Editing Tyre, Lebanon

{{Redirect|Tyros|the town in Arcadia|Tyros, Greece}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Tyre
| native_name        = {{lang|ar|صور}}
| translit_lang1     = Arabic
| translit_lang1_type = Latin
| translit_lang1_info = Ṣūr
| nickname           = 
| settlement_type    = City
| motto              = 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
| size = 275
| photo1a = SubmergedEgyptianHarbour TyreSour Lebanon RomanDeckert04112019.jpg
| photo2a = NASA InternationalSpaceStation TyreSurLebanon01032003 ISS006-E-31938.jpg
}}
| image_caption      = The Egyptian harbour with the submerged ancient columns with the skyline of the modern city in the background, aerial view of Tyre.
| image_flag         = 
| image_seal         = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|33|16|15|N|35|11|46|E|type:city(60,000)_region:LB-JA|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map        = Lebanon
| pushpin_mapsize    = 275px
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| map_caption        = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{Flag|Lebanon}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[Governorates of Lebanon|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[South Governorate]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Districts of Lebanon|District]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Tyre District|Tyre]]
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = {{circa|2750 BCE}}
| area_total_km2     = 4
| area_metro_km2     = 17
| population_total   = 60000
| population_metro   = 174000
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_demonym = Tyrian
| timezone           = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset         = +2
| timezone_DST       = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +3
| footnotes          = {{designation list | embed=yes
   | designation1 = WHS
   | designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#1984 (8th session)|1984]]  (8th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
   | designation1_type = Cultural
   | designation1_criteria = iii, vi
   | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/299 299]
}}
| official_name      = 
| subdivision_name4  = [[Al-Aabbassiyah]], [[Ain Baal]], [[Burj el-Shamali]], Sour
| subdivision_type4  = [[List of municipalities of Lebanon|Municipalities]]
| image_map          = 
| mapsize            = 275px
| map_alt            = Image courtesy of the [[NASA Johnson Space Center]]
| image_shield       = 
| shield_size        = 275px
}}

'''Tyre''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aɪər}}; {{langx|ar|صُور|translit=Ṣūr}}; {{langx|phn|𐤑𐤓|translit=Ṣūr}}; {{langx|he|צוֹר|translit=Ṣōr}}; {{langx|grc|Τύρος|Týros}}) is a city in [[Lebanon]], and one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest continuously inhabited cities]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/The-worlds-20-oldest-cities/1old-tyre/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/The-worlds-20-oldest-cities/1old-tyre/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The world's 20 oldest cities|date=30 May 2017|website=The Telegraph|access-date=25 March 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was one of the earliest [[Phoenicia]]n [[metropolis]]es and the legendary birthplace of [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|Europa]], her brothers [[Cadmus]] and [[Phoenix (son of Agenor)|Phoenix]], and [[Carthage]]'s founder [[Dido]] (Elissa). The city has many ancient sites, including the [[Tyre Hippodrome]], and was added as a whole to the list of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/299|title=World Heritage List: Tyre|year=2020|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The historian [[Ernest Renan]] noted that "One can call Tyre a city of ruins, built out of ruins".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tyre and its history|last1=Medlej|first1=Youmna Jazzar|last2=Medlej|first2=Joumana|publisher=Anis Commercial Printing Press s.a.l.|year=2010|isbn=978-9953-0-1849-2|location=Beirut|pages=1–30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Colour: Travels Through the Paintbox|last=Finlay|first=Victoria|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2014|isbn=9780340733295|location=London}}</ref>

Tyre is the fifth-largest city in Lebanon after [[Beirut]], [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Sidon]], and [[Baalbek]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tyros.leb.net/tyre/|title=Tyre (Sour) City, Lebanon|website=tyros.leb.net}}</ref> It is the capital of the [[Tyre District]] in the [[South Governorate]]. There were approximately 200,000 inhabitants in the Tyre urban area in 2016, including many [[refugee]]s, as the city hosts three of the twelve [[Palestinian refugee camps]] in Lebanon: [[Burj el-Shamali|Burj El Shimali]], [[El-Buss refugee camp|El Buss]], and [[Rashidieh]].<ref name="Maguire-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UN-Habitat_2017.05.22_CP_Tyre_web.pdf|title=TYRE CITY PROFILE|last1=Maguire|first1=Suzanne|last2=Majzoub|first2=Maya|year=2016|editor-last=Osseiran|editor-first=Tarek|website=reliefweb|publisher=UN HABITAT Lebanon|pages=12, 16, 33–34, 39–43, 57, 72|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

== Territory ==
<mapframe latitude="33.28" longitude="35.239" zoom="11" width="220" height="200" align="right" />

Tyre juts out from the coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], and is located about {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} south of [[Beirut]]. It originally consisted of two distinct urban centres: Tyre itself, which was on an island just 500 to 700 metres (yards) offshore, and the associated settlement of [[Ushu]] on the adjacent mainland, later called ''Palaetyrus'', meaning "Old Tyre" in [[Ancient Greek]].<ref>Presutta, David. ''The Biblical Cosmos Versus Modern Cosmology''. 2007, page 225, referencing: Katzenstein, H.J., ''The History of Tyre'', 1973, p.9</ref> The fortified city was on top of a rock from which its name was inherited as "''S‘r''" is the Phoenician word for "rock". It had two ports, the "Sidonian port" to the north, still partly existing today, and the "Egyptian port" to the south which has perhaps been discovered very recently.<ref>Goiran, J-P, et al., 2023, "Evolution of Sea Level at Tyre During Antiquity", BAAL 21, with a new hypothesis about the local relative sea level rise and a major discovery of the Phoenician breakwater of the southern, so-called "Egyptian", harbour  [https://www.academia.edu/104492325]</ref>

[[File:OffTyreRockyIslands RomanDeckert04102019.jpg|thumb|Rocky islets off Tyre]]
Throughout history from [[Prehistory|prehistoric times]] onwards, all settlements in the Tyre area profited from the abundance of [[fresh water]] supplies, especially from the nearby [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]] of Rashidieh and [[Ras al-Ain, Lebanon|Ras Al Ain]] in the South. In addition, there are the springs of Al Bagbog and Ain Ebreen in the North as well as the [[Litani River]], also known as Alqasymieh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Badawi|first=Ali Khalil|title=TYRE|publisher=Al-Athar Magazine|year=2018|edition=4th|location=Beirut|pages=5, 7}}</ref> The present city of Tyre covers a large part of the original island and has expanded onto and covers most of the [[causeway]] built by [[Alexander the Great]] in 332 [[Common Era|BCE]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |author1=Heather Whipps |date=2007-05-14 |title=Mystery Solved: How Alexander the Great Defeated Tyre |url=https://www.livescience.com/1523-mystery-solved-alexander-great-defeated-tyre.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref> This [[isthmus]] increased greatly in width over the centuries because of extensive silt depositions on either side. The part of the original island not covered by the modern city of Tyre is mostly of an archaeological site showcasing remains of the city from ancient times.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

Four municipalities contribute to Tyre city's 16.7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (6½ sq. mi.) built-up area, though none are included in their entirety: Sour municipality contains the heart of the city, excluding the Natural and Coastal Reserve; Burj El Shimali to the East without unpopulated agricultural lands; Abbasiyet Sour to the North without agricultural lands and a dislocated village; and [[Ain Baal]] to the South-East, also without agricultural lands and dislocated villages. Tyre's urban area lies on a fertile coastal plain, which explains the fact that as of 2017 about 44% of its territory was used for intra-urban agriculture, while built-up land constituted over 40%.<ref name="Maguire-2016" />

In terms of [[geomorphology]] and [[seismicity]], Tyre is close to the Roum Fault and the [[Yammoune]]h [[Fault (geology)|Fault]]. Though it has suffered a number of devastating earthquakes over the [[Millennium|millennia]], the threat level is considered to be low in most places and moderate in a few others. However, a [[tsunami]] following an earthquake and subsequent [[landslide]]s and floods pose major natural risks to the Tyrian population.<ref name="Maguire-2016" />

Vast reserves of natural gas are estimated to lie beneath Lebanese waters, much of it off Tyre's coast, but [[Exploitation of natural resources|exploitation]] has been delayed by [[Territorial dispute|border disputes]] with Israel.<ref name="UN OCHA-2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2013/02/15/ten-ways-develop-southern-lebanon|title=Ten ways to develop southern Lebanon|date=15 February 2013|website=The New Humanitarian|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Early names of Tyre include [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] {{lang|akk-Latn|Ṣurru}}, [[Phoenician languages|Phoenician]] {{lang|phn-Latn|Ṣūr}} ({{lang|phn|{{script|Phnx|𐤑𐤓}}}}), and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] {{lang|he-Latn|Tsur}} ({{lang|he|צוֹר}}).<ref name="Woodhouse">{{cite journal |last1=Woodhouse |first1=Robert |title=The Greek Prototypes of the City Names Sidon and Tyre: Evidence for Phonemically Distinct Initials in Proto-Semitic or for the History of Hebrew Vocalism? |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |year=2004 |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=237–248 |jstor=4132213 |doi=10.2307/4132213 }}</ref> In [[Semitic languages]], the name of the city possibly means 'rock'<ref>Bikai, P., "The Land of Tyre", in Joukowsky, M., ''The Heritage of Tyre'', 1992, chapter 2, p. 13</ref> after the rocky formation on which the town was originally built.

The predominant form in [[Classical Greek]] was {{lang|grc-Latn|Týros}} ({{lang|grc|Τύρος}}), which was first seen in the works of [[Herodotus]] but may have been adopted considerably earlier.<ref name="Woodhouse"/> It gave rise to [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Tyrus}}, which entered [[English language|English]] during the [[Middle English]] period as ''Tyre''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tyre |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tyre |website=Collins Dictionary |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> The [[demonym]] for Tyre is ''Tyrian'', and the inhabitants are ''Tyrians''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RK |title=strabon.io {{!}} Tyre |url=https://www.strabon.io/site/Tyre |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.strabon.io |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate ==
[[File:TyreAlMinaCitySite RoundRainbow RomanDeckert11122020.jpg|alt=|thumb|A [[22° halo]] over Al Mina site, 2019]]
Tyre has a [[Mediterranean climate|Hot-summer mediterranean climate]] (classified as ''Csa'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]), characterized by six months of drought from May to October. On average, it has 300 days of [[sun]] a year and a yearly temperature of 20.8[[Celsius|°C]] (69.5°F). The average maximum temperature reaches its highest at 30.8&nbsp;°C (87.5°F) in August and the average minimum temperature its lowest at 10&nbsp;°C (50°F) in January. On average, the mean annual [[precipitation]] reaches up to 645&nbsp;mm (25½"). The temperature of the [[Seawater|sea water]] reaches a minimum of 17&nbsp;°C (63°F) in February and a maximum of 32&nbsp;°C (90°F) in August. At a depth of 70 metres (200') it is constantly at 17–18&nbsp;°C (63 to 64°F).<ref name="Yacoub-2011" />

Meanwhile, [[Sea level rise|rising sea levels]] due to [[global warming]] threaten [[coastal erosion]] to Tyre's peninsula and bay areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southampton.ac.uk/news/2018/10/climate-change-threat.page|title=University research shows world heritage sites under threat from climate change|last=Brown|first=Sally|date=16 October 2018|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref>

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  Tyre, elevation {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Jan high C = 18.5
|Feb high C = 18.8
|Mar high C = 20.8
|Apr high C = 23.0
|May high C = 26.1
|Jun high C = 28.5
|Jul high C = 29.8
|Aug high C = 30.7
|Sep high C = 30.0
|Oct high C = 27.6
|Nov high C = 24.7
|Dec high C = 19.5
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 14.1
|Feb mean C = 13.8
|Mar mean C = 15.5
|Apr mean C = 17.3
|May mean C = 20.5
|Jun mean C = 23.2
|Jul mean C = 25.2
|Aug mean C = 26.0
|Sep mean C = 25.1
|Oct mean C = 22.3
|Nov mean C = 19.2
|Dec mean C = 15.1
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 9.8
|Feb low C = 8.8
|Mar low C = 10.1
|Apr low C = 11.8
|May low C = 15.0
|Jun low C = 18.1
|Jul low C = 20.7
|Aug low C = 21.2
|Sep low C = 20.1
|Oct low C = 17.1
|Nov low C = 13.6
|Dec low C = 10.6
| year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 212
|Feb precipitation mm = 109
|Mar precipitation mm = 80
|Apr precipitation mm = 42
|May precipitation mm = 5
|Jun precipitation mm = 0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0
|Sep precipitation mm = 6
|Oct precipitation mm = 40
|Nov precipitation mm = 100
|Dec precipitation mm = 200
|year precipitation mm = 
| source 1 = [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]<ref name=FAO>{{cite web
| url = https://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/fr/c/1028000/
| title = World-wide Agroclimatic Data of FAO (FAOCLIM)
| publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations
| access-date = 21 December 2024}}</ref>
}}

==History==
{{main|History of Tyre, Lebanon}}

The ancient city of Tyre is located along the coast of [[Phoenicia]] in modern Lebanon. The site has been occupied since the [[Bronze Age]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-17 |title=A History of the Ancient & Classical City of Tyre and Its Commerce |url=https://www.thecollector.com/history-of-ancient-classical-city-of-tyre/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=TheCollector |language=en}}</ref> The city became a prominent Phoenician city-state between the 9th and 6th centuries BCE, settling prestigious colonies around the Mediterranean Sea, such as [[Carthage]] and [[Leptis Magna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Tyre {{!}} Ancient City & Historical Site {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tyre |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> It went under Persian rule in 572 BCE, before being conquered by [[Alexander the Great]] in 332 BCE. Monumental archaeological remains dated from the subsequent [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], and [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] periods led to its inscription on its archaeological remains on the [[UNESCO]] World’s Heritage list in 1984.<br>

The Roman historian [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] wrote that the original founders arrived from the nearby city of [[Sidon]] in the quest to establish a new harbour. The famous Greek historian [[Herodotus]] (c. 484–425 BCE), born in the city of [[Halicarnassus]], visited Tyre around 450 BCE at the end of the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] (499–449 BCE), and wrote in his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' that according to the priests there, the city was founded 2300 years earlier (around 2750 BCE),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herodotus |title=Histories, Book 2 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_History_of_Herodotus_(Rawlinson)/Book_2 }} [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Ιστορίαι_(Ηροδότου)/Ευτέρπη Greek original]</ref> as a walled place upon the mainland, now known as ''Paleotyre'' (Old Tyre). <br>

The Phoenician Tyrians' international trade network was based on its two harbours which are mentioned by ancient writers (Arrian, Anabasis, 2, 24; Strabo, Geography, 16,2,23).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrian, Anabasis, book 2, chapter 24, section 1 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0530:book=2:chapter=24:section=1 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strabo, Geography, BOOK XVI., CHAPTER II., section 23 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=16:chapter=2:section=23 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> The northern harbour opened toward the Phoenician city of [[Sidon]] and has been therefore referred to as the “Sidonian Harbour” by 19th and 20th century scholars, but it was referred to as the "Port of Astronoe" during Late Antiquity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aliquot |first=Julien |date=2020 |title=The Port of Astronoe in Tyre |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03835979 |journal=Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises |volume=Hors- Série 18 |pages=61–70 |via=HAL}}</ref> The southern harbour opened toward [[Egypt]] and was referred to as the “Egyptian Harbour”. The location of the two harbours has been the subject of speculations since the 17th Century.<ref>Renan, E., 1864-1874. Mission de Phénicie dirigée par Ernest Renan: Texte. Impr. impériale.</ref> The submarine excavation of a large, 4-6th Century BCE breakwater north of the city,<ref>Castellvi, G., Descamps, C., Kuteni, V.P., 2007. Recherches archéologiques sous-marines à Tyr.</ref><ref>Noureddine, I., Mior, A., 2013. Archaeological Survey of the Phoenician Harbour at Tyre, Lebanon.</ref> and the discovery of 250 BCE to 500 CE harbour sediments behind this breakwater<ref>Marriner, N., Morhange, C., Doumet-Serhal, C., Carbonel, P., 2006. Geoscience rediscovers Phoenicia's buried harbors. Geology 34, 1-4.</ref> demonstrated the existence of a northern harbour repeatedly, if not permanently, throughout Antiquity under the modern harbour of Tyre. <br>

The location of the southern harbour is more elusive. Renan (1864–1874) envisioned it as an extensive structure now located offshore, south of the former island. Subsequent diving surveys identified submerged man-made structures on the seafloor within 150 m of the former island.<ref>El-Amouri, M., El-Hélou, M., Marquet, M., Noureddine, I., Seco Alvarez, M., 2005. Mission d'expertise archéologique du port sud de Tyr, résultats préliminaires. Baal Hors Série II, 91-110.</ref><ref>Frost, H., 1971. Recent observations on the submerged harbourworks at Tyre. Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 24, 103-111.</ref> Antoine Poidebard, who was the first to have them explored by divers in 1939, saw in these structures former breakwaters enclosing a harbour with two entrances.<ref>Poidebard, A., 1939. Un grand port disparu: Tyr: recherches aériennes et sous-marines: 1934-1936. P. Geuthner.</ref> The geographic area enclosed within these structures is therefore often referred to as the “Southern Harbour”. These structures have also been interpreted as a polder-like area protecting an urban district (El-Amouri et al., 2005; Frost, 1971; Renan, 1864–1874). A Phoenician-style breakwater was recently found within this area, but excavation is needed to confirm its age ascription.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goiran |first1=Jean-Philippe |last2=Brocard |first2=Gilles |last3=De Graauw |first3=Arthur |last4=Kahwagi-Janho |first4=Hany |last5=Chapkanski |first5=Stoil |date=2021 |title=Evolution of sea level at Tyre during Antiquity |journal=Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaise |volume=21 |pages=305–316}}</ref> Harbour sediments found behind the structure suggest that the breakwater was part of the Egyptian harbour.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Brocard |first1=Gilles |last2=Goiran |first2=Jean-Philippe |last3=de Graauw |first3=Arthur |last4=Chapkanski |first4=Stoil |last5=Dapoigny |first5=Arnaud |last6=Régagnon |first6=Emmanuelle |last7=Husson |first7=Xavier |last8=Bolo |first8=Aurélien |last9=Pavlopoulos |first9=Kosmas |last10=Fouache |first10=Eric |last11=Badawi |first11=Ali |last12=Yon |first12=Jean-Baptiste |date=2024-01-15 |title=Growth of the sandy isthmus of tyre and ensuing relocation of its harbors |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379123005115 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=324 |pages=108463 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108463 |bibcode=2024QSRv..32408463B |s2cid=266282297 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archeorient.hypotheses.org/26907 | title=Where is the Phoenician harbour of Tyre? | date=26 January 2024 | doi=10.58079/vom2 | last1=Arthur de Graauw, Gilles Brocard et Jean-Philippe Goiran. }}</ref> Harbour sediments found near Hiram's Tower, further north, mark an early location of the Sidonian Harbour.<ref name=":0" /> <br>

The development of Tyre was profoundly affected by the construction of a [[causeway]] built by [[Alexander the Great]] in 332 BCE to seize the city.<ref name=":1" /> This reportedly 750 metre (820 yard) long<ref>four stades acc. to Diodorus Siculus, Hist, 17, 7 and to Quintus Curtius Rufus, Hist, 4, 2, but 700 paces acc. to Pliny, Natural History V, 17</ref> and 60 metre (200 ft.) wide causeway was laid over a submarine [[shoal]] less than 5.4 metres (18 ft.) deep.<ref>three fathoms acc. to Arrian, Anabasis, 2, 18</ref> This shoal was interpreted as a sandbank (also called a ‘salient’), formed by the accretion of sand in the lee of the island, under the effects of the refraction and diffraction of waves around the island. The causeway interrupted longshore sand transport, forcing sand to accumulate along the causeway, rapidly creating an emerged sandy isthmus (or [[tombolo]]), linking the island to the mainland.<ref>Marriner, N., Goiran, J., Morhange, C., 2008. Alexander the Great's tombolos at Tyre and Alexandria, eastern Mediterranean. Geomorphology 100, 377-400.</ref><ref>Nir, Y., 1996. The city of Tyre, Lebanon and its semi‐artificial tombolo. Geoarchaeology 11, 235-250.</ref>

This sandy isthmus rapidly inflated during the centuries following the construction of the causeway. By early Imperial Roman times, monumental buildings had been built over most of its surface. Their layout implies that the isthmus was by then nearly as wide as today. Therefore, the isthmus had completely reshaped the eastern coast of Tyre Island within 6&ndash;10 centuries after the construction of the causeway, spurring a radical transformation of the city.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== Coast Nature Reserve ==
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| total_width       = 230
| image1            = SeaTurleTyre-RomanDeckert11092019.jpg
| caption1          = A sea turtle off Tyre's Southern bay
| image2            = GreenTurtle TyreSourLebanon SubmergedAncientHarbour RomanDeckert18102019.jpg
| caption2          = A [[green sea turtle]] diving through submerged antiquities (Quay of the Spring)
}}
Tyre enjoys a reputation of having some of the cleanest beaches and waters of Lebanon.<ref name="Carter-2004">{{Cite book|title=lonely planet: Syria & Lebanon|last1=Carter|first1=Terry|last2=Dunston|first2=Lara|last3=Jousiffe|first3=Ann|last4=Jenkins|first4=Siona|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|year=2004|isbn=1-86450-333-5|edition=2nd|location=Melbourne|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333/page/345 345–347]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333/page/345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/lists/seasonal/best-beaches-in-the-middle-east/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605053105/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/lists/seasonal/best-beaches-in-the-middle-east/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2019|title=Discover the best beaches in the Middle East|last=Sewell|first=Abby|date=29 May 2019|website=National Geographic|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref> However, a UN HABITAT profile found that "seawater is also polluted due to wastewater discharge especially in the port area".<ref name="Maguire-2016" /> There is still also considerable pollution by solid waste.<ref name="Rahhal-2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.executive-magazine.com/special-report/the-peoples-beaches|title=The people's beaches|last=Rahhal|first=Nabila|date=5 July 2018|website=Executive Magazine|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref>

[[File:PalestineSunbird TyreSourLebanon RomanDeckert03122019.jpg|thumb|A [[Palestine sunbird]] on ''[[Tecoma capensis]]'' near Al Mina]]

The [[Tyre Coast Nature Reserve]] (TCNR) was decreed in 1998 by the [[Ministry of Public Works and Transport (Lebanon)|Ministry of Public Works]]. It is {{cvt|3.5|km|mi}} long and covers over {{convert|380|ha|acre}}. The TCNR is within the best preserved stretch of sandy coastline in southern Lebanon and divided into two section zones: a 1.8 km (1 mile) sand lined beach, 500 meters (yards) wide-ranging from the Tyre Rest House in the north to the Rashidieh Refugee Camp in the South, and a stretch of 2 km (1¼ miles) with agriculture lands of small family farms and the springs of Ras El Ain with three constantly flowing [[Artesian aquifer|artesian wells]], ranging from Rashidieh to the village of Chaetiyeh in the South.<ref name="Yacoub-2011">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/LB980_RIS170706.pdf|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)–2009-2012version|last1=Yacoub|first1=Adel|last2=El Kayem|first2=Cynthia|date=15 September 2011|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|access-date=15 March 2020|last3=Moukaddem|first3=Tala}}</ref>

The former is divided into two zones: one for tourism that features a public beach of some 900 metres (yards) and restaurant tents during the summer season hosting up to 20,000 visitors on a busy day, and another 900 metres (yards) of conservation zone as a sanctuary for sea turtles and migrating birds.<ref name="Rahhal-2018" />

Due to its diverse [[flora]] and [[fauna]], the reserve was designated a [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar Site]] in 1999 according to the international [[treaty]] for the conservation and sustainable use of [[Wetland]]s, since it is considered "the last [[Biogeography|bio-geographic]] [[ecosystem]] in Lebanon". It is an important nesting site for [[Bird migration|migratory birds]], the endangered [[Loggerhead sea turtle|Loggerhead]] and [[green sea turtle]], the [[Arabian spiny mouse]] and many other creatures (including [[Lacertidae|wall lizards]], [[common pipistrelle]], and [[European badger]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Protecting marine biodiversity in Lebanon|url=https://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/iucnmed/iucn_med_programme/?9741/Protecting-marine-biodiversity-in-Lebanon|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)|date=2 May 2012|access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811180131/http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/iucnmed/iucn_med_programme/?9741%2FProtecting-marine-biodiversity-in-Lebanon|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Hany El Shaer |author2=Ms. Lara Samaha |author3=Ghassan Jaradi |title=Lebanon's Marine Protected Area Strategy|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2012-081.pdf|publisher=Lebanese Ministry of Environment|date=December 2012}}</ref> Also, there are frequent sighting of dolphins in the waters off Tyre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the961.com/news/a-giant-dolphin-was-just-found-stuck-between-rocks-on-tyre-shore|title=A Giant Dolphin Was Just Found Stuck Between Rocks on Tyre Shore|last=Kabboul|first=Tamarah|date=October 2019|website=The961|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028071719/https://www.the961.com/news/a-giant-dolphin-was-just-found-stuck-between-rocks-on-tyre-shore|url-status=dead}}</ref> Altogether, the TCNR includes:

<blockquote>275 [[species]] distributed over 50 families. In addition, the reserve is home to seven regionally and nationally [[threatened species]], 4 [[Endemism|endemic]] and 10 [[rare species]], whilst 59 species are restricted to the Eastern Mediterranean area. It is also worthy to indicate that, several [[Bioindicator|bio-indicator]] species as well as 25 [[Medicinal plants|medicinal]] species were recognized. TCNR encloses flora species belonging to the various habitats: the sandy shore, rocky shore, [[Littoral zone|littoral]] and [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s. A wide number of [[Poaceae|Gramineae]], [[Fabaceae]], [[Asteraceae]] and [[Apiaceae|Umbellifereae]] families dominate the floristic resources.<ref name="Yacoub-2011" /></blockquote>

However, the biodiversity of the TCNR is threatened as shown by a strong decrease in the numbers of the caspian [[terrapin]] ''[[Caspian turtle|Mauremys caspica]]'', the green [[toad]] ''[[European green toad|Bufo viridis]]'' and the [[tree frog]] ''[[Hyla savignyi|Hyla savigny]]''. Also, since the 2000s, the North American camphorweed ''[[Heterotheca subaxillaris]]'' has invaded the TCNR as a [[Neophyte (botany)|neophyte]] from Haifa across the Blue Line.<ref name="Yacoub-2011" />

During the 2006 war, turtle breeding areas were affected when the IDF bombed the conservation site.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sarraf|first1=Maria|title=The Cost of Environmental Degradation: Case Studies from the Middle East and North Africa|last2=Croitoru|first2=Lelia|last3=El Fadel|first3=Mutasem|last4=El-Jisr|first4=Karim|last5=Ikäheimo|first5=Erkki|last6=Gundlach|first6=Erich|last7=Al-Duaij|first7=Samia|publisher=World Bank Publications|year=2010|isbn=978-0821383186|editor-last=Croitoru|editor-first=Lelia|location=Washington D.C.|pages=93|editor-last2=Sarraf|editor-first2=Maria}}</ref>

The [[oil spill]] which devastated the coast north of [[Ashkelon]] in February 2021 also contaminated Tyre's beaches.<ref>{{Cite news|author=((Reuters Staff))|date=2021-02-22|title=Oil spill off Israel reaches south Lebanese beaches|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-environment-oil-spill-lebanon-idUSKBN2AM19V|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref>

== Historical and cultural heritage ==
[[File:Tyre in Lebanon marking as protected cultural property.jpg|thumb|Sign marking Tyre according to the 1954 [[Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]]. Note the ruins of the Mamluk House (left) which has been rehabilitated since.]]

Arguably the most lasting Phoenician legacy for the Tyrian population has been the linguistic mark that the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] languages have left on the Arabic spoken in the region of Tyre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mroue |first=Youssef |year=2010 |title=Highlights of the Achievements and Accomplishments of the Tyrian Civilization and Discovering the Lost Continent |location=Pickering |pages=9–34}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=July 2024}} Most notably, the widely used term "Ba'ali" – which is used especially to describe vegetables and fruits from rain-fed, untreated agricultural production – originates from the Baal religion.<ref name="Badawi-2008">{{Cite book|title=Tyr - L'histoire d'une Ville|last=Badawi|first=Ali Khalil|publisher=Municipalité de Tyr / Tyre Municipality / Baladia Sour|year=2008|location=Tyre/Sour/Tyr|pages=80–103}}</ref> The Tyrian municipality of [[Ain Baal]] is apparently also named after the Phoenician deity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.|last=Palmer|first=Edward|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|year=1881|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/2 2]}}</ref> The most visible part of ancient and medieval history on the other side have been the archaeological sites though:

The first archaeological excavations were by Ernest Renan in 1860 and 1861.<ref>Renan, Ernest, "Mission de Phénicie", Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1864</ref> He was followed in the 1870s by Johannes Nepemuk Sepp. His most notable work was excavating at the cathedral in an attempt to find the bones of [[Frederick Barbarossa]].<ref>Sepp, J. N., "Meerfahrt nach Tyrus zur Ausgrabung der Kathedrale mit Barbarossa's Grab", Leipzig: Seemann, 1879</ref> More work was undertaken in 1903 by the Greek archaeologist [[Theodore Makridi]], curator of the Imperial Museum at [[Constantinople]]. Important findings like fragments of marble sarcophagi were sent to the Ottoman capital.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jidejian|first=Nina|title=TYRE Through The Ages|publisher=Librairie Orientale|year=2018|isbn=9789953171050|edition=3rd|location=Beirut|pages=13–17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tahan |first=Lina G. |date=2017 |title=Trafficked Lebanese Antiquities: Can They Be Repatriated from European Museums? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.5.1.0027 |journal=Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=27–35 |doi=10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.5.1.0027 |jstor=10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.5.1.0027 |issn=2166-3548}}</ref>

[[File:TyreAlMinaCitySite MauriceChehabExcavationsRemnants-Rail-Wheelbarrow RomanDeckert23082019.jpg|thumb|Rusty relics from Chehab's excavations at Al Mina site]]

An archaeological survey of Tyre was done by a French team under the leadership of Denyse Le Lasseur in 1921.<ref>Le Lasseur, D., "Mission archéologique à Tyr.", Syria 3, 1–26, 116–33, 1922</ref> It was followed by another mission between 1934 and 1936 that included aerial surveys and diving expeditions. It was led by the [[Jesuit]] missionary [[Antoine Poidebard]], a pioneer of [[aerial archaeology]].<ref>Poidebard, A.,  "Un  grand port  disparu: Tyr. Recherches aeriennes et  sous-marines, 1934-6", Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 29. Paris, 1939.</ref>

Large-scale excavations started in 1946 under the leadership of [[Emir]] [[Maurice Chehab|Maurice Chéhab]] (1904–1994), "the father of modern Lebanese archaeology" who for decades headed the Antiquities Service in Lebanon and was the curator of the [[National Museum of Beirut]]. His teams uncovered most remains in the [[Tyre Necropolis |Al Bass]]/[[Tyre Hippodrome |Hippodrome]] and the City Site/Roman baths.<ref name="Boschloos-2016" /><ref>Chéhab, Maurice H., "Fouilles de Tyr IV, La nécropole", Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 36, 1986</ref><ref>Chéhab, M., "Fouilles de Tyr: la nécropole", Bulletin du Musée de Beirut 35, Beirut, 1985</ref>

During the 1960s, [[Honor Frost]] (1917–2010) – the [[Cyprus]]-born pioneer of [[underwater archaeology]] initiated several investigations "aimed at identifying and documenting the significant archaeological potential for harbour facilities within coastal Tyre". Based on the results, she suggested that the Al Mobarakee Tower may actually date back to Hellenistic times.<ref name="Noureddine-2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Noureddine|first1=Ibrahim|last2=Mior|first2=Aaron|year=2018|title=Archaeological Survey of the Phoenician Harbour at Tyre, Lebanon|url=https://www.academia.edu/38076831|journal=Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises |volume=18|pages=95–112|via=Academia.edu}}</ref>

All those works stopped though soon after the 1975 beginning of the Civil War and many records were lost.<ref name="Boschloos-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311583768|title=Belgian archaeologists in Tyre (Lebanon): UNESCO Heritage, Phoenician Seals and Ancient Curses|last=Boschloos|first=Vanessa|date=January 2016|website=ResearchGate|pages=1–3|format=PDF|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>

In 1984, the [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]] declared Tyre a [[World Heritage Site]] in an attempt to halt the damage being done to the archaeological sites by the armed conflict and by anarchic urban development.<ref name="Carter-2004" />

In the late 1980s, "clandestine excavations" took place in the [[Tyre Necropolis |Al-Bass cemetery]], which "flooded the antiquities market".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abousamra|first1=Gaby|last2=Lemaire|first2=André|year=2013|title=Astarte in Tyre According to New Iron Age Funerary Stelae|journal=Die Welt des Orients|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG)|volume=43, H. 2|issue=2|pages=153–157|doi=10.13109/wdor.2013.43.2.153|jstor=23608852}}</ref>

Regular excavation activities only started again in 1995 under the supervision of Ali Khalil Badawi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=TYRE|last=Badawi|first=Ali Khalil|publisher=Al-Athar Magazine|year=2018|edition=4th|location=Beirut|pages=62, 74, 102}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, an Israeli bomb destroyed an apartment block in the city and evidence for an early church was revealed underneath the rubble. Its unusual design suggests that this was the site of the Cathedral of Paulinus which had been inaugurated in 315 CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/items/show/204|title=The Church of Paulinus, Tyre|last=Loosley|first=Emma|date=n.d.|website=Architecture and Asceticism|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

In 1997, the first Phoenician cremation cemetery was uncovered in the [[Tyre Necropolis |al-Bass site]], near the Roman necropolis.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A visit to the Museum... The short guide of the National Museum of Beirut, Lebanon|publisher=Ministry of Culture/Directorate General of Antiquities|year=2008|isbn=978-9953-0-0038-1|location=Beirut|pages=37, 39, 49, 73, 75}}</ref> Meanwhile, Honor Frost mentored local Lebanese archaeologists to conduct further underwater investigations, which in 2001 confirmed the existence of a human-made structure within the northern harbour area of Tyre.<ref name="Noureddine-2018" />

In 2003, Randa Berri, president of the National Association for the Preservation of South Lebanon's Archaeology and Heritage and wife of [[Nabih Berri]], veteran leader of the [[Amal Movement]] and longtime Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon, patronized a plan to renovate Khan Sour / Khan Al Askaar, the former Ma'ani palace, and convert it into a museum.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=15 July 2003|title=Dignitaries attend launching of Tyre khan renovation plan|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2003/Jul-15/111133-news-in-brief-published-on-15072003.ashx|access-date=2021-09-03|journal=The Daily Star|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183406/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2003/Jul-15/111133-news-in-brief-published-on-15072003.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, nothing was done in that regard and the ruins have kept on crumbling.

The hostilities of the [[2006 Lebanon War]] put the ancient structures of Tyre at risk. This prompted [[UNESCO]]'s Director-General to launch a "Heritage Alert" for the site.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Koïchiro Matsuura|author2=The Director-General of UNESCO|date=11 August 2006|title=UNESCO Director-General Launches "Heritage Alert" for the Middle East|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/276}}</ref> Following the cessation of hostilities in September 2006, a visit by conservation experts to Lebanon observed no direct damage to the ancient city of Tyre. However, the bombardment had damaged frescoes in a Roman funerary cave at the [[Tyre Necropolis]]. Additional site degradation was also noted, including "the lack of maintenance, the decay of exposed structures due to lack of rainwater regulation and the decay of porous and soft stones".<ref name="icomos118" />
[[File:TyreCitySite ArchaeologicalExcavations UniversityOfLyon RomanDeckert09102019.jpg|thumb|Archaeologists from the University of Lyon at the Al Mina/City site in 2019]]
Since 2008, a [[Lebanese-French|Lebanese French]] team under the direction by Pierre-Louis Gatier of the [[University of Lyon]] has been conducting archaeological and topographical work. When international archeological missions in [[Syria]] came to a halt after 2012 due to the war there, some of them instead started excavations in Tyre, amongst them a team headed by [[Leila Badre]], director of the [[Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut|Archeological Museum of the American University of Beirut]] ([[American University of Beirut|AUB]]), and Belgian archaeologists.<ref name="Boschloos-2016" />

Threats to Tyre's ancient [[cultural heritage]] include development pressures and the illegal antiquities trade.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lebanon's Archaeological Heritage|author=Helga Seeden|date=2 December 2000}}</ref> A highway, planned for 2011, was expected to be built in areas that are deemed archaeologically sensitive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 2011) Tyre (Lebanon) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/340/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> A small-scale geophysical survey indicated the presence of archaeological remains at proposed construction sites. The sites have not been investigated. Despite the relocation of a proposed traffic interchange, the lack of precise site boundaries confuses the issue of site preservation.<ref name="icomos118">Toubekis, Georgios (2010). "Lebanon: Tyre (Sour)". In Christoph Machat, Michael Petzet and John Ziesemer (Eds.), {{cite web |url=http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/world_report/2008-2010/H@R_2008-2010_final.pdf |title=Heritage at Risk: ICOMOS World Report hey a report 2008-2010 on Monuments and Sites in Danger }}. Berlin: hendrik Bäßler verlag, 2010, pg. 118.</ref>
[[File:Tyre KhanRabu-ruins MainroomBalcony RomanDeckert21112019.jpg|thumb|The ruins of Khan Rabu]]
A 2018 study of Mediterranean world heritage sites found that Tyre's City site has "the highest risk of coastal erosion under current climatic conditions, in addition to 'moderate' risk from extreme sea levels."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Nov-01/468042-tyres-historic-sites-in-fight-to-stay-above-the-water.ashx|title=Tyre's historic sites in fight to stay above the water|last=Mukhamdov|first=Anton|date=1 November 2018|journal=The Daily Star|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924182452/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Nov-01/468042-tyres-historic-sites-in-fight-to-stay-above-the-water.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Further coastal inspection was conducted in 2019, leading to a new hypothesis about the local relative sea level rise and to discovery of yet unreported submerged coastal structures.<ref>Goiran, J-P., et al., 2021, Evolution of Sea Level at Tyre During Antiquity, Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises, Vol. BAAL 21, (p 305-317).</ref>

Like many of the cities in the Levant and in [[Lebanon]], the architecture since the [[Lebanese Civil War]] in the 1970s has been of poor quality, which tend to threaten the cultural heritage in the built environment before the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Tyre |url=https://www.wmf.org/project/ancient-tyre |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=World Monuments Fund |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=UNESCO Beirut organizes a technical workshop on the conservation and restoration works of Baalbek and Tyre World Heritage sites |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1661/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, historical buildings from the Ottoman period like Khan Rabu and Khan Sour / Khan Ashkar have partly collapsed after decades of total neglect and lack of any maintenance whatsoever.<ref name=":2" />

In 2013, the International Association to Save Tyre (IAST) made headlines when it launched an online [[raffle]] in association with [[Sotheby's]] to fund the artisans' village Les Ateliers de Tyr at the outskirts of the city. Participants could purchase tickets for 100 euros to win the 1914 ''Man in the Opera Hat'' painting by [[Pablo Picasso]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessnews.com.lb/cms/Story/StoryDetails/3637/$1-million-Picasso-on-auction|title=$1&nbsp;million Picasso on auction – Proceeds to finance projects in Beirut and Tyre|last=Freifer|first=Rana|date=10 December 2013|website=BusinessNews.com.lb|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> The proceeds totaled US$5.26 million. The painting was won by a 25-year-old fire-safety official from [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bishara|first=Hakim|date=21 May 2020|title=A Son Gifted His Mother a Raffle Ticket, Winning Her a $1.1M Picasso Painting|url=https://hyperallergic.com/565697/pablo-picasso-raffle-winner-nature-morte/|access-date=3 June 2020|website=HYPERALLERGIC}}</ref> IAST president [[Maha al-Khalil Chalabi]] is a daughter of feudal lord and politician [[Kazem al-Khalil|Kazem el-Khalil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1054203/maha-el-khalil-chalabi-gardienne-du-patrimoine.html|title=Liban: Maha el-Khalil Chalabi, gardienne du patrimoine|last=ABI AKL|first=Yara|date=29 May 2017|website=L'Orient-Le Jour|language=fr|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> In September 2017, she opened "Les Atelier", which is located in the middle of an orange grove covering an area of 7.300 m<sup>2</sup> at the northeastern outskirts of Tyre.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nehmeh|first=Rafah|date=2019-03-12|title=Celebrating Phoenician Crafts At Les Ateliers De Tyr|url=https://www.lebanontraveler.com/en/magazine/les-ateliers-de-tyr/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Lebanon Traveler|language=en-US}}</ref>

During the [[2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon]], [[UNESCO]] gave enhanced protection to 34 cultural sites in Lebanon including the Tyre archaeological sites to safeguard them from [[Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon|damage]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cultural property under enhanced protection Lebanon |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/culture/cultural-property-under-enhanced-protection-lebanon |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241231104017/https://www.unesco.org/en/culture/cultural-property-under-enhanced-protection-lebanon |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-01-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lebanon: 34 cultural properties placed under enhanced protection |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/lebanon-34-cultural-properties-placed-under-enhanced-protection |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163437/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/lebanon-34-cultural-properties-placed-under-enhanced-protection |archive-date=2024-12-27 |access-date=2025-01-01 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Biblical description ===
[[File:John Martin - Destruction of Tyre - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|The prophesied destruction of Tyre as painted by [[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]].]]

The city of Tyre appears in many biblical traditions:

==== Hebrew Bible / Old Testament ====
* According to Joshua 19, "the fortified city of Tyre" was allotted to the [[Tribe of Asher]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Joshua|19:29|}}</ref>
* [[King Hiram I]] of Tyre allied himself with [[King David|David]] and [[King Solomon|Solomon]] in 2 Samuel, 1 Kings and 1 Chronicles.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|5:11|KJV|}}, {{bibleverse|1|Kings|5:1|KJV|}}, and {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|14:1|KJV|}}</ref> Hiram provided architects, workmen, [[Cedar of Lebanon|cedar wood]], and gold to build the royal palace in [[Jerusalem]], as well as the [[Solomon's Temple|Temple]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dever|2005|p=97}}; {{harvnb|Mendels|1987|p=131}}; {{harvnb|Brand|Mitchell|2015|p=1538}}</ref>
*Tyre is listed among an alliance of ten nations that would conspire against God's people.<ref>{{Bibleref2|Psalm|83:3-8}}</ref> 
* Tyre is mentioned in the [[Book of Isaiah]] as being forgotten for 70 years when her "fortress is destroyed" and after which "her profit and her prostitute's wages will be sacred to the Lord."<ref>{{Bibleref2|Isaiah|23}}</ref>
*The [[Book of Joel]] groups Tyre, [[Sidon]] and [[Philistia]] together and it states that the people of [[Judah (son of Jacob)|Judah]] and Jerusalem were sold to the Greeks, and there would thus be punishment because of it.<ref>{{Bibleref2|Joel|3:4–8}}</ref>
*Tyre is also mentioned in the [[Book of Ezekiel]],<ref>{{Bibleref2|Ezekiel|26-28}}</ref> [[Book of Amos]],<ref>{{Bibleref2|Amos|1:9–10}}</ref> the [[Psalms]], and the [[Book of Zechariah]]<ref>{{Bibleref2|Zechariah|9:3–4}}</ref> which [[Prophecy|prophesied]] its destruction.

==== New Testament ====
* [[Jesus]] visited the region or "coasts" ([[King James Version]]) of Tyre and [[Sidon]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{bibleref|Matthew|15:21}}; {{bibleref|Mark|7:24}}</ref> and from this region many came forth to hear him preaching,<ref>Mark 3:8; Luke 6:17</ref> leading to the stark contrast in [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 11:21<ref>{{bibleref|Matthew|11:21–23}}</ref> to his reception in [[Korazin]] and [[Bethsaida]].
*[[Herod the Great|Herod]] was said to be angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon and he delivered a public address upon which he was struck down by God after not giving glory to him once he received praise arrogantly according to the [[Acts of the Apostles|Book of Acts]].<ref>{{Bibleref2|Acts|12:19–24}}</ref> The same book describes Paul's voyage to Tyre where he stayed for seven days.<ref>{{Bibleref2|Acts|21:1–7}}</ref>
* In the [[Book of Revelation]],<ref>{{bibleverse||Revelation|18|KJV}}</ref> chapter 18 alludes extensively to the mercantile description of Tyre in Ezekiel 26–28.

=== Other writings ===
* ''[[Apollonius of Tyre]]'' is the subject of an ancient short novella, popular in the Middle Ages. Existing in numerous forms in many languages, the text is thought to be translated from an ancient Greek manuscript, now lost.
* ''[[Pericles, Prince of Tyre]]'' is a [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] play written at least in part by [[William Shakespeare]] and [[George Wilkins]]. It is included in modern editions of his collected works despite questions over its authorship.
* In 19th-century Britain, Tyre was several times taken as an [[wikt:exemplar|exemplar]] of the mortality of great power and status, for example by [[John Ruskin]] in the opening lines of ''[[The Stones of Venice (book)|''The Stones of Venice'']]'' and by [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s [[Recessional (poem)|Recessional]].
* Tyrus is the title and subject of a poem by the [[Lake District|Cumbrian]] poet [[Norman Nicholson]] in his collection 'Rock Face' of 1948.
* The French [[comic book artist]] [[Albert Uderzo]] published in 1981 ''[[Asterix and the Black Gold]]'' which describes [[Asterix]]'s and [[Obelix]]'s voyage to the Middle East featuring [[James Bond]] and biblical themes: in their quest for petroleum, they sail on board a Phoenician ship, but the Roman regime closes off the ports of Tyre in order to deny their landing.
* In 2015, the [[French people in Lebanon|French Lebanese]] artist Joseph Safieddine published the [[graphic novel]] drama ''Yallah Bye'' which offers an account of his family's fate during the 2006 war between Israel and [[Hezbollah]], when they sought refuge in the Christian quarter of Tyre. An English version followed in 2017 and an Arabic one in 2019.

=== Astronomical objects ===
{{multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| align             = right
| total_width       = 440
| image1            = PIA01633 Tyre impact structure Europa.jpg
| caption1          = Tyre on Europa
| image2            = 209 Dido.png
| caption2          = The orbit of 209 Dido
| alt1              = 
}}

A multi-ring structured region on [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], the smallest of the four [[Galilean moons]] orbiting [[Jupiter]], is named after Tyre, the legendary birthplace of princess Europa. Originally called "Tyre [[Macula (planetary geology)|Macula]]", it is some 140 kilometers (90 miles) in [[diameter]] (about the size of the [[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawaii]]) and thought to be the site where an [[asteroid]] or [[comet]] impacted Europa's ice crust.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2019 |title=Tyre Region of Europa |url=https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/100/tyre-region-of-europa/ |website=NASA EUROPA Clipper}}</ref>

The asteroid [[209 Dido]] is named after the legendary Tyrian-Carthaginian princess. It is a very large [[Asteroid belt|main-belt]] [[asteroid]], classified as a [[C-type asteroid]] which is probably composed of [[Carbonate|carbonaceous]] materials. 209 Dido was discovered in 1879 by [[Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters|C. H. F. Peters]].

== Cultural life ==
The first cinema in Tyre opened in the late 1930s when a café owner established makeshift film screenings.<ref name="Stoughton-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/championing-culture-lebanon-south-160628100019493.html|title=Championing culture in Lebanon's south|last=Stoughton|first=India|date=8 August 2016|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref> Hamid Istanbouli – a fisherman by profession, who was also a traditional storyteller (''hakawati'') and thus interested in cinema – projected films on the wall of a Turkish hammam.<ref name="Hélou-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.agendaculturel.com/article/Scene_Le_festival_international_de_theatre_du_Liban_a_Nabatiyeh_semer_la_culture_et_la_joie|title=Le festival international de théâtre du Liban à Nabatieh : semer la culture et la joie|last=Hélou|first=Nelly|year=2016|website=Agenda Culturel|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> In 1939 the Roxy opened, followed in 1942 by the "Empire":<ref name="Al-Ghorba-2018">{{Cite web|url=http://al-ghorba6.blogspot.com/2018/04/kassem-istanbouli-re-opens-rivoli-cinema.html|title=Kassem Istanbouli re-opens the Rívoli Cinema|date=April 2018|website=Al-Ghorba|access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref>

<blockquote>By the mid-1950s there were four cinemas in Tyre, and four more soon opened in nearby [[Nabatieh]]. Many also hosted live performances by famous actors and musicians, serving as community spaces where people from different backgrounds came together.<ref name="Stoughton-2016" /></blockquote>

In 1959, the "Cinema Rivoli of Tyre" opened and quickly became one of the prime movie theatres of the country. According to [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]], it was visited "by celebrity who's whos of the time, including [[Jean Marais]], [[Brigitte Bardot]], [[Rushdy Abaza|Rushdi Abaza]] and Omar Hariri."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unifil.unmissions.org/promoting-culture-peace-through-arts|title=Promoting culture of peace through arts|last=Monzer|first=Hiba|date=5 October 2018|website=United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> In 1964, the "Dunia" opened,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiroarts.com/cinema-rivoli/|title=Cinema Rivoli|last=Istanbouli|first=Kassem|date=n.d.|website=Tiro Association for Arts|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001120923/https://tiroarts.com/cinema-rivoli/|url-status=dead}}</ref> two years later followed by the "Al Hamra Cinema",<ref name="Al-Ghorba-2018" /> which became a venue for some of the Arab world's most famous performers, like [[Mahmoud Darwish]], [[Sheikh Imam]], [[Ahmed Fouad Negm]], [[Wadih El Safi|Wadih el-Safi]], and [[Marcel Khalife]].<ref name="Stoughton-2016" />

Meanwhile, two Tyrian artists had a major impact on the development of Lebanese music: [[Halim el-Roumi]] (1919–1983) and Ghazi Kahwaji (1945–2017). Some sources claim that the famous musician, composer, singer and actor el-Roumi was born in Tyre to Lebanese parents. However, others suggest that he was born in [[Nazareth]] and moved to Tyre from Palestine.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb//Culture/Performance/2011/Jun-27/142220-majida-al-roumi-ignites-jounieh-with-an-evening-of-patriotic-songs.ashx|title=Majida al-Roumi ignites Jounieh with an evening of patriotic songs|date=27 June 2011|journal=The Daily Star|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221105723/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//Culture/Performance/2011/Jun-27/142220-majida-al-roumi-ignites-jounieh-with-an-evening-of-patriotic-songs.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref> For some time, he worked as a teacher at the Jafariya High School there. In 1950 he became director of [[Radio Lebanon]]'s music department,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burkhalter|first=Thomas|title=Local Music Scenes and Globalization – Transnational Platforms in Beirut|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1138849716|location=New York|pages=154–155}}</ref> where he discovered the singer [[Fairuz]] and introduced her to the [[Rahbani brothers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insidearabia.com/fairuz-rahbani-brothers-musical-legends/|title=Fairuz and the Rahbani Brothers: Musical Legends Who Shaped Modern Lebanese Identity|last=Rachidi|first=Soukaina|date=24 March 2019|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> Roumi composed music for and with them in close collaborations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/music/fairuz-the-voice-of-lebanon-1.553510?videoId=5747539112001|title=Fairuz: the voice of Lebanon|last=Makarem|first=Racha|date=4 November 2010|website=The National|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>

Kahwaji was Lebanon's first [[scenographer]] and for three decades the artistic general director for the [[Rahbani brothers]] and [[Fairuz]]. He used this prominent position to promote "against [[Confessionalism (religion)|confessionalism]] and [[fundamentalism]]".<ref name="Sarhan-2013" /> Kahwaji, who was also a professor at the [[Lebanese University]] (LU) and the [[Saint Joseph University]] in Beirut,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ġāzī Qahwaǧī|url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/15029098/gazi_qahwagi/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=data.bnf.fr|language=fr}}</ref> published between 2008 and 2010 the [[Sarcasm|sarcastic]] three-volume book series "Kahwajiyat" about [[Social justice|social injustice]] in the Arab world.<ref name="Sarhan-2013">{{Cite web|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-the-lebanese-artist-ghazi-kahwaji-i-believe-that-several-paths-lead-to-god|title=I Believe that Several Paths Lead to God|last=Sarhan|first=Aladdin|date=29 May 2013|website=Qantara.de|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

By then, cultural life in Tyre had been severely affected by armed conflict as well. In 1975, the commercial "Festivals de Tyr" – organised by Maha al-Khalil Chalabi, the daughter of feudal landlord and politician Kazem al-Khalil – were supposed to debut but stopped at the outbreak of the Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Henoud|first=Carla|date=6 July 2002|title=Femmes...Maha el-Khalil Chalabi, un combat incessant pour Tyr|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/379690/Femmes...Maha_el-Khalil_Chalabi%252C_un_combat_incessant_pour_Tyr%2528PHOTO%2529.html|access-date=20 November 2020|website=L'Orient - Le Jour|language=fr}}</ref>

Some cinemas were damaged by Israeli bombardment in 1982 and all of them eventually closed down, the last ones in 1989:<ref name="Stoughton-2016" /> the Hamra and the AK2000.<ref name="Al-Ghorba-2018" />

In the mid-nineties though, first the idea of a commercial Tyre International Festival was revived. It has been organised since then annually in the ancient site of the Roman hippodrome, featuring international artists like [[Elton John]] and [[Sarah Brightman]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lebanon: The Official Guide|publisher=Paravision S.A.L. / Ministry of Tourism|year=n.d.|isbn=978-9953002880|pages=119}}</ref> as well as Lebanese stars [[Wadih El Safi]], [[Demis Roussos]], [[Kadim Al-Saher]], [[Melhem Barakat]], [[Julia Boutros]], and [[Majida El Roumi]],<ref name="Badawi-2008" /> the daughter of Halim el-Roumi.

In 2006, the "Centre de Lecture et d’Animation Culturelle" (C.L.A.C.) was opened by Tyre's municipality as the first public library of the city, with support from the Lebanese Ministry of Culture and the French Embassy in Beirut. It is located in the historical building of the "Beit Daoud" next to the "Beit El Medina", the former Mamluk House, in the old town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediakitab.com/liban/le-centre-de-lecture-et-danimation-culturelle-de-tyr-sud-liban/|title=Le Centre de Lecture et d'Animation Culturelle de Tyr – Sud Liban|date=15 June 2009|website=MEDiakitab|access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref>

In 2014, the NGO Tiro Association for Arts rehabilitated the defunct cinema Al Hamra under the leadership of "Palestinian-Lebanese street theater performer, actor, comedian, and theater director"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homenewhome.gr/index.php/en/home-en/tutors-en/lebanon-tutors-en/istanbouli-tutor-en|title=Kassem Istanbouli|year=2017|website=Home New Home|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref> [[:ar:مستخدم:Kassem istanbouli|Kassem Istanbouli]] (*1986). His grandfather was one of the founders of cinema in Tyre and his father used to repair cinema projectors.<ref name="Hélou-2016" />

In 2018, the Istanbouli Theatre troupe rehabilitated and moved to the Rivoli Cinema,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiroarts.com/tiro-arts-association/|title=About|date=n.d.|website=Tiro Association for Arts|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001120854/https://tiroarts.com/tiro-arts-association/|url-status=dead}}</ref> which had been closed since 1988,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://ftp.dailystar.com.lb/Arts-and-Ent/Culture/2018/Aug-30/461642-bringing-culture-to-your-doorstep.ashx|title=Bringing culture to your doorstep|last=Ghali|first=Maghie|date=30 August 2018|journal=The Daily Star|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001122004/http://ftp.dailystar.com.lb/Arts-and-Ent/Culture/2018/Aug-30/461642-bringing-culture-to-your-doorstep.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref> to establish the non-commercial Lebanese National Theater as a free cultural space with free entrance and a special focus on training children and youth in arts. It also runs the "Mobile Peace Bus", which is decorated with [[graffiti]] of Lebanese cultural icons, to promote arts in the villages of the neighbouring countryside.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unifil.unmissions.org/peace-bus-wheels-out-art-and-culture-south-lebanon|title=Peace Bus wheels out art and culture in south Lebanon|date=7 September 2018|website=United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref> Istanbouli has argued:

<blockquote>In Tyre, we have 400 shops for [[Hookah|shisha]], one library, and one theatre. But if there are places, people will come.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/meet-the-lebanese-man-trying-to-reopen-cinemas-closed-by-war-1.625832|title=Meet the Lebanese man trying to reopen cinemas closed by war|last=Enders|first=David|date=September 5, 2017|website=The National|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref></blockquote>

In 2019, the film ''Manara'' (Arabic for "lighthouse") by Lebanese director [[Zayn Alexander]], who shot the movie at the Al Fanar resort in Tyre, won the Laguna Sud Award for Best Short Film at the [[Venice Days]] Strand festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/manara-sheds-light-on-problems-in-lebanese-culture-1.928171|title='Manara' sheds light on problems in Lebanese culture|last=Mottram|first=James|date=24 October 2019|website=The National|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:RoxyCinemaRuins TyreSour RomanDeckert16082019.jpg|The ruins of the building that used to house the Empire cinema, 2019
File:HALIM EL-ROUMI.jpg|Halim El Roumi
File:Layal Abboud - Plaza Palace Ceremony - Beirut - July 2015 - Lebanon 15.jpg|Layal Abboud in 2015
File:KassemIstanbouli CinemaRivoli TyreSour-RomanDeckert30092019.jpg|Karim Istanbouli in 2019 at the Rivoli
File:BellaCiao RivoliStreetCarnival TyreSourLebanon RomanDeckert07122019.webm|Video of the carnival during the TIRO INTERNATIONAL ARTS FESTIVAL 2019
</gallery>

== Education ==
[[File:TyreSour JafariyaSchool RomanDeckert11072019.jpg|thumb|The Jafariya School (2019)]]
[[File:Islamic university building in Tyre.jpg|thumb|The IUL (2009)]]

There are many universities in Lebanon. 

The Jafariya School was founded in 1938 by Imam Abdul Hussein Sharafeddin.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1521/|title=Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon: the role of Sayyid 'Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr|last=Gharbieh|first=Hussein M.|publisher=Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham|year=1996|location=Durham|format=PDF|type=Doctoral}}</ref> It soon expanded thanks mainly to donations from rich émigrés and thus was upgraded in 1946 to be a Secondary School, the first in Southern Lebanon (see above). It has remained one of the main schools in Tyre ever since.<ref name="Leichtman-2015">{{Cite book|title=Shi'i Cosmopolitanisms in Africa: Lebanese Migration and Religious Conversion in Senegal|last=Leichtman|first=Mara|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0253015990|location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|pages=26, 31, 51, 54, 86, 157}}</ref>

An important role in the Tyrian education landscape is played by the charity organisation of the vanished Imam [[Musa al-Sadr]], which has been headed since his disappearance in 1978 by his sister [[Rabab al-Sadr]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norton|first=Augustus Richard|title=Hezbollah: A Short History|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0691160818|location=Princeton and Oxford|pages=109}}</ref> While the foundation operates in various parts of the country, its main base is a compound on the southern entry of the Tyre peninsula close to the sea. A major focus is its [[Orphanage]]s, but it also runs adult educational and [[Vocational education|vocational training]] programmes, especially for young women, in addition to health and development projects.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marusek|first=Sarah|title=Faith and Resistance: The Politics of Love and War in Lebanon|publisher=Pluto Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0745399935|location=London|pages=127–150}}</ref>

Musa Sadr also laid the groundwork for establishing the Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL) which was finally licensed in 1996 and opened a branch on the seafront,in Tyre. Its board of trustees is dominated by representatives of the Supreme Shiite Council, founded by Sadr in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iul.edu.lb/page/?id=309|title=The vision of the University|date=n.d.|website=Islamic University of Lebanon|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219130048/http://www.iul.edu.lb/page/?id=309|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Lebanese Evangelical School in Tyre with a history of more than 150 years is arguably the largest school in town. [[Collège Élite (Tyre)|Collège Élite]], a French international school opened in 1996, is another one of a host of private schools in Tyre. The Cadmous College - a pre-kindergarten to grade 12 school, run by the Maronite missionaries - has about 10% Christian and 90% Muslim pupils.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abi Raad|first=Doreen|date=29 May 2020|title=Lebanon's 'Pillar' of Catholic Education at Risk of Collapsing|url=https://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/lebanons-pillar-of-catholic-education-at-risk-of-collapsing|access-date=3 June 2020|website=National Catholic Register}}</ref>

In August 2019, the 17-year-old Ismail Ajjawi – a Palestinian resident of Tyre and graduate of the UNRWA '[[Deir Yassin]]' High School in the [[El-Buss refugee camp]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/harvard-bound-ismail-ajjawi-inspiration-fellow-unrwa-students|title=Harvard-bound Ismail Ajjawi an inspiration to fellow UNRWA students|date=30 August 2019|website=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA)|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref> – made global headlines when he scored top-results to earn a scholarship to study at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], but was [[Deportation|deported]] upon arrival in [[Boston]] despite valid visa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/8/27/incoming-freshman-deported/|title=Incoming Harvard Freshman Deported After Visa Revoked|last1=Avi-Yonah|first1=Shera S.|date=27 August 2019|work=The Harvard Crimson|access-date=29 October 2019|last2=Franklin|first2=Delano R.}}</ref> He was readmitted ten days later to start his studies in time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/9/3/harvard-student-turned-away-arrives/|title=Freshman Previously Denies Entry to the United States Arrives at Harvard|date=3 September 2019|work=The Harvard Crimson|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Tyre (2014) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://lub-anan.com/المحافظات/الجنوب/صور/صور/المذاهب/ | title=التوزيع حسب المذاهب للناخبين/ناخبات في بلدة صور، قضاء صور محافظة الجنوب في لبنان }}</ref>
|titlebar=
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shia Islam]]|DarkGreen|66.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Sunni Islam]]|Green|12.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Lebanon|Christian]]|DarkBlue|21.02}}
{{Bar percent|Others|Gray|0.36}}
}}

In 2014, [[Islam in Lebanon|Muslims]] made up 78.64% and [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christians]] made up 21.02% of registered voters in Tyre. 66.29% of the voters were [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shiite Muslims]], 12.33% were [[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Sunni Muslims]] and 12.03% were [[Lebanese Melkite Christians|Greek Catholics]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lub-anan.com/المحافظات/الجنوب/صور/صور/المذاهب/ | title=التوزيع حسب المذاهب للناخبين/ناخبات في بلدة صور، قضاء صور محافظة الجنوب في لبنان }}</ref>

[[File:JalAlBahr MahmoudAbbas-TyreHotel 20092019RomanDeckert.jpg|thumb|The Palestinian Jal Al Bahar "gathering" to the left of the unfinished building of the TYRE Hotel]]
An accurate statistical accounting is not possible, since the government of Lebanon has released only rough estimates of population numbers since 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7956.html|title=Lebanon - POPULATION|website=www.country-data.com}}</ref>

The Lebanese nationality population of Tyre is predominantly Shia Muslim with a small but noticeable Christian community. In 2010, it was estimated that Christians accounted for 15% of Tyre's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bishop-of-Tyre:-Christians-in-Lebanon-have-become-a-minority-in-their-country-17638.html|title=Bishop of Tyre: Christians in Lebanon have become a minority in their country|website=www.asianews.it}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre]] counted about 42,500 members. Most of them live in the mountains of Southern Lebanon, while there are just some 500 Maronites in Tyre itself. The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre – which not only covers the [[Tyre District|District of Tyre]] in the [[South Governorate]] but also neighbouring areas in the [[Nabatieh Governorate]] – registered 2,857 members in that year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roberson|first=Ronald|date=28 July 2017|title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf|access-date=18 September 2019|website=Catholic Near East Welfare Association (CNEWA)|pages=4, 6|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024215818/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Refugees===

The city of Tyre has become home to more than 60,000 Palestinian refugees who are mainly Sunni Muslims with some Christian families. Tyre hosted Shias from the seven villages that were depopulated in 1948, they settled in suburbs like Shabriha. As of June 2018, there were 12,281 registered persons in the Al Buss camp,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/el-buss-camp|title=El Buss Camp|date=n.d.|website=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> 24,929 in Burj El Shimali<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/burj-shemali-camp|title=Burj Shemali Camp|date=n.d.|website=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> and 34,584 in [[Rashidieh]].<ref name="UNRWA-2023">{{Cite web |url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/rashidieh-camp|title=Rashidieh Camp|date=n.d.|website=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> In the ramshackle "gathering" of Jal Al Bahar next to the coastal highway, the number of residents was estimated to be around 2,500 in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/beyondtherefuge/docs/camp_studies|title=CASE STUDY OF AN UNREGULATED CAMP: JAL AL BAHAR, SUR, LEBANON|date=3 October 2015|website=Refugee Camp studies|access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>

In all camps, the number of refugees from Syria and Palestinian refugees from Syria increased in recent years.<ref name="UNRWA-2023" /> Tensions developed since these new arrivals would often accept work in the citrus and banana groves "for half the daily wage" that local Palestinian refugees used to earn.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perdigon|first=Sylvain|date=October 2015|title="For Us It Is Otherwise": Three Sketches on Making Poverty Sensible in the Palestinian Refugee Camps of Lebanon|journal=Current Anthropology|volume= 56| issue = S11 (Volume Supplement)|pages=S88–S96|doi=10.1086/682354|s2cid=141892419}}</ref>

In early 2019, some 1,500 Syrian refugees were evicted from their informal settlements around the Litani river for allegedly polluting the waters which are already heavily contaminated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/dozens-syrian-refugees-evicted-lebanon-anti-pollution-drive-190427180746074.html|title=Dozens of Syrian refugees evicted in Lebanon anti-pollution drive|last=Vohra|first=Anchal|date=27 April 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref>

===Foreign workers===

[[File:AvenueDuSenegalSign TyreSourLebanon RomanDeckert11112018.jpg|thumb|Avenue Du Senegal]]
Tyre is known as "Little West [[Africa]]". Many families in Tyre have relatives in the Western Africa diaspora, especially in [[Senegal]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Ivory Coast]] and [[Nigeria]]. In Senegal, most immigrants originated from Tyre. Member of the Tyrian communities there are "primarily second, third and fourt generation migrants, many of whom have never been to Lebanon." One of Tyre's main promenades is called "Avenue du Senegal".<ref name="Leichtman-2015" />

As there were an estimated 250,000 foreign workers – mostly [[Ethiopian]] women – under the discriminatory [[Kafala system]] of sponsorship in Lebanon by 2019,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ayoub|first=Joey|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/lebanese-revolution-abolish-kafala-system-191114115435950.html|title=The Lebanese revolution must abolish the kafala system|date=14 November 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> there is also a large community of African migrants in Tyre. They are mainly Ethiopian women who work as domestic servants. Some of them celebrate church service at the Greek-Catholic Cathedral of Saint Thomas, which has devoted a chapel on its compound to Tyre-born [[Saint Frumentius]], the first bishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. In April 2014 one Ethiopian made headlines in an apparent suicide in Tyre:

<blockquote>Media reports said the woman had fled last week from her employer's home. Security forces later detained the Ethiopian and returned her to her employer<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Apr-07/252500-ethiopian-domestic-worker-commits-suicide-in-tyre.ashx|title=Ethiopian domestic worker commits suicide in Tyre|date=April 7, 2014|journal=The Daily Star|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301004544/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Apr-07/252500-ethiopian-domestic-worker-commits-suicide-in-tyre.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>

===Poverty===

The 2016 UN HABITAT profile found that:

<blockquote>Approximate calculations suggest that 43% of Lebanese in Tyre urban area are living in poverty.<ref name="Maguire-2016" /></blockquote>

== Economy ==
[[File:TyreSourLebanon FerrariLagosNigeria 24092019RomanDeckert.jpg|thumb|A [[Ferrari 458|Ferrari]] with a number plate from [[Lagos]], Nigeria, in Tyre]]
The economy of urban Tyre mostly depends on tourism, contracting services, the construction sector, and [[remittance]]s from Tyrians in the diaspora, especially in West Africa.<ref name="Maguire-2016" />

UNIFIL contributes greatly to the purchasing power in the Tyrian economy as well, both through spending by its individual members as well as through "quick-impact projects" like gravelling road, rehabilitating public places etc.<ref name="UN OCHA-2013" />

As of 2016, Olive trees were reported to comprise 38% of Tyre's [[agricultural land]], but producers lacked a [[collective]] [[marketing strategy]]. While [[Citrus]] reportedly comprised 25% of the agricultural land, 20% of its [[harvest]] ended up [[waste]]d.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UN-Habitat_2017.05.04_NPS_Maachouk.pdf|title=Maachouk Neighbourhood Profile & Strategy, Tyre, Lebanon|last1=Harake|first1=Dani|last2=Kuwalti|first2=Riham|date=31 May 2017|website=reliefweb|publisher=UN HABITAT Lebanon|pages=2, 25–26|access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref>
[[File:BarbourBoatBuilding-TyreSourLebanon RomanDeckert23122019.jpg|thumb|Barbour boatbuilders]]
Tyre houses one of the nation's major ports, though much smaller than the ports of Beirut, Tripoli, and also Sidon/Saida. Its cargo traffic has been limited to the periodical import of used cars. One day after the [[2020 Beirut explosion]] which devastated the [[Port of Beirut]] and much of the national capital on 4 August the national government reportedly decided to use the Port of Tyre as a back-up for the Port of Tripoli.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Akleh|first=Tony|date=6 August 2020|title=Beirut port: irreplaceable importance in the middle of Lebanon's geography|work=Arabian Business|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/politics-economics/450512-beirut-port-irreplaceable-importance-in-the-middle-of-lebanons-geography|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

In the harbour area, the Barbour family of shipbuilders continues to build wooden boats.<ref>{{Cite book|title=lebanon – THROUGH THE LENS OF MUNIR NASR|last=Zoghaib|first=Henri|publisher=Arab Printing Press sal|year=2004|isbn=9789953023854|location=Beirut|pages=74}}</ref> Tyre is thus one of only a few cities in the Mediterranean that has kept this ancient tradition, although the Barbour business has been struggling to survive as well. By 2004, there were "over 600 fishermen [..] striving to make ends meet in Tyre alone".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2004/Sep-13/2997-wooden-boat-makers-in-tyre-struggle-to-survive.ashx|title=Wooden-boat makers in Tyre struggle to survive|last=El-Ghoul|first=Adnan|date=13 September 2004|journal=The Daily Star|access-date=24 December 2019|archive-date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224094642/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2004/Sep-13/2997-wooden-boat-makers-in-tyre-struggle-to-survive.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lebanon's General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (GDLRC) recorded for Tyre a 4.4 percent growth rate for land transactions between 2014 and 2018, the highest rate in the country during that period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessnews.com.lb/cms/Story/StoryDetails/6929/Tyre,-Hasbaya,-Marjayoun-are-top-property-destinations|title=Tyre, Hasbaya, Marjayoun are top property destinations|last=Alieh|first=Yassmine|date=6 February 2019|website=BusinessNews.com.lb|access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> This increase in real estate prices has been largely attributed to the inflow of remittances from diaspora Tyrians.<ref name="Maguire-2016" />

Off the Tyrian coast, block 9 has been awarded for [[deepwater drilling]] of natural gas to a consortium of French company [[TotalEnergies]], Italy-based [[Eni]], and Russian [[Novatek]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.petroleum-economist.com/articles/upstream/exploration-production/2019/lebanon-s-gas-hopes-threatened-by-corruption|title=Lebanon's gas hopes threatened by corruption|last=Butt|first=Gerald|date=28 October 2019|website=PETROLEUM ECONOMIST|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:TadamonTyreMunicipalStadium RomanDeckert20092019.jpg|thumb|The faded sign of Tadamon SC on the roof of the Municipal Stadium]]
[[Tadamon Sour SC|Tadamon Sour Sporting Club]], or simply Tadamon (meaning "Solidarity"), nicknamed "The Ambassador of the South", was founded in 1946 and is thus the historically most established [[Football team|football club]] of Tyre. They play their home matches at the [[Sour Stadium|Tyre Municipal Stadium]] and have won one [[Lebanese FA Cup]] (2000–01) and two [[Lebanese Challenge Cup]]s (2013 and 2018). Tadamon's traditional rivals, [[Salam Sour SC|Salam Sour Sports Club]], are also based in Tyre.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

According to BBC reports, Tadamon SC was stripped of its [[Lebanese Premier League]] championship title in 2001 following [[Match fixing in association football|match-fixing]] allegations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/1429258.stm|title=Fifa suspends Lebanese FA|date=8 July 2001|work=BBC Sport|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>

In the same year the club scored arguably one of its biggest transfers when [[Roda Antar]] from its own youth teams was loaned to Germany's [[Hamburger SV]] for two seasons. After eight years in Germany with Hamburg, [[SC Freiburg]] and [[1. FC Köln]] he played another six years in the [[Chinese Super League]] and then returned to Tadamon for one final season before retirement.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

A number of Lebanese Premier League professional [[Football player|footballers]], who have also played for the [[Lebanon national football team|Lebanon national team]], originate from Tyre, namely [[Rabih Ataya]],<ref name="GSA-2022a">{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/rabih-ataya/65007/|title=Rabih Ataya – Player Info|website=Global Sports Archive|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> and [[Nassar Nassar]].<ref name="GSA-2022b">{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/nassar-nassar/148752/|title=Nassar Nassar – Player Info|website=Global Sports Archive|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>

== Twin towns&nbsp;– sister cities ==
Tyre is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
* [[Algiers]], Algeria
* [[Dezful]], Iran
* [[Málaga]], Spain<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elcorresponsal.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3381|title=El Corresponsal de Medio Oriente y Africa – Málaga recupera su pasado fenicio<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142513/http://elcorresponsal.com/modules.php?file=article&name=news&sid=3381|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Perpignan]], France
* [[Tunis]], Tunisia{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== Notable people ==
<!--- NOTE TO EDITORS: All must have linked articles (bluelinked, aka wikilinked) and must have a citation tying the person to Tyre per [[WP:NLIST]] and [[WP:LISTPEOPLE]]. A good place to look for such a citation would be the person's own article. --->
[[File:TyreMayorHassanDbouk UlpianusStatue RomanDeckert06112019.jpg|thumb|Mayor Dbouk next to a statue of Ulpian in front of the new municipality building in the city downtown (2019)|alt=|239x239px]]
[[File:As'ad AbuKhalil2.JPG|alt=|thumb|upright|As'ad AbuKhalil (2009)]]

* [[Hiram I]], Biblical King of Tyre
* [[Pygmalion of Tyre]], King of Tyre
* [[Belus (Tyre)|Belus]], King of Tyre in the [[Aeneid]]
* [[Dido]], founder-heroine of Carthage
* [[Diodorus of Tyre]] (late 2nd century BCE), Peripatetic philosopher and [[scholarch]] (head) of the [[Peripatetic school]] of [[Athens]]
* [[Antipater of Tyre]] (1st century BCE), Stoic philosopher
* [[Adrianus]], a sophist
* [[Apollonius of Tyre (philosopher)]] (c. 50 BCE), philosopher
* [[Marinus of Tyre]], [[Hellenistic period|Hellenic]] [[geographer]], [[cartographer]] and [[mathematician]] whose works greatly influenced [[Claudius Ptolemy|Ptolemy]]'s famous ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' as acknowledged by Ptolemy
* [[Ulpian]] (early 3rd century CE), Famous Roman jurist who taught at the renowned [[Law school of Berytus|Law school]] at [[Beirut]]
* Meropius of Tyre (Μερόπιος), a philosopher, traveled together with two of his relatives, Frumentius (Φρουμέντιος) and Edesius (Εδέσιος) to ancient India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://topostext.org/work/795#2.24|title=ToposText|website=topostext.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cts.perseids.org/read/greekLit/tlg2048/tlg001/1st1K-grc1/2.24|title=Capitains Nemo|website=cts.perseids.org}}</ref>
* [[Christina of Bolsena|Saint Christina of Tyre]] (3rd century CE) Martyr<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint Christina of Tyre (July 24) |url=http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102084 |website=Official website of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], Neoplatonic philosopher and writer, he edited and published [[The Enneads]] of [[Plotinus]] and his [[Isagoge]], an introduction to logic and philosophy, was the standard textbook on logic throughout the Middle Ages
* [[Allaqa]] (10th century), mariner who led revolt against [[Fatimid Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&q=Allaqa&pg=PA369 |title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |date=1997 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-59984-9 |pages=369–370}}</ref>
* [[William of Tyre]], (12th century CE), historian and [[Archbishop of Tyre]]
*[[Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi|Abdel Hussein Sharafeddine]], Shi'a reformer
*Abdel Mohsen El Husseini - Abou Zafer (1935-2017), Mayor of Tyre (2001-2010) and founder of the Union of Tyre Municipalities (2004)
*[[Musa al-Sadr|Musa Sadr]], Shi'a leader
*[[Rabab al-Sadr]], Activist, sister of former
*[[Halim el-Roumi]], singer and composer
*[[Nabih Berri]], leader of the Amal movement
*[[As'ad AbuKhalil]], [[Anarchism|anarchist]] and professor of [[political science]] at [[California State University, Stanislaus]]
*[[Zaki Chehab]], founder and editor-in-chief of ArabsToday.net
*[[Alaa Zalzali]], singer
*[[Joe Barza]], chef and television personality
*[[Péri Cochin|Périhane Chalabi Cochin]], TV host
*[[Rabih Ataya]] (born 1989), Lebanese football player<ref name="GSA-2022a" />
*[[Nassar Nassar]] (born 1992), Lebanese football player<ref name="GSA-2022b" />
*[[Bilal Najdi]] (born 1993), Lebanese football player<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bilal Najdi - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/bilal-najdi/237346/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref>
*[[Zein Farran]] (born 1999), Lebanese football player<ref>{{GSA player|zein-farran/436784|access-date=22 August 2021|name=Zein Farran}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of kings of Tyre|Kings of Tyre]]
* [[List of cities founded by Alexander the Great]]
* [[Tyrian shekel]]
* [[Bible prophecy#Ezekiel|Tyre in Biblical Prophecy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources==
* {{cite book
 | first1=Chad | last1=Brand
 | first2=Eric | last2=Mitchell
 | title=Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgxCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA622
 | date=November 2015
 | publisher=B&H Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8054-9935-3|pages=622–
}}
* {{cite book 
 | last=Dever |first=William G. 
 | author-link=William G. Dever 
 | title=Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel 
 | publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] 
 | isbn=978-0-8028-2852-1  
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGR7-OSz7bUC&pg=PA97 
 | access-date=7 February 2016 |year=2005
}}
* {{cite book
 | last=Mendels | first=D.
 | title=The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature: Recourse to History in Second Century B.C. Claims to the Holy Land
 | publisher=J.C.B. Mohr | series=Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum
 | year=1987 | isbn=978-3-16-145147-8
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnAWwn7HOvwC&pg=PA131
 | access-date=7 December 2020
}}

; Attribution
{{Eastons|title=Illustrated Bible Dictionary |ref=none}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Tyre, Lebanon |viaf= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* Bikai, Patricia Maynor. ''The Pottery of Tyre''. Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1978.
* Bullitt, Orville H. ''Phoenicia and Carthage: A Thousand Years to Oblivion''. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1978.
* Joukowsky, Martha, and Camille Asmar. ''The Heritage of Tyre: Essays On the History, Archaeology, and Preservation of Tyre''. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1992.
* Woolmer, Mark. ''Ancient Phoenicia: An Introduction''. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2011.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100825092114/http://lebanon360hd.com/videos/video_tyr_en.html 360 Panorama of Tyre's Archeological Site]
* [http://tyros.leb.net/tyre Lebanon, the Cedars' Land: Tyre]
* [http://www.photo-2u.com photo 2u]
* [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/tyre.html Tyre] entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith with picture of Tyrian silver shekel.
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/image/537/ Alexander's Siege of Tyre at World History Encyclopedia] by Grant Nell
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220711/http://www.aub.edu.lb/news/2013/Pages/tyre-museum.aspx American University of Beirut (AUB) Museum team discovers first Phoenician Temple in Tyre; only complete one in Lebanon]
* [https://www.academia.edu/25791422/Mission_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Tyr Mission archéologique de Tyr] in French

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