Editing Tyrol (state)

{{short description|Austrian federal state}}
{{Other uses|Tyrol (disambiguation){{!}}Tyrol}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Tyrol
| official_name      = 
| native_name        = ''Tirol''
| settlement_type    = [[Federal states of Austria|Federal state]]
| image_flag         = Flag of Tirol.svg
| flag_size          = 120px
| image_shield       = AUT Tirol COA.svg
| shield_size        = 75px
| image_blank_emblem = LandTirol.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = [[Brandmark]]
| blank_emblem_size  = 85px
| anthem             = [[Zu Mantua in Banden|Andreas-Hofer-Lied]]<br />{{center|[[File:Tiroler Landeshymne.ogg]]}}
| image_map          = Tirol in Austria.svg
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{AUT}}
| seat_type          = Capital
| seat               = [[Innsbruck]]
| leader_party       = [[Austrian People's Party|ÖVP]]
| leader_title       = [[List of governors of Tyrol|Governor]]
| leader_name        = [[Anton Mattle]]
| leader_title1      = Deputy Governors
| leader_name1       = [[Josef Geisler]] (ÖVP)<br />[[Georg Dornauer]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Austria|SPÖ]])
| area_total_km2     = 12534
| population_total   = 771304
| population_as_of   = 1 January 2023
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Basisdaten Bundesländer |url=http://wko.at/statistik/bundesland/basisdaten.pdf |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 = €45.400 billion (2021)
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 = €46,700 (2021)
| coordinates        = {{coord|47.27|N|11.4|E|region:AT|display=inline,title}}
| timezone1          = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1        = +1
| timezone1_DST      = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = +2
| iso_code           = AT-7
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.938<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=en |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of Austrian states by Human Development Index|3rd of 9]]
| blank1_name_sec1   = 
| blank1_info_sec1   = 
| blank_name_sec2    = [[First level NUTS of the European Union#Austria|NUTS Region]]
| blank_info_sec2    = [[NUTS of Austria|AT3]]
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[Federal Council of Austria|Votes in Bundesrat]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = 5 (of 62)
| website            = [https://www.tirol.gv.at/en/ www.tirol.gv.at]
| governing_body     = [[Tyrolean Landtag]]
}}

'''Tyrol''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ɪ|ˈ|r|oʊ|l|,_|t|aɪ|ˈ|r|oʊ|l|,_|ˈ|t|aɪ|r|oʊ|l}} {{respell|tih|ROHL|,_|ty|ROHL|,_|TY|rohl}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/tyrol "Tyrol"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{langx|de|Tirol}} {{IPA|de|tiˈroːl||De-at-Tirol.ogg}}; {{langx|it|Tirolo}} {{IPA|it|tiˈrɔːlo|}}) is an Austrian [[Provinces of Austria|federal state]]. It comprises the Austrian part of the historical [[County of Tyrol|Princely County of Tyrol]]. It is a constituent part of the present-day [[Euroregion Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino]] (together with [[South Tyrol]] and [[Trentino]] in [[Italy]]). The capital of Tyrol is [[Innsbruck]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/austria/tirol|title=Tyrol, Austria|publisher=Lonely Planet|access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref>

==Geography==
Tyrol is separated into two parts, divided by a {{convert|7|km|mi|adj=mid|wide}} strip of [[Salzburg (federal state)|Salzburg State]]. The two constituent parts of Tyrol are the northern and larger [[North Tyrol]] ({{Langx|de|Nordtirol|label=none}}) and the southeastern and smaller [[East Tyrol]] (''{{Langx|de|Osttirol|label=none}}''). Salzburg State lies to the east of North Tyrol, while on the south Tyrol has a border to the [[Italy|Italian]] province of [[South Tyrol]], which was part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] before the [[First World War]]. With a land area of {{convert|12683.85|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, Tyrol is the third-largest federal state in Austria.

North Tyrol shares its borders with the federal states Salzburg in the east and [[Vorarlberg]] in the west. In the north, it adjoins the [[Germany|German]] federal state of [[Bavaria]]; in the south, it shares borders with the [[Italy|Italian]] province of [[South Tyrol]] and the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[canton (country subdivision)|canton]] of [[Graubünden]]. East Tyrol shares its borders with the federal state of [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] to the east and Italy's [[Province of Belluno]] ([[Veneto]]) to the south.

The federal state's territory is located entirely within the [[Eastern Alps]] at the [[Brenner Pass]]. The highest mountain in the federal state is the [[Großglockner]], part of the [[Hohe Tauern]] range on the border with Carinthia. It has a height of 3,797&nbsp;m (12,457.35&nbsp;ft), making it the highest mountain in Austria.

===Lakes===
*[[Achen Lake]]
*[[Buchsee (Bezirk Kufstein)]]
*[[Fernsteinsee]]
*[[Frauensee (Bezirk Kufstein)]]
*[[Gritzer See]]
*[[Moalandlsee]]
*[[Pfrillsee]]
*[[Taubensee (Kössen/Unterwössen)]]

==History==
{{Main|History of Tyrol}}
[[File:Alois Schönn Tiroler Wallfahrer.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Tiroler Wallfahrer'' (Tyrolean pilgrims) by [[Alois Schönn]], 19th century]]
[[File:Innsbruck_Goldenes_Dachl_pc.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Goldenes Dachl|Golden Roof]], Innsbruck]]

=== Ancient and Early Middle Ages ===
In [[Ancient Rome|ancient]] times, the region was split between the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] provinces of [[Raetia]] (west of the Inn River) and [[Noricum]]. From the mid-6th century, it was resettled by Germanic [[Bavarii]] tribes.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} In the [[Early Middle Ages]] it formed the southern part of the German [[stem duchy]] of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]], until the [[County of Tyrol|Counts of Tyrol]], former ''[[Vogt]]'' officials of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Trent|Trent]] and [[Bishopric of Brixen|Brixen]] prince-bishops at [[Tyrol Castle]], achieved [[imperial immediacy]] after the deposition of the Bavarian duke [[Henry X, Duke of Bavaria|Henry the Proud]] in 1138, and their possessions formed a [[Imperial State|state]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in its own right.

=== Medieval and Early Modern Eras ===
When the Counts of Tyrol died out in 1253, their estates were inherited by the [[Meinhardiner]] Counts of [[County of Görz|Görz]]. In 1271, the Tyrolean possessions were divided between Count [[Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia|Meinhard&nbsp;II of Görz]] and his younger brother [[Albert I of Gorizia|Albert&nbsp;I]], who took the lands of East Tyrol around Lienz and attached them (as "outer county") to his committal possessions around [[Gorizia]] ("inner county").

The last Tyrolean countess of the Meinhardiner Dynasty, [[Margaret, Countess of Tyrol|Margaret]], bequeathed her assets to the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] duke [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Rudolph&nbsp;IV of Austria]] in 1363. In 1420, the committal residence was relocated from [[Merano]] to Innsbruck. The Tyrolean lands were reunited when the Habsburgs inherited the estates of the extinct Counts of Görz in 1500.

=== 19th Century and WWI ===
In the course of the [[German mediatization]] in 1803, the [[prince-bishop]]rics of [[Prince-Bishopric of Trent|Trent]] and [[Bishopric of Brixen|Brixen]] were [[Secularization|secularized]] and merged into the County of Tyrol (which in the next year became a constituent land of the [[Austrian Empire]]), but Tyrol was ceded to the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] in 1805. [[Andreas Hofer]] led the [[Tyrolean Rebellion]] against the French and Bavarian occupiers. Later, South Tyrol was ceded to the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]], a client state of the First French Empire, by Bavaria in 1810. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole of Tyrol was returned to Austria in 1814.

Tyrol was a [[Cisleithania]]n ''Kronland'' (royal territory) of [[Austria-Hungary]] from 1867. The County of Tyrol then extended beyond the boundaries of today's federal state, including North Tyrol and East Tyrol; South Tyrol and [[Trentino]] (''Welschtirol'') as well as three municipalities, which today are part of the adjacent province of Belluno. After [[World War&nbsp;I]], these lands became part of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] according to the 1915 [[Treaty of London (1915)|London Pact]] and the provisions of the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint Germain]]. From November 1918, it was occupied by 20,000–22,000 soldiers of the Italian Army.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agiati.it/UploadDocs/12255_Art_20_di_michele.pdf|title = Accademia degli Agiati}}</ref>
[[File:V-2 Rocket On Meillerwagen.jpg|thumb|Heinrich Maier, Walter Caldonazzi and their group helped the allies to fight the V-2, which was produced by [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] prisoners.]]

=== WWII ===
Tyrol was the center of an important resistance group against Nazi Germany around Walter Caldonazzi, which united with the group around the priest [[Heinrich Maier]] and the Tyrolean Franz Josef Messner. The Catholic resistance group very successfully passed on plans and production facilities for [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1 rocket]]s, [[V-2 rocket]]s, [[Tiger tank]]s, [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]] and other aircraft to the Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Maier and his group informed the American secret service OSS very early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. For after the war they planned an Austria united with South Tyrol and Bavaria.<ref>Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: ''Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.'' Vienna 2018, {{ISBN|978-3902494832}}, pp.&nbsp;299–305; Hans Schafranek: ''Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.'' Vienna 2017, {{ISBN|978-3707606225}}, pp. 161–248; Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War&nbsp;II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), p.&nbsp;35.</ref>

After [[World War II]], North Tyrol was governed by [[France]] and East Tyrol was part of the British Zone of occupation until [[Austria]] regained independence in 1955.

==Towns==
[[File:Olympiaringe Innsbruck 3.JPG|thumb|View of Innsbruck from Mt. [[Bergisel]]]]
[[File:Blick vom Stadtturm des Alten Rathauses zum Innsbrucker Dom 2.JPG|thumb|A view from the tower of the old townhall to [[Innsbruck Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Alt Hall in Tirol, A.jpg|thumb|[[Hall in Tirol]]]]
The capital, Innsbruck, is known for its university, and especially for its medicine. Tyrol is popular for its famous [[ski]] resorts, which include [[Kitzbühel]], [[Ischgl]] and [[St.&nbsp;Anton]]. The 15 largest towns in Tyrol are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Town !! Inhabitants<br /><small>January 2017</small>
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 1. || [[Innsbruck]] || style="text-align:right"|132,236
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 2. || [[Kufstein]] || style="text-align:right"| 18,973
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 3. || [[Telfs]] || style="text-align:right"| 15,582
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 4. || [[Hall in Tirol]] || style="text-align:right"| 13,801
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 5. || [[Schwaz]] || style="text-align:right"| 13,606
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 6. || [[Wörgl]] || style="text-align:right"| 13,537
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 7. || [[Lienz]] || style="text-align:right"| 11,945
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 8. || [[Imst]] || style="text-align:right"| 10,371
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 9. || [[St. Johann in Tirol]] || style="text-align:right"| 9,425
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 10. || [[Rum, Tyrol|Rum]] || style="text-align:right"| 9,063
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 11. || [[Kitzbühel]] || style="text-align:right"| 8,341 
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 12. || [[Zirl]] || style="text-align:right"| 8,134
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 13. || [[Wattens]] || style="text-align:right"| 7,870
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 14. || [[Landeck (Tirol)|Landeck]] || style="text-align:right"| 7,764
|-
| style="text-align:right"| 15. || [[Jenbach]] || style="text-align:right"| 7,088
|}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|1869|236,426|1880|244,736|1890|249,984|1900|266,374|1910|304,713|1923|313,888|1934|349,098|1939|363,959|1951|427,465|1961|462,899|1971|544,483|1981|586,663|1991|631,410|2001|673,504|2011|709,319|2021|762,652|align=right|cols=1|source=Censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA|url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses|publisher=Statistics Austria}}</ref>}}The historical population is given in the following chart:
<timeline>
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  color:skyblue width:22 shift:(-55,-5) fontsize:M anchor:till
 bar:1869 from:0 till:236 text:236,426
 bar:1880 from:0 till:245 text:244,736
 bar:1890 from:0 till:250 text:249,984
 bar:1900 from:0 till:266 text:266,374
 bar:1910 from:0 till:305 text:304,713
 bar:1923 from:0 till:314 text:313,888
 bar:1934 from:0 till:349 text:349,098
 bar:1939 from:0 till:364 text:363,959
 bar:1951 from:0 till:427 text:427,465
 bar:1961 from:0 till:463 text:462,899
 bar:1971 from:0 till:544 text:544,483
 bar:1981 from:0 till:587 text:586,663
 bar:1991 from:0 till:631 text:631,410
 bar:2001 from:0 till:674 text:673,504
 bar:2011 from:0 till:710 text:710,048
 bar:2021 from:0 till:760 text:760,105
TextData=
 fontsize:M pos:(35,20)
 text:"Source: Statistik Austria"
</timeline>

== Economy ==
The federal state's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) was 34.6&nbsp;billion euro in 2018, accounting for 9% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 40,900 euro or 136% of the EU27 average in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58 |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018 |website=Eurostat}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Tyrol has long been a central hub for European long-distance routes and thus a transit land for trans-European trade over the Alps. As early as the 1st&nbsp;century&nbsp;B.C. Tyrol had one of the most important north–south links of the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Via Claudia Augusta]]. Roman roads crossed the Tyrol from the Po Plain in present-day Italy, following the course of the Etsch and Eisack in present South Tyrol over the Brenner and then following the northern [[Wipp valley]] to Hall. From there roads branched along the [[Inn (river)|River Inn]]. The [[Raetia|Via Raetia]] went westwards and up onto the [[Seefeld Plateau]], where it crossed into [[Bavaria]] where Scharnitz is today. The [[Porta Claudia]], built in the early 17th&nbsp;century is a fortification that underlines the importance of the road in the Early Modern Period.

Today Tyrol has international road, rail and air connections. [[Innsbruck Airport]] is Tyrol's international airport. In addition there are several smaller airports in various places such as [[St.&nbsp;Johann in Tirol]], [[Höfen (Tirol)|Höfen]] in the [[Außerfern]] or [[Langkampfen]]. Many [[public transit]] companies operate a common tariff scheme as part of the [[Tyrol Transport Association]].

==Administrative divisions==
[[File:Karte A Tirol ohne.svg|thumb|Districts of Tyrol]]
The federal state is divided into nine [[Districts of Austria|districts]] (''[[Bezirk]]e''); one of them, Innsbruck, is a [[statutory city (Austria)|statutory city]]. There are 277 municipalities. The districts and their administrative centres, from west to east and north to south, are:

; North Tyrol:
* [[Landeck District]], (capital: [[Landeck]])
* [[Reutte District]], ([[Reutte]])
* [[Imst District]], ([[Imst]])
* [[Innsbruck-Land District|Innsbruck-Land]], ([[Innsbruck]], not part of the district)
* [[Innsbruck|Innsbruck Stadt]]
* [[Schwaz District]], ([[Schwaz]])
* [[Kufstein District]], ([[Kufstein]])
* [[Kitzbühel District]], ([[Kitzbühel]])

; East Tyrol:
* [[Lienz District]], ([[Lienz]])

== Sister relationships ==
* {{Flagicon|IDN}} [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]], Indonesia

== Culture ==

[[File:Austria, Traditional costumes from Tyrol, EU.jpg|thumb|210px|Traditional long-skirted [[dirndl]]s from [[Lienz]] in Tyrol]]
The traditional form of [[mural art]] known as [[Lüftlmalerei]] is typical of Tyrolean villages and towns. 

[[Kletzenbrot]] is a [[List of sweet breads|sweet bread]] made with dried fruits and nuts for the [[Advent season]]. Because it is associated with Tyrol it is also known as "Tyrolean Dried Fruit Bread". 

Tyrol also has a strong history of folk theater, which has influenced the culture since the late Middle Ages and well into the 19th century.<ref>Bernhart, Toni. “Imagining the Audience in Eighteenth-Century Folk Theatre in Tyrol.” In ''Dramatic Experience: The Poetics of Drama and the Early Modern Public Sphere(s)'', edited by Katja Gvozdeva, Tatiana Korneeva, and Kirill Ospovat, 269–88. Brill, 2017. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76w7w.16</nowiki>.</ref> Today in Tyrol, particularly in Innsbruck, there are folk theatre summer festivals and evening shows catering to traditional Tyrolean theatre, music, and dancing. 

== Identity ==

The question of which regional unit was the bearer of primary identification was raised in the 1987 Austrian Consciousness Survey.
The possible answers were: the hometown (local patriotism), one's own province (regional patriotism), (Central) Europe (European consciousness), the world (cosmopolitanism).<ref>Österreichbewußtsein im Wandel, Ernst Bruckmüller, 1994</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Emotional connectedness according to territorial units (1987)
|-
! in: !! Vienna!! Lower Austria!! Burgenland !! Tyrol !! Carinthia !! Vorarlberg !! Styria !! Upper Austria !! Salzburg
|-
| Homeplace || 38|| 30|| 31|| ''16''|| 23|| 21|| 25|| 35|| 24
|-
| Bundesland || 8|| 16|| 24|| ''58''|| 53|| 44|| 39|| 23|| 33
|-
| Austrian || 46|| 55|| 44|| ''19''|| 24|| 28|| 32|| 37|| 35
|-
| German|| 1|| 0|| -|| ''1''|| -|| -|| 2|| 1|| 2
|-
| (Middle-)European || 4|| 1|| -|| ''1''|| -|| 4|| 2|| 1|| 4
|-
| World Citizen || 4|| -|| 1|| ''2''|| -|| 3|| 1|| 2|| -
|-
| other || 2|| 0|| -|| -|| 1|| -|| 0|| 0|| 3
|}

A research project led by Peter Diem<ref>Integrative Phänomene, Diem Peter, 1988</ref> offers a thoroughly comparable picture: In Vienna and Lower Austria, Austria patriotism dominated (1988) over territorial consciousness.{{clarification needed|date=July 2023}} In Upper Austria, Salzburg and Styria, national patriotism slightly outweighed federal state patriotism.{{clarification needed|date=July 2023}} In Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, national patriotism clearly dominated. When asked to rate their own national patriotism on a ten-point scale, 83% of Carinthians, 69% of Tyroleans, 63% of Vorarlbergers, Burgenlanders and Styrians, 59% of Upper Austrians, 55% of Lower Austrians, 47% of Viennese and 43% of Salzburgers gave it the highest value.

The results of this study underline the assumption of a highly developed sense of national identity in most Austrian provinces. Peculiarly, the federal provinces are also largely "endogamous" in relation to other provinces, i.e. they correspond to what ethnologists would call a gentile association, a "tribe".

It is therefore also permissible to identify the inhabitants of the Austrian provinces as the "tribes" that a book published in London would like to portray. (The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe, London 1994[https://archive.org/details/timesguidetopeop0000unse/mode/1up The Times guide to the peoples of Europe])

==See also==
{{portal|Geography|<!-- Eurasia -->|Europe|<!-- Central Europe -->|<!-- Western Europe -->|European Union|Austria|Tyrol}}
* [[Tyrol]]
* [[East Tyrol]]
* [[Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino]]
* [[Grünausee]]
* [[History of Tyrol]]
* [[Längentalspeicher]]
* [[North Tyrol]]
* [[Reither See]]
* [[Tyrolean Eagle-Order]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=Tyrol.com For all you need to travel around Tyrol
flightradar24.com 
http://www.oebb.at/en/Tickets/SparSchiene/index.jsp}}

==External links==
* [https://www.tirol.gv.at/en/ Tyrol]
* [https://www.tyrol.com/ Tyrol Tourism]

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{{States of Austria}}{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Tyrol (federal state)| ]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:States of Austria]]