Editing Ulan-Ude

{{Short description|City in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} 
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
| en_name                 = Ulan-Ude
| ru_name                 = Улан-Удэ
| loc_name1               = Улаан-Үдэ
| loc_lang1               = Buryat
| loc_name2               = 
| loc_lang2               = 
| loc_name3               = 
| loc_lang3               = 
| loc_name4               = 
| loc_lang4               = 
| other_name              = 
| other_lang              = 
| image_skyline           = Центр Улан-Удэ.JPG
| image_caption           = Ulan-Ude City Center
| image_map               = 
| map_caption             = 
| coordinates             = {{coord|51|50|N|107|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| image_flag              = Флаг города Улан-Удэ.jpg
| flag_caption            = Flag
| image_coa               = Ulan-Ude COA (2005).gif
| coa_caption             = Coat of arms
| anthem                  = 
| anthem_ref              = 
| holiday                 = September's first Saturday
| holiday_ref             = 
<!-- administrative status -->
| federal_subject         = [[Republic of Buryatia]]
| federal_subject_ref     = 
| adm_district_jur        = 
| adm_district_jur_ref    = 
| adm_inhabloc_jur        = [[city of federal subject significance|city of republic significance]] of Ulan-Ude
| adm_inhabloc_jur_ref    = <ref name="Ref28" />
| adm_citydistrict_jur    = 
| adm_citydistrict_type   = 
| adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = 
| adm_selsoviet_jur       = 
| adm_selsoviet_type      = 
| adm_selsoviet_jur_ref   = 
| capital_of              = Republic of Buryatia
| capital_of_ref          = 
| adm_ctr_of1             = city of republic significance of Ulan-Ude 
| adm_ctr_of1_ref         = <ref name="Ref28" /> 
| adm_ctr_of2             = 
| adm_ctr_of2_ref         = 
| adm_ctr_of3             = 
| adm_ctr_of3_ref         = 
| inhabloc_cat            = City
| inhabloc_cat_ref        = 
| inhabloc_type           = 
| inhabloc_type_ref       = 
<!-- municipal status -->
| mun_district_jur        = 
| mun_district_jur_ref    = 
| urban_okrug_jur         = Ulan-Ude Urban Okrug
| urban_okrug_jur_ref     = <ref name="Ref405" />
| urban_settlement_jur    = 
| urban_settlement_jur_ref = 
| rural_settlement_jur    = 
| rural_settlement_jur_ref = 
| inter_settlement_territory = 
| inter_settlement_territory_ref = 
| mun_admctr_of1          = Ulan-Ude Urban Okrug 
| mun_admctr_of1_ref      = <ref name="Ref405" /> 
| mun_admctr_of2          = 
| mun_admctr_of2_ref      = 
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_title_ref        = <ref name="baikal24">{{Cite web |title=Baikal24 |url=https://baikal24.ru/text/09-09-2019/010/}}</ref>
| leader_name             = Igor Shutenkov
| leader_name_ref         = <ref name="baikal24" />
| representative_body     = City Council of Deputies
| representative_body_ref = <ref name="baikal24" />
<!-- statistics -->
| elevation_m             = 
| area_km2                = 347.6
| area_km2_ref            = 
| pop_2010census          = 404426
| pop_2010census_rank     = 45th
| pop_2010census_ref      = <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
| pop_latest              = 
| pop_latest_date         = 
| pop_latest_ref          = 
| population_demonym      = 
| time_zone_ref           = 
<!-- history -->
| established_date        = 1666
| established_title       = 
| established_date_ref    = 
| current_cat_date        = 1775
| current_cat_date_ref    = 
| abolished_date          = 
| abolished_date_ref      = 
<!-- misc -->
| postal_codes            = 6700xx
| postal_codes_ref        = 
| dialing_codes           = 3012
| dialing_codes_ref       = 
| website                 = ulan-ude-eg.ru
|date=July 2020|pushpin_map=Russia Buryatia#Russia#Asia#Earth}}
'''Ulan-Ude''' ({{IPAc-en|ʊ|ˈ|l|aː|n|ʊ|ˈ|d|ɛ}};<ref>{{cite web | title=Ulan-Ude definition and meaning | website=Collins English Dictionary | url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ulan-ude | access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref> {{langx|ru|Улан-Удэ}}, {{IPA|ru|ʊˈlan ʊˈdɛ}}; {{langx|bua|Улаан-Үдэ|Ulaan-Üde}}, {{IPA|bua|ʊˌlaːɴ‿ˈʉdə|IPA}}) is the [[capital city]] of [[Buryatia]], [[Russia]], located about {{convert|100|km|sp=us}} southeast of [[Lake Baikal]] on the [[Uda River, Buryatia|Uda River]] at its [[confluence]] with the [[Selenga River|Selenga]]. According to the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]], 437,565 people lived in Ulan-Ude; up from 404,426 recorded in the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]],<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> making the city the third-largest in the [[Russian Far East]] by population.

==Names==
Ulan-Ude was first called '''Udinskoye''' ({{lang|ru|Удинское}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈudʲɪnskəjə|}}) for its location on the [[Uda River (Republic of Buryatia)|Uda River]]. It was founded as a small fort in 1666.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Verkhne-Udinsk|volume=27|page=1023}}</ref> From around 1735, the settlement was called '''Udinsk''' ({{lang|ru|Удинск}}, {{IPA|ru|ʊˈdʲinsk|}}) and was granted town status under that name in 1775.{{cn|date=November 2020}} It was renamed '''Verkhneudinsk''' ({{lang|ru|Верхнеудинск}}, {{IPA|ru|vʲɪrxnʲɪˈudʲɪnsk|}}; "Upper Udinsk") in 1783, to differentiate it from [[Nizhneudinsk]] ("Lower Udinsk") lying on a different [[Chuna River|Uda River]] near [[Irkutsk]] which was granted town status that year.{{cn|date=November 2020}}

The descriptors "upper" and "lower" refer to the positions of the two cities relative to each other, rather than the location of the cities on their respective Uda rivers. Verkhneudinsk lies at the mouth of its river, while Nizhneudinsk is along the middle stretch. The current name was given to the city on 27 July 1934 and means "[[Red#Political movements|red]] [[Uda River (Republic of Buryatia)|Uda]]" in [[Buryat language|Buryat]], reflecting the [[ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].

==Geography==
Ulan-Ude lies {{convert|5640|km|sp=us}} east of [[Moscow]] and {{convert|100|km|sp=us}} southeast of [[Lake Baikal]]. It is {{convert|600|m|sp=us}} [[above sea level]] at the foot of the [[Khamar-Daban]] and [[Ulan-Burgas]] mountain ranges, next to the [[confluence]] of the [[Selenga River]] and its [[tributary]], the [[Uda River, Buryatia|Uda]], which divides the city.<ref>[https://transsibirskaya.com/cities-ulan-ude ''transsibirskaya.com'']</ref>

===Hydrography===
Ulan-Ude is traversed by two rivers, the Selenga and Uda. The Selenga provides the greatest inflow to [[Baikal Lake]], supplying 50% of all rivers in its basin. The Selenga brings about {{convert|30|km3|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} of water into the lake per year, exerting a major influence on the lakewater's renewal and its sanitary condition. Selenga is the habitat of the most valuable fish species such as [[Omul]], [[Siberian sturgeon]], Siberian [[taimen]], [[Thymallus]] and [[Coregonus]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Uda is the right inflow of the Selenga river. The length of the watercourse is {{convert|467|km|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}.

==History==
The first occupants of the area where Ulan-Ude now stands were the [[Evenks]] and, later, the [[Buryats|Buryat Mongols]]. Ulan-Ude was settled in 1666 by the Russian [[Cossacks]] as the fortress of Udinskoye. Due to its favorable geographical position, it grew rapidly and became a large trade center which connected Russia with [[China]] and [[Mongolia]] and, from 1690, was the administrative center of the [[Transbaikal]] region.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

By 1775, it was known as Udinsk, and in 1783 it was granted city status and renamed Verkhneudinsk. After a large fire in 1878, the city was almost completely rebuilt. The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] reached the city in 1900 causing an explosion in growth. The population, which was 3,500 in 1880, reached 126,000 in 1939.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Ulan-Ude ''britannica.com'']</ref>

From 6 April to October 1920, [[Verkhneudinsk]] was the capital of the [[w:Far Eastern Republic|Far Eastern Republic (Дальневосточная Республика)]], also known as the Chita Republic.<ref name="Bisher">{{Cite book |last=Bisher |first=Jamie |title=White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian |date=June 2005 |isbn=9781135765958 |pages=302–03|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> It was a nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of the Russian Far East. On 27 July 1934, the city was renamed Ulan-Ude.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

==Administrative and municipal status==
Ulan-Ude is the [[capital city|capital]] of the republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's federal constituent entities |url=http://council.gov.ru/en/structure/regions/BU/ |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation |language=en}}</ref> Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it is incorporated as the [[city of federal subject significance|city of republic significance]] of Ulan-Ude — an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of the Republic of Buryatia|districts]].<ref name="Ref28">Resolution #431</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the city of Ulan-Ude is incorporated as Ulan-Ude Urban Okrug.<ref name="Ref405">Law #985-III</ref>

==Demographics==
	
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source: Census data
|1897 | 8086
|1926 | 29425
|1939 | 125690
|1959 | 175172
|1970 | 253569
|1979 | 300370
|1989 | 352530
|2002 | 374854
|2010 | 404426
|2021 | 437565
}}

According to the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]], 437,565 people lived in Ulan-Ude;<ref name=2021Census>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> up from 404,426 recorded in the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]].<ref name="2010Census" /> In terms of population, it is the third-largest city in eastern [[Siberia]]. It ranks [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|45th among all cities in Russia]]. Roughly 600,000 people live in the urban agglomeration.

The ethnic makeup of Ulan-Ude in 2021 was:<ref name=2021ethno>{{cite web|title=Национальный состав и владение языками|url=https://03.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab14_VPN-2020(5).xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=17 June 2023}}</ref>
*[[Russians]]: 61.4%
*[[Buryats]]: 35.1%
*Others: 3.5%

The city is the center of [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]] [[Buddhism in Russia]] and the important [[Ivolginsky datsan]] is located {{convert|23|km|abbr=on}} from the city.

==Transportation==
[[File:Схема предрелиз с переводом на бурятский.pdf|thumb|316x316px|Map of city's municipal bus routes]]
Ulan-Ude is located on the main line (Trans-Siberian line) of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] between [[Irkutsk]] and [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]] at the junction of the Trans-Mongolian line (the [[Trans-Mongolian Railway]]) which begins at Ulan Ude and continues south through [[Mongolia]] to [[Beijing]] in China. 
[[File:Ulan Ude tram map 2021.png|thumb|315x315px|Map of city's tram routes as of October 2021]]
The city also lies on the M55 section of the [[Baikal Highway]] (part of the [[Trans-Siberian Highway]]), the main federal road to [[Vladivostok]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Air traffic is served by the [[Ulan-Ude Airport]] (Baikal), as well as the smaller [[Ulan-Ude Vostochny Airport]]. Intracity transport includes [[tram]], [[bus]], and ''[[marshrutka]]'' ([[share taxi]]) lines.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==Culture==
Until 1991, Ulan-Ude was [[Closed city|closed to foreigners]]. There are old merchants' mansions richly decorated with wood and stone carving in the historical center of Ulan-Ude, along the river banks which are exceptional examples of Russian classicism. The city has a large ethnographic museum which recalls the history of the peoples of the region. There is a large and highly unusual statue of the head of [[Vladimir Lenin]] in the central square: the largest in the world. Built in 1970 for the centennial of Lenin's birth and weighing 42 tons, {{asof|2018|lc=y}} it continued to tower over the main plaza at {{convert|7.7|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name="LeninMonument">{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Памятник В. И. Ленину |url=http://www.monulent.ru/monument.php?id=00000000013 |access-date=17 April 2018 |publisher=Monulent.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

==Sights==
The ''[[Ulan-Ude Ethnographic Museum|Ethnographic Museum]] of the peoples of [[Transbaikal]]'' is one of Russia's largest open-air museums. The museum contains historical finds from the era of the [[Slab Grave Culture]] and the [[Xiongnu]] until the mid 20th century, including a unique collection of samples of wooden architecture of [[Siberia]].

[[Odigitrievsky Cathedral]] – [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] Diocese of the Buryat, was the first stone building in the city and is a Siberian [[baroque]] architectural monument. The cathedral is considered unique because it is built in a zone of high seismic activity in the heart of the city on the banks of the River Uda River where it flows into the Selenga.

One of the attractions of Ulan-Ude is a monument in the town square&nbsp;— the square of the Soviets&nbsp;— in the form of the head of Lenin (sculptors G.V. Neroda, J.G. Neroda, architects Dushkin, P.G. Zilberman). The monument, weighing 42 tons and with a height of {{convert|7.7|m|ft|sp=us}}, was opened in 1971 in honor of the centenary of Lenin's birth.<ref name="LeninMonument" />

==Climate==
Ulan-Ude can be described as possessing a humid [[semi-arid climate|steppe climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSk''), bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dwb'') and a [[subarctic climate]] (''Dwc''). The climate is characterized by long, dry, and very cold winters, with substantial snowfall and persistent snow cover in the city and surrounding areas. Summers are relatively long for city's latitude and climate zone. Lasting from mid-May to early September, they are warm and bring the majority of the annual precipitation in the form of rain.

The record high is {{convert|40.6|C}} on 8 July 2016. The record low is {{convert|-54.4|C}} on 6 January 1931. Temperatures have never risen above freezing from 31 December to 1 February, inclusive.

{{Ulan-Ude weatherbox}}

==Economy==
The [[Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant]] is based in Ulan-Ude.

==Mongol Rally==
Ulan-Ude serves as the endpoint for the [[Mongol Rally]].

==Notable people==
*[[Dmitry Masleev]], pianist
*[[Oksana Omelianchik]], artistic gymnast
*[[Irina Pantaeva]], ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' model
*[[Alexander Slastin]], actor
*[[Inna Stepanova]], Olympic archer
*[[Gunsyn Tsydenova]], politician

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="230" heights="180">
File:Monument "Hospitable Buryatia" 07.jpg|''Mother Buryatia'' statue
File:Ulan ude station.jpg|Ulan-Ude railway station on the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]
File:Raskolnikchurch.jpg|A [[Old Believers|Russian Old Believer]] church moved to the ethnographic museum in Ulan-Ude
File:Ethnographic museum Gate.JPG|Gate of the [[Ulan-Ude Ethnographic Museum]]
File:Hambin-Hyre.JPG|Hambyn-Hure Datsan
File:Odigitrievsky Cathedral, Ulan Ude.jpg|Odigitrievsky Cathedral
File:Panorama of Ulan-Ude. View from Mount Komushka.jpg|Panorama of Ulan-Ude. View from Mount Komushka
File:Октябрьский район (Улан-Удэ).jpg|Ulan-Ude
File:Center of the Soviet district of Ulan-Ude from a bird's eye view.jpg|Center of Ulan-Ude from a bird's eye view
File:Lenin's head in Ulan Ude.jpg|The largest head of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader [[Vladimir Lenin]] ever built was in Ulan-Ude as of 2018
File:Ulan-Ude, 1885.png|Verkhneudinsk, 1885
File:Coat of Arms of Ulan-Ude (Verkhneudinsk Buryatia) (1790).png|Coat of arms of Verkhneudinsk in 1790
</gallery>

===Panoramic view of Ulan-Ude===

{{Wide image|Panoramic view of Ulan-Ude.jpg|1000px|A panorama view of Ulan-Ude}}

==Twin towns - sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}
Ulan-Ude is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Города-побратимы |url=https://ulan-ude-eg.ru/gorod/goroda-pobratimy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301214122/https://ulan-ude-eg.ru/gorod/goroda-pobratimy/ |archive-date=2020-03-01 |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=ulan-ude-eg.ru |publisher=Ulan-Ude |language=ru}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Anyang, Gyeonggi|Anyang]], South Korea
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities - City of Berkeley, CA |url=https://www.cityofberkeley.info/Clerk/City_Council/Sister_Cities.aspx |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=www.cityofberkeley.info}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Changchun]], China
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]], Russia
*{{flagicon|MNG}} [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]], Mongolia
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elista]], Russia
*{{flagicon|MNG}} [[Erdenet]], Mongolia
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Erenhot]], China
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Grozny]], Russia
*{{flagicon|PRK}} [[Haeju]], North Korea
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hohhot]], China
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hulunbuir]], China
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lanzhou]], China
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Manzhouli]], China
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rumoi, Hokkaido|Rumoi]], Japan
*{{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan
*{{flagicon|MNG}} [[Ulaanbaatar]], Mongolia
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ulanqab]], China
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yalta]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yamagata, Yamagata|Yamagata]], Japan
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yeongwol County]], South Korea
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|bu|adm|list}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|bu|mun|list}}

{{Sister bar|auto=y}}
{{Republic of Buryatia}}
{{Russian Far East}}
{{Russian republics capitals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ulan-Ude| ]]
[[Category:Transbaikal Oblast]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1666]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:1666 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Russian Far East]]