Editing Until the End of the World

{{short description|1991 film by Wim Wenders}}
{{About||the soundtrack|Until the End of the World (soundtrack)|the U2 song that appears in the film|Until the End of the World (song)|the Burmese national anthem|Kaba Ma Kyei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Until the End of the World
| image          = Until the End of the World poster.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Wim Wenders]]
| producer       = {{plainlist|
* [[Anatole Dauman]]
* [[Jonathan Taplin]]
}}
| screenplay     = {{plainlist|
* Wim Wenders
* [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]]
}}
| story          = {{plainlist|
* Wim Wenders
* [[Solveig Dommartin]]
}}
| starring       = {{plainlist|
* [[William Hurt]]
* [[Solveig Dommartin]]
* [[Sam Neill]]
* [[Max von Sydow]]
* [[Rüdiger Vogler]]
* [[Ernie Dingo]]
* [[Jeanne Moreau]]
}}
| music          = [[Graeme Revell]]
| cinematography = [[Robby Müller]]
| editing        = [[Peter Przygodda]]
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Road Movies Filmproduktion GmbH
* Argos Films
* [[Village Roadshow Pictures]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tobis Film]] (Germany)
* Argos Films (France)
* [[Roadshow Films]] (Australia)
* [[Warner Bros.]] (United States)
}}
| released       = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|9|12|Germany|1991|10|23|France|1991|12|25|United States|1992|10|29|Australia}}
| runtime        = {{plainlist|
* 158 minutes (United States)
* 179 minutes (Europe)
* 287 minutes (Director's Cut)
}}
| country        = {{plainlist|
* Australia 
* Germany
* France
* United States
}}
| language       = {{plainlist|
* English
* French
* German
* Italian
* Russian
* Chinese
* Japanese
* Portuguese
}}
| budget         = $23 million
| gross          = $752,856
}}

'''''Until the End of the World''''' ({{langx|de|'''Bis ans Ende der Welt'''}}; {{langx|fr|'''Jusqu'au bout du monde'''}}) is a 1991 [[Epic film|epic]] [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Wim Wenders]]. Set at the turn of the millennium in the shadow of a world-changing catastrophe, the film follows a man and woman, played by [[William Hurt]] and [[Solveig Dommartin]], as they are pursued across the globe, in a plot involving a device that can record visual experiences and visualize dreams.

An initial draft of the screenplay was written by American filmmaker [[Michael Almereyda]], but the final screenplay is credited to Wenders and [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]], from a story by Wenders and Dommartin. Wenders, whose career had been distinguished by his exploration of the [[road movie]], intended this as the ultimate example of the genre.

The film has been released in several editions, ranging in length from 158 to 287 minutes.

==Plot==
===Act 1===
In 1999, panic ensues when an orbiting Indian nuclear satellite begins to spiral toward Earth. Claire Tourneur, who has been traveling around Europe trying unsuccessfully to distract herself after discovering that her boyfriend Eugene slept with her best friend, is unconcerned by the impending nuclear disaster though her sleep has been troubled by a recurring nightmare. When she gets stuck in a [[traffic jam]] in [[Southern France]] after it is projected as a possible impact site, she takes a side road and encounters a pair of friendly bank robbers who enlist her to carry their stolen cash to [[Paris]] in exchange for a cut of the loot. En route to Paris Claire meets Trevor McPhee and agrees to let him travel with her to the city to escape an armed man named Burt who is following him. After parting ways in Paris, Claire discovers Trevor took some of the stolen money while she slept.

Claire crosses paths with Burt and finds out that he is going to [[Berlin]]. She makes the trip as well and hires missing-persons detective Phillip Winter to help her locate Trevor. The detective reveals that Trevor has a bounty on his head for stealing [[opal]] from a mining syndicate in Australia, and has just boarded a flight to [[Lisbon]]. When Claire and Winter catch up with Trevor, Winter handcuffs Trevor to Claire, but she voluntarily goes along with Trevor when he runs away. They go to a hotel, where Winter finds them having sex, though Trevor is able to handcuff both Winter and Claire to the bed and escape with more of Claire's money.

Still after the bounty, Winter takes Claire with him to [[Moscow]] where they meet up with Eugene, whom Claire has asked to bring her more money. A local bounty hunter helps them discover that Trevor's real name is Sam Farber, he is wanted by the U.S. government for industrial espionage, and he has a significantly larger bounty on his head than Trevor McPhee does. Winter says he is quitting the job and going home, and Eugene buys a tracking computer to help Claire, who sees Burt again and learns that Sam is wanted for stealing a camera he had helped develop at a lab in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]].

When Sam buys a ticket to [[Beijing]] on the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], the computer alerts Claire and she leaves Eugene while she thinks he is sleeping. Sam evades Claire, and she ends up traveling through China alone for months. She finally calls Eugene, who tells her to go to [[Tokyo]] and meets her there. They go to the [[capsule hotel]] where Sam is supposed to be staying, only to find a tied-up Winter and an ambush of bounty hunters and international government agents, tipped off by the bounty hunter from Moscow. Claire escapes and stumbles upon Sam, who is rapidly losing his eyesight, at a [[pachinko]] parlor. She buys them train tickets to a random mountain inn, where the kindly innkeepers provide herbs that heal Sam's eyes. Sam reveals to Claire that the prototype camera he stole was invented by his father, Henry, and is a device that, by recording brain impulses of the photographer for later transfer, takes pictures blind people can see. Though the recording process is hard on his eyes, he has been traveling around the world making recordings of places and people that are important to his mother, Edith, who is blind, so she can see them.

The next stop on Sam's itinerary is [[San Francisco]]. He and Claire are robbed by a used car salesman shortly after arriving, so Claire calls Chico, one of the French bank robbers, for more money. Sam cannot get the camera to work when he is trying to make a recording of his sister and niece, so Claire takes over. The final recording done, Sam, Claire, and Chico board a small boat to Australia, where Sam's parents are.

===Act 2===
Eugene and Winter, who teamed up and went to [[Coober Pedy]], Australia, to wait for Claire and Sam after losing track of them in Tokyo,{{efn|Because Sam had been traveling as Trevor McPhee, who was wanted for stealing opals, and most opals are mined around Coober Pedy, Winter figured Sam's trip had probably started somewhere near there and he would come back through eventually.}} pick up the trail when Claire uses her credit card to place a video call nearby. When Eugene sees Sam in town, he punches Sam and they have a brief fight before they are arrested. While Winter tries to bail them out, Burt arrives looking for Sam and the camera, but Chico is able to subdue him. The next day, Sam only takes Claire with him when he takes off to fly to the compound where his parents are hiding and his father has built a secret lab, but the others are able to follow thanks to a secret tracking device that is still on the bag Chico gave to Claire when she first transported the money to Paris.

While Claire and Sam are in the air, the satellite is shot down by the U.S. government, and the resulting [[nuclear electromagnetic pulse]] interferes with the functioning of unshielded electronics and wipes their memory units. The engine of Sam's plane stops, so he has to execute an emergency landing. He and Claire walk across the desert until they are found by Sam's friend David, who has Eugene, Winter, and Chico in the bed of his hand-cranked diesel-powered truck. David takes everyone to Sam's father's lab, which is sheltered in a massive cave. Burt eventually arrives and everyone settles in to wait and see whether communications with the outside world will be restored. Eugene, who was writing a novel about Claire and her adventures before it was erased from his computer by the NEMP, begins rewriting it on an antique typewriter.

The process Henry developed requires the person who recorded the images to watch them while being monitored in the lab before they can be transmitted to someone else's brain. Sam, who has a strained relationship with his father, attempts to do this immediately after arriving,{{efn|David had taken the camera from Claire and left with it while Sam was in jail, and the viewer is not told where it was during the NEMP and why the recordings were not wiped.}} but he fails because he is too tired, which leads to an argument with Henry. Claire tries the experiment with her recording of Sam's sister with phenomenal success, and Sam later succeeds with his recordings. Although Edith is at first exhilarated to be able to "see" again, the ugly, pixellated images she receives contribute to her growing despondency. On [[New Year's Eve]], the same evening the group have intercepted a mundane radio broadcast that indicates human civilization has not ended, she "just let[s] go" and dies quietly.

After Edith's burial, Winter, Chico, and Burt leave the compound to go home. Henry begins working on how to use his technology to record human dreams, but the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aborigines]] who have been assisting him disagree with this and abandon him. He continues by experimenting on himself, Sam, and Claire, and they eventually become addicted to viewing their dreams on portable video screens. Eugene finds a catatonic Claire and takes her away from the lab, driving her into painful withdrawal when he refuses to replace the batteries for her screen. He finishes his novel, in which he writes her as being healthy and happy, and gives it to her, using the "truth of the words" to cure her of the "disease of images". Meanwhile, Sam wanders away from the lab and is ultimately cured by David and an Aboriginal ritual, and Henry is taken by the CIA while lying in the lab's dream-recording chair.

Eugene and Claire break up for good, but remain friends. Henry later dies in 2001, with Sam visiting his grave. While in San Francisco, Sam sees his wife (who has since remarried) and son from a distance, realizing that he has lost them forever. On Claire's 30th birthday, Eugene's book comes out and he, Winter, and the French bank robbers call Claire, who is in the middle of a six-month stint as an ecological observer on a space station, to sing her "Happy Birthday".

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Solveig Dommartin]] as Claire Tourneur
* Chick Ortega as Chico Rémy
* [[Eddy Mitchell]] as Raymond Monnet
* [[William Hurt]] as Sam Farber, alias Trevor McPhee
* [[Adelle Lutz]] as Makiko
* [[Ernie Dingo]] as Burt
* [[Sam Neill]] as Eugene Fitzpatrick
* [[Rüdiger Vogler]] as Philip Winter
* Elena Smirnova as Krasikova
* [[Kuniko Miyake]] as Mrs. Mori
* [[Chishū Ryū]] as Mr. Mori
* [[Allen Garfield]] as Used-Car Dealer
* [[Lois Chiles]] as Elsa Farber
* [[David Gulpilil]] as David
* [[Jeanne Moreau]] as Edith Farber
* [[Jimmy Little]] as Peter
* [[Max von Sydow]] as Henry Farber<ref>[https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/94535/until-the-end-of-the-world TCM.com]</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Production==
Wenders began working on the film as early as late 1977, when, during his first visit to Australia, it struck him that his surroundings would be the perfect setting for a science fiction film. In addition to fleshing out the complex plot, preproduction also involved extensive still photography. It was not until Wenders found commercial success with ''[[Paris, Texas (film)|Paris, Texas]]'' and ''[[Wings of Desire]]'', however, that he was able to secure funding for the project.

With a budget of around $22&nbsp;million ($3.7&nbsp;million of which came from the Australian Film Finance Corporation<ref>Bob Evans, "Our Piece of the Action", ''The Australian Financial Review'', 18 October 1991, p. 33</ref>), which was more than he had spent on all of his previous films combined, Wenders set off on an ambitious production. Principal photography lasted 22 weeks and spanned 11 countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wenders |first1=Wim |last2=Hagen |first2=Charles |title=From The End of the World To Smack Dab in the Middle: An Interview with Wim Wenders |journal=Aperture |volume=123 |issue=Spring 1991 |pages=90–91 |jstor=24472429 |year=1991 }}</ref> Wenders, who had a long-standing fascination with the [[Australian Outback]], shot a substantial amount of the film in and around [[Alice Springs, Northern Territory]], Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=14 films coming to Australia from the Toronto Film Festival|work=[[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]] (Australia)|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/movies/article/2017/09/25/14-films-coming-australia-toronto-film-festival|date=25 September 2017|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

The imagery in the dream sequences were achieved with early [[high-definition video]]. Wenders and technicians at [[NHK]] (the only facility which could play back HD video at the time) worked for six weeks on these sequences, intentionally distorting the imagery to create strange visual effects. They often recorded a fast-forwarded version of the image, then played it back at normal speed.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

[[Graeme Revell]] composed the theme and other music for the film. For additional music, Wenders commissioned original songs from a number of his favorite recording artists, asking them to anticipate the kind of music they would be making a decade later, when the film was set.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/the-until-the-end-of-the-world-soundtrack-promised-a-hi-1798252365|title=The Until The End of the World soundtrack promised a hipper future|website=Film|date=21 September 2016 |language=en-us|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> His desire to use all of the pieces he received contributed to his decision to make the film as long as it turned out to be.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trailersfromhell.com/the-strange-case-of-until-the-end-of-the-world-cinesavant-archive-articles/|title=The Strange Case of Until the End of the World: CineSavant Archive Articles|date=2019-11-30|website=Trailers From Hell|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>

==Reception==
The truncated version of ''Until the End of the World'' that received a theatrical release was poorly received, being both a critical and commercial failure. In the United States, the film was released by Warner Bros. in December 1991 on 4 screens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3614868993/weekend/|title=Until the End of the World|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> The total U.S. box office gross was just under $830,000.<ref name=":0" />

In January 1992, reviewing the theatrical version of the film, [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film 2 stars out of 4, describing it as lacking the "narrative urgency" required to sustain interest in the story, and wrote that it "plays like a film that was photographed before it was written, and edited before it was completed". He went on to say that a documentary about the globe-trekking production would likely have been more interesting than the film itself.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert |first=Roger |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/until-the-end-of-the-world-1992 |title=Until the End of the World Movie Review (1992) |publisher=RogerEbert.com |date=1992-01-17 |access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref>

Later critics – some responding to Wenders' director's cut – were more favorable toward it.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} On [[Rotten Tomatoes]] the film has an 89% approval rating based on 18 reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Until the End of the World (Bis ans Ende der Welt) (1992) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/until_the_end_of_the_world |access-date=2023-08-26 }}</ref>

==Versions==
The initial cut of the film was, reportedly, 20 hours long.<ref name="IW-20220815">{{cite news |last=Ehrlich |first=David |title=The 100 Best Movies of the '90s - '90s Week: From "Close-Up" to "Clueless," and from "The Thin Red Line" to "Perfect Blue," these timeless movies prove that the '90s never went away. |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-90s-movies/until-the-end-of-the-world-5/ |date=15 August 2022 |work=[[IndieWire]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231119134722/https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-90s-movies/ghost-dog-4/ |archivedate=19 November 2023 |accessdate=19 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name="DVDB-2019">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Until the End of the World |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/dvd-until-the-end-of-the-world-william-hurt/3630737?ean=0715515239110&st=AFF&SID=www.barnesandnoble.com |website=Barnes & Noble|access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref> Several shortened versions of the film have been commercially distributed or publicly screened. Wenders was contractually obligated by his backers to deliver a standard feature-length film, so he edited it down to the 158- and 179-minute American and European cuts, which he refers to as the "''[[Reader's Digest Condensed Books|Reader's Digest]]''" versions of the film. Meanwhile, he and his editor Peter Przygodda secretly made a complete copy of the film negatives for themselves at their own expense,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boingboing.net/2015/10/20/wim-wenders-looking-back-on-t.html|title=Wim Wenders: Looking back on the road ahead|last=Stewart-Ahn|first=Aaron|date=2015-10-20|website=Boing Boing|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.talkhouse.com/aaron-stewart-ahn-talks-his-25-year-relationship-with-wim-wenders-until-the-end-of-the-world/|title=Aaron Stewart-Ahn Talks His 25-Year Relationship with Wim Wenders' Until the End of the World|website=Talkhouse|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> and over the next year they worked on a 5-hour version of the film, which they then screened at events over the next decade. A version similar to the one shown at these screenings was released at one point as a 280-minute trilogy of films.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hortn |first1=Robert |title=Wim Wenders: On the Road Again |journal=Film Comment |date=1997 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=3–7 |jstor=43455258 }}</ref>

There is also a 239-minute letter-boxed and subtitled laserdisc release from Japan, and there are several unauthorized fan edits that combine portions of the aforementioned releases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Until the End of the World (Bis ans Ende der Welt) (1991) (Uncut) [PILF-7271] |url=https://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/12199/PILF-7271/Until-the-End-of-the-World-(Bis-ans-Ende-der-Welt) |website=LaserDisc Database |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

A 4K digital restoration from the original Super 35mm camera negative of the 287-minute director's cut was commissioned by the Wim Wenders Foundation in 2014. The restoration, which was supervised by the director and his wife Donata, was undertaken by [[ARRI]] Film & TV Services Berlin, with the support of the [[Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée|CNC]]. This version was screened for the first time in the U.S. at several art house theaters in the fall of 2015 as part of a retrospective tour of Wenders' filmography by [[Janus Films]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wim Wenders: Portraits Along the Road |url=http://www.janusfilms.com.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/wenders/index.html |website=[[Janus Films]] |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> It was in two parts, with an intermission at 2 hours, 11 minutes, and debuted on television in the U.S. on [[Turner Classic Movies]] in July 2017.

In September 2019, [[The Criterion Collection]] announced a special-edition Blu-ray and DVD of the 4K restoration of the 287-minute director's cut of the film, which was released on 10 December 2019.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Criterion Collection |author-link=Criterion Collection |user=Criterion |number=1173636372810424322 |date=16 September 2019 |title=✨Announcing our December 2019 releases! http://bit.ly/CriterionDecember19✨ |access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.criterion.com/films/28767-until-the-end-of-the-world |title=Until the End of the World |website=[[Criterion Collection]] |access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Until the End of the World (soundtrack)}}
''Until The End of the World: Music From the Motion Picture Soundtrack'' was released on 10 December 1991, and includes the following tracks:

# "Opening Title" – [[Graeme Revell]]
# "[[Sax and Violins]]" – [[Talking Heads]]
# "Summer Kisses, Winter Tears" – [[Julee Cruise]]
# "Move with Me (Dub)" – [[Neneh Cherry]]
# "The Adversary" – [[Crime & the City Solution]]
# "What's Good" – [[Lou Reed]]
# "Last Night Sleep" – [[Can (band)|Can]]
# "Fretless" – [[R.E.M.]]
# "[[Days (The Kinks song)|Days]]" – [[Elvis Costello]]
# "Claire's Theme" – Graeme Revell
# "(I'll Love You) Till the End of the World" – [[Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds]]
# "It Takes Time" – [[Patti Smith]] (with [[Fred "Sonic" Smith|Fred Smith]])
# "Death's Door" – [[Depeche Mode]]
# "Love Theme" – Graeme Revell
# "[[Calling All Angels (Jane Siberry song)|Calling All Angels]]" (Remix Version) – [[Jane Siberry]] with [[k.d. lang]]
# "Humans from Earth" – [[T Bone Burnett]]
# "Sleeping in the Devil's Bed" – [[Daniel Lanois]]
# [[Until the End of the World (song)|"Until the End of the World"]] – [[U2]]
# "Finale" – Graeme Revell

Songs used in the film, but not included on the soundtrack, include:
* "Trois Jeux d'enfants: Nze-nze-nze", performed by Aka Pygmies ([[Aka people]]) (from ''Centre Afrique: Anthologie de la musique des Pygmées Aka'' (Ocora C559012 13, 1987))
* "[[Blood of Eden]]", written and performed by [[Peter Gabriel]] (a different version, which features Sinead O'Connor, appears on his 1992 album ''[[Us (Peter Gabriel album)|Us]]'', and was released as a single; the version in the film is only available as an alternative track on the CD single of the original, and on his album of out-takes and rarities, [[Flotsam and Jetsam (Peter Gabriel album)|Flotsam and Jetsam]])
* "Breakin' the Rules", written and performed by [[Robbie Robertson]] (also released on Robertson's album ''[[Storyville (album)|Storyville]]'')
* "Lagoons", performed by [[Gondwanaland (Australian band)|Gondwanaland]] (also released on their album "Wide Skies")
* "Travelin' Light", performed by the Boulevard of Broken Dreams Orchestra
* "The Twist", performed by [[Chubby Checker]]
* "Summer Kisses, Winter Tears", performed by [[Elvis Presley]]
* "La Vieil Homme De La Mer", performed by [[Laurent Petitgand]]

The German film director [[Uli M Schueppel]] made a [[documentary film]] about the recording of "(I'll Love You) Till The End of the World" by Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds. The film was released in 1990 as ''The Song'' and re-released in 2004 under a new arrangement.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title| id=0101458}}
* {{Mojo title|untiltheendoftheworld}}
* [http://www.wim-wenders.com/movies/movies_spec/untiltheendoftheworld/untiltheendoftheworld.htm Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211022744/http://www.wim-wenders.com/movies/movies_spec/untiltheendoftheworld/untiltheendoftheworld.htm |date=11 February 2007 }}
<!-- [[WP:EL]] if link includes information that is not yet a part of the article, consider using it as a source for the article, and citing it. -->
* [http://www.imagesjournal.com/issue01/features/uteotw.htm Article on the imagery in the film]
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6723-until-the-end-of-the-world-the-end-of-the-road ''Until the End of the World: The End of the Road''] an essay by [[Bilge Ebiri]] at [[The Criterion Collection]]
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6726-the-sound-of-yesterday-s-future-notes-on-the-until-the-end-of-the-world-soundtrack ''The Sound of Yesterday’s Future: Notes on the Until the End of the World Soundtrack''] an essay by [[Ignatiy Vishnevetsky]] at the [[Criterion Collection]]
* [http://colsearch.nfsa.afc.gov.au/nfsa/search/display/display.w3p;adv=yes;group=;groupequals=;holdingType=;page=0;parentid=;query=Number%3A401644;querytype=;rec=0;resCount=10 ''Until the End of the World'' at the National Film and Sound Archive]
* [http://www.ozmovies.com.au/movie/until-the-end-of-the-world ''Until the End of the World''] at Oz Movies

{{Wim Wenders}}
{{Peter Carey}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Until The End of the World}}
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 drama films]]
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