Editing Uganda

{{Short description|Country in East Africa}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Ugandan English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Uganda<ref name="Republic">{{cite web|title=Uganda Constitution|url=https://statehouse.go.ug/sites/default/files/attachments/Constitution_1995.pdf|website=The State House of Uganda|access-date=9 March 2022|archive-date=12 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312040325/https://statehouse.go.ug/sites/default/files/attachments/Constitution_1995.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| common_name            = Uganda
| native_name            = {{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Uganda}}<br>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle             = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;
| title                  = Official Name in Local Languages{{efn| name=NativeName| Article 4(a) of the Constitution requires the state to promote public awareness through translating it into Ugandan languages and disseminating it as widely as possible<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ugandan Constitution translated in different Local Languages|url=https://www.ulrc.go.ug/content/ugandan-constitution-translated-different-local-languages|website=Uganda Law Reform Commission|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320002048/https://www.ulrc.go.ug/content/ugandan-constitution-translated-different-local-languages|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| {{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Luganda]]:
| data1 = {{lang|lg|Lipabuliika ya Uganda}}<ref name="LugandaConstitution">{{Cite web|title=Constitution in Luganda|url=https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Luganda.pdf|website=Uganda Law Reform Commission|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620192731/https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Luganda.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Lusoga]]:
| data2 = {{lang|xog|Uganda Eryetwala}}<ref name="LusogaConstitution">{{Cite web|title=Constitution in Lusoga|url=https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Lusoga.pdf|website=Uganda Law Reform Commission|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618144730/https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Lusoga.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Lumasaba]]:
| data3 = {{lang|myx|Linambo lya Uganda}}<ref name="LumasabaConstitution">{{Cite web|title=Constitution in Lumasaba|url=https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Lumasaba.pdf|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620232008/https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Lumasaba.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Uganda.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Uganda.svg
| national_motto         = {{nowrap|"For God and My Country"}}<br />{{nowrap|{{lang|sw|"Kwa Mungu na nchi yangu"}}}}
| national_anthem        = "[[Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]]" {{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Ugandan national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band.ogg]]}}
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File: Uganda (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Uganda AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}}
| map_caption            = 
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[Kampala]]
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = {{hlist|[[Ugandan English|English]]|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{collapsible list|title_style=nobold|title={{nobold|[[Demographics of Uganda|African]] (100%)}}
| 16.5% [[Baganda]]
| 9.6% [[Nkole people|Banyankole]]
| 8.8% [[Soga people|Basoga]]
| 7.1% [[Kiga people|Bakiga]]
| 7% [[Teso people|Iteso]]
| 6.3% [[Lango people|Langi]]
| 4.9% [[Gisu people|Bagisu]]
| 4.4% [[Acholi people|Acholi]]
| 3.3% [[Lugbara people|Lugbara]]
| 32.1% [[Demographics of Uganda|others]]}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2014
| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Uganda|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| demonym                = [[Ugandans|Ugandan]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
  |81.7% [[Christianity in Uganda|Christianity]]
  |13.2% [[Islam in Uganda|Islam]]
  |3.3% unclassified
  |1.6% others
  |0.2% [[Irreligion in Uganda|no religion]]
  }}
| religion_year          = 2024 census
| religion_ref           = <ref>{{cite book |title=National Population and Housing Census 2024: Final Report, Volume 1 |date=December 2024 |publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |page=33 |url=https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/National-Population-and-Housing-Census-2024-Final-Report-Volume-1-Main.pdf |access-date=1 January 2025 |ref=Uganda2024}} Other Christian combines Jehovah's Witnesses and Orthodox Christian; Other religions has traditional folded in; Unclassified are non-household populations where religious information was not collected</ref>
| government_type        = Unitary [[presidential system|presidential republic]] under an [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] dictatorship
| leader_title1          = [[President of Uganda|President]]
| leader_name1           = [[Yoweri Museveni]]
| leader_title2          = [[Vice President of Uganda|Vice President]]
| leader_name2           = [[Jessica Alupo]]
| leader_title3          = [[Prime Minister of Uganda|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3           = [[Robinah Nabbanja]]
| legislature            = [[Parliament of Uganda|Parliament]]
| sovereignty_type       = Independence
| sovereignty_note       = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1     = [[Uganda (1962–1963)|Dominion]]
| established_date1      = 9 October 1962
| established_event2     = [[Republic]] declared
| established_date2      = 9 October 1963
| established_event3     = Current constitution
| established_date3      = 8 October 1995
| area_km2               = 241,038
| area_rank              = 79th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]-->
| area_sq_mi             = 93,065
| percent_water          = 15.39
| population_estimate    = 49,283,041<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 34th
| population_density_km2 = 157.1
| population_density_sq_mi = 406.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank = 75th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $145.157 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.UG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=746,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Uganda) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030045045/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=746,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 88th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $3,222<ref name="IMFWEO.UG" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 172nd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $52.390	billion<ref name="IMFWEO.UG" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 90th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,163<ref name="IMFWEO.UG" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 196th
| Gini                   = 42.0 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year              = 2016
| Gini_change            = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref               = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web | url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UG | title=Gini index (World Bank estimate) | publisher=World Bank | access-date=14 July 2021 | archive-date=18 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118033920/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UG | url-status=live }}</ref>
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.550 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year               = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change             = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 159th
| currency               = [[Ugandan shilling]]
| currency_code          = UGX
| time_zone              = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| calling_code           = [[+256]]
| cctld                  = [[.ug]]
| footnote_a             = +006 from [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]].
| today                  = 
}}

'''Uganda''',{{Efn|Yuganda in [[Languages of Uganda|Ugandan languages]]}} officially the '''Republic of Uganda''',{{Efn|{{langx|sw|Jamhuri ya Uganda}}}} is a [[landlocked country]] in [[East Africa]]. It is bordered to the east by [[Kenya]], to the north by [[South Sudan]], to the west by the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], to the south-west by [[Rwanda]], and to the south by [[Tanzania]]. The southern part includes a substantial portion of [[Lake Victoria]], shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the [[African Great Lakes]] region, lies within the [[Nile]] basin, and has a varied [[equatorial climate]]. {{As of|2024}}, it has a population of nearly 46 million, of which 8.5 million live in the capital and largest city, [[Kampala]].

Uganda is named after the [[Buganda|Buganda kingdom]], which encompasses a large portion of the south, including Kampala, and whose language [[Luganda]] is widely spoken; the official language is English. The region was populated by various ethnic groups, before Bantu and Nilotic groups arrived around 3,000 years ago. These groups established influential kingdoms such as the [[Empire of Kitara]]. The arrival of Arab traders in the 1830s and British explorers in the late 19th century marked the beginning of foreign influence. The British established the [[Protectorate of Uganda]] in 1894, setting the stage for future political dynamics. Uganda gained independence in 1962, with [[Milton Obote]] as the first prime minister. The 1966 [[Mengo Crisis]] marked a significant conflict with the Buganda kingdom, as well as the country's conversion from a parliamentary system to a presidential system. [[Idi Amin]]'s military coup in 1971 led to a brutal regime characterized by mass killings and economic decline, until his overthrow in 1979.

[[Yoweri Museveni]]'s [[National Resistance Movement]] (NRM) took power in 1986 after a [[Ugandan Bush War|six-year guerrilla war]]. While Museveni's rule resulted in stability and economic growth, political oppression and human rights abuses continued. The abolition of presidential term limits as well as allegations of electoral fraud and repression have raised concerns about Uganda's democratic future. Museveni was elected president in the [[2011 Ugandan general election|2011]], [[2016 Ugandan general election|2016]], and [[2021 Ugandan general election|2021]] general elections. Human rights issues, corruption, and regional conflicts, such as involvement in the Congo Wars and the struggle against the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA), continue to challenge Uganda. Despite this, it has made progress in education and health, improving literacy and reducing HIV infection, though challenges in maternal health and gender inequality persist. The country's future depends on addressing governance and human rights, while leveraging its natural and human resources for sustainable development.

Geographically, Uganda is diverse, with volcanic hills, mountains, and lakes, including Lake Victoria, the world's second-largest [[freshwater lake]]. The country has significant natural resources, including fertile agricultural land and untapped [[oil reserve]]s, contributing to its economic development. The service sector dominates the economy, surpassing agriculture. Uganda's rich biodiversity, with national parks and wildlife reserves, attracts tourism, a vital sector for the economy. Uganda is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[African Union]], [[Group of 77|G77]], the [[East African Community]], and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

==History==
{{main|History of Uganda}}

===Precolonial Uganda===
{{main|Early history of Uganda}}
[[File:Drawing showing a caesarean operation taking place in Uganda Wellcome M0001058.jpg|thumb|A [[caesarean section]] performed by indigenous healers in Kahura, in the kingdom of [[Bunyoro]]<ref name="How this African kingdom performed its cesarean section in 1879">{{cite web | url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-this-african-kingdom-performed-its-first-cesarean-section-in-1879 | title=How this African kingdom performed its first cesarean section in 1879 | date=3 June 2018 | publisher=Face2Face Africa | access-date=29 March 2021 | archive-date=7 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407052810/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-this-african-kingdom-performed-its-first-cesarean-section-in-1879 | url-status=live }}</ref> (present-day Uganda) as observed by medical missionary [[Robert William Felkin]] in 1879<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dunn|first=Peter M.|date=1 May 1999|title=Robert Felkin MD (1853–1926) and Caesarean delivery in Central Africa (1879)|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition|language=en|volume=80|issue=3|pages=F250–F251|doi=10.1136/fn.80.3.F250|issn=1359-2998|pmid=10212095|pmc=1720922|doi-access=free}}</ref> ]]

Much of Uganda was inhabited by [[central Sudanic languages|Central sudanic]]- and [[Kuliak languages|Kuliak]]-speaking farmers and herders until 3,000 years ago, when [[Bantu languages|Bantu speakers]] arrived in the south and [[Nilotic languages|Nilotic speakers]] arrived in the northeast. By 1500 AD, they had all been assimilated into [[Bantu peoples|Bantu-speaking cultures]] south of [[Mount Elgon]], the [[Nile River]], and [[Lake Kyoga]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030|jstor = 183030|title = We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes|last1 = Schoenbrun|first1 = David L.|journal = The Journal of African History|year = 1993|volume = 34|issue = 1|pages = 1–31|doi = 10.1017/S0021853700032989|s2cid = 162660041|access-date = 28 February 2022|archive-date = 28 March 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220328154318/https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030|url-status = live | issn = 0021-8537 }}</ref> According to [[oral tradition]] and archeological studies, the [[Empire of Kitara]] covered an important part of the [[Great Lakes of Africa|Great Lakes Area]], from the northern lakes [[Lake Albert (Uganda)|Albert]] and [[Lake Kyoga|Kyoga]] to the southern lakes [[Lake Victoria|Victoria]] and [[Lake Tanganyika|Tanganyika]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Mwakikagile | first=Godfrey | title=Ethnicity and National Identity in Uganda: The Land and Its People | date=2009 | publisher=New Africa Press | page=87 | isbn=9789987930876 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZFrWECQ-PgC&q=bachwezi+empire&pg=PA87 | access-date=22 November 2020 | archive-date=17 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215009/https://books.google.com/books?id=uZFrWECQ-PgC&q=bachwezi+empire&pg=PA87 | url-status=live }}</ref> Kitara is claimed as the antecedent of the [[Tooro Kingdom|Tooro]], [[Ankole]], and [[Busoga]] kingdoms.<ref name="Mwambutsya">{{cite journal | author=Mwambutsya, Ndebesa | url=http://www.ossrea.net/eassrr/jan91/mwambuts.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131112357/http://www.ossrea.net/eassrr/jan91/mwambuts.htm | archive-date=31 January 2008 | title=Pre-capitalist Social Formation: The Case of the Banyankole of Southwestern Uganda | journal=Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review | volume=6 | issue=2; 7 no. 1 | date=June 1990 – January 1991 | pages=78–95}}</ref> Some [[Luo people#Uganda|Luo]] invaded Kitara and assimilated with the Bantu society there, establishing the Biito dynasty of the current [[Omukama of Bunyoro|Omukama]] (ruler) of [[Bunyoro|Bunyoro-Kitara]].<ref name="babito">{{cite web |url=http://www.bunyoro-kitara.com/history2.htm |title=Origins of Bunyoro-Kitara Kings |access-date=10 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210003812/http://www.bunyoro-kitara.com/history2.htm#The%20Babiito |archive-date=10 December 2006}}, bunyoro-kitara.com.</ref>

[[Arab]] traders moved into the land from the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in the 1830s for trade and commerce.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Uganda journal|url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00026/28j|access-date=1 January 2021|website=ufdc.ufl.edu|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417220229/https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00026/28j|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 1860s, [[Bunyoro]] in Mid-Western Uganda found itself threatened from the north by Egyptian-sponsored agents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Uganda journal|url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00029/9j|access-date=2 January 2021|website=ufdc.ufl.edu|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213343/https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00029/9j|url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike the Arab traders from the East African coast who sought trade, these agents were promoting foreign conquest. In 1869, [[Khedive]] [[Ismail of Egypt|Ismail Pasha]] of Egypt, seeking to annex the territories north of the borders of [[Lake Victoria]] and east of [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]] and "south of [[Gondokoro]]",<ref name="Baker 1879">{{Cite book|last=Baker|first=Samuel White|url=http://archive.org/details/ismailianarrativ00bake|title=Ismailia; a narrative of the expedition to Central Africa for the suppression of the slave trade, organized by Ismail, Khedive of Egypt|date=1879|publisher=London, Macmillan|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> sent a British explorer, [[Samuel Baker]], on a military expedition to the frontiers of Northern Uganda, with the objective of suppressing the slave-trade there and opening the way to commerce and "civilization". The Banyoro resisted Baker, who had to fight a desperate battle to secure his retreat. Baker regarded the resistance as an act of treachery, and he denounced the Banyoro in a book (''Ismailia – A Narrative Of The Expedition To Central Africa For The Suppression Of Slave Trade, Organised By Ismail, Khadive Of Egypt'' (1874))<ref name="Baker 1879"/> that was widely read in Britain. Later, the British arrived in Uganda with a predisposition against the kingdom of [[Bunyoro-Kitara|Bunyoro]] and sided with the kingdom of [[Buganda]]. This eventually cost Bunyoro half of its territory, which was given to Buganda as a reward from the British. Two of the numerous "lost counties" were [[1964 Ugandan lost counties referendum|restored to Bunyoro after independence]].

In the 1860s, while Arabs sought influence from the north, British explorers searching for the source of the [[Nile]]<ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H. M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, {{ISBN|0486256677}}</ref> arrived in Uganda. They were followed by British Anglican missionaries who arrived in the kingdom of Buganda in 1877 and French Catholic missionaries in 1879. This situation gave rise to the death of the [[Uganda Martyrs]] in 1885—after the conversion of [[Muteesa I of Buganda|Muteesa I]] and much of his court, and the succession of his [[Anti-Christian sentiment|anti-Christian]] son [[Mwanga II of Buganda|Mwanga.]]<ref name="Background" /> The British government chartered the [[Imperial British East Africa Company]] (IBEAC) to negotiate trade agreements in the region beginning in 1888.<ref name="Snakes">{{Cite book | title=Two Kingdoms of Uganda: Snakes and Ladders in the Scramble for Africa | last=Pulford | first=Cedric | publisher=Ituri Publications | year=2011 | location=Daventry}}</ref>

From 1886, there was a series of religious wars in Buganda, initially between Muslims and Christians and then, from 1890, between "ba-Ingleza" Protestants and "ba-Fransa" Catholics, factions named after the imperial powers  with which they were aligned.<ref>{{Cite journal | title=The Arms Trade in East Africa in the Late Nineteenth Century | last=Beachey | first=R. W. | date=1962 | journal=The Journal of African History | volume=3 | issue=3 | page=451 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700003352| s2cid=162601116 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |date=1984 |title=Nationality Question in a Neo-Colony: A Historical Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4373383 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=19 |issue=27 |pages=1046–1054 |jstor=4373383 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331153027/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4373383 |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of civil unrest and financial burdens, IBEAC claimed that it was unable to "maintain their occupation" in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1893/feb/06/adjourned-debate | title=House of Commons: Address In Answer To Her Majesty's Most Gracious Speech – Adjourned Debate | date=6 February 1893 | access-date=17 January 2017 | author=J. H. Kennaway | publisher=Commons and Lords Hansard | archive-date=28 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128200240/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1893/feb/06/adjourned-debate | url-status=live }}</ref> British commercial interests were ardent to protect the trade route of the Nile, which prompted the British government to annex Buganda and adjoining territories to create the Uganda Protectorate in 1894.<ref name="Snakes" />{{rp|3–4}}<ref>Gordon Martel, "Cabinet politics and African partition: The Uganda debate reconsidered." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 13.1 (1984): 5–24.</ref>

===Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962)===
{{main|Protectorate of Uganda}}

[[File:Flag of the Uganda Protectorate.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Protectorate of Uganda]]]]

The [[Protectorate of Uganda]] was a [[protectorate]] of the [[British Empire]] from 1894 to 1962. In 1893, the [[Imperial British East Africa Company]] transferred its administration rights of territory consisting mainly of the Kingdom of [[Buganda]] to the British government. The [[Imperial British East Africa Company|IBEAC]] relinquished its control over Uganda after Ugandan internal religious wars had driven it into bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Tudor|date=2001|title=Bishop Alfred Tucker and the Establishment of a British Protectorate in Uganda 1890-94|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jra/31/1/article-p92_4.xml|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|volume=31|issue=1|pages=92–114|doi=10.1163/157006601X00040|issn=0022-4200|access-date=2 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128203602/https://brill.com/view/journals/jra/31/1/article-p92_4.xml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1894, the Uganda Protectorate was established, and the territory was extended beyond the borders of Buganda by signing more treaties with the other kingdoms ([[Toro (kingdom)|Toro]] in 1900,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steinhart|first=Edward I.|date=1973|title=Royal Clientage and the Beginnings of Colonial Modernization in Toro, 1891-1900|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216778|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=6|issue=2|pages=265–285|doi=10.2307/216778|jstor=216778|issn=0361-7882|access-date=2 January 2021|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425033247/https://www.jstor.org/stable/216778|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ankole]] in 1901, and [[Bunyoro]] in 1933<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Thousand Years of Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom - The People and the Rulers (Fountain Publishers, 1994, 153 p.): Appendix III: The Bunyoro Agreement 1955|url=http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL1.10&d=HASHc3697d0c37be5024d365b7.14&x=1|access-date=2 January 2021|website=www.nzdl.org|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202021216/http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL1.10&d=HASHc3697d0c37be5024d365b7.14&x=1|url-status=live}}</ref>) to an area that roughly corresponds to that of present-day Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|last=joz|first=Jaynnielaw|date=22 March 2015|title=The Wars of Religion 1888-1892|url=https://v2040rc.wordpress.com/uganda-country-facts/education-cultural-transformation/the-wars-of-religion-1888-1892/|access-date=2 January 2021|website=DISCOVER UGANDA, TOUR UGANDA, VOLUNTEER UGANDA & SERVE UGANDA|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129063759/https://v2040rc.wordpress.com/uganda-country-facts/education-cultural-transformation/the-wars-of-religion-1888-1892/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The status of [[Protectorate]] had significantly different consequences for Uganda than had the region been made a colony like neighboring [[Kenya]], insofar as Uganda retained a degree of self-government that would have otherwise been limited under a full colonial administration.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dietz|first1=A. J.|last2=Studiecentrum|first2=Afrika|date=2017|title=Uganda Protectorate 1895-1902|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/52081|access-date=2 January 2021|website=African Postal Heritage (APH) papers|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331012511/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/52081|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British India were [[Indian diaspora in East Africa|recruited to East Africa]] under indentured labour contracts to construct the [[Uganda Railway]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/762515.stm | title=Kenya's Asian heritage on display | publisher=[[BBC]] | last=Evans | first=Ruth | date=24 May 2000 | access-date=18 January 2017 | archive-date=28 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928151943/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/762515.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the line's completion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theeagora.com/the-lunatic-express-a-photo-essay-on-the-uganda-railway/ | title=THE LUNATIC EXPRESS – A PHOTO ESSAY ON THE UGANDA RAILWAY. | publisher=[[Thee Agora]] | last=Chao | date=26 October 2014 | access-date=18 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422095958/http://www.theeagora.com/the-lunatic-express-a-photo-essay-on-the-uganda-railway/ | archive-date=22 April 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Subsequently, some became traders and took control of cotton ginning and sartorial retail.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/working-papers/working-paper-draft-3-stewart-west.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230140/http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/working-papers/working-paper-draft-3-stewart-west.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2015 | title=Policing, Colonial Life and Decolonisation in Uganda, 1957–1960 | publisher=The Ferguson Centre for African and Asian Studies, Working Paper No. 03 | last=West | first=Stewart | date=February 2012 | pages=3–4}}</ref>

From 1900 to 1920, a [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]] epidemic in the southern part of Uganda, along the north shores of Lake Victoria, killed more than 250,000 people.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Reanalyzing the 1900–1920 Sleeping Sickness Epidemic in Uganda | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | location=US | journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases | last1=Fèvre | first1=E. M. | last2=Coleman | first2=P. G. | last3=Welburn | first3=S. C. | last4=Maudlin | first4=I. | date=April 2004 | volume=10 | issue=4 | pages=567–573 | doi=10.3201/eid1004.020626 | pmid=15200843 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[World War II]] encouraged the colonial administration of Uganda to recruit 77,143 soldiers to serve in the [[King's African Rifles]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} They were seen in action in the [[Western Desert campaign]], the [[East African campaign (World War II)|Abyssinian campaign]], the [[Battle of Madagascar]] and the [[Burma campaign]].

===Independence (1962 to 1965)===
Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] as head of state and [[Queen of Uganda]]. In October 1963, Uganda became a republic but maintained its membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].

The first post-independence election, held in 1962, was won by an alliance between the [[Uganda People's Congress]] (UPC) and [[Kabaka Yekka]] (KY). UPC and KY formed the first post-independence government with [[Milton Obote]] as executive prime minister, with the Buganda Kabaka (King) [[Mutesa II of Buganda|Edward Muteesa II]] holding the largely ceremonial position of president.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4&Itemid=3 |title=History of Parliament |access-date=18 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220164706/http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4&Itemid=3 |archive-date=20 February 2010}} (Website of the Parliament of Uganda)</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.buganda.com/crisis66.htm | title=Buganda Kingdom: The Uganda Crisis, 1966 | publisher=Buganda.com | access-date=3 May 2010 | archive-date=24 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324164117/http://www.buganda.com/crisis66.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Buganda crisis (1962–1966)===
{{main|Mengo Crisis}}
[[File:Owen Falls Dam construction.jpg|thumb|right|Construction of the [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Owen Falls Dam]] in [[Jinja District|Jinja]]]]

Uganda's immediate post-independence years were dominated by the relationship between the central government and the largest regional kingdom – [[Buganda]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=J. M.|title=Uganda's first year of Independence|journal=The Political Quarterly|date=January 1964|volume=35|issue=1|pages=35–45|doi=10.1111/j.1467-923X.1964.tb01966.x}}</ref>
[[File:Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi II ne Nnaabagereka Sylvia Nagginda.jpg|thumb|Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi II ne nnaabagereka Sylvia Nagginda]]
From the moment the British created the Uganda protectorate, the issue of how to manage the largest monarchy within the framework of a unitary state had always been a problem. Colonial governors had failed to come up with a formula that worked. This was further complicated by Buganda's nonchalant attitude to its relationship with the central government. Buganda never sought independence but rather appeared to be comfortable with a loose arrangement that guaranteed them privileges above the other subjects within the protectorate or a special status when the British left. This was evidenced in part by hostilities between the British colonial authorities and Buganda prior to independence.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Crawford|title=The politics of cultural pluralism|date=1979|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison|isbn=9780299067441|pages=248–250}}</ref>

Within Buganda, there were divisions between those who wanted the [[Kabaka of Buganda|Kabaka]] to remain a dominant monarch and those who wanted to join with the rest of Uganda to create a modern secular state. The split resulted in the creation of two dominant Buganda based parties – the Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka Only) KY, and the [[Democratic Party (Uganda)|Democratic Party]] (DP) that had roots in the Catholic Church. The bitterness between these two parties was extremely intense especially as the first elections for the post-Colonial parliament approached. The Kabaka particularly disliked the DP leader, [[Benedicto Kiwanuka]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mutibwa|first1=Phares|title=Uganda since independence, a story of unfulfilled hopes|date=1992|publisher=Hurst|location=London|isbn=9781850650669}}</ref>

Outside Buganda, a soft-spoken politician from Northern Uganda, [[Milton Obote]], had forged an alliance of non-Buganda politicians to form the Uganda People's Congress (UPC). The UPC at its heart was dominated by politicians who wanted to rectify what they saw as the regional inequality that favoured Buganda's special status. This drew in substantial support from outside Buganda. The party however remained a loose alliance of interests, but Obote showed great skill at negotiating them into a common ground based on a federal formula.<ref name="Kasozi">{{cite book|last1=Kasozi|first1=A. B. K.|title=The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985|date=1994|publisher=McGill-Queens's University Press|location=Montreal|isbn=9780773512184}}</ref>
[[File:Uganda Printers Kampala 1950s.jpg|thumb|left|The Uganda printers building on Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda]]
At Independence, the Buganda question remained unresolved. Uganda was one of the few colonial territories that achieved independence without a dominant political party with a clear majority in parliament. In the pre-Independence elections, the UPC ran no candidates in Buganda and won 37 of the 61 directly elected seats (outside Buganda). The DP won 24 seats outside Buganda. The "special status" granted to Buganda meant that the 21 Buganda seats were elected by proportional representation reflecting the elections to the Buganda parliament – the Lukikko. KY won a resounding victory over DP, winning all 21 seats.

The UPC reached a high at the end of 1964 when the leader of the DP in parliament, [[Basil Kiiza Bataringaya]], crossed the parliamentary floor with five other MPs, leaving DP with only nine seats. The DP MPs were not particularly happy that the hostility of their leader, Benedicto Kiwanuka, towards the Kabaka was hindering their chances of compromise with KY.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bade|first1=Albert|title=Benedicto Kiwanuka : the man and his politics|date=1996|publisher=Fountain Publ.|location=Kampala|isbn=978-9970020089}}</ref> The trickle of defections turned into a flood when 10 KY members crossed the floor when they realised the formal coalition with the UPC was no longer viable. Obote's charismatic speeches across the country were sweeping all before him, and the UPC was winning almost every local election held and increasing its control over all district councils and legislatures outside Buganda.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ciment|first1=James|title=Encyclopedia of conflicts since World War II|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780765680051|page=311|edition=2nd}}</ref> The response from the Kabaka was mute – probably content in his ceremonial role and symbolism in his part of the country. However, there were also major divisions within his palace that made it difficult for him to act effectively against Obote. By the time Uganda had become independent, Buganda "was a divided house with contending social and political forces"<ref name=Kasozi63>{{cite book|last1=Kasozi|title=The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985|date=1994|page=63}}</ref> There were however problems brewing inside the UPC. As its ranks swelled, the ethnic, religious, regional, and personal interests began to shake the party. The party's apparent strength was eroded in a complex sequence of factional conflicts in its central and regional structures. And by 1966, the UPC was tearing itself apart. The conflicts were further intensified by the newcomers who had crossed the parliamentary floor from DP and KY.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSa7Wxuw50YC&pg=PA71 |last1=Kasozi |title=The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985 |date=1994 |page=71 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=9780773512184 |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417204140/https://books.google.com/books?id=YSa7Wxuw50YC&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UPC delegates arrived in [[Gulu]] in 1964 for their delegates conference. Here was the first demonstration as to how Obote was losing control of his party. The battle over the Secretary-General of the party was a bitter contest between the new moderate's candidate – [[Grace Ibingira]] and the radical John Kakonge. Ibingira subsequently became the symbol of the opposition to Obote within the UPC. This is an important factor when looking at the subsequent events that led to the crisis between Buganda and the Central government. For those outside the UPC (including KY supporters), this was a sign that Obote was vulnerable. Keen observers realised the UPC was not a cohesive unit.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kasozi|title=The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985|date=1994|page=70}}</ref>

The collapse of the UPC-KY alliance openly revealed the dissatisfaction Obote and others had about Buganda's "special status". In 1964, the government responded to demands from some parts of the vast Buganda Kingdom that they were not the Kabaka's subjects. Prior to colonial rule, Buganda had been rivalled by the neighbouring [[Bunyoro]] kingdom. Buganda had conquered parts of Bunyoro and the British colonialists had formalised this in the Buganda Agreements. Known as the "lost counties", the people in these areas wished to revert to being part of Bunyoro. Obote decided to allow a referendum, which angered the Kabaka and most of the rest of Buganda. The residents of the counties voted to return to Bunyoro despite the Kabaka's attempts to influence the vote.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lamwaka|first1=Caroline|title=The Raging Storm: A Reporter's Inside Account of the Northern Uganda War, 1986–2005|date=2016|publisher=Fountain Publishers|location=Kampala|isbn=978-9970252213}}</ref> Having lost the referendum, KY opposed the bill to pass the counties to Bunyoro, thus ending the alliance with the UPC.

The UPC which had previously been a national party began to break along tribal lines when Ibingira challenged Obote in the UPC. The "North/South" ethnic divide that had been evident in economic and social spheres now entrenched itself in politics. Obote surrounded himself with mainly northern politicians, while Ibingira's supporters who were subsequently arrested and jailed with him, were mainly from the South. In time, the two factions acquired ethnic labels – "Bantu" (the mainly Southern Ibingira faction) and "Nilotic" (the mainly Northern Obote faction). The perception that the government was at war with the Bantu was further enhanced when Obote arrested and imprisoned the mainly Bantu ministers who backed Ibingira.<ref name="Otunnu">{{cite book|last1=Otunnu|first1=Ogenga|title=Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1890 to 1979|date=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-3319331553}}</ref>
[[File:SA18157-Crowned Crane - Żuraw Królewski.jpg|thumb|[[Grey crowned crane|Grey Crowned Crane]] – a symbol of Uganda|alt=]]
These labels brought into the mix two very powerful influences. First Buganda – the people of Buganda are Bantu and therefore naturally aligned to the Ibingira faction. The Ibingira faction further advanced this alliance by accusing Obote of wanting to overthrow the Kabaka.<ref name="Otunnu" /> They were now aligned to opposing Obote. Second – the security forces – the British colonialists had recruited the army and police almost exclusively from Northern Uganda due to their perceived suitability for these roles. At independence, the army and police was dominated by northern tribes – mainly Nilotic. They would now feel more affiliated to Obote, and he took full advantage of this to consolidate his power. In April 1966, Obote passed out eight hundred new army recruits at [[Moroto Town|Moroto]], of whom seventy percent came from the Northern Region.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kasozi|title=The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985|date=1994|page=83}}</ref>

At the time, there was a tendency to perceive central government and security forces as dominated by "northerners" – particularly the Acholi who through the UPC had significant access to government positions at national level.<ref name="LRA-MR">{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Tim|last2=Vlassenroot|first2=Koen|title=The Lord's Resistance Army: myth and reality|date=2010|publisher=Zed|location=London|isbn=9781848135635}}</ref> In northern Uganda there were also varied degrees of anti-Buganda feelings, particularly over the kingdom's "special status" before and after independence, and all the economic and social benefits that came with this status. "Obote brought significant numbers of northerners into the central state, both through the civil service and military, and created a patronage machine in Northern Uganda".<ref name="LRA-MR" /> However, both "Bantu" and "Nilotic" labels represent significant ambiguities. The Bantu category for example includes both Buganda and Bunyoro – historically bitter rivals. The Nilotic label includes the Lugbara, Acholi, and Langi, all of whom have bitter rivalries that were to define Uganda's military politics later. Despite these ambiguities, these events unwittingly brought to fore the northerner/southerner political divide which to some extent still influences Ugandan politics.

The UPC fragmentation continued as opponents sensed Obote's vulnerability. At local level where the UPC dominated most councils discontent began to challenge incumbent council leaders. Even in Obote's home district, attempts were made to oust the head of the local district council in 1966. A more worrying fact for the UPC was that the next national elections loomed in 1967 – and without the support of KY (who were now likely to back the DP), and the growing factionalism in the UPC, there was the real possibility that the UPC would be out of power in months.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

Obote went after KY with a new act of parliament in early 1966 that blocked any attempt by KY to expand outside Buganda. KY appeared to respond in parliament through one of their few remaining MPs, the terminally ill Daudi Ochieng. Ochieng was an irony – although from Northern Uganda, he had risen high in the ranks of KY and become a close confidant to the Kabaka who had gifted him with large land titles in Buganda. In Obote's absence from Parliament, Ochieng laid bare the illegal plundering of ivory and gold from the Congo that had been orchestrated by Obote's army chief of staff, Colonel [[Idi Amin]]. He further alleged that Obote, Onama and Neykon had all benefited from the scheme.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Somerville|first1=Keith|title=Ivory: Power and Poaching in Africa|date=2017|publisher=Hurst|location=London|isbn=9781849046763}}</ref> Parliament overwhelmingly voted in favour of a motion to censure Amin and investigate Obote's involvement. This shook the government and raised tensions in the country.

KY further demonstrated its ability to challenge Obote from within his party at the UPC Buganda conference where Godfrey Binaisa (the Attorney General) was ousted by a faction believed to have the backing of KY, Ibingira and other anti-Obote elements in Buganda.<ref name=Kasozi63 /> Obote's response was to arrest Ibingira and other ministers at a cabinet meeting and to assume special powers in February 1966. In March 1966, Obote also announced that the offices of President and vice-president would cease to exist – effectively dismissing the Kabaka. Obote also gave Amin more power – giving him the Army Commander position over the previous holder (Opolot) who had relations to Buganda through marriage (possibly believing Opolot would be reluctant to take military action against the Kabaka if it came to that). Obote abolished the constitution and effectively suspended elections due in a few months. Obote went on television and radio to accuse the Kabaka of various offences including requesting foreign troops which appears to have been explored by the Kabaka following the rumours of Amin plotting a coup. Obote further dismantled the authority of the Kabaka by announcing among other measures:
* The abolition of independent public service commissions for federal units. This removed the Kabaka's authority to appoint civil servants in Buganda.
* The abolition of the Buganda High Court – removing any judicial authority the Kabaka had.
* The bringing of Buganda financial management under further central control.
* Abolition of lands for Buganda chiefs. Land is one of the key sources of Kabaka's power over his subjects.

The lines were now drawn for a showdown between Buganda and the Central government. Within Buganda's political institutions, rivalries driven by religion and personal ambition made the institutions ineffective and unable to respond to the central government moves. The Kabaka was often regarded as aloof and unresponsive to advice from the younger Buganda politicians who better understood the new post-Independence politics, unlike the traditionalists who were ambivalent to what was going on as long as their traditional benefits were maintained. The Kabaka favoured the neo-traditionalists.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kasozi|title=The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985|date=1994|page=64}}</ref>

In May 1966, the Kabaka asked for foreign help, and the Buganda parliament demanded that the Uganda government leave Buganda (including the capital, Kampala). In response Obote ordered Idi Amin to attack the Kabaka's palace. The battle for the Kabaka's palace was fierce – the Kabaka's guards putting up more resistance than had been expected. The British trained Captain – the Kabaka with about 120 armed men kept Idi Amin at bay for twelve hours.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kasozi|title=The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985|date=1994|page=85}}</ref> It is estimated that up to 2,000 people died in the battle which ended when the army called in heavier guns and overran the palace. The anticipated countryside uprising in Buganda did not materialise and a few hours later a beaming Obote met the press to relish his victory. The Kabaka escaped over the palace walls and was transported into exile in London by supporters. He died there three years later.

===1966–1971 (before the coup)===
In 1966, following a power struggle between the Obote-led government and King Muteesa, Obote suspended the constitution and removed the ceremonial president and vice-president. In 1967, a new constitution proclaimed Uganda a republic and abolished the traditional kingdoms. Obote was declared the president.<ref name="Background">{{cite web | url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2963.htm | title=Background Note: Uganda | publisher=Bureau of African Affairs, United States Department of State | date=November 2008 | access-date=21 January 2017 | archive-date=28 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128192054/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2963.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

===1971 (after the coup) –1979 (end of Amin regime)===
{{Main|Second Republic of Uganda}}
After a [[1971 Ugandan coup d'état|military coup on 25 January 1971]], Obote was deposed from power and General [[Idi Amin]] seized control of the country. Amin ruled Uganda as dictator with the support of the military for the next eight years.<ref name="loc">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html "A Country Study: Uganda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627004743/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html |date=27 June 2015 }}, ''[[Library of Congress]] Country Studies''</ref> He carried out mass killings within the country to maintain his rule. An estimated 80,000–500,000 Ugandans died during his regime.<ref>{{cite news | last=Keatley | first=Patrick | title=Obituary: Idi Amin | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/aug/18/guardianobituaries | work=The Guardian | date=18 August 2003 | access-date=18 March 2008 | archive-date=27 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727231321/http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2003/aug/18/guardianobituaries | url-status=live }}</ref> Aside from his brutalities, he [[Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972|forcibly removed]] the entrepreneurial [[Indian people|Indian]] minority from Uganda.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/uk-indians-taking-care-of-business/2006/03/07/1141701511987.html "UK Indians taking care of business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119151852/http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/uk-indians-taking-care-of-business/2006/03/07/1141701511987.html |date=19 January 2018 }}, ''The Age'' (8 March 2006). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> In June 1976, Palestinian terrorists hijacked an [[Air France]] flight and forced it to land at [[Entebbe International Airport|Entebbe airport]]. One hundred of the 250 passengers originally on board were held hostage until an [[Operation Entebbe|Israeli commando raid]] rescued them ten days later.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4/newsid_2786000/2786967.stm | title=1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages |work=BBC News | access-date=27 December 2012 | archive-date=23 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023233100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4/newsid_2786000/2786967.stm |url-status=live |date=4 July 1976}}</ref> Amin's reign was ended after the [[Uganda–Tanzania War]] in 1979, in which Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda.

===1979–present===
{{Main|History of Uganda (1979–present)}}
[[File:Second Congo War Africa map en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Belligerents of the Second Congo War. On 19 December 2005, the [[International Court of Justice]] found against Uganda, in a case brought by the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation of human rights.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/dec/20/congo.uganda Court orders Uganda to pay Congo damages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102143450/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/dec/20/congo.uganda |date=2 January 2021 }}". ''[[The Guardian]]''. 20 December 2005</ref>]]

In 1980, the [[Ugandan Bush War]] broke out resulting in [[Yoweri Museveni]] became president since his forces toppled the previous regime in January 1986.{{sfn|Reid|2017|p=75}}

[[List of political parties in Uganda|Political parties in Uganda]] were restricted in their activities beginning that year, in a measure ostensibly designed to reduce sectarian violence. In the [[non-partisan democracy|non-party]] "Movement" system instituted by Museveni, political parties continued to exist, but they could operate only a headquarters office. They could not open branches, hold rallies, or field candidates directly (although electoral candidates could belong to political parties). A constitutional referendum cancelled this nineteen-year ban on multi-party politics in July 2005.

In 1993, [[Pope John Paul II]] visited Uganda during his six-day [[List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II|pastoral trip]] to urge Ugandans to seek reconciliation.

In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was lauded by western countries as part of a new generation of African leaders.<ref>"'New-Breed' Leadership, Conflict, and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda's Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, Joseph Oloka-Onyango," ''Africa Today'' – Volume 50, Number 3, Spring 2004, p. 29</ref>

His presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the [[Second Congo War]], resulting in an estimated 5.4 million deaths since 1998, and by participating in other conflicts in the [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Great Lakes region of Africa]]. He had struggled for years in the civil war against the Lord's Resistance Army, which resulted it numerous crimes against humanity, including [[child slavery]], the [[Atiak massacre]], and other mass murders. Conflict in northern Uganda has killed thousands and displaced millions.<ref>{{cite news | title=No End to LRA Killings and Abductions | publisher=Human Rights Watch | date=23 May 2011 | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/23/no-end-lra-killings-and-abductions | access-date=4 December 2016 | archive-date=28 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728162000/https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/23/no-end-lra-killings-and-abductions | url-status=live }}</ref>

Parliament abolished presidential term limits in 2005, allegedly because Museveni used public funds to pay US$2,000 to each member of parliament who supported the measure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/23/uganda-term-limits-bill-grandfathers-museveni/|title=Uganda term-limits bill grandfathers Museveni|website=The Washington Times|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180913/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/23/uganda-term-limits-bill-grandfathers-museveni/|url-status=live}}</ref> Presidential [[2006 Ugandan general election|elections]] were held in February 2006. Museveni ran against several candidates, the most prominent of them being [[Kizza Besigye]].

On 20 February 2011, the Uganda Electoral Commission declared the incumbent president Yoweri Kaguta Museveni the winning candidate of the 2011 [[2011 Ugandan general election|elections]] that were held on 18 February 2011. The opposition however, were not satisfied with the results, condemning them as full of sham and rigging. According to the official results, Museveni won with 68 percent of the votes. This easily topped his nearest challenger, Besigye, who had been Museveni's physician and told reporters that he and his supporters "downrightly snub" the outcome as well as the unremitting rule of Museveni or any person he may appoint. Besigye added that the rigged elections would definitely lead to an illegitimate leadership and that it is up to Ugandans to critically analyse this. The European Union's Election Observation Mission reported on improvements and flaws of the Ugandan electoral process: "The electoral campaign and polling day were conducted in a peaceful manner. However, the electoral process was marred by avoidable administrative and logistical failures that led to an unacceptable number of Ugandan citizens being disfranchised."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eueom.eu/files/pressreleases/english/press_release_preliminarystatement_uganda_20_february_en.pdf | title=Uganda 2011 Elections | date=20 February 2011 | publisher=European Union Election Observation Mission | access-date=18 October 2011 | archive-date=3 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403173129/http://www.eueom.eu/files/pressreleases/english/press_release_preliminarystatement_uganda_20_february_en.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

Since August 2012, hacktivist group [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] has threatened Ugandan officials and hacked official government websites over its anti-gay bills.<ref>Roberts, Scott (13 November 2012) [http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/11/13/hacktivists-target-ugandas-anti-gay-lawmakers/ Hacktivists target Ugandan lawmakers over anti-gay bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115235902/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/11/13/hacktivists-target-ugandas-anti-gay-lawmakers/ |date=15 November 2012 }}. pinknews.co.uk</ref> Some international donors have threatened to cut financial aid to the country if anti-gay bills continue.<ref>Roberts, Scott (14 November 2012) [http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/11/14/pressure-on-uganda-builds-over-anti-gay-law/ Pressure on Uganda builds over anti-gay law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115234405/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/11/14/pressure-on-uganda-builds-over-anti-gay-law/ |date=15 November 2012 }}. pinknews.co.uk</ref>

Indicators of a plan for succession by the president's son, Muhoozi Kainerugaba, have increased tensions.<ref>Article 19. (2013). [http://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/37201/en/uganda:-public-order-management-bill Uganda: Public Order Management Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016144056/https://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/37201/en/uganda:-public-order-management-bill |date=16 October 2017 }}.</ref><ref>Masereka, Alex. (2013). [http://www.redpepper.co.ug/m7-okays-public-order-bill/ M7 Okays Public Order Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062551/http://www.redpepper.co.ug/m7-okays-public-order-bill/ |date=23 October 2013 }}. ''Red Pepper''.</ref><ref name="Uganda 2012 Human Rights Report">United States Department of State (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor). (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204390.pdf Uganda 2012 Human Rights Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326170131/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204390.pdf |date=26 March 2017 }}.</ref><ref>Natabaalo, Grace. (2013). Ugandan Police Shutdown Papers Over 'Plot'. ''Al Jazeera''.</ref>

President Yoweri Museveni has ruled the country since 1986 and he was latest re-elected in January 2021 presidential [[2021 Ugandan general election|elections]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Uganda |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/uganda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929074232/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/uganda |archive-date=29 September 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019 |website=freedomhouse.org}}</ref> According to official results Museveni won the elections with 58% of the vote while popstar-turned-politician [[Bobi Wine]] had 35%. The opposition challenged the result because of allegations of widespread fraud and irregularities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-election-bobi-wine-challenges-result-in-court/a-56405583|title=Uganda election: Bobi Wine challenges result in court &#124; DW &#124; 01.02.2021|website=Deutsche Welle|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301143714/https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-election-bobi-wine-challenges-result-in-court/a-56405583|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55675887|title=Uganda elections 2021: Museveni takes lead as Bobi Wine cries foul|work=BBC News|date=16 January 2021|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310035143/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55675887|url-status=live}}</ref> Another opposition candidate was 24 year old John Katumba.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Independent |first1=The |title=Presidential candidate John Katumba publishes his memoir |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/presidential-candidate-john-katumba-publishes-his-memoir/ |website=The Independent Uganda |date=9 January 2021 |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701070601/https://www.independent.co.ug/presidential-candidate-john-katumba-publishes-his-memoir/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Uganda|Wildlife of Uganda}}
[[File:Uganda, 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Relief map of Uganda]]
Uganda is located in southeast Africa between 1º S and 4º N latitude, and between 30º E and 35º E longitude. Its geography is very diverse, consisting of volcanic hills, mountains, and lakes. The country sits at an average of 900 meters above sea level. Both the eastern and western borders of Uganda have mountains. The Ruwenzori mountain range contains the highest peak in Uganda, which is named Alexandra and measures {{convert|5094|m}}.

===Lakes and rivers===

Much of the south of the country is heavily influenced by one of the world's biggest lakes, Lake Victoria, which contains many islands. The most important cities are located in the south, near this lake, including the capital [[Kampala]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LccRAwAAQBAJ&dq=Jamhuri+ya+Uganda+swahili&pg=PA745 |title=Britannica Book of the Year 2014 |date=1 March 2014 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-62513-171-3 |page=745 |language=en |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227190929/https://books.google.com/books?id=LccRAwAAQBAJ&dq=Jamhuri+ya+Uganda+swahili&pg=PA745 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Amendment_2005">{{cite web |author=Parliament of the Republic of Uganda |date=26 September 2005 |title=Constitutional Amendment Act 2005 |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/views/87694c9d-0255-4d29-bf41-d89407bfc287%253B1.0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210442/https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/views/87694c9d-0255-4d29-bf41-d89407bfc287%253B1.0 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=Parliament.go.ug |publisher=Republic of Uganda |quote=§I.3:6.(2): Swahili shall be the second official language in Uganda to be used in such circumstances as Parliament may by law prescribe.}}</ref> and the nearby city of [[Entebbe]].<ref name=DataBasin/> [[Lake Kyoga]] is in the centre of the country and is surrounded by extensive marshy areas.<ref>{{Britannica|325970}}</ref>
[[File:Evening, Nile River, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Great Nile River, Uganda]]
Although landlocked, Uganda contains many large lakes. Besides Lakes Victoria and Kyoga, there are [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]], [[Lake Edward]], and the smaller [[Lake George (Uganda)|Lake George]].<ref name="DataBasin" /> It lies almost completely within the [[Nile]] basin. The Victoria Nile drains from Lake Victoria into Lake Kyoga and thence into Lake Albert on the Congolese border. It then runs northwards into [[South Sudan]]. An area in eastern Uganda is drained by the [[Turkwel River|Suam River]], part of the internal drainage basin of [[Lake Turkana]]. The extreme north-eastern part of Uganda drains into the Lotikipi Basin, which is primarily in Kenya.<ref name="DataBasin">{{cite web | url=http://databasin.org/maps/new#datasets=878c064ec5d8440493f9924f90b58af1 | title=Maps | website=Data Basin | access-date=14 September 2015 | archive-date=6 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906155539/http://databasin.org/maps/new#datasets=878c064ec5d8440493f9924f90b58af1 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Biodiversity and conservation===
{{Main|Conservation in Uganda}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map UGA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Uganda map of Köppen climate classification]]

Uganda has [[List of Protected Areas in Uganda|60 protected areas]], including ten national parks: [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]] and [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]] (both UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list|title=World Heritage List|access-date=4 June 2013|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314170923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list|url-status=live}}</ref>), [[Kibale National Park]], [[Kidepo Valley National Park]], [[Lake Mburo National Park]], [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]], [[Mount Elgon National Park]], [[Murchison Falls National Park]], [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]], and [[Semuliki National Park]].

Uganda is home to a vast number of species, including a population of [[mountain gorillas]] in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, gorillas and [[golden monkey]]s in the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, and [[hippo]]s in the Murchison Falls National Park.<ref>{{cite book|title=Watching Wildlife: East Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet}}</ref>
[[Jackfruit]] can also be found throughout the country.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/6838543 | doi=10.1007/s10722-019-00830-5 | title=Exploring the genetic diversity of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) grown in Uganda based on SSR markers | year=2020 | last1=Nakintu | first1=Justine | last2=Albrecht | first2=Christian | last3=Müller | first3=Christina M. | last4=Kagoro-Rugunda | first4=Grace | last5=Andama | first5=Morgan | last6=Olet | first6=Eunice A. | last7=Lejju | first7=Julius B. | last8=Gemeinholzer | first8=Birgit | journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution | volume=67 | issue=3 | pages=605–619 | s2cid=201983253 | access-date=13 January 2023 | archive-date=13 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113170255/https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/6838543 | url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:033 Male Ugandan kob trying to seduce a female at Queen Elizabeth National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|thumb|Male Ugandan kob trying to seduce a female at Queen Elizabeth National Park Photo]]
The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 4.36/10, ranking it 128th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Politics of Uganda}}The [[President of Uganda]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]]. The president appoints a vice-president and a [[Prime Minister of Uganda|prime minister]] to aid them in governing.
[[File:Yoweri Museveni September 2015.jpg|thumb|Yoweri Museveni, president of the republic of Uganda since 1986]]
The [[Parliament of Uganda]] has 557 members. These include [[List of constituencies in Uganda|constituency representatives]], district woman representatives and representatives of the Uganda People's Defense Forces. There are also 5 representatives of the youth, 5 representatives of workers, 5 representatives of persons with disabilities, and 18 [[Ex officio member|ex officio]] members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Uganda {{!}} State House Uganda |url=https://www.statehouse.go.ug/about-uganda |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=www.statehouse.go.ug |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618075533/https://statehouse.go.ug/about-uganda |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{Further|Foreign relations of Uganda|}}
 [[File:BushMuseveniEntebbe2003.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] met with President Yoweri Museveni in Entebbe, Uganda, 11 July 2003.]]
Uganda is a member of the [[East African Community]] (EAC), along with Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and South Sudan. According to the East African Common Market Protocol of 2010, the free trade and free movement of people is guaranteed, including the right to reside in another member country for purposes of employment. This protocol, however, has not been implemented because of work permit and other bureaucratic, legal, and financial obstacles. Uganda is a founding member of the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] (IGAD), an eight-country bloc including governments from the [[Horn of Africa]], [[Nile Valley]], and the [[African Great Lakes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IGAD - About us|url=https://igad.int/about-us|access-date=31 December 2020|website=igad.int|language=en-gb|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326020505/https://igad.int/about-us|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its headquarters are in Djibouti City. Uganda is also a member of the [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]].<ref name="oicmems">{{cite web|title=Member States|url=https://www.oic-oci.org/|website=OIC|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101030126/https://www.oic-oci.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Military===
{{Further|Uganda People's Defence Force}}
In Uganda, the [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] serves as the military. The [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|number of military personnel in Uganda]] is estimated at 45,000 soldiers on active duty. The Uganda army is involved in several peacekeeping and combat missions in the region, with commentators noting that only the [[United States Armed Forces]] is deployed in more countries. Uganda has soldiers deployed in the northern and eastern areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the [[Central African Republic]], [[Somalia]], and [[South Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/OpEdColumnists/CharlesOnyangoObbo/With-Somalia--CAR--and-South-Sudan--Museveni/-/878504/2137720/-/eb4y1nz/-/index.html | title=With Somalia, CAR, and South Sudan, Museveni is remaking the state – Charles Onyango Obbo | publisher=Monitor.co.ug | access-date=30 May 2015 | archive-date=29 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129014713/http://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/OpEdColumnists/CharlesOnyangoObbo/With-Somalia--CAR--and-South-Sudan--Museveni/-/878504/2137720/-/eb4y1nz/-/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Corruption===
{{main|Corruption in Uganda}}
[[Transparency International]] has rated Uganda's public sector as one of the most corrupt in the world. In 2016, Uganda ranked 151st best out of 176 and had a score of 25 on a scale from 0 (perceived as most corrupt) to 100 (perceived as clean).<ref name=CPI>{{cite web | title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 | url=https://www.transparency.org/country/UGA | publisher=Transparency International | access-date=17 April 2017 | archive-date=19 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419004359/https://www.transparency.org/country/UGA | url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[World Bank]]'s 2015 Worldwide Governance Indicators ranked Uganda in the worst 12 percentile of all countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dataviz.worldbank.org/t/DECDG/views/WGI-9-23-16/TableView?:embed=y&:loadOrderID=0&:display_count=no&:display_spinner=no&:showShareOptions=true&:showVizHome=no|title=Workbook: WGI-9-23-16|website=dataviz.worldbank.org|access-date=18 April 2017|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162841/http://dataviz.worldbank.org/t/DECDG/views/WGI-9-23-16/TableView?:embed=y&:loadOrderID=0&:display_count=no&:display_spinner=no&:showShareOptions=true&:showVizHome=no|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[United States Department of State]]'s 2012 Human Rights Report on Uganda, "The World Bank's most recent Worldwide Governance Indicators reflected corruption was a severe problem" and that "the country annually loses 768.9 billion shillings ($286 million) to corruption."<ref name="Uganda 2012 Human Rights Report"/>

Ugandan parliamentarians in 2014 earned 60 times what was earned by most state employees, and they sought a major increase. This caused widespread criticism and protests, including the smuggling of two piglets into the parliament in June 2014 to highlight corruption amongst members of parliament. The protesters, who were arrested, used the word "MPigs" to highlight their grievance.<ref name="UganadaMPs">{{cite news |title=Piglets released in Ugandan parliament investigated for terrorism |url=http://www.ugandanews.net/index.php/sid/223128407/scat/faaba65027d16d8c/ht/Piglets-released-in-Ugandan-parliament-investigated-for-terrorism |access-date=23 June 2014 |publisher=Uganda News.Net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011010209/http://www.ugandanews.net/index.php/sid/223128407/scat/faaba65027d16d8c/ht/Piglets-released-in-Ugandan-parliament-investigated-for-terrorism |archive-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A specific scandal, which had significant international consequences and highlighted the presence of corruption in high-level government offices, was the embezzlement of $12.6 million of donor funds from the Office of the Prime Minister in 2012. These funds were "earmarked as crucial support for rebuilding northern Uganda, ravaged by a 20-year war, and Karamoja, Uganda's poorest region." This scandal prompted the EU, the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, and Norway to suspend aid.<ref>Human Rights Watch. (2013). [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/10/21/letting-big-fish-swim-0 Letting the Big Fish Swim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707083249/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/10/21/letting-big-fish-swim-0 |date=7 July 2015 }}.</ref>

Widespread grand and petty corruption involving public officials and political patronage systems have also seriously affected the investment climate in Uganda. One of the high corruption risk areas is the public procurement in which non-transparent under-the-table cash payments are often demanded from procurement officers.<ref>{{cite web | title=A Snapshot of Corruption in Uganda | url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/uganda-version/snapshot.aspx | publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal | access-date=24 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914133543/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/uganda-version/snapshot.aspx | archive-date=14 September 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

What may ultimately compound this problem is the availability of oil. The Petroleum Bill, passed by parliament in 2012 and touted by the NRM as bringing transparency to the oil sector, has failed to please domestic and international political commentators and economists. For instance, Angelo Izama, a Ugandan energy analyst at the US-based Open Society Foundation said the new law was tantamount to "handing over an ATM (cash) machine" to Museveni and his regime.<ref>Biryabarema, Elias. (2012). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-oil-idUSL5E8N7AJH20121207 "Ugandan Lawmakers Pass Oil Bill, Worry About Corruption"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172449/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/07/uganda-oil-idUSL5E8N7AJH20121207 |date=24 September 2015 }}. ''Thomson Reuters''</ref> According to Global Witness in 2012, a non-governmental organisation devoted to international law, Uganda now has "oil reserves that have the potential to double the government's revenue within six to ten years, worth an estimated US $2.4 billion per year."<ref>Global Witness (2 March 2012). [http://www.globalwitness.org/library/ugandas-oil-laws-global-witness-analysis "UGANDA'S OIL LAWS: GLOBAL WITNESS ANALYSIS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184413/http://www.globalwitness.org/library/ugandas-oil-laws-global-witness-analysis |date=29 October 2013 }}, accessed 21 January 2016</ref>

The Non-Governmental Organizations (Amendment) Act, passed in 2006, has stifled the productivity of NGOs through erecting barriers to entry, activity, funding and assembly within the sector. Burdensome and corrupt registration procedures (i.e. requiring recommendations from government officials; annual re-registration), unreasonable regulation of operations (i.e. requiring government notification prior to making contact with individuals in NGO's area of interest), and the precondition that all foreign funds be passed through the Bank of Uganda, among other things, are severely limiting the output of the NGO sector. Furthermore, the sector's freedom of speech has been continually infringed upon through the use of intimidation, and the recent Public Order Management Bill (severely limiting freedom of assembly) will only add to the government's stockpile of ammunition.<ref>The International Center for Not-For-Profit Law. (2012). [http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/uganda.html NGO Law Monitor: Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191439/http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/uganda.html |date=29 October 2013 }}.</ref>

A leaked confidential document exposes scandals in Uganda's Office of the Prime Minister, including distribution of rotten food, excessive spending, land grabbing allegations, and controversial handling of political matters. These revelations raise questions about the office's ethics and transparency and involves Charles Odongtho, the OPM's public relations expert.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chimpreports.com/scandal-leaked-document-exposes-hidden-secrets-in-opm/ | title=Scandal: Leaked Document Exposes Hidden Secrets in OPM | date=15 December 2024 }}</ref>

===Human rights===
{{Main|Human rights in Uganda}}
There are many areas which continue to attract concern when it comes to human rights in Uganda.

Conflict in the northern parts of the country continues to generate reports of abuses by both the rebel [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA), led by [[Joseph Kony]], and the [[Uganda People's Defence Force|Ugandan Army]]. A UN official accused the LRA in February 2009 of "appalling brutality" in the Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jjDmW-YliFMFYnBOvy5bwN3-Ggtg |title=AFP: Attacks of 'appalling brutality' in DR Congo: UN |date=10 February 2009 |access-date=29 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525014006/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jjDmW-YliFMFYnBOvy5bwN3-Ggtg |archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref>

The number of [[internally displaced persons]] is estimated at 1.4&nbsp;million. Torture continues to be a widespread practice amongst security organisations. Attacks on political freedom in the country, including the arrest and beating of opposition members of parliament, have led to international criticism, culminating in May 2005 in a decision by the British government to withhold part of its aid to the country. The arrest of the main opposition leader [[Kizza Besigye]] and the siege of the [[High Court (Uganda)|High Court]] during a hearing of Besigye's case by heavily armed security forces – before the [[2006 Ugandan general election|February 2006 elections]] – led to condemnation.<ref name="hrw1">[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/12/19/uganda12321.htm "Uganda: Respect Opposition Right to Campaign"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140756/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/12/19/uganda12321.htm |date=29 September 2007 }}, ''[[Human Rights Watch]]'', 19 December 2005</ref>

[[Child labour]] is common in Uganda. Many child workers are active in agriculture.<ref name="unhcr.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131219212950/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOL,,UGA,4e8c3993d,0.html Refworld |2010 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Uganda]. UNHCR (3 October 2011). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> Children who work on tobacco farms in Uganda are exposed to health hazards.<ref name="unhcr.org"/> Child domestic servants in Uganda risk [[sexual abuse]].<ref name="unhcr.org"/> [[Trafficking of children]] occurs.<ref name="unhcr.org"/> [[Slavery]] and [[forced labour]] are prohibited by the Ugandan constitution.<ref name="unhcr.org"/>

The US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants reported several violations of refugee rights in 2007, including forcible deportations by the Ugandan government and violence directed against refugees.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news | title=World Refugee Survey 2008 | publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants | date=19 June 2008 | url=http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=2114&subm=179&area=Investigate | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131331/http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=2114&subm=179&area=Investigate | archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref>

Torture and extrajudicial killings have been a pervasive problem in Uganda in recent years. For instance, according to a 2012 US State Department report, "the African Center for Treatment and Rehabilitation for Torture Victims registered 170 allegations of torture against police, 214 against the UPDF, 1 against military police, 23 against the Special Investigations Unit, 361 against unspecified security personnel, and 24 against prison officials" between January and September 2012.<ref name="Uganda 2012 Human Rights Report"/>
[[File:Hillary Rodham Clinton with 2011 Human Rights Defender Award recipients.jpg|thumb|Hillary Rodham Clinton with 2011 Human Rights Defender Award recipients]]
In September 2009, Museveni refused Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, the Baganda king, permission to visit some areas of Buganda Kingdom, particularly the Kayunga district. Riots occurred and over 40 people were killed while others still remain imprisoned. Furthermore, 9 more people were killed during the April 2011 "Walk to Work" demonstrations. According to the Humans Rights Watch 2013 World Report on Uganda, the government has failed to investigate the killings associated with both of these events.<ref>Human Rights Watch. (2013). [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/uganda World Report 2013 (Uganda)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701082641/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/uganda |date=1 July 2016 }}.</ref>

====LGBT rights====
{{Main|LGBT rights in Uganda}}
{{update section|date=September 2023}}
[[File:Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill protest.jpg|thumb|upright|A 2009 protest in [[New York City]] against Uganda's [[Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014|first Anti-Homosexuality Bill]]]]

In 2007, a newspaper, the ''[[Red Pepper (newspaper)|Red Pepper]]'', published a list of allegedly gay men; as a result, many of the men listed suffered harassment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/Regions/Africa/Uganda |title=Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people |access-date=27 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311201758/http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/Regions/Africa/Uganda |archive-date=11 March 2008}}, Amnesty International Report 2007 Uganda.</ref>

On 9 October 2010, the Ugandan newspaper ''[[Rolling Stone (Uganda)|Rolling Stone]]'' published a front-page article titled "100 Pictures of Uganda's Top Homos Leak" that listed the names, addresses, and photographs of 100 homosexuals alongside a yellow banner that read "Hang Them."<ref name="Guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/21/ugandan-paper-gay-people-hanged "Ugandan paper calls for gay people to be hanged"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811170441/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/21/ugandan-paper-gay-people-hanged |date=11 August 2020 }}, Xan Rice, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 October 2010.</ref> The paper also alleged [[homosexual recruitment]] of Ugandan children. The publication attracted international attention and criticism from human rights organisations, such as [[Amnesty International]],<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/ugandan-gay-rights-activist-%E2%80%98i-have-watch-my-back-more-ever%E2%80%99-2010-11-05 "Ugandan gay rights activist: 'I have to watch my back more than ever'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204151737/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/ugandan-gay-rights-activist-%E2%80%98i-have-watch-my-back-more-ever%E2%80%99-2010-11-05 |date=4 December 2014 }}, 5 November 2010.</ref> [[No Peace Without Justice]]<ref>[http://www.npwj.org/Other/Uganda-Stop-homophobic-campaign-launched-Rolling-Stone-tabloid.html-0 "Uganda: Stop homophobic campaign launched by ''Rolling Stone'' tabloid"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101102044/http://www.npwj.org/Other/Uganda-Stop-homophobic-campaign-launched-Rolling-Stone-tabloid.html-0 |date=1 January 2011 }}, 14 October 2010, [[No Peace Without Justice]].</ref> and the [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]].<ref name="ILGA">[http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/mE8jac21Q7 "Uganda Newspaper Published Names/Photos of LGBT Activists and HRDs – Cover Says 'Hang Them'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201032313/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/mE8jac21Q7 |date=1 February 2011 }}, [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]].</ref> According to [[gay rights]] activists, many Ugandans have been attacked since the publication.<ref name="Independent">Akam, Simon (22 October 2010), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/outcry-as-ugandan-paper-names-top-homosexuals-2113348.html "Outcry as Ugandan paper names 'top homosexuals'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927052258/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/outcry-as-ugandan-paper-names-top-homosexuals-2113348.html |date=27 September 2020 }}, ''[[The Independent]]''.</ref> On 27 January 2011, gay rights activist [[David Kato]] was murdered.<ref name="BBC">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12295718 "Uganda gay rights activist David Kato killed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006175942/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12295718 |date=6 October 2021 }}, 27 January 2011, [[BBC News]].</ref>

In 2009, the Ugandan parliament considered an [[Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill|Anti-Homosexuality Bill]] which would have broadened the criminalisation of homosexuality by introducing the death penalty for people who have previous convictions, or are HIV-positive, and engage in same-sex sexual acts. The bill included provisions for Ugandans who engage in same-sex sexual relations outside of Uganda, asserting that they may be [[extradition|extradited]] back to Uganda for punishment, and included penalties for individuals, companies, media organisations, or non-governmental organizations that support legal protection for homosexuality or sodomy. On 14 October 2009, MP [[David Bahati]] submitted the [[private member's bill]] and was believed to have had widespread support in the Uganda parliament.<ref name=Harpers2010>{{Cite magazine | last1=Sharlet | first1=Jeff | author-link=Jeff Sharlet (writer) | date=September 2010 | title=Straight Man's Burden: The American roots of Uganda's anti-gay persecutions | magazine=Harper's Magazine | volume=321 | issue=1,924 | pages=36–48 | url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/09/0083101 | access-date=21 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206102551/http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/09/0083101 | archive-date=6 December 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The hacktivist group [[Anonymous (hacker group)|Anonymous]] hacked into Ugandan government websites in protest of the bill.<ref>Brocklebank, Christopher (15 August 2012). [http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/08/15/anonymous-hack-into-ugandan-government-websites-in-protest-at-their-anti-lgbt-policies/ Anonymous hack into Ugandan government websites in protest at their anti-LGBT policies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024143334/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/08/15/anonymous-hack-into-ugandan-government-websites-in-protest-at-their-anti-lgbt-policies/ |date=24 October 2012 }}. Pinknews.co.uk.</ref> In response to global condemnation the debate of the bill was delayed, but it was eventually passed on 20 December 2013 and President Museveni signed it on 24 February 2014. The death penalty was dropped in the final legislation. The law was widely condemned by the international community. Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden said they would withhold aid. On 28 February 2014 the [[World Bank]] said it would postpone a US$90 million loan, while the United States said it was reviewing ties with Uganda.<ref name=WorldBankPostponesLOan>[http://www.ugandanews.net/index.php/sid/220274118/scat/faaba65027d16d8c/ht/Ugandas-anti-gay-law-prompts-World-Bank-to-postpone-90mn-loan "Uganda's anti-gay law prompts World Bank to postpone $90mn loan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029215342/http://www.ugandanews.net/index.php/sid/220274118/scat/faaba65027d16d8c/ht/Ugandas-anti-gay-law-prompts-World-Bank-to-postpone-90mn-loan |date=29 October 2014 }}, ''Uganda News.Net'', 28 February 2014.</ref> On 1 August 2014, the [[Constitutional Court of Uganda]] ruled the bill invalid as it was not passed with the required [[quorum]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Uganda anti-gay law challenged in court | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/31/uganda-anti-gay-law-constitutional-court | access-date=1 August 2014 | work=The Guardian | agency=AFP | date=31 July 2014 | archive-date=31 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731171411/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/31/uganda-anti-gay-law-constitutional-court | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uganda court annuls anti-gay law | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28605400 | access-date=1 August 2014 | work=BBC News | date=1 August 2014 | archive-date=9 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909134802/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28605400 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uganda constitutional court annuls new anti-gay law | url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2014/08/01/uganda-constitutional-court-annuls-new-anti-gay-law | access-date=1 August 2014 | work=Times LIVE | agency=AFP | date=1 August 2014 | archive-date=9 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909103014/https://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2014/08/01/uganda-constitutional-court-annuls-new-anti-gay-law | url-status=live }}</ref> A 13 August 2014 news report said that the Ugandan attorney general had dropped all plans to appeal, per a directive from President Museveni who was concerned about foreign reaction to the bill and who also said that any newly introduced bill should not criminalise same-sex relationships between consenting adults.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ugandas-attorney-general-wont-appeal-anti-gay-law-ruling-1407946971|title=Uganda's Attorney General Won't Appeal Ruling on Antigay Law|first=Nicholas|last=Bariyo|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=13 August 2014|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627022833/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ugandas-attorney-general-wont-appeal-anti-gay-law-ruling-1407946971|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2019, progress on the African continent was slow but progressing with South Africa being the only country where same sex marriages are recognised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/10/africa/africa-lgbtq-equality-analysis-intl/index.html|title=Progress for gay rights in Africa still isn't inevitable|first=David|last=McKenzie|website=CNN|date=11 August 2019|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929171603/https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/10/africa/africa-lgbtq-equality-analysis-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023=====
{{Main|Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023}}
On 21 March 2023, the Ugandan parliament passed a bill that would make identifying as homosexual punishable by life in prison and the death penalty for anyone found guilty of "aggravated homosexuality".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicholls |first=Larry Madowo, Catherine |date=2023-03-21 |title=Uganda parliament passes bill criminalizing identifying as LGBTQ, imposes death penalty for some offenses |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/21/africa/uganda-lgbtq-law-passes-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322173434/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/21/africa/uganda-lgbtq-law-passes-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Atuhaire |first=Patience |date=2023-03-21 |title=Uganda Anti-Homosexuality bill: Life in prison for saying you're gay |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65034343 |access-date=2023-03-22 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322153403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65034343 |url-status=live }}</ref><!--
Legend commented out while charts are broken.
{{legend|darkblue|Countries opposing the bill}}
{{legend|lightblue|European Union countries without statements}}
{{legend|darkred|Countries supporting the bill}}
{{legend|yellow|No statement}}
{{legend|black|Uganda}}}}
-->

On 9 March 2023 [[Asuman Basalirwa]] (a [[Parliament of Uganda|member of parliament]] since 2018 from the opposition representing [[Bugiri]] Municipality on Justice Forum party ticket) tabled a proposed law which seeks out to castigate gay sex and "the promotion or recognition of such relations" and he made remarks that: "In this country, or in this world, we talk about human rights. But it is also true that there are human wrongs. I want to submit that homosexuality is a human wrong that offends the laws of Uganda and threatens the sanctity of the family, the safety of our children and the continuation of humanity through reproduction."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Okiror |first=Samuel |date=2023-03-01 |title=Uganda MPs revive hardline anti-LGBTQ bill, calling homosexuality a 'cancer' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/mar/01/uganda-mps-hardline-anti-lgbtq-bill |access-date=2023-03-11 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517122716/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/mar/01/uganda-mps-hardline-anti-lgbtq-bill |url-status=live }}</ref>&nbsp;The speaker of parliament, [[Anita Among|Annet Anita Among]], referred the bill to a house committee for scrutiny, the first step in an accelerated process to pass the proposal into law. The parliament speaker had earlier noted that: "We want to appreciate our promoters of homosexuality for the social economic development they have brought to the country," in reference to western countries and donors. "But we do not appreciate the fact that they are killing morals. We do not need their money, we need our culture." during a prayer service held in parliament and attended by several religious leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |first=Rédaction |date=2023-03-09 |title=Uganda presents anti-gay bill in parliament with tough new penalties |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/03/09/uganda-presents-anti-gay-bill-in-parliament-with-tough-new-penalties/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311132501/https://www.africanews.com/2023/03/09/uganda-presents-anti-gay-bill-in-parliament-with-tough-new-penalties/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Speaker vowed to pass the bill into law at whatever cost to shield Uganda's culture and its sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Anti-gay law will be passed at whatever cost, says Speaker |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/anti-gay-law-will-be-passed-at-whatever-cost-says-speaker-4150612 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Monitor |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316061854/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/anti-gay-law-will-be-passed-at-whatever-cost-says-speaker-4150612 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 March 2023, parliament rapidly passed the anti-homosexuality bill with overwhelming support.<ref name="lancet">{{Cite journal |last=Jerving |first=Sara |date=2023-04-22 |title=Uganda's "anti-homosexuality" bill already affecting care |journal=The Lancet |volume=401 |issue=10385 |pages=1327–1328 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00814-0 |pmid=37088085 |doi-access=free |issn=0140-6736}}</ref>

The [[United States]] strongly condemned the bill. During a [[White House Press Secretary|White House Press]] briefing on 22 March 2023, [[Karine Jean-Pierre]] stated. "Human rights [[Moral universalism|are universal]]. No one should be attacked, imprisoned, or killed simply because of who they are or whom they love."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jean-Pierre |first1=Karine |author-link=Karine Jean-Pierre |last2=Kirby |first2=John |author-link2=John Kirby (admiral) |date=2023-03-23 |title=Press Briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre and NSC Coordinator for Strategic Communications John Kirby |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2023/03/22/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-and-nsc-coordinator-for-strategic-communications-john-kirby-11/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=The White House |language=en-US |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324174615/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2023/03/22/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-and-nsc-coordinator-for-strategic-communications-john-kirby-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Further criticism came from the United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Atuhaire |first=Patience |date=2023-03-21 |title=Uganda Anti-Homosexuality bill: Life in prison for saying you're gay |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65034343 |access-date=2023-03-24 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322153403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65034343 |url-status=live }}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Dylan |date=23 March 2023 |title=Trudeau mulls response to 'appalling and abhorrent' Uganda LGBTQ death-penalty bill |url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/trudeau-mulls-response-to-appalling-and-abhorrent-uganda-lgbtq-death-penalty-bill |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=[[National Post]] |language=en-CA |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517122800/https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/trudeau-mulls-response-to-appalling-and-abhorrent-uganda-lgbtq-death-penalty-bill |url-status=live }}</ref> Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=23 March 2023 |title=Germany condemns Uganda's new 'draconian' anti-gay law |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-condemns-ugandas-new-draconian-anti-gay-law/a-65093313 |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324201716/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-condemns-ugandas-new-draconian-anti-gay-law/a-65093313 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the European Union.

===Administrative divisions===
{{main|Administrative divisions of Uganda}}
[[File:Ug-map.PNG|thumb|Some of the districts in Uganda]]
{{As of|2022}}, Uganda is divided into four [[Regions of Uganda]] and 136 [[Districts of Uganda|districts]].<ref name="district">{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:UG | title=UG – Uganda | work=[[ISO 3166]] | publisher=[[ISO]] | date=23 November 2017 | access-date=1 December 2017 | archive-date=17 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:UG | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="factsheet">{{cite web | url=http://molg.go.ug/sites/default/files/MoLG%20-%20%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202054340/http://molg.go.ug/sites/default/files/MoLG%20-%20%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 December 2017 | title=Ministry of Local Government Fact Sheet | publisher=[[Ministry of Local Government (Uganda)|MOLG]] | date=1 July 2017 | access-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref>  Rural areas of districts are subdivided into [[Sub-counties of Uganda|sub-counties]], parishes, and villages. Municipal and town councils are designated in urban areas of districts.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/6896/109006750.pdf;jsessionid=6D8D15619FB69B61CCDC0746FEB4DFAE.bora-uib_worker?sequence=1 | title=Public Accountability: Explaining Variation Across Local Governments in Uganda | page=4 | publisher=[[University of Bergen]] | type=MPhil thesis | date=2013 | access-date=1 December 2017 | archive-date=2 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202203049/http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/6896/109006750.pdf;jsessionid=6D8D15619FB69B61CCDC0746FEB4DFAE.bora-uib_worker?sequence=1 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Political subdivisions in Uganda are officially served and united by the [[Uganda Local Governments Association]] (ULGA), a voluntary and non-profit body which also serves as a forum for support and guidance for Ugandan sub-national governments.<ref>[http://www.ulga.org/ Uganda Local Government Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510140143/http://www.ulga.org/ |date=10 May 2013 }}. Ulga.org. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</ref>

Parallel with the state administration, five traditional [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] kingdoms have remained, enjoying some degrees of mainly cultural autonomy. The kingdoms are [[Toro Kingdom|Toro]], [[Busoga]], [[Bunyoro]], [[Buganda]], and [[Rwenzururu]]. Furthermore, some groups attempt to restore [[Ankole]] as one of the officially recognised traditional kingdoms, to no avail yet.<ref>Tumushabe, Alfred (22 September 2012) [http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Ankole+monarchists++two+decade+battle+for+restoration+kingdom/-/688342/1513552/-/cd64dh/-/index.html Ankole monarchists' two decade battle for restoration of kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923014524/http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Ankole+monarchists++two+decade+battle+for+restoration+kingdom/-/688342/1513552/-/cd64dh/-/index.html |date=23 September 2012 }}. monitor.co.ug.</ref> Several other kingdoms and chiefdoms are officially recognised by the government, including the union of Alur chiefdoms, the Iteso paramount chieftaincy, the paramount chieftaincy of Lango and the Padhola state.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/86107/uganda-a-rough-guide-to-the-country-s-kingdoms | title=A rough guide to the country's kingdoms | work=IRINnews | date=11 September 2009 | access-date=30 November 2014 | archive-date=5 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205023326/http://www.irinnews.org/report/86107/uganda-a-rough-guide-to-the-country-s-kingdoms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy and infrastructure==
{{Main|Economy of Uganda|Energy in Uganda|Agriculture in Uganda}}

The [[Bank of Uganda]] is the [[central bank]] of Uganda and handles monetary policy along with the printing of the [[Ugandan shilling]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bou.or.ug/bou/bou-downloads/acts/other_acts_regulations/BoUAct2000.pdf | title=Section 4(2) of The Bank of Uganda Act | publisher=Bank of Uganda | date=2000 | access-date=17 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012091607/https://www.bou.or.ug/bou/bou-downloads/acts/other_acts_regulations/BoUAct2000.pdf | archive-date=12 October 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2015, Uganda's economy generated export income from the following merchandise: coffee (US$402.63 million), oil re-exports (US$131.25 million), base metals and products (US$120.00 million), fish (US$117.56 million), maize (US$90.97 million), cement (US$80.13 million), tobacco (US$73.13 million), tea (US$69.94 million), sugar (US$66.43 million), hides and skins (US$62.71 million), cocoa beans (US$55.67 million), beans (US$53.88 million), [[sesame|simsim]] (US$52.20 million), flowers (US$51.44 million), and other products (US$766.77 million).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bou.or.ug/bou/bou-downloads/publications/Statistical_Abstract/2015/All/2015-Bank-of-Uganda-Statistical-Abstract.pdf | title=2015 Statistical Abstract – Table 3.3a: Exports of merchandise (Flows) – CY | publisher=Research and Policy Directorate, [[Bank of Uganda]] | page=9 | access-date=17 January 2017 | archive-date=18 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100916/https://www.bou.or.ug/bou/bou-downloads/publications/Statistical_Abstract/2015/All/2015-Bank-of-Uganda-Statistical-Abstract.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:GDP per capita development of Uganda.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Uganda, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.]]
The country has been experiencing consistent economic growth. In fiscal year 2015–16, Uganda recorded gross domestic product growth of 4.6 percent in real terms and 11.6 percent in nominal terms. This compares to 5.0 percent real growth in fiscal year 2014–15.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bou.or.ug/bou/bou-downloads/publications/Monetary_Policy_Reports/2016/Aug/MPR-August-2016.pdf | title=Monetary Policy Report | date=August 2016 | access-date=17 January 2017 | publisher=Bank of Uganda | archive-date=18 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118101045/https://www.bou.or.ug/bou/bou-downloads/publications/Monetary_Policy_Reports/2016/Aug/MPR-August-2016.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|vii}}

The country has largely untapped reserves of both [[crude oil]] and natural gas.<ref name="oilrush">[http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14177583&source=hptextfeature Uganda's oil rush: Derricks in the darkness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180845/https://www.economist.com/business/2009/08/06/derricks-in-the-darkness |date=27 February 2023 }}. Economist.com (6 August 2009). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> While agriculture accounted for 56 percent of the economy in 1986, with coffee as its main export, it has now been surpassed by the services sector, which accounted for 52 percent of GDP in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/uga_aag.pdf | title=Uganda at a Glance | date=13 November 2009 | publisher=World Bank | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223050309/http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/UGA_aag.pdf | archive-date=23 December 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the 1950s, the British colonial regime encouraged some 500,000 subsistence farmers to join co-operatives.<ref>W. D. Ogilvie: Interview with David Hines in 1999; obituary of David Hines in London ''Daily Telegraph'', 8 April 2000.</ref> Since 1986, the government (with the support of foreign countries and international agencies) has acted to rehabilitate an economy devastated during the regime of Idi Amin<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buganda: Uganda's 1,000-year-old kingdom |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/buganda-ugandas-1-000-year-old-kingdom/99978 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.aa.com.tr |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311124539/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/buganda-ugandas-1-000-year-old-kingdom/99978 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the subsequent civil war.<ref name=cia>{{cite web | author=Central Intelligence Agency | publisher=[[The World Factbook]] | title=Uganda | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/ | year=2009 | access-date=23 January 2010 | archive-date=13 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213104751/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, the World Bank still listed Uganda on the [[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]] list.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://go.worldbank.org/4IMVXTQ090 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140622150930/http://go.worldbank.org/4IMVXTQ090 | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 June 2014 | title=Economic Policy and Debt – Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (39 countries) }}</ref>

Economic growth has not always led to [[poverty reduction]]. Despite an average annual growth of 2.5 percent between 2000 and 2003, poverty levels increased by 3.8 percent during that time.<ref name=ODI/> This has highlighted the importance of avoiding [[jobless growth]] and is part of the rising awareness in development circles of the need for [[Development economics#equitable growth|equitable growth]] not just in Uganda, but across the developing world.<ref name=ODI>{{cite web | url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4892&title=millennium-development-goals-equitable-growth-policy-brief | title=Economic growth and the MDGs – Resources – Overseas Development Institute | publisher=ODI | access-date=31 May 2011 | archive-date=17 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717041456/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4892&title=millennium-development-goals-equitable-growth-policy-brief | url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Uganda GV5 lo (4108162183).jpg|thumb|left|Coffee fields in southwestern Uganda]]
With the Uganda securities exchanges established in 1996, several equities have been listed. The government has used the stock market as an avenue for privatisation. All government treasury issues are listed on the securities exchange. The Capital Markets Authority has licensed 18 brokers, asset managers, and investment advisors including: African Alliance Investment Bank, Baroda Capital Markets Uganda Limited, Crane Financial Services Uganda Limited, Crested Stocks and Securities Limited, Dyer & Blair Investment Bank, Equity Stock Brokers Uganda Limited, Renaissance Capital Investment Bank and UAP Financial Services Limited.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.use.or.ug/inner.php?cat=brkdealers&subcat=mbfrms | title=List of Licensed Investment Banks & Stock Brokerage Firms in Uganda | publisher=Use.or.ug | date=31 December 2001 | access-date=27 June 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423001818/http://www.use.or.ug/inner.php?cat=brkdealers&subcat=mbfrms | archive-date=23 April 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> As one of the ways of increasing formal domestic savings, pension sector reform is the centre of attention (2007).<ref>Kaujju, Peter (June 2008). "[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/631429 Capital markets eye pension reform] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203241/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/631429 |date=11 May 2011 }}". ''The New Vision''. Retrieved 9 February 2009.</ref><ref>Rutaagi, Edgar (2009). "[http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=3040 Uganda Moving Towards Pension Reforms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707101146/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=3040 |date=7 July 2011 }}". ''The African Executive''. Retrieved 9 February 2009.</ref>

Uganda traditionally depends on Kenya for access to the Indian Ocean port of [[Mombasa]]. Efforts have intensified to establish a second access route to the sea via the lakeside ports of [[Bukasa]] in Uganda and [[Musoma]] in Tanzania, connected by railway to [[Arusha]] in the Tanzanian interior and to the port of [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]] on the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate+News/Tanzania+and+Uganda+agree+to+speed+up+railway+project/-/539550/1268910/-/1364j49/-/ | title=Tanzania And Uganda Agree To Speed Up Railway Project | publisher=Businessdailyafrica.com8 November 2011 | author=Mbunga, Paskal | access-date=27 June 2012 | archive-date=4 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404075957/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate+News/Tanzania+and+Uganda+agree+to+speed+up+railway+project/-/539550/1268910/-/1364j49/-/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
Uganda is a member of the [[East African Community]] and a potential member of the planned [[East African Federation]].

Uganda has a large diaspora, residing mainly in the United States and the United Kingdom. This diaspora has contributed enormously to Uganda's economic growth through remittances and other investments (especially property). According to the World Bank, Uganda received in 2016 an estimated US$1.099 billion in remittances from abroad, second only to Kenya (US$1.574 billion) in the East African Community,<ref>{{cite web | publisher=World Bank | url=http://www.knomad.org/docs/Migration_Development/remittancedatainflowsoct20160.xls | title=Annual Remittances Data | access-date=17 January 2017 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105081704/http://www.knomad.org/docs/Migration_Development/remittancedatainflowsoct20160.xls | archive-date=5 January 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and seventh in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remittances to Sub-Saharan Africa by country 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/962857/remittances-to-sub-saharan-african-countries/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Statista|language=en|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110163814/https://www.statista.com/statistics/962857/remittances-to-sub-saharan-african-countries/|url-status=live}}</ref> Uganda also serves as an economic hub for a number of neighbouring countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo,<ref>Ondoga, Ayiga (June 2008). "[https://archive.today/20120708201935/http://enteruganda.com/brochures/westnile02.html Arua: West Nile's business hub] ". ''The New Vision''.</ref> South Sudan,<ref>Yoshino, Yutaka; Ngungi, Grace and Asebe, Ephrem. "[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTAFRREGTOPTRADE/0,,contentMDK:22946813~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502469,00.html "Enhancing the Recent Growth of Cross-Border Trade between South Sudan and Uganda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103132721/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTAFRREGTOPTRADE/0,,contentMDK:22946813~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502469,00.html |date=3 January 2012 }}, ''Africa Trade Policy Notes''.</ref> and Rwanda.<ref>Muwanga, David (March 2010), [http://allafrica.com/stories/201003151717.html "Uganda, Rwanda Border to Run 24hrs"]. AllAfrica.com.</ref>
[[File:Uganda Strassennetz.svg|thumb|Roads in Uganda]]
The Ugandan Bureau of Statistics announced inflation was 4.6 percent in November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1441217/november-inflation-increases | title=November inflation increases to 4.6% | access-date=1 December 2016 | archive-date=2 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202120513/http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1441217/november-inflation-increases | url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 June 2018, Uganda's statistics agency said the country registered a drop in inflation to 3.4 percent in the financial year ending 2017/18 compared to the 5.7 percent recorded in the financial year 2016/17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290591.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211155/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290591.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2018|title=Uganda sees drop in inflation in 2017/18 financial year - Xinhua - English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref>

===Industry===
Uganda ranked as [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|number 102]] among the countries of the world in nominal [[Gross Domestic Product]] by the [[International Monetary Fund]] with a [[GDP]] of 26,349 (US$million).<ref name="GDP by IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,946,914,137,612,546,614,962,311,674,213,676,911,548,193,556,122,678,912,181,313,867,419,682,513,684,316,273,913,868,124,921,339,948,638,943,514,686,218,688,963,518,616,728,223,836,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,734,336,144,263,146,268,463,532,528,944,923,176,738,534,578,536,537,429,742,433,866,178,369,436,744,136,186,343,925,158,869,439,746,916,926,664,466,826,112,542,111,967,298,443,927,917,846,544,299,941,582,446,474,666,754,668,698,672&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=&pr.x=45&pr.y=14|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603094915/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C676%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698%2C672&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=&pr.x=45&pr.y=14|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Bank]] ranked Uganda as [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|number 99]] in nominal [[GDP]] with a [[GDP]] of 25,891 (US$million).<ref name="GDP by World Bank">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?year_high_desc=true|title=GDP (current US$) - Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915071456/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?year_high_desc=true|url-status=live}}</ref>
Based on the GDP with [[purchasing power parity]] the [[IMF]] ranked Uganda as [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|number 86]] (91,212 million of current Int$) and the [[World Bank]] [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|ranked them 90]] (79,889 million of current Int$).<ref name="GDP by IMF"/><ref name="GDP by World Bank"/>

Since the 1990s, the economy in Uganda is growing. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average of 6.7% annually during the period 1990–2015, whereas real GDP per capita grew at 3.3% per annum during the same period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators|title=World Development Indicators - DataBank|website=databank.worldbank.org|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504140427/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Poverty===
{{main|Poverty in Uganda}}
{{Update section|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Kif20180421 114559.jpg|thumb|One of the schools located at the Nile River]]
Uganda is one of the poorest nations in the world. In 2012, 37.8 percent of the population lived on less than $1.25 a day.<ref>{{cite web | title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population) | publisher=World Bank | url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY | access-date=26 August 2015 | archive-date=25 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022706/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY | url-status=live }}</ref>  Despite making enormous progress in reducing the countrywide poverty incidence from 56 percent of the population in 1992 to 24.5 percent in 2009, poverty remains deep-rooted in the country's rural areas, which are home to 84 percent of Ugandans.<ref>{{cite web | title=Enabling Poor People to Overcome Poverty in Uganda | publisher=International Fund for Agricultural Development | url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/uganda.pdf | access-date=26 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033202/http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/uganda.pdf | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

People in rural areas of Uganda depend on farming as the main source of income and 90 per cent of all rural women work in the agricultural sector.<ref>{{cite web | title=IFAD Gender Strengthening Programme | publisher=International Fund for Agricultural Development | url=http://www.ifad.org/pub/gender/genpfe.pdf | access-date=10 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203030108/http://www.ifad.org/pub/gender/genpfe.pdf | archive-date=3 December 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In addition to agricultural work, rural women are responsible for the caretaking of their families. The average Ugandan woman spends 9 hours a day on domestic tasks, such as preparing food and clothing, fetching water and firewood, and caring for the elderly, the sick as well as orphans. Women on average work longer hours than men, between 12 and 18 hours per day, with a mean of 15 hours, as compared to men, who work between 8 and 10 hours a day, although urban men and women work very similar hours. 26% of households in 2005 were headed by women only (FHH), up from previous years as a result of death of men from AIDS. There were most FHHs in the top quintile, by income, (31%). Male only headed households in poverty were also increased to a similar level as FHH, though little research had been done.<ref>{{cite web | title=From Periphery to Center: A Strategic Country Gender Assessment | publisher=World Bank | url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRREGTOPGENDER/Resources/ugandaSCGA.pdf | access-date=10 February 2012 | archive-date=3 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903223303/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRREGTOPGENDER/Resources/ugandaSCGA.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref>

To supplement their income, rural women may engage in small-scale entrepreneurial activities such as rearing and selling local breeds of animals. Nonetheless, because of their heavy workload, they have little time for these income-generating activities. The poor cannot support their children at school and in most cases, girls drop out of school to help out in domestic work or to get married. Other girls engage in sex work. As a result, young women tend to have older and more sexually experienced partners and this puts women at a disproportionate risk of getting affected by HIV, accounting for about 5.7 per cent of all adults living with HIV in Uganda.<ref>{{cite web | title=AVERTing HIV and AIDS | publisher=AVERT | url=http://www.avert.org/aids-uganda.htm#contentTable2 | access-date=10 February 2012 | archive-date=4 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204054458/http://www.avert.org/aids-uganda.htm#contentTable2 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Maternal health in rural Uganda lags behind national policy targets and the [[Millennium Development Goals]], with geographical inaccessibility, lack of transport and financial burdens identified as key demand-side constraints to accessing maternal health services;<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ekirapa-Kiracho | first=E. | title=Increasing Access To Institutional Deliveries Using Demand And Supply Side Incentives: Early Results From A Quasi-Experimental Study | journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights | year=2011 | volume=11 | issue=Suppl 1 | pages=S11 | url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/increasing-access-to-institutional-deliveries-using-demand-a.html | access-date=26 May 2012 | doi=10.1186/1472-698x-11-s1-s11 | pmc=3059470 | pmid=21410998 | archive-date=14 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114105711/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/increasing-access-to-institutional-deliveries-using-demand-a.html | url-status=live | doi-access=free }}</ref> as such, interventions like intermediate transport mechanisms have been adopted as a means to improve women's access to maternal health care services in rural regions of the country.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Peters | first=David | title=Exploring New Health Markets: Experiences From Informal Providers Of Transport For Maternal Health Services In Eastern Uganda | journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights | year=2011 | volume=11 | issue=Suppl 1 | pages=S10 | url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/exploring-new-health-markets-experiences-from-informal-provi.html | access-date=26 May 2012 | doi=10.1186/1472-698x-11-s1-s10 | pmid=21410997 | display-authors=etal | pmc=3059469 | archive-date=14 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114105548/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/exploring-new-health-markets-experiences-from-informal-provi.html | url-status=live | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Gender inequality is the main hindrance to reducing women's poverty. Women are subjected to an overall lower social status than men. Many women believe this reduces their power to act independently, participate in community life, become educated and escape reliance upon abusive men.<ref>{{cite web | title=Gender Equity Issues in Uganda | publisher=Foundation for Sustainable Development | url=http://www.fsdinternational.org/country/uganda/weissues | access-date=10 February 2012 | archive-date=4 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604021704/http://www.fsdinternational.org/country/uganda/weissues | url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Entebbe Airport.JPG|thumb|Entebbe International Airport]]

===Air transportation===
{{Update section|date=July 2024}}
There are [[List of airports in Uganda|36 airports]] in Uganda. Commercial airlines operate scheduled passenger services out of four airports. Uganda currently has one functioning international airport, [[Entebbe International Airport]], which is located {{convert|25|mi}} south-west of [[Kampala]]. In 2017, the airport traffic was 1.53 million passengers, 8% more than the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anna.aero/2018/08/10/entebbe-traffic-hit-1-53-million-passengers-in-2017-up-8-1-versus-2016-jambojet-newest-airline-while-heathrow-is-leading-unserved-route/|title=Entebbe traffic hit 1.53 million passengers in 2017, up 8.1% versus 2016|date=10 August 2018|website=anna.aero|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809031313/https://www.anna.aero/2018/08/10/entebbe-traffic-hit-1-53-million-passengers-in-2017-up-8-1-versus-2016-jambojet-newest-airline-while-heathrow-is-leading-unserved-route/|url-status=live}}</ref> A second international airport, [[Hoima International Airport]], is currently under construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africanaerospace.aero/uganda-to-get-second-international-airport.html|title=African Aerospace - Uganda to get second International Airport|website=www.africanaerospace.aero|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008140415/https://www.africanaerospace.aero/uganda-to-get-second-international-airport.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Road network===
{{see also |List of roads in Uganda}}
[[File:Wild route.jpg|thumb|Road to Murchison]]
Road transportation is the most important way of transportation in Uganda. 95% of freight and passenger traffic is handled by road traffic. The road network in Uganda is approximately {{cvt|129469|km}} long. About 4% of these roads are paved which equates to only about {{convert|5300|km}} of paved road. The different types of roads are national roads ({{cvt|22009|km}}—17%), district roads ({{cvt|33661|km}}—26%), urban roads ({{cvt|9062|km}}—7%), and community roads ({{cvt|64,734|km}}—50%).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.works.go.ug/key-summary-statistics/ |title=Key summary statistics |work=Ugandan Ministry of Works & Transport |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730233749/http://www.works.go.ug/key-summary-statistics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The national roads make up about 17% of the road network but carry over 80% of the total road traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Uganda+Road+Network;jsessionid=33424C63E9836C9F20970F98F58B9A0F |title=2.3 Uganda Road Network - Logistics Capacity Assessment |publisher=Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325061017/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3%2BUganda%2BRoad%2BNetwork;jsessionid%3D33424C63E9836C9F20970F98F58B9A0F |url-status=live }}</ref> In Uganda there are 83,000 private cars which means 2.94 cars per 1000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.welt-in-zahlen.de/laendervergleich.phtml|title=Welt-in-Zahlen.de > Ländervergleich|website=/www.welt-in-zahlen.de|language=DE|accessdate=13 August 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816020341/https://welt-in-zahlen.de/laendervergleich.phtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Railroad===
[[File:Uganda railways assessment 2010-2.jpg|thumb|Uganda Railway]]
The rail network in Uganda is approximately {{convert|1260|km}} long. The longest lines are the main line from [[Kampala]] to [[Tororo]] ({{convert|249|km}}), the western line from [[Kampala]] to [[Kasese]] ({{convert|333|km}}), the northern line from [[Tororo]] to [[Pakwach]] ({{convert|641|km}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/railway-transport/|title=Railway Transport – Uganda|date=3 February 2017|publisher=Fortune of Africa|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401015949/https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/railway-transport/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Communications===
{{Main|Communications in Uganda}}
There are several systems of communication, including telephony, radio and television broadcasts, internet, mail, and newspapers. The use of phones and the internet has rapidly increased.

There are seven telecommunications companies and, {{As of|2018|lc=y}}, over 24 million subscribers{{update inline|date=June 2024}} according to the [[Uganda Communications Commission]],<ref name="3R">{{cite news|access-date=29 June 2018 | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/ugandaNews/idAFL8N1TV3TZ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629170739/https://af.reuters.com/article/ugandaNews/idAFL8N1TV3TZ | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2018 | title=Uganda telecom operators to start charging social media tax |date=29 June 2018 |work=[[Reuters|Reuters Africa]] |
last=Elias Biryabarema |first=and Jane Merriman | location=Johannesburg}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=http://www.ucc.co.ug/files/downloads/Q1-Market%20Report%202015.pdf | title=Q1-Market Report 2015 | access-date=15 February 2015 | website=Reports & Surveys | publisher=UCC: Uganda Communications Commission | archive-date=23 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123031129/http://www.ucc.co.ug/files/downloads/Q1-Market%20Report%202015.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> in a population of 48 million.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/NPHC%202014%20PROVISIONAL%20RESULTS%20REPORT.pdf | title=National Population and Housing Census 2014 | publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics | access-date=30 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110115940/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/NPHC%202014%20PROVISIONAL%20RESULTS%20REPORT.pdf | archive-date=10 January 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 95% of internet connections are made using mobile phones.<ref>{{cite web | author1=Hendrik Rood | author2=Senior consultant | author3=Stratix Consulting | url=http://www.budde.com.au/Research/Uganda-Mobile-Market-Overview-Statistics-and-Forecasts.html | title=Uganda – Mobile Infrastructure, Operators and Broadband – Statistics and Analyses | work=Budde.com.au | access-date=30 May 2015 | archive-date=18 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518005600/http://www.budde.com.au/Research/Uganda-Mobile-Market-Overview-Statistics-and-Forecasts.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Energy===
{{See also|Energy in Uganda}}
Uganda has abundant energy resources, which are fairly distributed throughout the country. These include hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, peat and fossil fuels.

In the 1980s, the majority of energy in Uganda came from charcoal and wood. However, oil was found in the [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]] area, totaling an estimated {{convert|95|e6m3}}  of crude.<ref name="oilrush" /> [[Heritage Oil]] discovered one of the largest crude oil finds in Uganda, and continues operations there.<ref>[http://www.heritageoilplc.com/uganda_heritage.cfm Heritage Oil |Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313104045/http://www.heritageoilplc.com/uganda_heritage.cfm |date=13 March 2013 }}. Heritageoilplc.com. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref>
[[File:Uganda PVOUT Photovoltaic-power-potential-map GlobalSolarAtlas World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|thumb|Uganda PVOUT photovoltaic power potential map]]
Uganda and Tanzania signed a deal on 13 September&nbsp;2016 that will see the two countries build a 1,445&nbsp;km, $3.5bn crude oil pipeline. The [[East African Crude Oil Pipeline|Uganda–Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline]] (UTCOP), also known as the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP), will be the first of its kind in East Africa, will connect Uganda's oil-rich Hoima region with the Indian Ocean through the Tanga port in Tanzania.

Uganda's favorable enabling environment and broad presence of private sector investment presents a unique opportunity to deliver on [[Power Africa]] goals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2021 |title=Power Africa in Uganda {{!}} Power Africa |url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/uganda |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=[[USAID]] |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618110257/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/uganda |url-status=dead }}</ref> Uganda is one of the few sub-Saharan African countries to have liberalized and financially viable energy markets, with generation, transmission and supply segments unbundled since 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=uganda energy sector - Search |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/energy-sector-profile-in-uganda/ |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=Fortune of Africa |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710050214/https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/energy-sector-profile-in-uganda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There is an independent [[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] that undertakes sector regulation and oversight. The largest distribution company, [[Umeme|UMEME]] is privately owned and has a 20-year concession for distribution and retail. The country, however, is divided into 13 rural service territories, and 6 of these are being managed by small distribution companies. [[Independent power producer]]s (IPPs) currently account for nearly 60% of generation capacity. Issues with integrated planning and the financial ecosystem persist.

===Water supply and sanitation===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Uganda}}
According to a 2006 published report, the Ugandan water supply and sanitation sector had made substantial progress in urban areas since the mid-1990s, with substantial increases in coverage as well as in operational and commercial performance.<ref name="Mugisha">{{cite news |last=Mugisha |first=Silver |author2=Berg, Sanford V. |title=Struggling State-Owned Enterprises: NWSC's Turnaround in Uganda |date=November 2006 |ssrn=1088139}}</ref>{{rp|3–4}} Sector reforms in the period 1998–2003 included the commercialisation and modernisation of the [[National Water and Sewerage Corporation]] operating in cities and larger towns, as well as decentralisation and private sector participation in small towns.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Water Development Report: Uganda. Prepared for 2nd UN World Water Development Report "Water, a shared responsibility" |year=2006 |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |access-date=5 May 2008 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318062251/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|15}}
[[File:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|thumb|Main Rivers and Lakes of Uganda]]
Although these reforms have attracted significant international attention, 38 percent of the population still had no access to an [[improved water source]] in 2010. Concerning access to [[improved sanitation]], figures have varied widely. According to government figures, it was 70 percent in rural areas and 81 percent in urban areas in 2011;<ref name="SPR 2011">{{cite web |publisher=Ministry of Water and Environment |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |access-date=16 July 2012 |year=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> according to UN figures, it was only 34 percent.<ref name="JMP">*{{cite web |author1=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |author2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |access-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref>

The water and sanitation sector was recognised as a key area under the 2004 Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Uganda's
main strategy paper to fight poverty.<ref name="PEAP">{{cite web |author1=Republic of Uganda |author2=Ministry of Finance |author3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |access-date=7 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>{{rp|182–188}} According to a 2006 published report, a comprehensive expenditure framework had been introduced to co-ordinate financial support by external donors, the national government, and [[NGO|nongovernmental organisations]].<ref name="MWE SWAP">{{cite web |author=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) |title=Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report 2006 |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/94B047D5-F8C9-46C9-B56D-7A43367ED141/0/WSSperformanceReportUganda.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318062315/http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/94B047D5-F8C9-46C9-B56D-7A43367ED141/0/WSSperformanceReportUganda.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=13 May 2008 }}</ref>{{rp|5}} The PEAP estimated that from 2001 to 2015, about US$1.4 billion, or US$92 million per year, was needed to increase water supply coverage up to 95 percent, with rural areas needing US$956 million, urban areas and large towns needing US$281 million, and small towns needing US$136 million.<ref name="PEAP"/>{{rp|182–183}}

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Uganda}}
[[File:Makerere University Campus Entrance Road.JPG|thumb|Makerere university Campus Entrance]]
Uganda's educational system, while lacking in many areas, has seen significant change since the late 1990s. The educational system is set up so that children spend seven years in primary school, six years in secondary school, and three to five years in post secondary school. In 1997, the government declared that primary school would be free for all children.<ref>{{Cite web|title=universal primary education in Uganda.|url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4072.pdf|website=odi.org|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305100337/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4072.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> This amendment has had huge benefits. In 1986, only two million children were attending primary school. By 1999, six million children were attending primary school, and this number has continued to climb.

Following significant gains in access to primary education since 1997 when universal primary education (UPE) was introduced, Uganda in 2007 became the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to introduce universal secondary education (USE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Uganda-PPP-Review_2018_Final.pdf|title=Uganda universal secondary education|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206232723/https://epg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Uganda-PPP-Review_2018_Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to an increase in lower secondary enrolment of nearly 25% between 2007 and 2012.[[File:Uganda students.jpg|thumb|Students in Uganda]]

At the 2002 census, Uganda had a [[literacy]] rate of 66.8 percent (76.8 percent male and 57.7 percent female).<ref name=cia/> Public spending on education was at 5.2 percent of the 2002–2005 GDP.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/>

{{As of|2020}}, the [[Uganda National Council for Higher Education|NCHE]] website listed 46 private accredited universities,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://unche.or.ug/|access-date=20 November 2020|website=unche.or.ug|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106225116/https://unche.or.ug/|url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Makerere University]], [[Mbarara University|Mbarara University of science and technology]], [[Kyambogo University]], [[Gulu University]], [[Uganda Christian University]], [[Kampala International University|Kampala international University]].

===Health===
{{Main|Health in Uganda|HIV/AIDS in Uganda}}
[[File:Aerial view of old Mulago Hospital in Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mulago National Referral Hospital]]
There were eight physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org" /> Uganda's elimination of user fees at state health facilities in 2001 has resulted in an 80 percent increase in visits, with over half of this increase coming from the poorest 20 percent of the population.<ref name="autogenerated1">[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012091152/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/4895.pdf The MDGs and equity]. Overseas Development Institute, June 2010</ref> This policy has been cited as a key factor in helping Uganda achieve its Millennium Development Goals and as an example of the importance of equity in achieving those goals.<ref name="ODI" /> Despite this policy, many users are denied care if they do not provide their own medical equipment, as happened in the highly publicised case of Jennifer Anguko.<ref>{{cite news | last=Dugger | first=Celia | title=Maternal Deaths Focus Harsh Light on Uganda | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/30/world/africa/30uganda.html | access-date=17 January 2012 | newspaper=The New York Times | date=29 July 2011 | archive-date=16 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116232519/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/30/world/africa/30uganda.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Poor communication within hospitals,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Rutebemberwa | first1=E. | last2=Ekirapa-Kiracho | first2=E. | last3=Okui | first3=O. | last4=Walker | first4=D. | last5=Mutebi | first5=A. | last6=Pariyo | first6=G. | doi=10.1186/1472-6963-9-146 | title=Lack of effective communication between communities and hospitals in Uganda: A qualitative exploration of missing links | journal=BMC Health Services Research | volume=9 | pages=146 | year=2009 | pmid=19671198 | pmc=2731748 | doi-access=free }}</ref> low satisfaction with health services<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kiguli | first=Julie | title=Increasing access to quality health care for the poor: community perceptions on quality care in Uganda | journal=Patient Preference and Adherence | year=2009 | volume=3 | pages=77–85 | doi=10.2147/ppa.s4091 | pmid=19936148 | display-authors=etal | pmc=2778436 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and distance to health service providers undermine the provision of quality health care to people living in Uganda, and particularly for those in poor and elderly-headed households.<ref name="pariyo2009">{{cite journal | last=Pariyo | first=G. | title=Changes in Utilization of Health Services among Poor and Rural Residents in Uganda: Are Reforms Benefitting the Poor? | journal=International Journal for Equity in Health | year=2009 | volume=8 | pages=39 | doi=10.1186/1475-9276-8-39 | pmid=19909514 | display-authors=etal | pmc=2781807 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The provision of subsidies for poor and rural populations, along with the extension of public private partnerships, have been identified as important provisions to enable vulnerable populations to access health services.<ref name="pariyo2009" />

[[File:Life expectancy in Uganda.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy]]
[[Life expectancy]] at birth was estimated to be 63.4 years in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life expectancy in Uganda|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy|access-date=18 February 2022|website=Our World in Data|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813180308/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[infant mortality]] rate was approximately 61 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Uganda&countryCode=ug&regionCode=afr&rank=27#ug CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505035633/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Uganda&countryCode=ug&regionCode=afr&rank=27#ug |date=5 May 2012 }}: Infant Mortality ranks</ref>

In July 2012, there was an [[Ebola]] outbreak in the [[Kibaale District]] of the country.<ref>{{cite news | title=Ebola Outbreak Spreads | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=Daily Express | date=31 July 2012}}</ref> On 4 October 2012, the Ministry of Health officially declared the end of the outbreak after at least 16 people had died.<ref>{{cite news | last=Biryabarema | first=Elias | title=Uganda says it is now free of deadly Ebola virus | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uganda-ebola-idUSBRE89409E20121005 | work=Reuters | date=5 October 2012 | access-date=2 July 2017 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171138/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/05/us-uganda-ebola-idUSBRE89409E20121005 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The Health Ministry announced on 16 August 2013 that three people had died in northern Uganda from a suspected outbreak of [[Congo Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Three die in Uganda from Ebola-like fever: Health Ministry | url=https://news.yahoo.com/three-die-uganda-ebola-fever-health-ministry-122947530.html | work=Yahoo News | access-date=16 August 2013 | archive-date=20 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820115319/http://news.yahoo.com/three-die-uganda-ebola-fever-health-ministry-122947530.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Uganda has been among the rare [[HIV]] success stories.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">{{cite web | url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_UGA.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429194955/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_UGA.html | archive-date=29 April 2009 | title=Human Development Report 2009 – Uganda [Archived]| publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org | access-date=3 May 2010}}</ref> Infection rates of 30 percent of the population in the 1980s fell to 6.4 percent by the end of 2008.<ref>Kelly, Annie (1 December 2008), "[https://www.theguardian.com/katine/2008/dec/01/world-aids-day-uganda Background: HIV/Aids in Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118085336/https://www.theguardian.com/katine/2008/dec/01/world-aids-day-uganda |date=18 January 2017 }}". ''The Guardian''.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/uganda | title=UNAIDS: Uganda Profile | publisher=UNAIDS | access-date=4 April 2012 | archive-date=15 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315102650/http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/uganda/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, the practice of abstinence was found to have decreased.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1097/00002030-200003100-00017 | last1=Kamali | first1=A. | last2=Carpenter | first2=L. M. | last3=Whitworth | first3=J. A. | last4=Pool | first4=R. | last5=Ruberantwari | first5=A. | last6=Ojwiya | first6=A. | title=Seven-year trends in HIV-1 infection rates, and changes in sexual behaviour, among adults in rural Uganda | journal=AIDS | volume=14 | issue=4 | pages=427–434 | year=2000 | pmid=10770546| s2cid=612207 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Less than half of all sexually active unmarried women use a modern contraceptive method, a fraction that has barely changed from 2000 to 2011. However, only ≈26% of married women used contraceptives in 2011. The use of contraceptives also differs substantially between poor (≈15%) and wealthy women (≈40%).<ref name=":2" /> As a result, Ugandan women have ≈6 children while they prefer to have around ≈4. According to the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), more than 40% of births are unplanned. In 2010, the Ugandan Ministry of Health estimated that unsafe abortion accounted for 8% of the country's maternal deaths.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraception-and-unintended-pregnancy-uganda|title=Contraception and Unintended Pregnancy in Uganda|date=14 February 2016|website=Guttmacher Institute|language=en|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220802/https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraception-and-unintended-pregnancy-uganda|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2006 Uganda Demographic Health Survey (UDHS) indicated that roughly 6,000 women die each year from pregnancy-related complications.<ref>{{cite web | title=Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2006 | url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR194/FR194.pdf | publisher=Measure DHS | access-date=17 January 2012 | archive-date=12 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030910/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR194/FR194.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Pilot studies in 2012 by Future Health Systems have shown that this rate could be significantly reduced by implementing a voucher scheme for health services and transport to clinics.<ref>{{cite web | title=Improving Access to Safe Deliveries in Uganda | url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/improving-access-to-safe-deliveries-in-uganda.html | publisher=Future Health Systems | access-date=17 January 2012 | archive-date=23 December 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223174717/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/improving-access-to-safe-deliveries-in-uganda.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Women's Perceptions of ANC and delivery care Services, a community perspective | url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/storage/Research20Brief2021.pdf | publisher=Future Health Systems | access-date=8 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114105517/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/storage/Research20Brief2021.pdf | archive-date=14 November 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The prevalence of [[female genital mutilation]] (FGM) is low: according to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name="UNICEF2013p27">[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}, p. 27.</ref> only 1 percent of women in Uganda have undergone FGM, with the practice being illegal in the country.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8406940.stm | title=Uganda bans female genital mutilation | work=BBC News | date=10 December 2009 | access-date=30 May 2015 | archive-date=4 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204010402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8406940.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Crime and law enforcement===
{{main|Uganda Police Force}}
[[File:Women of the Uganda Police Force marching during the International Women's Day celebrations in Mbale Municipality.jpg|thumb|Women of Uganda Police Force]]
The Uganda Police Force is the national [[police]] force. Its head is called the [[Inspector General of Police]] (IGP), currently Abbas Byakagaba. Byakagaba replaced former IGP, [[Geoffrey Tumusiime]] on 18 May 2024.<ref name="18mayIGP">{{cite web |last=Kamusiime |first=Wilfred |date=18 May 2024 |title=Appointments and Redeployments in the Uganda Police Force |website=Uganda Police Force |url=https://www.upf.go.ug/appointments-and-redeployments-in-the-uganda-police-force/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520061525/https://www.upf.go.ug/appointments-and-redeployments-in-the-uganda-police-force/ |quote=Major General Geoffrey Tumusiime Katsigazi goes back to the UPDF for redeployment. |url-status=live }}</ref> Recruitment to the forces is done annually.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-17|title=Uganda Police Force UPF Next Recruitment 2020 {{!}} Apply|url=https://admissions.co.ug/uganda-police-force-upf-next-recruitment/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=Admissions|language=en-US|archive-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418164551/https://admissions.co.ug/uganda-police-force-upf-next-recruitment/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Allied Democratic Forces]] is a violent rebel force that opposes the Ugandan government. These rebels are an enemy of the Uganda People's Defence Force and an affiliate of [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]].<ref>[http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/638611-adf-recruiting-in-mayuge-iganga-says-army.html ADF recruiting in Mayuge, Iganga says army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025850/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/638611-adf-recruiting-in-mayuge-iganga-says-army.html |date=29 November 2014 }}. Newvision.co.ug (3 January 2013). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Uganda}}
[[File:Rwenzori Mountains.jpg|thumb|Rwenzori mountains in Uganda]]
[[File:FLII Uganda.png|thumb|Forest Landscape Integrity Index 2019 map of Uganda. Forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification. 0 = most modifications; 10 = least. Created in [[Google Earth Engine]]. National boundaries = LSIB 2017: Large Scale International Boundary Polygons, Detailed, US Officer of the Geographer.]]
[[Tourism in Uganda]] is focused on Uganda's landscape and wildlife. It is a major driver of employment, investment and foreign exchange, contributing 4.9 trillion [[Ugandan shilling]]s (US$1.88 billion or €1.4 billion as of August 2013) to Uganda's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] in the financial year 2012–13.<ref name=Mutagamba>{{cite news |last=Mutagamba |first=Moses |date=25 August 2013 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority staff under probe |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/646483-uganda-wildlife-authority-staff-under-probe.html |access-date=25 August 2013 |newspaper=New Vision |archive-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827174640/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/646483-uganda-wildlife-authority-staff-under-probe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Uganda Tourism Board is responsible for maintaining information pertaining to tourism in Uganda. The main attractions are photo safaris through the [[List of protected areas of Uganda|National parks and game Reserves]]. Other attractions include the Mountain Gorillas found in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (MGNP), Uganda having some of the oldest cultural kingdom in Africa has many [[National Cultural Sites of Uganda|Cultural sites]]. Uganda is a birding paradise boasting a massive bird list of more than 1073 recorded bird species ranking 4th in Africa's bird species and 16th internationally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Countries with the most bird species|website=Mongabay |url=https://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm|access-date=5 November 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130511/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Uganda has landscapes ranging from white-capped [[Rwenzori Mountains|Rwenzori mountains]] to the [[Great Rift Valley]].

==Science and technology==
The ''National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy'' dates from 2009. Its overarching goal is to 'strengthen national capability to generate, transfer and apply scientific knowledge, skills and technologies that ensure sustainable utilization of natural resources for the realisation of Uganda's development objectives.' The policy precedes Uganda Vision 2040, which was launched in April 2013 to transform 'Ugandan society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years,' in the words of the Cabinet. Uganda Vision 2040 vows to strengthen the private sector, improve education and training, modernize infrastructure and the underdeveloped services and agriculture sectors, foster industrialization and promote good governance, among other goals. Potential areas for economic development include oil and gas, tourism, minerals and information and communication technologies (ICTs).<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=471–565|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322210919/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Uganda was ranked 121st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024, down from 102nd in 2019.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-22|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062|website=www.wipo.int|location=Geneva|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Research funding climbed between 2008 and 2010 from 0.33% to 0.48% of GDP. Over the same period, the number of researchers doubled (in head counts) from 1 387 to 2 823, according to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]. This represents a leap from 44 to 83 researchers per million inhabitants over the same period. One in four researchers is a woman.<ref name=":12" />

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Uganda}}
[[File:Population density of Uganda districts.png|thumb|Population density of Uganda districts]]
Uganda's population grew from 9.5 million people in 1969 to 34.9 million in 2014. With respect to the last inter-censal period (September 2002), the population increased by 10.6 million people in the past 12 years.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Uganda Bureau Of Statistics (UBOS) | title=National Population and Housing Census 2014. Provisional Results | date=November 2015 | location=Kampala, Uganda | page=6 | edition=Revised | url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/NPHC%202014%20PROVISIONAL%20RESULTS%20REPORT.pdf | access-date=29 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110115940/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/NPHC%202014%20PROVISIONAL%20RESULTS%20REPORT.pdf | archive-date=10 January 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Uganda's [[median age]] of 15 years is the lowest in the world.<ref name=cia/> Uganda has the fifth highest [[total fertility rate]] in the world, at 5.97 children born per woman (2014 estimates).<ref name=cia/>

There were about 80,000 [[Indians in Uganda]] before Idi Amin required the [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expulsion of Ugandan-Asians]] (mostly of Indian origin) in 1972, which reduced the population to as low as 7,000. Many Indians, however, returned to Uganda after Amin's ouster in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hear |first=Nicholas |date=2012-08-14 |title=Four decades after the expulsion of Ugandan Asians |url=https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/article/four-decades-after-the-expulsion-of-ugandan-asians |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=COMPAS}}</ref> Around 90 percent of Ugandan Indians reside in Kampala. There is also a population of about 10,000 [[white Africans]] and 3,000 Arabs in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/uganda-return-of-the-exiles-504325.html |title=Uganda: Return of the exiles |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |access-date=19 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611120407/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/uganda-return-of-the-exiles-504325.html |archive-date=11 June 2010}}. ''The Independent'', 26 August 2005</ref>

According to the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]], Uganda hosts over 1.4 million refugees on its soil as of August 2021.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-17 |title=Uganda to take 2,000 Afghan refugees at U.S. request |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uganda-take-2000-afghan-refugees-us-request-2021-08-17/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218093533/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uganda-take-2000-afghan-refugees-us-request-2021-08-17/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "UNHCR_stats">{{cite web | url=https://ugandarefugees.org/en/country/uga | title=Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal | author=<!--Not stated--> | website=Operational Data Portal | publisher=UNHCR | access-date=22 November 2018 | archive-date=27 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827220904/http://ugandarefugees.org/en/country/uga/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Most come from neighbouring countries in the [[African Great Lakes]] region, particularly [[South Sudan]] (68.0 percent) and [[the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (24.6%).<ref name="UNHCR_stats"/> In August 2021, Uganda received some refugees from Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover.<ref name=":3" />

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Uganda}}
[[File:Languages of Uganda.png|thumb|upright=1.25|An ethnolinguistic map of Uganda]]

[[Swahili language|Swahili]], a widely used language throughout the African Great Lakes region, was approved as the country's second official national language in 2005.<ref name="Amendment_2005"/><ref name="Kagonye_22_sw">{{cite news |last1=Kagonye |first1=Fred |title=Uganda adopts Swahili as an official language |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/world/article/2001449634/uganda-adopts-swahili-as-an-official-language |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=[[The Standard (Kenya)]] |publisher=[[The Standard (Kenya)]] |date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706045639/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/world/article/2001449634/uganda-adopts-swahili-as-an-official-language |archive-date=6 July 2022 |location=[[Nairobi, Kenya]] |language=en}}</ref> [[English language|English]] was the only official language until the constitution was amended in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uganda is embracing Swahili in its curriculum after years of resistance |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/uganda-is-embracing-swahili-in-its-curriculum-after-years-of-resistance/ar-AAXsAmz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004181120/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/uganda-is-embracing-swahili-in-its-curriculum-after-years-of-resistance/ar-AAXsAmz |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=[[MSN]]}}</ref><ref name="cia" /><ref name="Amendment_2005" /><ref name="Republic" /><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=English rules in Uganda, but local languages shouldn't be sidelined |url=https://theconversation.com/english-rules-in-uganda-but-local-languages-shouldnt-be-sidelined-49381 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004181120/https://theconversation.com/english-rules-in-uganda-but-local-languages-shouldnt-be-sidelined-49381 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> Although Swahili has not been favoured by the Bantu-speaking populations of the south and south-west of the country, it is an important ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the northern regions. It is also widely used in the police and military forces, which may be a historical result of the disproportionate recruitment of northerners into the security forces during the colonial period. The status of Swahili has thus alternated with the political group in power.<ref name="UCLA">[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=17&menu=004 Swahili] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714164518/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=17&menu=004 |date=14 July 2007 }} in the UCLA Language Materials Project</ref> For example, Idi Amin, who came from the north-west, declared Swahili to be the national language.<ref>[http://www.glcom.com/hassan/swahili_history.html "A Brief History of the Swahili Language"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512022044/http://www.glcom.com/hassan/swahili_history.html |date=12 May 2017 }}, glcom.com</ref>

===Religion===

{{Main|Religion in Uganda}}

[[File:Rubaga_Cthedral.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rubaga Cathedral|Saint Mary's Cathedral Rubaga]] is the parent cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala]].]]
[[File:Aerial view of the Gaddafi mosque in Uganda.jpg|thumb|Uganda National mosque (Gaddafi mosque)]]
The [[Roman Catholicism in Uganda|Roman Catholic Church]] had the largest number of adherents (39.3 percent, down from 41.6 in 2002), followed by the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[Church of Uganda]] (32 percent, down from 35.9 percent). The category of [[Evangelical]]/[[Pentecostal]]/[[Born-Again]] showed the most growth, rising from 4.7% in 2002 to 11.1% in 2018. [[Adventism|Adventist]] and other [[Protestant]] churches claimed most of the remaining Christians, although there was also a small [[Eastern Orthodox]] community.<ref name="Census 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census – Main Report|publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012091133/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Census 2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/2002%20Census%20Final%20Reportdoc.pdf|title=2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census&nbsp;– Main Report|publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics|access-date=26 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012091154/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/2002%20Census%20Final%20Reportdoc.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next most reported religion of Uganda was [[Islam in Uganda|Islam]], with Muslims representing 14% percent of the population, up from 12.1% in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uganda/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111032209/http://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uganda/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census 2014" />

The remainder of the population according to the 2014 census followed traditional religions (0.1 percent, down from 1% in 2002), other religions (1.4 percent), or had no religious affiliation (0.2 percent).<ref name="Census 2014"/>

===Largest cities and towns===
{{Largest cities
| country      = Uganda
| kind         = urban centres
| stat_ref     = [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]] 2016, [http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf ''National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Main Report''], p. 11
| div_name     = District

| city_1 = Kampala
| div_1 = Kampala District{{!}}Kampala
| pop_1 = 1,507,114

| city_2 = Nansana
| div_2 = Wakiso District{{!}}Wakiso
| pop_2 = 365,857

| city_3 = Kira Town{{!}}Kira
| div_3 = Wakiso District{{!}}Wakiso
| pop_3 = 317,428

| city_4 = Ssabagabo{{!}}Makindye Ssabagabo
| div_4 = Wakiso District{{!}}Wakiso
| pop_4 = 282,664

| city_5 = Mbarara
| div_5 = Mbarara District{{!}}Mbarara
| pop_5 = 195,160

| city_6 = Mukono
| div_6 = Mukono District{{!}}Mukono
| pop_6 = 162,744

| city_7 = Gulu
| div_7 = Gulu District{{!}}Gulu
| pop_7 = 149,802

| city_8 = Lugazi
| div_8 = Buikwe District{{!}}Buikwe
| pop_8 = 114,163

| city_9 = Kasese
| div_9 = Kasese District{{!}}Kasese
| pop_9 = 103,293

| city_10 = Masaka
| div_10 = Masaka District{{!}}Masaka
| pop_10 = 101,557

}}

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Uganda|Music of Uganda|Ugandan cuisine|List of African writers (by country)#Uganda|List of Ugandans}}
[[File:Cultural celebrations resumed with the end of the LRA conflict in Northern Uganda (7269658432).jpg|thumb|Cultural celebrations in Northern Uganda]]
[[File:Uganda - Ruwenzori Mountain Lady.jpg|thumb|upright|Woman in [[Rwenzori Mountains|Rwenzori]] – Western Uganda]]
Owing to the large number of communities, culture within Uganda is diverse. Many Asians (mostly from India) who were expelled during the regime of Idi Amin have returned to Uganda.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=29 September 2011|title=Kampala Journal; Cast Out Once, Asians Return: Uganda Is Home|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/22/world/kampala-journal-cast-out-once-asians-return-uganda-is-home.html|first=Donatella|last=Lorch|date=22 March 1993|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611211829/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/22/world/kampala-journal-cast-out-once-asians-return-uganda-is-home.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Media===
{{Further|Mass media in Uganda}}
Uganda has a number of media outlets that broadcast domestically and globally. They cover news, magazines, sports, business and entertainment.

Popular [[List of newspapers in Uganda|Ugandan newspapers]] include:
* ''[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]''
* ''[[Daily Monitor]]''
* ''[[Bukedde]]''
* ''[[The Observer (Uganda)|The Observer]]''
* ''[[East African Business Week]]''
* ''[[Red Pepper (newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''

The most popular [[List of television stations in Uganda|television stations in Uganda]] include:
* [[Uganda Broadcasting Corporation]] (UBC)
* [[NTV Uganda|NTV]]
* [[NBS Television (Uganda)|NBS Television]]
* [[Sanyuka TV Uganda|Sanyuka TV]]
* [[Baba TV]]
* Top TV
* Spark TV

All of the media is controlled and regulated under the [[Uganda Communications Commission]] (UCC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=About UCC – UCC: Uganda Communications Commission |url=https://www.ucc.co.ug/about-ucc/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818100445/https://www.ucc.co.ug/about-ucc/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda Communications Commission – Ministry of ICT & National Guidance |url=https://ict.go.ug/about-us/agencies/uganda-communications-commission/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702102435/https://ict.go.ug/about-us/agencies/uganda-communications-commission/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sports===
{{further|Uganda at the Olympics|Uganda at the Commonwealth Games}}
[[File:Aerobics.jpg|thumb|Aerobics]]
[[Association football|Football]] is the national sport in Uganda. The [[Uganda national football team]], nicknamed "The Cranes", is controlled by the [[Federation of Uganda Football Associations]]. They have never qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup]] finals. Their best finish in the [[African Cup of Nations]] was second in [[1978 African Cup of Nations|1978]]. Among clubs, [[SC Villa]] are the most successful, having won the [[Uganda Premier League|national league]] 16 times and having reached the final of the [[CAF Champions League|African Cup of Champions Clubs]] in [[1991 African Cup of Champions Clubs|1991]], a feat also achieved by [[Simba SC]] in [[1972 African Cup of Champions Clubs|1972]]. [[Kampala Capital City Authority FC|KCCA]] are second in national league wins with 13.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

{{As of|2020}}, [[Uganda at the Olympics]] has won a total of two gold, three silver, and two bronze medals; four of which were in [[Boxing at the Summer Olympics|boxing]] and three in [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]. [[Uganda at the Commonwealth Games|At the Commonwealth Games]], Uganda has collected 13 gold medals and a total 49 medals, all in boxing and athletics.
[[File:Picture . Jpg besketboll.jpg|thumb|Basketball]]
The Uganda national boxing team is called The Bombers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/Boxing/Bombers-finally-begin-2018-Commonwealth-Games-training/690270-4311780-ku5humz/index.html|title=Bombers finally begin 2018 Commonwealth Games training|website=Daily Monitor|language=en|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=5 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405164104/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/Boxing/Bombers-finally-begin-2018-Commonwealth-Games-training/690270-4311780-ku5humz/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They have won four medals at the Summer Olympics from 1968 to 1980, as well as two medals the [[1974 World Amateur Boxing Championships]]. Notable boxers include [[Cornelius Boza-Edwards]], [[Justin Juuko]], [[Ayub Kalule]], [[John Mugabi]], [[Eridadi Mukwanga]], [[Joseph Nsubuga]], [[Kassim Ouma]], [[Sam Rukundo]] and [[Leo Rwabwogo]]. 
[[File:Football Match in Uganda.jpg|thumb|Football match in Uganda]]
In athletics, [[John Akii-Bua]] won the first Olympic gold medal for Uganda. At the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] in Munich, he won the [[400 metres hurdles|400m hurdles]] race with a world record time of 47.82 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/uganda-to-remember-olympic-hurdler-john-akii|title=Uganda to remember Olympic hurdler John Akii Bua|website=www.iaaf.org|language=en|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501084027/https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/uganda-to-remember-olympic-hurdler-john-akii|url-status=live}}</ref> 400 metres runner [[Davis Kamoga]] earned the bronze medal at [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in Atlanta and the silver medal at the [[1997 World Championships in Athletics|1997 World Championships]]. [[Dorcus Inzikuru]] won the 3000 m steeplechase at the [[2005 World Championships in Athletics|2005 World Championships]] and the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].

[[Stephen Kiprotich]] has won the marathon at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in London and the [[2013 World Championships in Athletics|2013 World Championships]], and finished second at the 2015 [[Tokyo Marathon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/toronto-marathon-2018-stephen-kiprotich|title=Kiprotich targets fast time in Toronto|website=www.iaaf.org|language=en|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501084034/https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/toronto-marathon-2018-stephen-kiprotich|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Joshua Cheptegei]] has won 10&nbsp;km races at the World Championships, [[World Athletics Cross Country Championships]] and [[Commonwealth Games]], and has set world records in 5&nbsp;km and 15&nbsp;km. [[Halimah Nakaayi]] won the 800 meters race at the 2019 World Championships.

In [[cricket]], Uganda was part of the [[East African cricket team|East Africa team]] that qualified for the [[Cricket World Cup]] in [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]. Recently [[Uganda national cricket team]] qualified for [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024 ICC T20 World Cup]].

The country has an increasingly successful [[Uganda national basketball team|national basketball team]]. It is nicknamed "The Silverbacks",<ref>Kaweru, Franklin, [http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/basketball/item/23580-uganda-s-silverbacks-ranked-89th-in-latest-fiba-rankings.html "Uganda's Silverbacks ranked 89th in latest FIBA rankings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012184634/http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/basketball/item/23580-uganda-s-silverbacks-ranked-89th-in-latest-fiba-rankings.html |date=12 October 2015 }}, ''KAWOWO Sports'', 9 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.</ref> and made its debut at the [[2015 FIBA Africa Championship]].

In July 2011, Kampala, Uganda qualified for the [[2011 Little League World Series]] in [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]], Pennsylvania for the first time, beating Saudi Arabian baseball team Dharan LL, although visa complications prevented them from attending the series.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=29 September 2011 | title=Frustrating View of Game Day | work=The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/20/sports/baseball/ugandans-watch-little-league-world-series-from-home.html | first=Bandele | last=Adeyemi | date=19 August 2011 | archive-date=20 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620071211/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/20/sports/baseball/ugandans-watch-little-league-world-series-from-home.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Little League teams from Uganda qualified for and attended the [[2012 Little League World Series]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/baseball/major-league-baseball-seeks-its-next-top-players-in-the-sports-next-frontierafrica/article33408352/|title=Major League Baseball seeks its next top players in the sport's 'next frontier': Africa|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=21 December 2016|last1=York|first1=Geoffrey|access-date=21 November 2018|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628223524/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/baseball/major-league-baseball-seeks-its-next-top-players-in-the-sports-next-frontierafrica/article33408352/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cinema===
{{Main|Cinema of Uganda}}
{{Update|section|date=January 2020}}

The Ugandan film industry is relatively young. It is developing quickly, but still faces an assortment of challenges. There has been support for the industry as seen in the proliferation of film festivals such as [[Amakula International Film Festival|Amakula]], [[Pearl International Film Festival]], [[Maisha Film Lab|Maisha]] African Film Festival and Manya Human Rights Festival. However, filmmakers struggle against the competing markets from other countries on the continent such as those in Nigeria and South Africa in addition to the big budget films from Hollywood.<ref name="cannesvupar.com">[http://www.cannesvupar.com/telling-the-story-against-all-odds-state-of-uganda-film-industry/ Telling the story against all odds; state of Uganda film industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718234909/http://www.cannesvupar.com/telling-the-story-against-all-odds-state-of-uganda-film-industry/ |date=18 July 2013 }}. Cannes vu par. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</ref>

The first publicly recognised film that was produced solely by Ugandans was ''Feelings Struggle'', which was directed and written by Hajji [[Ashraf Ssemwogerere]] in 2005.<ref>Rasmussen, Kristin Alexandra (2010) [http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4889&context=etd_theses Kinna-Uganda: A review of Uganda's national cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219190655/http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4889&context=etd_theses |date=19 December 2013 }}. Master's Theses. Paper 3892. The Faculty of the Department of TV, Radio, Film, Theatre Arts, San José State University, US</ref> This marks the year of ascent of film in Uganda, a time where many enthusiasts were proud to classify themselves as cinematographers in varied capacities.<ref name="monitor.co.ug">[http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Theatre---Cinema/Ugandan-film-s-leap/-/691234/1868542/-/89jsv5z/-/index.html Ugandan film's leap – Theatre & Cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061335/http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Theatre---Cinema/Ugandan-film-s-leap/-/691234/1868542/-/89jsv5z/-/index.html |date=23 October 2013 }}. monitor.co.ug. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</ref>

The local film industry is polarised between two types of filmmakers. The first are filmmakers who use the [[Nollywood]] [[video film era]]'s guerrilla approach to film making, churning out a picture in around two weeks and screening it in makeshift video halls. The second is the filmmaker who has the film aesthetic, but with limited funds has to depend on the competitive scramble for donor cash.<ref name="cannesvupar.com"/>

Though cinema in Uganda is evolving, it still faces major challenges. Along with technical problems such as refining acting and editing skills, there are issues regarding funding and lack of government support and investment. There are no schools in the country dedicated to film, banks do not extend credit to film ventures, and distribution and marketing of movies remains poor.<ref name="cannesvupar.com"/><ref name="monitor.co.ug"/>

The Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) is preparing regulations starting in 2014 that require Ugandan television to broadcast 70 percent Ugandan content and of this, 40 percent to be independent productions. With the emphasis on Ugandan film and the UCC regulations favouring Ugandan productions for mainstream television, Ugandan film may become more prominent and successful in the near future.<ref name="monitor.co.ug"/>

==See also==
{{portal|Uganda|Africa}}
* [[Index of Uganda-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Uganda]]
* [[Railway stations in Uganda]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Appiah, Anthony and Henry Louis Gates (ed.) (2010). ''Encyclopaedia of Africa''. Oxford University Press.
* Middleton, John (ed.) (2008). ''New encyclopaedia of Africa''. Detroit: Thompson-Gale.
* Shillington, Kevin (ed.) (2005). ''Encyclopedia of African history''. CRC Press.
* BakamaNume, Bakama B. (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=E-u-oqGczPsC&source=gbs_ViewAPI A Contemporary Geography of Uganda]''. African Books Collective.
* {{cite book | title=Uganda (Cultures of the World) | author=Robert Barlas | publisher=Marshall Cavendish | year=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3RYYPSq8JoC | isbn=9780761409816 | oclc=41299243 | ref=none }} overview written for younger readers.
* Carney, J. J. ''For God and My Country: Catholic Leadership in Modern Uganda'' (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2020).
* Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). ''The great lakes of Africa: two thousand years of history''. New York: Zone Books.
* Clarke, Ian, ed. ''Uganda - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1857336992/  excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714061651/https://www.amazon.com/dp/1857336992 |date=14 July 2022 }}
* Datzberger, Simone, and Marielle L.J. Le Mat. "Just add women and stir?: Education, gender and peacebuilding in Uganda." ''International Journal of Educational Development'' 59 (2018): 61-69 [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10050396/1/Datzberger%20Education%20gender%20and%20peacebuilding%20in%20Uganda%20-%20Revisions%20tracked%20changes.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063530/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10050396/1/Datzberger%20Education%20gender%20and%20peacebuilding%20in%20Uganda%20-%20Revisions%20tracked%20changes.pdf |date=17 April 2021 }}.
* Griffin, Brett, Robert Barlas, and Jui Lin Yong. ''Uganda.'' (Cavendish Square Publishing, 2019).
* Hepner, Tricia Redeker. "At the Boundaries of Life and Death: Notes on Eritrea and Northern Uganda." ''African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review'' 10.1 (2020): 127-142 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.10.1.06 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425044047/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.10.1.06 |date=25 April 2021 }}.
* Hodd, Michael and Angela Roche ''Uganda handbook''. (Bath: Footprint, 2011).
* Izama, Angelo. "Uganda." ''Africa Yearbook'' Volume 16. Brill, 2020 pp.&nbsp;413–422.
* Jagielski, Wojciech and Antonia Lloyd-Jones (2012). ''The night wanderers: Uganda's children and the Lord's Resistance Army''. New York: Seven Stories Press. {{ISBN|9781609803506}}
* Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert, ''Uganda: a modern history'' (1981) [https://archive.org/details/ugandamodernhist00jrge online]
* Langole, Stephen, and David Monk. "Background to peace and conflict in northern Uganda." in ''Youth, education and work in (post-) conflict areas'' (2019): 16+ [https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/135090531/YEW_Publication_2020_online.pdf#page=22 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119194009/https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/135090531/YEW_Publication_2020_online.pdf#page=22 |date=19 January 2021 }}.
* Otiso, Kefa M. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rMnkcZsv_eEC&source=gbs_ViewAPI Culture and Customs of Uganda]''. Greenwood Publishing Group.
* Reid, Richard J. ''A history of modern Uganda'' (Cambridge University Press, 2017), the standard scholarly history. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55348 Buy from Amazon - online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127162144/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55348 |date=27 January 2021 }}
* Sobel, Meghan, and Karen McIntyre. "The State of Press Freedom in Uganda". ''International Journal of Communication'' 14 (2020): 20+. [https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/11456/2948 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415075411/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/11456/2948 |date=15 April 2021 }}
* Steinhart, Edward I. ''Conflict and collaboration: The kingdoms of western Uganda, 1890-1907''. Princeton University Press, 2019.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Uganda}}
{{Commons category|Cultural heritage of Uganda}}

===Overview===
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/ Uganda]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607090539/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/uganda.htm Uganda] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1069166.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140914133543/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/uganda-version/snapshot.aspx Uganda Corruption Profile] from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal

===Maps===
* [https://www.un.org/geospatial/content/uganda-0 Printable map of Uganda from UN.org]
* {{wikiatlas|Uganda}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|192796}}

===Government and economy===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073716/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/uganda.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UG Key Development Forecasts for Uganda] from [[International Futures]]
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/UGA/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Uganda]

===Humanitarian issues===
* [http://www.irinnews.org/Africa-Country.aspx?Country=UG Humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN – Uganda]
* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc104?OpenForm&rc=1&cc=uga Humanitarian information coverage on ReliefWeb]
* [http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/pages/001/page_40.asp Radio France International – dossier on Uganda and Lord's Resistance Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208131440/http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/pages/001/page_40.asp |date=8 February 2021 }}

===Tourism===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091223191137/http://www.visituganda.com/ Uganda Tourism Board]
* [http://www.ugandawildlife.org/ Uganda Wildlife Authority]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171003170213/https://visitkampala.net/ Visit Kampala with Kampala Capital City Authority]
* [http://visas.immigration.go.ug/ Immigration Department]

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