genitalia (due to delayed growth or delayed puberty, often an endocrinological problem), and [[vesicoureteral reflux]].

===Andrology===
{{main|Andrology}}
[[Andrology]] is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to men such as prostate cancer, male fertility problems, and surgery of the male reproductive system. It is the counterpart to gynaecology, which deals with medical issues that are specific to female health, especially reproductive and urologic health.

===Reconstructive urology===
Reconstructive urology is a highly specialized field of male urology that restores both structure and function to the genitourinary tract.  Prostate procedures, full or partial hysterectomies, trauma (auto accidents, gunshot wounds, industrial accidents, straddle injuries, etc.), disease, obstructions, blockages (e.g., urethral strictures), and occasionally, childbirth, can necessitate reconstructive surgery. The urinary bladder, ureters (the tubes that lead from the kidneys to the urinary bladder) and genitalia are other examples of reconstructive urology.

===Female urology===
{{main|Female urology}}
Female urology is a branch of urology dealing with [[overactive bladder]], [[pelvic organ prolapse]], and [[urinary incontinence]]. Many of these physicians also practice neurourology and reconstructive urology as mentioned above. Female urologists complete a 1–3-year fellowship after completion of a 5–6-year urology residency.<ref name="sufuorg.com">{{cite web|url=http://sufuorg.com/Professional-Resources/Fellowships/Fellowship-Programs.aspx|title=Fellowships &#124; Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine & Urogenital Reconstruction|website=Sufuorg.com|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> Thorough knowledge of the female pelvic floor together with intimate understanding of the physiology and pathology of voiding are necessary to diagnose and treat these disorders. Depending on the cause of the individual problem, a medical or surgical treatment can be the solution. Their field of practice heavily overlaps with that of urogynecologists, physicians in a sub-discipline of gynecology, who have done a three-year fellowship after a four-year OBGYN residency.<ref name="sufuorg.com"/>

==Journals and organizations==
There are a number of peer-reviewed journals and publications about urology, including ''[[The Journal of Urology]]'', ''[[European Urology]]'', the ''[[African Journal of Urology]]'', ''[[British Journal of Urology International]]'', ''[[BMC Urology]]'', [[Indian Journal of Urology]]'', ''[[Nature Reviews Urology]]'', and ''[[Urology (journal)|Urology]]''.

There are national organizations such as the [[American Urological Association]], the American Association of Clinical Urologists,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.clinicalomics.com/articles/clinical-urologists-group-supports-genomic-testing-for-prostate-cancer/1521|title=Clinical Urologists Group Supports Genomic Testing for Prostate Cancer|last=<!--no byline-->|date=6 March 2018|work=Clinicalomics.com|access-date=9 March 2018|quote=The Association, which represents nearly 4,000 member urologists nationwide, said in the one-page statement.... The AACU's statement has won support from the Large Urology Group Practice Association (LUGPA), which represents more than 2,300 physicians who make up more than 25% of the nation's practicing urologists.}}</ref> [[European Association of Urology]], the Large Urology Group Practice Association (LUGPA),<ref name=":0" /> and [[The Society for Basic Urologic Research]]. Urology is also included under the auspices of the [[International Continence Society]].

Teaching organizations include the [[European Board of Urology]], as well as the [[Vattikuti Urology Institute]] in [[Detroit]], which also hosts an annual [[International Robotic Urology Symposium]] devoted to new technologies. The American non-profit [[IVUMed]] teaches urology in [[developing countries]].

==List of urological topics==
* [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
* [[Bladder cancer]]
* [[Bladder stone]]s
* [[Cystitis]]
* [[Development of the urinary and reproductive organs]]
* [[Epididymitis]]
* [[Erectile dysfunction]]
* [[Hard flaccid syndrome]]
* [[Interstitial cystitis]]
* [[Kidney cancer]]
* [[Kidney stone]]
* [[Kidney transplant]]
* [[Peyronie's disease]]
* [[Postorgasmic illness syndrome]]
* [[Prostate cancer]]
* [[Prostatitis]]
* [[Replantation]]
* [[Retrograde pyelogram]]
* [[Retrograde ureteral]]
* [[Testicular cancer]]
* [[Vasectomy]]
* [[Vasectomy reversal]]

==See also==
*[[:Category:Urology journals]]
*[[:Category:Urology organizations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Medicine}}
{{Sex}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Urology| ]]
[[Category:Surgical specialties]]