Editing Tyrrhenian Sea

{{short description|Part of the Mediterranean Sea off the western coast of Italy}}
{{Infobox sea
| name               = Tyrrhenian Sea
| etymology          = From the ancient people of [[Tyrrhenians]]
| image              =
| caption            =
| image_bathymetry   = Tyrrhenian Sea map.png
| caption_bathymetry = Tyrrhenian Sea
| location           = [[Mediterranean Sea]]
| coords             = {{coord|40|N|12|E|type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=title,inline}}
| type               = [[Sea]]
| inflow             =
| outflow            =
| catchment          =
| basin_countries    = [[Italy]], [[France]]
| length             =
| width              =
| area               = {{convert|275000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}}
| depth              = {{convert|2000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| max-depth          = {{convert|3785|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| volume             =
| reference          =
}}

The '''Tyrrhenian Sea''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ɪ|ˈ|r|iː|n|i|ən|,_|-|ˈ|r|eɪ|-}}, {{respell|tih|REE|nee|ən|_,|-|RAY|-}};<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longman |first1=J.C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education ESL |isbn=978-1405881173 |edition=3}}</ref> {{langx|it|Mar Tirreno}} {{IPA|it|mar tirˈrɛːno|}} or {{IPA|it|-ˈreː-|}})<ref group=note>{{langx|fr|Mer Tyrrhénienne}} {{IPA|fr|mɛʁ tiʁenjɛn|}} {{langx|la|Tyrrhēnum mare}}, {{langx|sc|Mare Tirrenu}}, {{langx|co|Mari Tirrenu}}, {{langx|scn|Mari Tirrenu}}, {{langx|nap|Mare Tirreno}}</ref> is part of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] off the western coast of [[Italy]]. It is named for the [[Tyrrhenians|Tyrrhenian people]] identified with the [[Etruscans]] of Italy.

==Geography==
The sea is bounded by the islands of [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] (to the west), the [[Italian Peninsula]] (regions of [[Tuscany]], [[Lazio]], [[Campania]], [[Basilicata]], and [[Calabria]]) to the north and east, and the island of [[Sicily]] (to the south).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tyrrhenian-Sea |title=Tyrrhenian Sea |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=July 18, 2017 |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |editor-link=Hugh Chisholm |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica))}}</ref> The Tyrrhenian Sea also includes a number of smaller islands like [[Capri]], [[Elba]], [[Ischia]], and [[Ustica]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/tyrrheniansea.htm |title=Tyrrhenian Sea - Map & Details |work=World Atlas |access-date=July 18, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Positano - 01.jpg|thumb|[[Amalfi Coast]], [[Positano]]]]
[[File:Golfo di Orosei.jpg|thumb|[[Cala Goloritzé]], [[Baunei]], [[Sardinia]]]]
The maximum depth of the sea is {{convert|3785|m|ft}}.

The Tyrrhenian Sea is situated near where the [[African Plate|African]] and [[Eurasian Plate]]s meet; therefore mountain chains and active volcanoes, such as Mount [[Marsili]], are found in its depths. The eight [[Aeolian Islands]] and [[Ustica]] are located in the southern part of the sea, north of [[Sicily]].

===Extent===
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Tyrrhenian Sea as follows:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas |volume=172 |edition=3rd |year=1953 |work= [[International Hydrographic Organization]] |access-date=May 2, 2020 |page=17 |issue=28|bibcode=1953Natur.172R.484. |doi=10.1038/172484b0 |s2cid=36029611 }}</ref>
* In the [[Strait of Messina]]: A line joining the North extreme of Cape Paci (15°42′E) with the East extreme of the Island of [[Sicily]], Cape Peloro (38°16′N).
* On the Southwest: A line running from Cape Lilibeo (West extreme of Sicily) to the South extreme of Cape Teulada (8°38′E) in [[Sardinia]].
* In the [[Strait of Bonifacio]]: A line joining the West extreme of Cape Testa (41°14′N) in Sardinia with the Southwest extreme of Cape Feno (41°23′N) in Corsica.
* On the North: A line joining [[Cap Corse|Cape Corse]] (Cape Grosso, 9°23′E) in Corsica, with [[Tinetto]] Island ({{coord|44|01|N|9|51|E|display=inline}}) and thence through [[Tino (island)|Tino]] and [[Palmaria (island)|Palmaria]] islands to San Pietro Point ({{coord|44|03|N|9|50|E|display=inline}}) on the coast of Italy.

===Exits===
There are four exits from the Tyrrhenian Sea (north to south):
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Exit !! Location !! Width !! Connected Sea
|-
| Corsica Channel    || between [[Tuscany]]  and [[Corsica]] {{coord|42|50|N|9|45|E|scale:1000000|display=inline}}  || about {{Convert|80|km|mi}}  || [[Ligurian Sea]]
|-
| [[Strait of Bonifacio]] || between [[Corsica]]  and [[Sardinia]] ||       {{Convert|11|km|mi}}  || [[Mediterranean Sea]] (proper)
|-
| no name   || between [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]]  || about {{Convert|290|km|mi}} || [[Mediterranean Sea]] (proper)
|-
| [[Strait of Messina]]   || between [[Sicily]]   and [[Calabria]] on the toe of [[Italy]] || {{Convert|3|km|mi}} || [[Ionian Sea]]
|}

===Basins===
The [[Tyrrhenian Basin]] is divided into two basins (or plains), the Vavilov plain and the Marsili plain. They are separated by the [[undersea ridge]] known as the Issel Bridge, after [[Arturo Issel]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Sartori |first=Renzo |title=The Tyrrhenian back-arc basin and subduction of the Ionian lithosphere |journal=[[Episodes (journal)|Episodes]] |year=2003 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=217–221 |url=http://www.episodes.org/backissues/263/10Sartori.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219151730/http://www.episodes.org/backissues/263/10Sartori.pdf |archive-date=December 19, 2008 |publisher=[[University of Bologna]]|doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Geology ==
The Tyrrhenian Sea is a [[back-arc basin]] that formed due to the [[Oceanic trench#Trench rollback|rollback]] of the Calabrian [[Slab (geology)|slab]] towards South-East during the [[Neogene]].<ref name=":0" />  Episodes of fast and slow [[Trench#Geology|trench]] retreat formed first the Vavilov basin and, then, the Marsili basin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Faccenna|first1=Claudio|last2=Funiciello|first2=Francesca|last3=Giardini|first3=Domenico|last4=Lucente|first4=Pio|date=2001|title=Episodic back-arc extension during restricted mantle convection in the Central Mediterranean|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=187|issue=1–2|pages=105–116|doi=10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00280-1|issn=0012-821X|bibcode=2001E&PSL.187..105F}}</ref>  [[Submarine volcano]]es and the active volcano [[Mount Stromboli]] formed because trench retreat produces extension in the overriding plate allowing the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] to rise below the surface and partially melt. The [[magmatism]] here is also affected by the fluids released from the slab.

==Name==
Its name derives from the Greek name for the [[Etruscans]], first mentioned by [[Hesiod]] in the 8th century BC who described them as residing in central Italy alongside the Latins.<ref>Hesiod, ''Theogony'' 1015.</ref><ref name=Barker>{{cite book |last1=Barker |first1=Graeme |author-link1= Graeme Barker|last2=Rasmussen |first2=Tom |author-link2=Tom Rasmussen |display-authors= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |name-list-style= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |display-translators= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |year=2000 |orig-year= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |chapter-url= |chapter-format= |display-editors= |title=The Etruscans |script-title= |trans-title= |url= |url-status= |url-access= |format= |type= |series= The Peoples of Europe|language=English |volume= |edition= |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=44 |no-pp= |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= 978-0-631-22038-1 }}</ref><ref name=Turfa2017>{{cite book |last1=Turfa|first1= Jean MacIntosh |author-link1=Jean MacIntosh Turfa|year= 2017|chapter= The Etruscans|editor1-last= Farney|editor1-first=Gary D. |editor2-last=Bradley |editor2-first=Gary |title=The Peoples of Ancient Italy |location=Berlin |publisher= De Gruyter|pages=637–672 |doi=10.1515/9781614513001 |isbn=978-1-61451-520-3 }}</ref><ref name=DeGrummond2014>{{cite book |last1= De Grummond |first1=Nancy T.|author-link1= Nancy Thomson de Grummond|year=2014 |chapter=Ethnicity and the Etruscans|editor1-last=McInerney |editor1-first=Jeremy |title=A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean |location=Chichester, UK |publisher= John Wiley & Sons, Inc |pages=405–422 |doi=10.1002/9781118834312 |isbn=9781444337341 }}</ref><ref name=Shipley2017>{{cite book |last1=Shipley |first1=Lucy |year= 2017|chapter=Where is home? |title= The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations|language=en |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |pages=28–46 |isbn=9781780238623 }}</ref> The Etruscans lived along the coast of modern [[Tuscany]], [[Latium]] and [[Campania]], and referred to the water as the "Sea of the Etruscans".

== Islands ==
[[File:Tyrrhenian Sea Lipari from Castle walls 4-2017.jpg|thumb|[[Lipari]], [[Aeolian Islands]], Sicily]]
Islands of the Tyrrhenian Sea include:
* [[Corsica]]
* [[Sardinia]]
* [[Sicily]]
* [[Tuscan Archipelago]]
* [[Ischia]]
* [[Procida]]
* [[Capri]]
* [[Ustica]]
* [[Aeolian Islands]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/tyrrheniansea.htm|title=Map of Tyrrhenian Sea - Tyrrhenian Sea Map, History Facts, Tyrrhenian Sea Location - World Atlas|website=www.worldatlas.com|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> (including [[Lipari]] and [[Stromboli]])
* [[Pontine Islands]] including [[Ponza]]

==Ports==

The main ports of the Tyrrhenian Sea in [[Italy]] are: [[Naples]], [[Palermo]], [[Civitavecchia]] ([[Rome]]), [[Salerno]], [[Trapani]], and [[Gioia Tauro]]. There is also [[Bastia]], located in [[Corsica]].

Note that even though the phrase "port of Rome" is frequently used, there is in fact no port in Rome. Instead, the "port of Rome" refers to the maritime facilities at Civitavecchia, some {{convert|42|mi|abbr=in|order=flip}} to the northwest of Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civitavecchia (Port of Rome) {{!}} Rome for Visitors |url=https://europeforvisitors.com/rome/civitavecchia/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=europeforvisitors.com}}</ref>

[[Giglio Porto]] is a small island port in this area. It rose to prominence, when the ''[[Costa Concordia]]'' ran aground near the coast of Giglio and sank. The ship was later refloated and towed to [[Genoa]] for scrapping.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-27 |title=Costa Concordia comes home to die |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10994004/Costa-Concordia-comes-home-to-die.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref>

==Winds==
In [[Greek mythology]], it is believed that the cliffs above the Tyrrhenian Sea housed the four winds kept by [[Aeolus (son of Hippotes)|Aeolus]]. The winds are the [[Mistral (wind)|Mistral]] from the [[Rhône]] valley, the [[Libeccio]] from the southwest, and the [[Sirocco]] and [[Ostro]] from the south.

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Costa dello sbarcatello.jpg|[[Monte Argentario]]
File:Pizzo-Vista dal mare.JPG|[[Pizzo, Calabria|Pizzo]]
Image:Zambrone.jpg|[[Zambrone]]
File:DLOintheSOUTH.jpg|[[Parghelia]]
File:ChiaiaDiLuna Wiki.jpg|[[Ponza]]
Image:CapoVaticano02.jpg|[[Capo Vaticano]]
Image:Scilla139.jpg|[[Scilla, Calabria|Scilla]]
Image:Tindari.jpg|[[Tindari]]
Image:Cefalu.jpg|[[Cefalù]]
Image:Palermo-Panorama-bjs-3.jpg|[[Palermo]]
Image:Castellammare-bjs-3.jpg|[[Castellammare del Golfo]]
Image:Veduta frontale di capo Miseno.JPG|[[Capo Miseno]]
Image:Terracina-vista01.jpg|[[Terracina]]
Image:Merchesana beach in Terme Vigliatore, Sicily.JPG|[[Terme Vigliatore]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{List of seas}}
{{Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean}}
{{Capri topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tyrrhenian Sea| ]]
[[Category:Marginal seas of the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Seas of Italy]]
[[Category:Seas of France]]
[[Category:European seas]]
[[Category:Back-arc basins]]
[[Category:Landforms of Basilicata]]
[[Category:Landforms of Calabria]]
[[Category:Landforms of Campania]]
[[Category:Landforms of Lazio]]
[[Category:Landforms of Tuscany]]
[[Category:Landforms of Sicily]]
[[Category:Landforms of Corsica]]
[[Category:Geography of Europe]]