Editing Ulexite

{{short description|Mineral (hydrated sodium calcium borate hydroxide)}}
{{Redirect|TV rock|the Australian dance music duo|TV Rock}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{infobox mineral
| name             = Ulexite
| category         = [[borate mineral|Nesoborates]]
| boxwidth         =
| boxbgcolor       =#a49f8d
| image            = Ulexite-Calcite-40062.jpg
| imagesize        = 170px
| alt              =
| caption          = Ulexite specimen from California<br>
| formula          = NaCaB<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O
| IMAsymbol   = Ulx<ref>{{cite journal |last=Warr|first=L. N. |date=2021 |title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols |journal=[[Mineralogical Magazine]] |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=291–320 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W |s2cid=235729616 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| molweight        =
| strunz           = 6.EA.25
| dana             = 26.05.11.01
| system           = [[triclinic crystal system|Triclinic]]
| class            = Pinacoidal ({{overline|1}}) <br/><small>(same [[Hermann–Mauguin notation|H–M symbol]])</small>
| symmetry         = ''P''{{overline|1}}
| unit cell        = a = 8.816(3)&nbsp;[[Ångström|Å]], b = 12.87&nbsp;Å <br/>c = 6.678(1)&nbsp;Å; α = 90.25° <br/>β = 109.12°, γ = 105.1°; Z&nbsp;=&nbsp;2
| color            = Colorless to white
| colour           =
| habit            = [[acicular (crystal habit)|Acicular]] to fibrous
| twinning         = Polysynthetic on {010} and {100}
| cleavage         = Perfect on {010} good on {1{{overline|1}}0} poor on {110}
| fracture         = Uneven
| tenacity         = [[brittleness|Brittle]]
| mohs             = 2.5
| luster           = Vitreous; silky or satiny in fibrous aggregates
| streak           = White
| diaphaneity      = Transparent to opaque
| gravity          = 1.95–1.96
| density          =
| polish           =
| opticalprop      = Biaxial (+)
| refractive       = n<sub>α</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.491–1.496 <br/>n<sub>β</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.504–1.506 <br/>n<sub>γ</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.519–1.520
| birefringence    = δ = 0.028
| pleochroism      =
| 2V               = Measured: 73–78°
| dispersion       =
| extinction       =
| length fast/slow =
| fluorescence     = Depending on fluorescent impurities, ulexite may fluoresce yellow, greenish yellow, cream, white under short waves and long waves UV
| absorption       =
| melt             =
| fusibility       =
| diagnostic       =
| solubility       = Slightly soluble in water
| other            = Parallel fibrous masses can act as fiber optical light pipes
| alteration       =
| references       =<ref name=Handbook>{{cite book |url=https://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/ulexite.pdf |chapter=Ulexite |title=Handbook of Mineralogy}}</ref><ref name=Mindat>{{Mindat |id=4085 |name=Ulexite}}</ref><ref name=Webmin>{{WebMineral |url=https://webmineral.com/data/Ulexite.shtml |title=Ulexite Mineral Data}}</ref>
}}

'''Ulexite''' ({{IPAc-en|juː|ˈ|l|ɛ|k|s|aɪ|t}}), sometimes called '''TV rock''' or '''TV stone''' due to its unusual [[optical properties]], is a [[hydrate|hydrous]] [[borate]] [[hydroxide]] of [[sodium]] and [[calcium]] with the [[chemical formula]] {{chem2|NaCaB5O6(OH)6*5H2O}}. The [[mineral]] occurs as [[Lustre (mineralogy)#Silky lustre|silky]] white rounded crystalline masses or in parallel fibers. Ulexite was named for the German [[chemist]] [[Georg Ludwig Ulex]] (1811–1883), who first discovered it.<ref name=Mindat/>

The natural fibers of ulexite act as [[optical fiber]]s, transmitting light along their long axes by internal reflection. When a piece of ulexite is cut with flat polished faces perpendicular to the orientation of the fibers, a good-quality specimen will display an image of whatever surface is adjacent to its other side. The fiber-optic effect is the result of the [[polarization (waves)|polarization]] of light into slow and fast rays within each fiber, the internal reflection of the slow ray and the refraction of the fast ray into the slow ray of an adjacent fiber.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}  An interesting consequence is the generation of three cones, two of which are polarized, when a laser beam obliquely illuminates the fibers. These cones can be seen when viewing a light source through the mineral.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

Ulexite is found in [[evaporite]] deposits and the precipitated ulexite commonly forms a "cotton ball" tuft of acicular crystals. Ulexite is frequently found associated with [[colemanite]], [[borax]], [[meyerhofferite]], [[hydroboracite]], [[probertite]], [[glauberite]], [[trona]], [[mirabilite]], [[calcite]], [[gypsum]] and [[halite]].<ref name=Handbook/> It is found principally in [[California]] and [[Nevada]], US; [[Tarapacá Region]] in [[Chile]], and [[Kazakhstan]]. Ulexite is also found in a vein-like bedding habit composed of closely packed fibrous crystals.

== History ==

Ulexite has been recognized as a valid mineral since 1840, after George Ludwig Ulex, for whom the mineral was named, provided the first chemical analysis of the mineral.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ulex |first1=G.L. |title=Ueber eine natürliche borsaure Verbindung |journal=Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie |date=1849 |volume=70 |pages=49–52 |doi=10.1002/jlac.18490700107 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c036496969&view=1up&seq=61 |trans-title=On a natural compound of boric acid |language=German}}</ref> In a footnote on p. 51, the editor claimed that Ulex's mineral actually was the same mineral that the American chemist [[Augustus Allen Hayes]] had found in Chile in 1844:

{{quote
| ''"Es kann wohl keinem Zweifel unterworfen seyn, … ''Boronatrocalcit'' umgeändert werden."''
| It can surely be subject to no doubt that the mineral that was analyzed by the author is actually the hydroborocalcite of Hayes.  One thus owes to Mr. Ulex knowledge of the true composition of this mineral. — The name "hydroborocalcite" could then perhaps be switched to the somewhat more correct "boronatrocalcite".
| <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hayes |first1=A.A. |title=Borate of Lime. Borocalcius obliquus |journal=American Journal of Science |date=1844 |volume=46 |page=377 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679438&view=1up&seq=405}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hayes |first1=A.A. |title=Hydrous borate of lime |journal=American Journal of Science |date=1844 |volume=47 |page=215 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679439&view=1up&seq=239}}</ref><ref name="Ghose1978" />
}}

In 1857, Henry How, a professor at King's College in Windsor, Nova Scotia discovered borate minerals in the gypsum deposits of the Lower Carboniferous evaporate deposits in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada where he noted the presence of a fibrous borate that he termed natro-boro-calcite,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=How |first1=Henry |title=On the occurrence of natro-boro-calcite with Glauber salt in the gypsum of Nova Scotia |journal=The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal |date=1857 |volume=6 |pages=54–60 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/82022#page/62/mode/1up |series=2nd series}}</ref> which was actually ulexite (Papezik and Fong, 1975).<ref name="Papezik" /> 

Murdoch examined the crystallography of ulexite in 1940.<ref name="Murdoch" /> The crystallography was reworked in 1959 by Clark and [[Charles L. Christ|Christ]] and their study also provided the first powder x-ray diffraction analysis of ulexite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=J.R. |last2=Christ |first2=C.L. |title=Studies of borate minerals (V): Reinvestigation of the x-ray crystallography of ulexite and probertite |journal=American Mineralogist |date=1959 |volume=44 |pages=712–719 |url=https://rruff.info/uploads/AM44_712.pdf}}</ref> In 1963 ulexite's remarkable fiber optics qualities were explained by Weichel-Moore and Potter.<ref name = "Weichel-Moore" /> Their study highlighted the existence in nature of mineral structures exhibiting technologically required characteristics. Lastly, Clark and Appleman described the structure of ulexite correctly in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Joan R. |last2=Appleman |first2=Daniel E. |title=Pentaborate polyanion in the crystal structure of ulexite, NaCaB5O6(OH)6*5H2O |journal=Science |date=September 18, 1964 |volume=145 |issue=3638 |pages=1295–1296 |doi=10.1126/science.145.3638.1295|pmid=17802011 |bibcode=1964Sci...145.1295C |s2cid=98456855 }}</ref><ref name="Ghose1978" />

== Chemistry ==

Ulexite is a borate mineral because its formula (NaCaB<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O) contains boron and oxygen. The isolated borate [[Polyatomic ion|polyanion]] [B<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> has five boron atoms, therefore placing ulexite in the pentaborate group.

Ulexite is a structurally complex mineral, with a basic structure containing chains of sodium, water and hydroxide octahedra. The chains are linked together by calcium, water, hydroxide and oxygen polyhedra and massive [[boron]] units. The boron units have a formula of [B<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3–</sup> and a charge of −3. They are composed of three borate tetrahedra and two borate triangular groups.

Ulexite decomposes/dissolves in hot water.<ref>https://amarisland.com/blogs/news/water-safe-crystals-which-ones-are-and-which-are-not</ref>

== Morphology ==

Ulexite commonly forms small, rounded masses resembling cotton balls. Crystals are rare but will form fibrous, elongated crystals either oriented parallel or radial to each other. Crystals may also be acicular, resembling needles (Anthony et al., 2005).<ref name = Anthony >{{cite book |editor1-last=Anthony |editor1-first=John W. |editor2-last=Bideaux |editor2-first=Richard A. |editor3-last=Bladh |editor3-first=Kenneth W. |editor4-last=Nichols |editor4-first=Monte C. |title=Handbook of Mineralogy |date=2005 |publisher=Mineral Data Publishing |location=Tucson, Arizona, USA |chapter=Ulexite |url=https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/ulexite.pdf }}</ref> The point group of ulexite is 1, which means that the crystals show very little symmetry as there are no rotational axes or mirror planes. Ulexite is greatly elongated along [001]. The most common [[Crystal twinning | twinning]] plane is (010). Ulexite collected from the Flat Bay gypsum quarry in Newfoundland exhibits acicular "cotton balls" of crystals with a nearly square cross-section formed by the equal development of two pinacoids. The crystals are about 1–3&nbsp;[[μm]] thick and 50–80&nbsp;μm long, arranged in loosely packed, randomly oriented overlapping bundles (Papezik and Fong, 1975).<ref name = Papezik>{{cite journal |last1=Papezik |first1=V.S. |last2=Fong |first2=C.C.K. |title=Howlite and Ulexite from Carboniferous gypsum and anhydrite beds in Western Newfoundland |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |date=1975 |volume=13 |pages=370–376}}</ref> In general, the crystals have six to eight faces with three to six terminal faces (Murdoch, 1940).<ref name = Murdoch>{{cite journal |last1=Murdoch |first1=Joseph |title=The crystallography of ulexite |journal=American Mineralogist |date=1940 |volume=25 |pages=754–762}}</ref>

== Optical properties ==
[[File:Ulexite-39574.jpg|thumb|A fragment of ulexite displaying characteristic optical property]]

In 1956, John Marmon observed that fibrous aggregates of ulexite project an image of an object on the opposite surface of the mineral. This optical property is common for synthetic fibers, but not in minerals, giving ulexite the nickname "TV rock".  According to Baur et al. (1957),<ref name="BaurLarsenSand1957">{{cite journal | url=http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/arc/ulexitefiberoptic.htm | title=Image projection by fibrous minerals | last1 =Baur  | first1 =G.S. | last2 =Larsen | first2 =W.N. | last3 =Sand | first3 =L.B. | journal=American Mineralogist | year=1957 | volume=42 | pages=697–699}}</ref> this optical property is due to the reflections along twinned fibers, the most prominent twinning plane being on (010). The light is internally reflected over and over within each of the fibers that are surrounded by a medium of a lower refractive index (Garlick, 1991).<ref name = Garlick>{{cite journal |last1=Garlick |first1=G. Donald |last2=Kamb |first2=W. Barclay |title=The strange optical properties of Ulexite |journal=Journal of Geological Education |date=1991 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=398–402|doi=10.5408/0022-1368-39.5.398 |bibcode=1991JGeoE..39..398G |doi-access=free }}</ref> This optical effect is also the result of the large spaces formed by the sodium octahedral chains in the mineral structure. Synthetic fibers used for fiber optics transmit images along a bundle of threadlike crystals the same way naturally occurring ulexite reproduces images due to the existence of different indices of refractions between fibers. Additionally, if the object is colored, all of the colors are reproduced by ulexite. Parallel surfaces of ulexite cut perpendicular to the fibers produce the best image, as distortion in the size of the projected image will occur if the surface is not parallel to the mineral. Curiously, ''in situ'' samples of ulexite are capable of producing a decent, rough image. Satin spar gypsum also exhibits this optical effect; however, the fibers are too coarse to transmit a decent image. The thickness of the fibers is proportional to the sharpness of the projected image.<ref name="BaurLarsenSand1957"/>

Ulexite also displays concentric circles of light if held up to a bright light source, a strange optical property first observed by G. Donald Garlick (1991).<ref name="Garlick" /> This effect can also be produced by shining a laser pointer at a slightly oblique angle through a piece of ulexite. This optical behavior is a consequence of the different refractive indices of ulexite in different directions of polarization. Microscopic analysis of ulexite also yields cones of light that clearly emerge from each grain that is thicker than 0.1&nbsp;mm under the Bertrand lens.

Ulexite is colorless and [[Pleochroism | nonpleochroic]] in thin sections with low relief. Being [[Triclinic crystal system | triclinic]], ulexite is [[Optic axis of a crystal | optically biaxial]]. Interference figures yield addition on the concave side of the [[Conoscopic interference pattern | isogyres]], causing ulexite to be biaxial positive. Ulexite has a high [[Conoscopic interference pattern | 2V ]] that ranges between 73° – 78° and a maximum [[birefringence]] of up to 0.0300 (Anthony et al., 2005).<ref name="Anthony" /> According to Weichel-Moore and Potter (1963),<ref name = Weichel-Moore>{{cite journal |last1=Weichel-Moore |first1=E.J. |last2=Potter |first2=R.J. |title=Fibre optical properties of ulexite |journal=Nature |date=1963 |volume=200 |issue=4912 |pages=1163–1165|doi=10.1038/2001163b0 |bibcode=1963Natur.200.1163W |s2cid=4192912 }}</ref> the orientation of the fibers around the [[Crystal structure | c-axis]] is completely random based on the variations in extinctions viewed under cross polarization. Ulexite displays polysynthetic twinning parallel to the elongation, along {010} and {100} (Murdoch, 1940).<ref name="Murdoch" /> In thin sections cut parallel to the fibers, ulexite grains display both length-fast and length-slow orientations in equal quantities because the intermediate axis (y) of the indicatrix is roughly parallel to the elongation of the fibers along the crystallographic c-axis (Weichel-Moore and Potter, 1963).<ref name = "Weichel-Moore" />

== Structure ==
Ulexite crystals contain three structural groups, isolated pentaborate [[polyanions]], calcium coordinated polyhedra, and sodium coordinated octahedra that are joined together and cross-linked by hydrogen bonding. The Ca-coordination polyhedra share edges to form chains which are separate from the Na-coordination octahedral chains. There are 16 distinct hydrogen bonds that have an average distance of 2.84 Å. Boron is coordinated to four oxygens in a tetrahedra arrangement and also to three oxygens in a triangular arrangement with average distances of 1.48 and 1.37 Å, respectively. Each Ca<sup>2+</sup> cation is surrounded by a polyhedron of eight oxygen atoms. The average distance between calcium and oxygen is 2.48 Å. Each Na<sup>+</sup> is coordinated by an octahedron of two hydroxyl oxygens and four water molecules, with an average distance of 2.42 Å (Clark and Appleman 1964).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Joan R. |last2=Appleman |first2=Daniel E. |title=Pentaborate polyanion in the crystal structure of ulexite, NaCaB<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O |journal=Science |date=1964 |volume=145 |issue=3638 |pages=1295–1296|doi=10.1126/science.145.3638.1295 |pmid=17802011 |bibcode=1964Sci...145.1295C |s2cid=98456855 }}</ref> The octahedral and polyhedral chains parallel to c, the elongate direction, cause the fibrous habit of ulexite and the fiber optical properties.<ref name="Ghose1978" />

== Significance ==

Boron is a trace element within the lithosphere that has an average concentration of 10 ppm, although large areas of the world are boron deficient.<ref name=Woods>Woods, W.G. 1994. ''An introduction to boron: History, sources, uses, and chemistry,'' Environmental Health Perspective 102:5–11</ref>  Boron is never found in the elemental state in nature, however boron naturally occurs in over 150 minerals.<ref name="StamatakisTziritis2009" /> The three most important minerals from a worldwide commercial standpoint based on abundance are [[tincal]] (also known as borax), ulexite, and [[colemanite]] (Ekmekyaper et al., 2008).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ekmekyapar |first1=A. |last2=Demirkıran |first2=N. |last3=Künkül |first3=A. |title=Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in acetic acid solutions |journal=Chemical Engineering Research and Design |date=2008 |volume=86 |issue=9 |pages=1011–1016|doi=10.1016/j.cherd.2008.04.005 }}</ref> High concentrations of economically significant boron minerals generally occur in arid areas that have a history of volcanism. Ulexite is mined predominantly from the Borax mine in Boron, California.<ref name=Woods/>

The boron concentration of ulexite is commercially significant because boron compounds are used in producing materials for many branches of industry. Boron is primarily used in the manufacturing of fiberglass along with heat-resistant borosilicate glasses such as traditional PYREX, car headlights, and laboratory glassware. Borosilicate glass is desirable because adding B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> lowers the expansion coefficient, therefore increasing the thermal shock resistance of the glass. Boron and its compounds are also common ingredients in soaps, detergents, and bleaches, which contributes to the softening of hard water by attracting calcium ions. Boron usage in alloy and metal production has been increasing because of its excellent metal oxide solubilizing ability. Boron compounds are used as a reinforcing agent in order to harden metals for use in military tanks and armor. Boron is used extensively for fire retardant materials. Boron is an essential element for plant growth and is frequently used as a fertilizer, however in large concentrations boron can be toxic, and therefore boron is a common ingredient in herbicides and insecticides. Boron is also found in chemicals used to treat wood and as protective coatings and pottery glazes.<ref name=Woods/>  Additionally when ulexite is dissolved in a solution of carbonate, calcium carbonate forms as a by-product. This by-product is used in large amounts by the pulp and paper industry as a paper filler and as a coating for paper that allows for improved printability (Demirkiran and Kunkul, 2011).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Demirkiran |first1=N. |last2=Kunkul |first2=A. |title=Dissolution of ulexite in ammonium carbonate solutions |journal=Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering |date=2011 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=114–119|doi=10.1134/S0040579511010039 |s2cid=95451655 }}</ref>
Recently, as more attention is being given to obtaining new sources of energy, the use of hydrogen as a fuel for cars has come to the forefront. The compound sodium borohydride (NaBH<sub>4</sub>) is currently being considered as an excellent hydrogen storage medium due to its high theoretical hydrogen yield by weight for future use in cars. Piskin (2009)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piskin |first1=Mehmet Burcin |title=Investigation of sodium borohydride production process: "Ulexite mineral as a boron source" |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |date=2009 |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=4773–4779|doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.043 }}</ref> validates that the boron concentration in ulexite can be used as the boron source or the starting material in the synthesis of sodium borohydride (NaBH<sub>4</sub>).

== Related minerals ==

Borate minerals are rare because their main component, boron, makes up less than 10 ppm (10 mg/kg) of Earth's crust. Because boron is a trace element, the majority of borate minerals occur only in one specific geologic environment: geologically active [[intermontane basin]]s. Borates are formed when boron bearing solutions, caused from the leaching of [[pyroclastic rock]]s, flow into isolated basins where evaporation then takes place. Over time, borates deposit and form into [[Strata|stratified]] layers. Ulexite occurs in [[dry lake|salt playa]]s and dry saline lakes in association with large-scale [[gypsum]] deposits and Na-Ca borates.<ref name="Ghose1978">Ghose, et al., 1978, ''Ulexite, NaCaB5O6(OH)6.5H2O: structure refinement, polyanion configuration, hydrogen bonding, and fiber optics,''  Subrata Ghose, Che'ng Wan and Joan R. Clark, American Mineralogist, Vol 63, pp 161–171. [http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM63/AM63_160.pdf]</ref> There are no known [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]]s of ulexite nor does ulexite form a [[solid solution]] series with any other minerals.

According to Stamatakis ''et al''. (2009) Na, Ca, and Na-Ca borates are found in relation to ulexite.<ref name="StamatakisTziritis2009">{{cite journal |last1=Stamatakis |first1=Michael G. |last2=Tziritis |first2=Evangelos P. |last3=Evelpidou |first3=Niki |title=The geochemistry of Boron-rich groundwater of the Karlovassi Basin, Samos Island, Greece |journal=Central European Journal of Geosciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=207–218 |issn=2081-9900 |doi=10.2478/v10085-009-0017-4|bibcode=2009CEJG....1..207S |s2cid=140660657 |doi-access=free }}</ref> These minerals are:

* [[Borax]] Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>·10H<sub>2</sub>O
* [[Colemanite]] Ca<sub>2</sub>B<sub>8</sub>O<sub>11</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O
* [[Howlite]] Ca<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub>SiO<sub>9</sub>[OH]<sub>5</sub>
* [[Kernite]] Na<sub>2</sub>[B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O]
* [[Meyerhofferite]] Ca<sub>2</sub>B<sub>6</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>10</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O
* [[Probertite]] NaCaB<sub>5</sub>O<sub>9</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O

More common minerals that are not borates, but also form in [[evaporite]] deposits are:<ref name=Handbook/>

* [[Calcite]] CaCO<sub>3</sub>
* [[Gypsum]] CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O
* [[Halite]] NaCl

== See also ==
{{Portal|Earth sciences}}

* {{anl|List of minerals}}
* {{anl|List of minerals named after people}}
* {{anl|Fiberscope}}

== References ==

{{refs}}


==External links==
{{commonscat}}

* [http://www.fizkapu.hu/fizfilm/fizfilm6.html Természetes száloptika] ''Natural fiber optic bundle'' – video of ulexite {{in lang|hu}}.

[[Category:Calcium minerals]]
[[Category:Nesoborates]]
[[Category:Sodium minerals]]
[[Category:Pentahydrate minerals]]
[[Category:Triclinic minerals]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 2]]
[[Category:Minerals described in 1840]]