Editing Ulvophyceae

{{Short description|Class of green algae}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{long fossil range|1000|0}}
| image = Ulvophyceae composite.jpg
| image_caption = diversity of Ulvophyceae
| image_alt = diversity of Ulvophyceae
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Ulvophyceae
| authority = Stewart & Mattox, 1978<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stewart KD, Mattox KR | title = Structural evolution in the flagellated cells of green algae and land plants | journal = Bio Systems | volume = 10 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 145–152 | date = April 1978 | pmid = 656563 | doi = 10.1016/0303-2647(78)90036-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup O, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Spiegel FW, Taylor MF | title = The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists | journal = The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 399–451 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16248873 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x | doi-access = free | url = http://doc.rero.ch/record/14409/files/PAL_E1847.pdf }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="Algaebase">{{cite web | url = http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/#4357 | publisher = AlgaeBase version 4.2 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway | access-date = 2023-06-17 | title = Class: Ulvophyceae taxonomy browser | vauthors = Guiry MD, Guiry GM | year = 2007 }}</ref>
| subdivision = 
* [[Bryopsidales]]
* [[Chlorocystidales]]
* [[Cladophorales]]
* [[Dasycladales]]
* [[Ignatiales]]
* [[Oltmannsiellopsidales]]
* [[Receptaculitales]]
* [[Scotinosphaerales]]
* [[Sykidiales]]
* [[Trentepohliales]]
* [[Ulotrichales]]
* [[Ulvales]]
}}

The '''Ulvophyceae''' or '''ulvophytes''' are a class of [[green algae]],<ref name="Algaebase" /> distinguished mainly on the basis of [[Ultrastructure|ultrastructural morphology]], [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]] and [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] data.<ref name="Graham">{{cite book | vauthors = Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW | date = 2009 | title = Algae | edition = 2nd | publisher = Benjamin Cummings (Pearson) | location = San Francisco, CA }}</ref>  The [[sea lettuce|sea lettuce, ''Ulva'']], belongs here.  Other well-known members include ''[[Caulerpa]]'', ''[[Codium]]'', ''[[Acetabularia]]'', ''[[Cladophora]]'', ''[[Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia]]'' and ''[[Monostroma]]''.

The Ulvophytes are diverse in their [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and their [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]]. Most are [[seaweed]]s such as those listed above. Others, such as ''[[Rhizoclonium]]'', ''[[Pithophora]]'' and some species of ''[[Cladophora]]'' live in fresh water<ref>{{Cite book|title=Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea| vauthors = O'Kelly CJ |publisher=Academic Press|year=2007|isbn=9780123705181|pages=297|chapter=The Origin and Early Evolution of Green Plants|doi=10.1016/B978-012370518-1/50014-X}}</ref> and in some areas are considered [[weed]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lakemat.com/terms-for-weeds-your-lake-bottom-blanket-prevents/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200926075501/https://www.lakemat.com/terms-for-weeds-your-lake-bottom-blanket-prevents/ | archive-date = 26 September 2020 | work = Lakemat |title = Terms for Weeds Your Lake Bottom Blanket Prevents|date = 2 November 2019}}</ref>

==Evolution==
The origin and early diversification of the Ulvophyceae likely took place in the late [[Neoproterozoic]],<ref name="VerbruggenAshworth2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Verbruggen H, Ashworth M, LoDuca ST, Vlaeminck C, Cocquyt E, Sauvage T, Zechman FW, Littler DS, Littler MM, Leliaert F, De Clerck O | title = A multi-locus time-calibrated phylogeny of the siphonous green algae | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 642–653 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19141323 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.018 | author-link8 = Diane S. Littler }}</ref><ref name="CocquytVerbruggen2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, De Clerck O | title = Evolution and cytological diversification of the green seaweeds (Ulvophyceae) | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 2052–2061 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20368268 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msq091 | doi-access = free }}</ref> though may have taken place earlier, in the Mesoproterozoic.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hou Z, Ma X, Shi X, Li X, Yang L, Xiao S, De Clerck O, Leliaert F, Zhong B | title = Phylotranscriptomic insights into a Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic origin and early radiation of green seaweeds (Ulvophyceae) | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 1610 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35318329 | pmc = 8941102 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-022-29282-9 }}</ref> Although most contemporary ulvophytes are marine macroalgae ([[seaweed]]s), [[ancestor|ancestral]] ulvophytes may have been freshwater, unicellular green algae. Molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests that macroscopic growth was achieved independently in the various major lineages of Ulvophyceae ([[Ulvales]]-[[Ulotrichales]], [[Trentepohliales]], [[Cladophorales]], [[Bryopsidales]] and [[Dasycladales]]).<ref name="CocquytVerbruggen2010" /> The earliest known representative is the [[cladophorales]] ''Proterocladus antiquus'' from the [[Mesoproterozoic]]-[[Neoproterozoic]] boundary in North China.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tang | first1 = Qing | last2 = Pang | first2 = Ke | last3 = Yuan | first3 = Xunlai | last4 = Xiao | first4 = Shuhai | title = A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte | journal = Nature Ecology & Evolution | volume = 4 | pages = 543–549 | date = February 2020 | doi = 10.1038/s41559-020-1122-9 | pmc = 8668152 }}</ref>

Current hypothesis on relationships among the main clades of Ulvophyceae<ref name="leliaert">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche CF, De Clerck O |year=2012 |title=Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae |url=http://images.algaebase.org/pdf/5628E58F0ecc431F0CsJm2B04CAD/49951.pdf |doi=10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |volume=31 |pages=1–46 |s2cid=17603352 }}</ref><ref name="ŠkaloudKalina2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Škaloud P, Kalina T, Nemjová K, De Clerck O, Leliaert F | title = Morphology and Phylogenetic Position of the Freshwater Green Microalgae Chlorochytrium (Chlorophyceae) and Scotinosphaera (Scotinosphaerales, ord. nov., Ulvophyceae) | journal = Journal of Phycology | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 115–129 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 27008394 | doi = 10.1111/jpy.12021 | s2cid = 7359581 }}</ref> are shown below.

{{clade | style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%
	|1={{clade
		|1={{clade
			|1={{clade
				|1={{clade
					|1=[[Cladophorales]]
					|2=''[[Blastophysa]]''
					|3={{clade
						|1=[[Dasycladales]]
						|2=[[Bryopsidales]]
						}}
					|4=[[Trentepohliales]]
					}}
				|2=''[[Ignatius (algae)|Ignatius]]'' clade
				}}
			|2={{clade
				|1={{clade
					|1=[[Ulvales]]
					|2=''[[Phaeophila]]'', ''[[Bolbocoleon]]'' |state2=dashed
					}}
				|2=[[Ulotrichales]]
				|3=''[[Desmochloris]]'', ''[[Halochlorococcum]]'' |state3=dashed
				}}
			}}
		|2=[[Scotinosphaerales]]
		|3=[[Oltmannsiellopsidales]]
		}}
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Ulvophyceae genera]]
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Plant classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132016}}

[[Category:Ulvophyceae| ]]
[[Category:Green algae classes]]