Editing Tyro

{{Short description|Thessalian princess in Greek mythology}}
{{Other uses}}
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Tyro''' ({{langx|grc|Τυρώ}}) was an [[Ancient Elis|Elean]] princess who later became Queen of [[Iolcus]].

Tyro was the daughter of King Salmoneus of Elis and Alcidice. She married her uncle, King Cretheus of [[Iolcus]], and had three sons with him, and also bore twin sons with [[Poseidon]]. [[Aeson]], one of Tyro's son with Cretheus, was the father of [[Jason]], a central figure in the Argonauts' quest for the [[Golden Fleece]]. Tyro later married her paternal uncle, Sisyphus, and had two more children. Fearing a prophecy that her children would kill her father, Tyro killed them.

In popular culture, [[Ezra Pound]] references Tyro in his work, The Cantos.

== Family ==
Tyro was the daughter of King [[Salmoneus]] of [[Ancient Elis|Elis]] and [[Alcidice]], daughter of King [[Aleus]] of [[Arcadia (region)|Arcadia]]. She married her uncle King [[Cretheus]] of Iolcus but loved the [[River gods (Greek mythology)|river-god]] [[Enipeus (deity)|Enipeus]]. Tyro gave birth to [[Pelias]] and [[Neleus]], the twin sons of [[Poseidon]]. With Cretheus, she had three sons, [[Aeson]], [[Pheres]] and [[Amythaon]].<ref name="odyssey-xi">{{Cite book
|author=Homer
|author-link=Homer
|translator=Samuel Butler
|title=The Odyssey
|chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext99/dyssy10.txt
|access-date=2009-04-18
|edition=10th
|date=2009-01-16
|orig-year=c 800 BCE
|publisher=Project Gutenberg
|id=EBook #1727
|chapter=Book XI: The visit to the dead. 235–260
|ref=odyssey-butler|title-link=The Odyssey
}}</ref><ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#68.2 4.68.2]–[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#68.3 3]; [[Tzetzes]] ad [[Lycophron]], [https://topostext.org/work/860#175 175]</ref>{{AI-generated source|date=November 2024}} In some accounts, Tyro had a daughter named [[Phalanna (mythology)|Phalanna]] who gave her name to city of Phalanna in Thessaly.<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#Ph655.17 Phalanna (Φάλαννα)]''</ref>

{{chart top|Tyro's family tree|collapsed=no}}
{{chart/start|align=center}}
{{chart| | | | Alc |~|y|~| Sal | | | | | | | | Alc=Alcidice|Sal=Salmoneus}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart| | | Cre |y| Tyr |~|~|~|~|~|~|y| Pos | Cre=Cretheus|Tyr=Tyro|Pos=Poseidon|boxstyle_ Tyr=background-color: #bfc;}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{chart| Aes | | Phe | | Amy | | Pel | | Nel | Aes=Aeson|Phe=Pheres|Amy=Amythaon|Pel=Pelias|Nel=Neleus}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== Mythology ==
Tyro's father Salmoneus was the brother of [[Athamas]] and [[Sisyphus]]. She was married to her uncle [[Cretheus]],<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Od.+11.+236&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=Tyro 11. 236–7], but [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women|Ehoiai]]'' fr. 30 (Merkelbach-West) says she fought with Salmoneus and was rescued by Zeus and led to the house of Cretheus, where she was raised. [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.8&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=Tyro 1.9.8] confirms this.</ref> King of [[Iolcus]] but Tyro loved the river god Enipeus who refused her advances. One day, Poseidon filled with lust for Tyro, disguised himself as Enipeus and from their union were born Pelias and Neleus, twin boys. Tyro exposed her sons on a mountain to die, but they were found by a herdsman who raised them as his own. When the twins reached adulthood, they found Tyro and killed her stepmother, [[Sidero]], for having mistreated their mother (Salmoneus married Sidero when [[Alcidice]] died). Sidero hid at the temple of [[Hera]] but Pelias killed her anyway, causing Hera's undying hatred of Pelias – and her glorious patronage of [[Jason]] and the [[Argonauts]] in their long quest for the [[Golden Fleece]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Edith|author-link=Edith Hamilton|year=1969|orig-year=1940|chapter=Brief Myths Arranged Alphabetically|title=[[Mythology (book)|Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes]]|edition=Renewal|publisher=[[New American Library|Mentor Books]]|location=New York|page=313|isbn=0-451-62803-9}}</ref> Pelias' half brother Aeson, the son of Tyro and Cretheus, was the father of Jason.<ref>Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.8&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=Tyro 1.9.8] adds that Pelias refused thereafter to honor Hera</ref> Soon after, Tyro married Sisyphus, her paternal uncle and had two children. It was said that their children would kill Salmoneus, so Tyro killed them in order to save her father.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#60 60] & [https://topostext.org/work/206#239 239]</ref>

== In popular culture==
[[Ezra Pound]] refers to Tyro in ''[[The Cantos]]''. In Canto 2 he takes up her rape by Poseidon:<blockquote>"And by the beach-run, Tyro,<br>Twisted arms of the sea-god,<br>Lithe sinews of water, gripping her, cross-hold,<br>And the blue-gray glass of the wave tents them,<br>Glare azure of water, cold-welter, close cover."</blockquote>In a later Canto (74) Pound connects her to [[Alcmene]], imprisoned in the world of the dead, but in a later paradisal vision he sees her "ascending":<blockquote>thick smoke, purple, rising<br>bright flame now on the altar<br>the crystal funnel of air<br>out of Erebus, the delivered,<br>Tyro, Alcmene, free now, ascending<br>[...] no shades more (Canto 90)<ref>Pound, Ezra. ''The Cantos''. New York: New Directions, 1998.</ref></blockquote>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''The Library of History'' translated by [[Charles Henry Oldfather]]. Twelve volumes. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59&ndash;8. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site]
* Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2''. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]], ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* [[Hesiod]], ''Catalogue of Women'' from ''Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica'' translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodCatalogues.html Online version at theio.com]
* [[Homer]], [[Odyssey|''The Odyssey'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135 Greek text available from the same website].
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Pseudo-Apollodorus]], ''The Library'' with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 Greek text available from the same website].
* [[Stephanus of Byzantium]], ''Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt,'' edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. [https://topostext.org/work/241 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]

[[Category:Princesses in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Queens in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Aeolides]]
[[Category:Mortal parents of demigods in classical mythology]]
[[Category:Women of Poseidon]]
[[Category:Mythological Iolcians]]
[[Category:Mythological Eleans]]
[[Category:Mythological Thessalians]]
[[Category:Elean mythology]]
[[Category:Thessalian mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological rape victims]]