Editing Typhon

{{Short description|Deadly monster of Greek mythology}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Distinguish|Typhoon}}
{{About|the Greek mythological figure}}
}}

[[File:Zeus Typhon Staatliche Antikensammlungen 596.jpg|thumb|right|280px|[[Zeus]] aiming his thunderbolt at a winged and snake-footed Typhon. [[Chalcis|Chalcidian]] black-figured [[hydria]] ({{circa|540–530}} BC), [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen]] (Inv. 596).<ref>Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; Gantz, p. 50; ''LIMC'' [http://www.iconiclimc.ch/visitors/treesearch.php?source=100&term=%22Typhon+14%22 Typhon 14].</ref>]]
'''Typhon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aɪ|f|ɒ|n|,_|-|f|ən|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Typhon.wav}}; {{langx|grc|{{linktext|Τυφῶν}}|Typhôn}}, {{IPA|el|tyːpʰɔ̂ːn|}}), also '''Typhoeus''' ({{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|ˈ|f|iː|ə|s}}; {{langx|grc|Τυφωεύς|Typhōeús|label=none}}), '''Typhaon''' ({{langx|grc|Τυφάων|Typháōn|label=none}}) or '''Typhos''' ({{langx|grc|Τυφώς|Typhṓs|label=none}}), was a monstrous serpentine giant and one of the deadliest creatures in [[Greek mythology]]. According to [[Hesiod]], Typhon was the son of [[Gaia]] and [[Tartarus]]. However, one source has Typhon as the son of [[Hera]] alone, while another makes Typhon the offspring of [[Cronus]]. Typhon and his mate [[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna]] were the progenitors of many famous monsters.

Typhon attempted to overthrow [[Zeus]] for the supremacy of the cosmos. The two fought a cataclysmic battle, which Zeus finally won with the aid of his thunderbolts. Defeated, Typhon was cast into Tartarus, or buried underneath [[Mount Etna]], or in later accounts, the island of [[Ischia]].

Typhon mythology is part of the Greek succession myth, which explained how Zeus came to rule the gods. Typhon's story is also connected with that of [[Python (mythology)|Python]] (the serpent killed by [[Apollo]]), and both stories probably derived from several Near Eastern antecedents. Typhon was (from {{circa|500 BC}}) also identified with the Egyptian god of destruction [[Set (deity)|Set]]. In later accounts, Typhon was often confused with the [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]].

==Mythology==
===Birth===
According to [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' ({{circa|8th}} – 7th century BC), Typhon was the son of [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] (Earth) and [[Tartarus]]: "when [[Zeus]] had driven the [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]] from heaven, huge Earth bore her youngest child Typhoeus of the love of Tartarus, by the aid of golden [[Aphrodite]]".<ref>[[Hesiod]],''[[Theogony]]''
[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D820 820–822]. [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3], and [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface] also have Typhon as the offspring of Gaia and Tartarus. However, Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html 152] has Typhon as the offspring of Tartarus and Tartara, where, according to Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA77 p. 77], Tartara was "no doubt [Gaia] herself under a name which designates all that lies beneath the earth."</ref> The mythographer [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] (1st or 2nd century AD) adds that Gaia bore Typhon in anger at the gods for their destruction of her offspring the [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3].</ref>

Numerous other sources mention Typhon as being the offspring of Gaia, or simply "earth-born", with no mention of Tartarus.<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Seven Against Thebes]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0014%3Acard%3D521 522–523]; [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]] '' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343 353]; [[Nicander]], ''apud'' [[Antoninus Liberalis]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Eolzuv0eQC&pg=PA87 28]; [[Virgil]],
''[[Georgics]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Verg.+G.+1.276 1. 278–279]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D250 5.321–331]; [[Marcus Manilius|Manilius]], ''[[Astronomica (Manilius)|Astronomica]]'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/manilius-astronomica/1977/pb_LCL469.151.xml 2.874–875 (pp. 150, 153)]; [[Lucan]], ''[[Pharsalia]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0134%3Abook%3D4%3Acard%3D583 4.593–595]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n71/mode/2up 1.154–155 (I pp. 14–15)].</ref> However, according to the [[Homeric Hymns|''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'']] (6th century BC), Typhon was the child of [[Hera]] alone.<ref>[[Homeric Hymns|''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'']] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D305 305–355]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72 p. 72]; Gantz, p. 49. [[Stesichorus]] ({{circa|630}} – 555 BC), it seems, also had Hera produce Typhon alone to "spite Zeus", see Fragment 239 (Campbell, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.167.xml?result=1&rskey=56v0bn pp. 166–167]); West 1966, p. 380; but see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72 p. 72 n. 5].</ref> Hera, angry at Zeus for having given birth to [[Athena]] by himself, prayed to Gaia, [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], and the Titans, to give her a son stronger than Zeus, then slapped the ground and became pregnant. Hera gave the infant Typhon to the serpent [[Python (mythology)|Python]] to raise, and Typhon grew up to become a great bane to mortals.<ref>As for Typhon being a bane to mortals, Gantz, p. 49, remarks on the strangeness of such a description for one who would challenge the gods.</ref>
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - The Greek gods. Tryphon.jpg|thumb|300px|Depiction by [[Wenceslaus Hollar]]]]
Several sources locate Typhon's birth and dwelling place in [[Cilicia]], and in particular the region in the vicinity of the ancient Cilician coastal city of [[Corycus]] (modern [[Kızkalesi]], Turkey). The poet [[Pindar]] ({{circa|470 BC}}) calls Typhon "Cilician",<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian''  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D8 8.15–16].</ref> and says that Typhon was born in Cilicia and nurtured in "the famous Cilician cave",<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.15–17].</ref> an apparent allusion to the [[Corycus#Corycian Cave|Corycian cave]] in Turkey.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72 pp. 72–73]; West 1966, p. 251 line 304 '''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν''' (''c'').</ref> In [[Aeschylus]]' ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', Typhon is called the "dweller of the Cilician caves",<ref>[[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343 353–356]; Gantz, p. 49.</ref> and both  Apollodorus and the poet [[Nonnus]] (4th or 5th century AD) have Typhon born in Cilicia.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up 1.140. (I pp. 12–13)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n71/mode/2up 1.154. (I pp. 14–15)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/20/mode/2up 1.258–260 (I pp. 20–23)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/26/mode/2up 1.321 (I pp. 26–27)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/46/mode/2up 2.35 (I pp. 46–47)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/90/mode/2up 2.631 ff. (I pp. 90–91)].</ref>

The b scholia to ''[[Iliad]]'' 2.783, preserving a possibly [[Orphic]] tradition, has Typhon born in Cilicia, as the offspring of [[Cronus]]. Gaia, angry at the destruction of the Giants, slanders Zeus to Hera. So Hera goes to Cronus, her and Zeus' father (whom Zeus had overthrown), and Cronus gives Hera two eggs smeared with his own semen, telling her to bury them underground, and that from them would be born one who would overthrow Zeus. Hera, angry at Zeus, buries the eggs in Cilicia "under Arimon", but when Typhon is born, Hera, now reconciled with Zeus, informs him.<ref>Kirk, Raven, and Schofield. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8PLsC&pg=PA59 pp. 59–60 no. 52]; Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA36 pp. 36–38]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72 p. 72]; Gantz, pp. 50–51, Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76 n. 46]. Ogden 2013a, p. 150, n. 6, seems to conclude from the fact that the eggs were buried underground, that Earth (Gaia) was therefore considered to be the mother.</ref>

===Descriptions===
According to [[Hesiod]], Typhon was "terrible, outrageous and lawless",<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D306 306–307].</ref> immensely powerful, and on his shoulders were one hundred snake heads, that emitted fire and every kind of noise:
<blockquote>Strength was with his hands in all that he did and the feet of the strong god were untiring. From his shoulders grew a hundred heads of a snake, a fearful dragon, with dark, flickering tongues, and from under the brows of his eyes in his marvelous heads flashed fire, and fire burned from his heads as he glared. And there were voices in all his dreadful heads which uttered every kind of sound unspeakable; for at one time they made sounds such that the gods understood, but at another, the noise of a bull bellowing aloud in proud ungovernable fury; and at another, the sound of a lion, relentless of heart; and at another, sounds like whelps, wonderful to hear; and again, at another, he would hiss, so that the high mountains re-echoed.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D820 823–835].</ref></blockquote>

The [[Homeric Hymns|''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'']] describes Typhon as "fell" and "cruel", and like neither gods nor men.<ref>[[Homeric Hymns|''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'']] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D305 306], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:349-396 351–352]. Gantz, p. 49, speculates that Typhon being given to the Python to raise "might suggest a resemblance to snakes".</ref> Three of [[Pindar]]'s poems have Typhon as hundred-headed (as in Hesiod),<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.16], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D8 8.16], ''Olympian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4 4.6–7].</ref> while apparently a fourth gives him only fifty heads,<ref>[[Pindar]], fragment 93 ''apud'' [[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/13D*.html 13.4.6] (Race, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.329.xml pp. 328–329]).</ref> but a hundred heads for Typhon became standard.<ref>Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA71 p. 71]; e.g. [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343 355]; [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Clouds|Clouds]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=A205633D9711B6F54B4D81A0B495D450?doc=Aristoph.+Cl.+336&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0241 336]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html 152], [[Oppian]], ''[[Halieutica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/oppiancolluthust00oppiuoft#page/344/mode/2up 3.15–25 (pp. 344–347)]
.</ref> A [[Chalcis|Chalcidian]] [[hydria]] ({{circa|540}}–530 BC), depicts Typhon as a winged humanoid from the waist up, with [[Anguiped|two snake tails for legs below]].<ref>Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; Gantz, p. 50; Munich Antikensammlung 596 = ''LIMC'' [http://www.iconiclimc.ch/visitors/treesearch.php?source=100&term=%22Typhon+14%22 Typhon 14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522021509/https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA69 |date=2016-05-22 }}.</ref> [[Aeschylus]] calls Typhon "fire-breathing".<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Seven Against Thebes]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=A42BD799C97DBC41C7A35FFEF7B0B0B0?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0014%3Acard%3D486 511].</ref> For [[Nicander]] (2nd century BC), Typhon was a monster of enormous strength, and strange appearance, with many heads, hands, and wings, and with huge snake coils coming from his thighs.<ref>[[Nicander]], ''apud'' [[Antoninus Liberalis]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Eolzuv0eQC&pg=PA87 28]; Gantz, p. 50.</ref>

[[File:Kircher oedipus aegyptiacus 24 typhon.png|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Illustration of Typhon from [[Athanasius Kircher]]'s ''[[Oedipus Aegyptiacus]]'', 1652]]

Apollodorus describes Typhon as a huge winged monster, whose head "brushed the stars", human in form above the waist, with snake coils below, and fire flashing from his eyes:

<blockquote>In size and strength he surpassed all the offspring of Earth. As far as the thighs he was of human shape and of such prodigious bulk that he out-topped all the mountains, and his head often brushed the stars. One of his hands reached out to the west and the other to the east, and from them projected a hundred dragons' heads. From the thighs downward he had huge coils of vipers, which when drawn out, reached to his very head and emitted a loud hissing. His body was all winged: unkempt hair streamed on the wind from his head and cheeks; and fire flashed from his eyes.</blockquote>

The most elaborate description of Typhon is found in [[Nonnus]]'s ''[[Dionysiaca]]''. Nonnus makes numerous references to Typhon's serpentine nature,<ref>Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA72 p. 72].</ref> giving him a "tangled army of snakes",<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/16/mode/2up 1.187 (I pp. 16–17)].</ref> snaky feet,<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/46/mode/2up 2.30, 36 (I pp. 46–47)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/54/mode/2up 2.141 (I pp. 54–55)].</ref> and hair.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/16/mode/2up 1.173 (I pp. 16–17)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/46/mode/2up 2.32 (I pp. 46–47)]</ref> According to Nonnus, Typhon was a "poison-spitting viper",<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/18/mode/2up 1.218 (I pp. 18–19)].</ref> whose "every hair belched viper-poison",<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/38/mode/2up 1.508–509 (I pp. 38–41)].</ref> and Typhon "spat out showers of poison from his throat; the mountain torrents were swollen, as the monster showered fountains from the viperish bristles of his high head",<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/46/mode/2up 2.31–33 (I pp. 46–47)].</ref> and "the water-snakes of the monster's viperish feet crawl into the caverns underground, spitting poison!".<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/54/mode/2up 2.141–142 (I pp. 54–55)].</ref>

Following Hesiod and others, Nonnus gives Typhon many heads (though untotaled), but in addition to snake heads,<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/62/mode/2up 2.243 (I pp. 62–63)].</ref> Nonnus also gives Typhon many other animal heads, including leopards, lions, bulls, boars, bears, cattle,  wolves, and dogs, which combine to make 'the cries of all wild beasts together',<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/15/mode/2up 1.154–162 (I pp. 14–15)].</ref> and a "babel of screaming sounds".<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/62/mode/2up 2.444–256 (I pp. 62–65)].</ref> Nonnus also gives Typhon "legions of arms innumerable",<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/72/mode/2up 2.381 (I pp. 72–73)]; also [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/62/mode/2up 2.244 (I pp. 62–63)] ("many-armed Typhoeus").</ref> and where Nicander had only said that Typhon had "many" hands, and Ovid had given Typhon a hundred hands, Nonnus gives Typhon two hundred.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D3%3Acard%3D251 3.301]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/24/mode/2up 1.297 (I pp. 24–25)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/70/mode/2up 2.343 (I pp. 70–71)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/90/mode/2up 2.621 (I pp. 90–91)].</ref>

===Offspring===
According to [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', Typhon "was joined in love" to [[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna]], a monstrous half-woman and half-snake, who bore Typhon "fierce offspring".<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D304 306–314]. Compare with [[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/606/mode/2up 1351 ff. (pp. 606–607)], which refers to Echidna as Typhon's spouse (''δάμαρ'').</ref> First, according to Hesiod, there was [[Orthrus]],<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Library'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.10 2.5.10] also has Orthrus as the offspring of Typhon and Echidna. [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' (or ''Fall of Troy'') [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/272/mode/2up 6.249–262 (pp. 272–273)] has Cerberus as the offspring of Typhon and Echidna, and Orthrus as his brother.</ref> the two-headed dog who guarded the Cattle of [[Geryon]], second [[Cerberus]],<ref>[[Acusilaus]], fr. 13 Fowler (Fowler 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA11 p. 11]; Freeman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=B75GgVdxYT0C&pg=PA15 p. 15 fragment 6]), [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html 151], and Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''loc. cit.'', also have Cerberus as the offspring of Typhon and Echidna. [[Bacchylides]], Ode [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0064%3Abook%3DEp%3Apoem%3D5 5.62], [[Sophocles]], ''[[Women of Trachis]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0196%3Acard%3D1076 1097–1099],  [[Callimachus]], fragment 515 Pfeiffer (Trypanis, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/callimachus-fragments_uncertain_location/1973/pb_LCL421.259.xml?result=2&rskey=li3r52 pp. 258–259]), [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028:book=4:card=481&highlight=Echidna 4.500–501], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028:book=7:card=404&highlight=Cerberian 7.406–409], all have Cerberus as the offspring of Echidna, with no father named.</ref> the multiheaded dog who guarded the gates of [[Hades]], and third the [[Lernaean Hydra]],<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface],  [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#30 30] (only Typhon is mentioned), [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html 151] also has the Hydra and as the offspring of Echidna and Typhon.</ref> the many-headed serpent who, when one of its heads was cut off, grew two more. The ''Theogony'' next mentions an ambiguous "she", which might refer to Echidna, as the mother of the  [[Chimera (mythology)|Chimera]] (a fire-breathing beast that was part lion, part goat, and had a snake-headed tail) with Typhon then being the father.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D319 319]. The referent of the "she" in line 319 is uncertain, see Gantz, p. 22; Clay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159 p. 159, with n. 34].</ref>

While mentioning Cerberus and "other monsters" as being the offspring of Echidna and Typhon, the mythographer [[Acusilaus]] (6th century BC) adds the [[Caucasian Eagle]] that ate the liver of [[Prometheus]].<ref>[[Acusilaus]], fr. 13 Fowler (Fowler 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA11 p. 11]; Freeman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=B75GgVdxYT0C&pg=PA15 p. 15 fragment 6]); Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 p. 28]; Gantz, p. 22; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149 pp. 149–150].</ref> The mythographer [[Pherecydes of Athens]] (5th century BC) also names Prometheus's eagle,<ref>[[Pherecydes of Athens]], fr. 7 Fowler (Fowler 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA278 p. 278]); Fowler 2013, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21], [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 27–28]; Gantz, p. 22; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149 pp. 149–150].</ref> and adds [[Ladon (mythology)|Ladon]] (though Pherecydes does not use this name), the dragon that guarded the [[golden apple]]s in the [[Garden of the Hesperides]] (according to Hesiod, the offspring of Ceto and Phorcys).<ref>[[Pherecydes of Athens]], fr. 16b Fowler (Fowler 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA286 p. 286]); Hesiod, ''Theogony'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130:card=304 333–336]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 p. 28]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149 p. 149 n. 3]; Hošek, p. 678. The first to name the dragon Ladon is [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/388/mode/2up 4.1396 (pp. 388–389)], which makes Ladon earthborn, see Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 p. 28 n. 97]. [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]], ''[[Chiliades]]'' 2.36.360 (Kiessling, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dG0GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54 p. 54]; English translation: Berkowitz, [https://archive.org/stream/TzetzesCHILIADES/Chiliades#page/n31/mode/1up p. 33]), also has Typhon as Ladon's father.</ref> The lyric poet Lasus of Hermione (6th century BC) adds the [[Sphinx]].<ref>[[Lasus of Hermione]], fragment 706A (Campbell, pp. 310–311). [[Euripides]], ''[[The Phoenician Women]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0118%3Acard%3D1019 1019–1020]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149 p. 149 n. 3] has Echidna as her mother, without mentioning a father. Hesiod mentions the [[Sphinx]] (and the [[Nemean lion]]) as having been the offspring of Echidna's son Orthrus, by another ambiguous "she", in line 326 (see Clay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159 p.159, with n. 34]), read variously as the Chimera, Echidna herself, or even Ceto.</ref>

Later authors mostly retain these offspring of Typhon by Echidna, while adding others. [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], in addition to naming as their offspring Orthrus, the Chimera (citing Hesiod as his source) the Caucasian Eagle, Ladon, and the Sphinx, also adds the [[Nemean lion]] (no mother is given), and the [[Crommyonian Sow]], killed by the hero [[Theseus]] (unmentioned by Hesiod).<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]],  ''Library'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.10 2.5.10] (Orthrus), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.3.1 2.3.1] (Chimera), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.11 2.5.11] (Caucasian Eagle), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.11 2.5.11] (Ladon),  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.5.8 3.5.8] (Sphinx), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.1 2.5.1] (Nemean lion), ''Epitome'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Epitome:book=E:chapter=1 1.1] (Crommyonian Sow).</ref>

[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] (1st century BC),<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html 151].</ref> in his list of offspring of Typhon (all by Echidna), retains from the above: Cerberus, the Chimera, the Sphinx, the Hydra and Ladon, and adds "Gorgon" (by which Hyginus means the mother of [[Medusa]], whereas Hesiod's three [[Gorgons]], of which Medusa was one, were the daughters of Ceto and Phorcys), the [[Colchian dragon]] that guarded the [[Golden Fleece]]<ref>Compare with [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'', [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/184/mode/2up 2.1208–1215 (pp. 184–185)], where the dragon is the offspring of [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] by Typhon (Hošek, p. 678).</ref> and [[Scylla]].<ref>See also [[Virgil]], ''Ciris'' 67; Lyne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WMf_VULZvLUC&pg=130 pp. 130–131]. Others give other parents for Scylla. Several authors name [[Crataeis]] as the mother of Scylla, see [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=0C3862DF72BDE338E6D62A24A49FEF27?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D12%3Acard%3D111 12.124–125]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D13%3Acard%3D705 13.749]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.7.20 E7.20];  [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]] on [[Virgil]] ''[[Aeneid]]'' 3.420; and schol. on [[Plato]], ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' 9.588c. Neither Homer nor Ovid mention a father, but Apollodorus says that the father was Trienus (or [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]]?) or Phorcus, similarly the Plato scholiast, perhaps following Apollodorus, gives the father as Tyrrhenus or Phorcus, while [[Eustathius of Thessalonica|Eustathius]] on Homer, ''Odyssey'' 12.85 gives the father as Triton. The Hesiodic ''[[Megalai Ehoiai]]'' (fr. 262 MW = Most [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-other_fragments/2007/pb_LCL503.277.xml 200]) gives Hecate and [[Phorbas]] as the parents of Scylla, while [[Acusilaus]], fr. 42 Fowler (Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 p. 32]) says that Scylla's parents were [[Hekate]] and [[Phorkys]] (so also schol. ''[[Odyssey]]'' 12.85). [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/350/mode/2up 4. 828–829 (pp. 350–351)] says that "Hecate who is called Crataeis," and Phorcys were the parents of Scylla. Semos of Delos (''FGrHist'' 396 F 22) says that Crataeis was the daughter of Hekate and Triton, and mother of Scylla by Deimos. [[Stesichorus]], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.133.xml?result=1&rskey=vkJkZt F220 ''PMG'' (Campbell, pp. 132–133)] has Lamia as the mother of Scylla, possibly the [[Lamia (daughter of Poseidon)|Lamia]] who was the daughter of [[Poseidon]]. For discussions of the parentage of Scylla, see Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 p. 32], Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA134 p. 134]; Gantz, pp. 731–732; and Frazer's note to Apollodorus, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.7.20 E7.20].</ref> The [[Harpies]], in Hesiod the daughters of [[Thaumas]] and the [[Oceanids|Oceanid]] [[Electra (Oceanid)|Electra]],<ref>Hesiod, ''[[Theogony]]'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D240 265–269]; so also [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.2.6 1.2.6], and [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface] (though ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#14 14], gives their parents as Thaumas and Oxomene). In the [[Epimenides]] ''Theogony'' (3B7) they are the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]], while in [[Pherecydes of Syros]] (7B5) they are the daughters of [[Boreas (god)|Boreas]] (Gantz, p. 18).</ref> in one source, are said to be the daughters of Typhon.<ref>[[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus4.html 4.428, 516].</ref>

The sea serpents which attacked the Trojan priest [[Laocoön]], during the [[Trojan War]], were perhaps supposed to be the progeny of Typhon and Echidna.<ref>Hošek, p. 678; see [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' (or ''Fall of Troy'') [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/518/mode/2up 12.449–453 (pp. 518–519)], where they are called "fearful monsters of the deadly brood of Typhon".</ref> According to Hesiod, the defeated Typhon is the father of destructive storm winds.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D853 869–880], which specifically excludes the winds [[Notus]] (South Wind), [[Anemoi|Boreas]] (North Wind)  and [[Anemoi|Zephyr]] (West Wind) which he says are "a great blessing to men"; West 1966, p. 381; Gantz, p. 49; Ogden 2013a, p. 226.</ref>

===Battle with Zeus===
Typhon challenged [[Zeus]] for rule of the cosmos.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA70 pp. 70–76]; West 1966, pp. 379–383; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA283 pp. 283–301]; Gantz, pp. 48–50; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA73 pp. 73–80].</ref> The earliest mention of Typhon, and his only occurrence in [[Homer]], is a passing reference in the ''[[Iliad]]'' to Zeus striking the ground around where Typhon lies defeated.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.780 2.780–784], a reference, apparently, not to their original battle but to an ongoing "lashing" by Zeus of Typhon where he lies buried, see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71 pp. 70–72]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76].</ref> [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' gives the first account of their battle. According to Hesiod, without the quick action of Zeus, Typhon would have "come to reign over mortals and immortals".<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D820 836–838].</ref> In the ''Theogony'' Zeus and Typhon meet in cataclysmic conflict:

<blockquote>[Zeus] thundered hard and mightily: and the earth around resounded terribly and the wide heaven above, and the sea and Ocean's streams and the nether parts of the earth. Great Olympus reeled beneath the divine feet of the king as he arose and earth groaned thereat. And through the two of them heat took hold on the dark-blue sea, through the thunder and lightning, and through the fire from the monster, and the scorching winds and blazing thunderbolt. The whole earth seethed, and sky and sea: and the long waves raged along the beaches round and about at the rush of the deathless gods: and there arose an endless shaking. Hades trembled where he rules over the dead below, and the Titans under Tartarus who live with Cronos, because of the unending clamor and the fearful strife.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D820 839–852].</ref></blockquote>

Zeus with his thunderbolt easily overcomes Typhon,<ref>Zeus' apparently easy victory over Typhon in Hesiod, in contrast to other accounts of the battle (see below), is consistent with, for example, what Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 p. 27] calls "Hesiod's pervasive glorification of Zeus".</ref> who is thrown down to earth in a fiery crash:

<blockquote>So when Zeus had raised up his might and seized his arms, thunder and lightning and lurid thunderbolt, he leaped from Olympus and struck him, and burned all the marvellous heads of the monster about him. But when Zeus had conquered him and lashed him with strokes, Typhoeus was hurled down, a maimed wreck, so that the huge earth groaned. And flame shot forth from the thunderstricken lord in the dim rugged glens of the mount, when he was smitten. A great part of huge earth was scorched by the terrible vapor and melted as tin melts when heated by men's art in channelled crucibles; or as iron, which is hardest of all things, is shortened by glowing fire in mountain glens and melts in the divine earth through the strength of Hephaestus. Even so, then, the earth melted in the glow of the blazing fire.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D853 853–867].</ref></blockquote>

Defeated, Typhon is cast into [[Tartarus]] by an angry Zeus.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D853 868].</ref>

[[Epimenides]] (7th or 6th century BC) seemingly knew a different version of the story, in which Typhon enters Zeus' palace while Zeus is asleep, but Zeus awakes and kills Typhon with a thunderbolt.<ref>[[Epimenides]] fr. 10 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 97); Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 49; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 p. 27 n. 93].</ref> [[Pindar]] apparently knew of a tradition which had the gods, in order to escape from Typhon, transform themselves into animals, and flee to Egypt.<ref>Griffiths, pp. 374–375; [[Pindar]], fr. 91 SM ''apud'' [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], ''[[On Abstinence from Eating Animals|On Abstinence From Animal Food]]'' 3.16 (Taylor, [https://archive.org/stream/selectworksporp00taylgoog#page/n132/mode/2up p. 111]); Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA217 p. 217]; Gantz, p. 49; West 1966, p. 380; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA75 p. 75].</ref> [[Pindar]] calls Typhon the "enemy of the gods",<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.15–16].</ref> and says that he was defeated by Zeus' thunderbolt.<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D8 8.16–17].</ref> In one poem Pindar has Typhon being held prisoner by Zeus under Etna,<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4 4.6–7].</ref> and in another says that Typhon "lies in dread Tartarus", stretched out underground between Mount Etna and [[Cumae]].<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.15–28]; Gantz, p. 49.</ref>  In Aeschylus' ''Prometheus Bound'', a "hissing" Typhon, his eyes flashing, "withstood all the gods", but "the unsleeping bolt of Zeus" struck him, and "he was burnt to ashes and his strength blasted from him by the lightning bolt. And now, a helpless and a sprawling bulk, he lies hard by the narrows of the sea, pressed down beneath the roots of Aetna; while on the topmost summit Hephaestus sits and hammers the molten ore. There, one day, shall burst forth [370] rivers of fire,1with savage jaws devouring the level fields of Sicily, land of fair fruit—such boiling rage shall Typho, although charred by the blazing lightning of Zeus, send spouting forth with hot jets of appalling, fire-breathing surge."<ref>Gantz, p. 49; [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]] '' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:343-378 356–370].</ref>

According to [[Pherecydes of Athens]], during his battle with Zeus, Typhon first flees to the [[Caucasus]], which begins to burn, then to the volcanic island of Pithecussae (modern [[Ischia]]), off the coast of Cumae, where he is buried under the island.<ref>[[Pherecydes of Athens]], fr. 54 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 307); Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA298 pp. 298–299]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76 n. 47]; Gantz, p. 50.</ref> [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] (3rd century BC), like Pherecydes, presents a multi-stage battle, with Typhon being struck by Zeus' thunderbolt on mount [[Caucasus]], before fleeing to the mountains and plain of Nysa, and ending up (as already mentioned by the  fifth-century BC Greek historian [[Herodotus]]) buried under [[Lake Bardawil|Lake Serbonis]] in Egypt.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29]; [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/184/mode/2up 2.1208–1215 (pp. 184–185)]; cf. [[Herodotus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+3.5 3.5].</ref>

Like Pindar, [[Nicander]] has all the gods, but Zeus and [[Athena]], transform into animal forms and flee to Egypt: [[Apollo]] became a hawk, [[Hermes]] an ibis, [[Ares]] a fish, [[Artemis]] a cat, [[Dionysus]] a goat, [[Heracles]] a fawn, [[Hephaestus]] an ox, and [[Leto]] a mouse.<ref>[[Nicander]], ''apud'' [[Antoninus Liberalis]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Eolzuv0eQC&pg=PA87 28].</ref>

The geographer [[Strabo]] (c. 20 AD) gives several locations which were associated with the battle. According to Strabo, Typhon was said to have cut the serpentine channel of the [[Orontes River]], which flowed beneath the [[Syria]]n Mount Kasios (modern [[Jebel Aqra]]), while fleeing from Zeus,<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html#2.7 16.2.7]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76].</ref> and some placed the battle at [[Catacecaumene]] ("Burnt Land"),<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.19 12.8.19], compare with [[Diodorus Siculus]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html 5.71.2–6], which says that Zeus slew Typhon in Phrygia.</ref> a volcanic plain, on the upper [[Gediz River]], between the ancient kingdoms of [[Lydia]], [[Mysia]] and [[Phrygia]], near [[Mount Tmolus]] (modern Bozdağ) and [[Sardis]] the ancient capital of Lydia.<ref>Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA289 pp. 289–291], rejects Catacecaumene as the site of Homer's "Arimoi".</ref>

In the versions of the battle given by Hesiod, Aeschylus and Pindar, Zeus' defeat of Typhon is straightforward; however, a more involved version of the battle is given by Apollodorus.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 pp. 73–74]; Lane Fox, pp. 287–288; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3].  Though a late account, Apollodorus may have drawn upon early sources, see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA287 p. 287], Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref> No early source gives any reason for the conflict, but Apollodorus's account seemingly implies that Typhon had been produced by Gaia to avenge the destruction, by Zeus and the other gods, of the Giants, a previous generation of offspring of Gaia. According to Apollodorus, Typhon, "hurling kindled rocks", attacked the gods, "with hissings and shouts, spouting a great jet of fire from his mouth." Seeing this, the gods transformed into animals and fled to Egypt (as in Pindar and Nicander). However "Zeus pelted Typhon at a distance with thunderbolts, and at close quarters struck him down with an adamantine sickle".<ref>Perhaps this was supposed to be the same sickle which Cronus used to castrate [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], see [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D173 173 ff.]; Lane Fox, p. 288.</ref> Wounded, Typhon fled to the Syrian Mount Kasios, where Zeus "grappled" with him. But Typhon, twining his snaky coils around Zeus, was able to wrest away the sickle and cut the sinews from Zeus' hands and feet. Typhon carried the disabled Zeus across the sea to the [[Corycian cave (Turkey)|Corycian cave]] in Cilicia where he set the she-serpent [[Delphyne]] to guard over Zeus and his severed sinews, which Typhon had hidden in a bearskin.  But [[Hermes]] and [[Aegipan]] (possibly another name for [[Pan (god)|Pan]])<ref>Gantz, p. 50; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Daegipan-bio-1 "Aegipan"].</ref> stole the sinews and gave them back to Zeus. His strength restored, Zeus chased Typhon to mount Nysa, where the [[Moirai]] tricked Typhon into eating "ephemeral fruits" which weakened him. Typhon then fled to [[Thrace]], where he threw mountains at Zeus, which were turned back on him by Zeus' thunderbolts, and the mountain where Typhon stood, being drenched with Typhon's blood, became known as Mount Haemus (Bloody Mountain). Typhon then fled to [[Sicily]], where Zeus threw [[Mount Etna]] on top of Typhon burying him, and so finally defeated him.

[[Oppian]] (2nd century AD) says that Pan helped Zeus in the battle by tricking Typhon to come out from his lair, and into the open, by the "promise of a banquet of fish", thus enabling Zeus to defeat Typhon with his thunderbolts.<ref>[[Oppian]], ''[[Halieutica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/oppiancolluthust00oppiuoft#page/344/mode/2up 3.15–25 (pp. 344–347)]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA287 p. 287]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74, p. 74].</ref>

====Nonnus's ''Dionysiaca''====
[[File:002MA_Friso.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[Three-Bodied Daemon (ACMA 35)|three-bodied daemon]], perhaps Typhon. [[Acropolis Museum]], [[Greece]].]]

The longest and most involved version of the battle appears in [[Nonnus]]'s ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' (late 4th or early 5th century AD).<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA74 pp. 74–75]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA286 pp. 286–288]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74, pp. 74– 75].</ref> Zeus hides his thunderbolts in a cave, so that he might seduce the maiden [[Pluto (mother of Tantalus)|Pluto]], and so produce [[Tantalus]]. But smoke rising from the thunderbolts, enables Typhon, under the guidance of Gaia, to locate Zeus's weapons, steal them, and hide them in another cave.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up 1.145–164 (I pp. 12–15)].</ref> Immediately Typhon extends "his clambering hands into the upper air" and begins a long and concerted attack upon the heavens.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/15/mode/2up 1.164–257 (I pp. 14–21)].</ref> Then "leaving the air" he turns his attack upon the seas.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/20/mode/2up 1.258–293 (I pp. 20–25)].</ref> Finally Typhon attempts to wield Zeus' thunderbolts, but they "felt the hands of a novice, and all their manly blaze was unmanned."<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/24/mode/2up 1.294–320 (I pp. 24–27)].</ref>

Now Zeus' sinews had somehow – Nonnus does not say how or when — fallen to the ground during their battle, and Typhon had taken them also.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/40/mode/2up 1.510–512 (I pp. 40–41)]. Nonnus' account regarding the sinews is vague and not altogether sensible since as yet Zeus and Typhon have not met, see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA75 p. 75 n. 11] and Rose's note to [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/40/mode/2up 510 pp. 40–41 n. ''b''].</ref> But Zeus devises a plan with [[Cadmus]] and [[Pan (god)|Pan]] to beguile Typhon.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/28/mode/2up 1.363–407 (I pp. 28–33)].</ref> Cadmus, disguised as a shepherd, enchants Typhon by playing the panpipes, and Typhon entrusting the thunderbolts to Gaia, sets out to find the source of the music he hears.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/32/mode/2up 1.409–426 (I pp. 32–35)].</ref> Finding Cadmus, he challenges him to a contest, offering Cadmus any goddess as wife, excepting Hera whom Typhon has reserved for himself.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/34/mode/2up 1.427–480 (I pp. 34–37)]. For Typhon's plans to marry Hera see also [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/68/mode/2up 2.316–333 (I pp. 68–69)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/86/mode/2up 1.581–586 (I pp. 86–87)].</ref> Cadmus then tells Typhon that, if he liked the "little tune" of his pipes, then he would love the music of his lyre – if only it could be strung with Zeus' sinews.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/38/mode/2up 1.481–481 (I pp. 38–39)].</ref> So Typhon retrieves the sinews and gives them to Cadmus, who hides them in another cave, and again begins to play his bewitching pipes, so that "Typhoeus yielded his whole soul to Cadmos for the melody to charm".<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/38/mode/2up 1.507–534 (I pp. 38–41)].</ref>

With Typhon distracted, Zeus takes back his thunderbolts. Cadmus stops playing, and Typhon, released from his spell, rushes back to his cave to discover the thunderbolts gone. Incensed Typhon unleashes devastation upon the world: animals are devoured, (Typhon's many animal heads each eat animals of its own kind), rivers turned to dust, seas made dry land, and the land "laid waste".<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/44/mode/2up 2.1–93 (I pp. 44–51)].</ref>

The day ends with Typhon yet unchallenged, and while the other gods "moved about the cloudless Nile",  Zeus waits through the night for the coming dawn.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/56/mode/2up 2.163–169 (I pp. 56–57)].</ref> Victory "reproaches" Zeus, urging him to "stand up as champion of your own children!"<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/60/mode/2up 2.205–236 (I pp. 60–63)].</ref> Dawn comes and Typhon roars out a challenge to Zeus.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/62/mode/2up 2.244–355 (I pp. 62–71)].</ref> And a cataclysmic battle for "the sceptre and throne of Zeus" is joined. Typhon piles up mountains as battlements and with his "legions of arms innumerable", showers volley after volley of trees and rocks at Zeus, but all are destroyed, or blown aside, or dodged, or thrown back at Typhon. Typhon throws torrents of water at Zeus' thunderbolts to quench them, but Zeus is able to cut off some of Typhon's hands with "frozen volleys of air as by a knife", and hurling thunderbolts is able to burn more of Typhon's "endless hands", and cut off some of his "countless heads". Typhon is attacked by the four winds, and "frozen volleys of jagged hailstones."<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/72/mode/2up 2.356–539 (I pp. 72–85)].</ref> Gaia tries to aid her burnt and frozen son.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/84/mode/2up 2.540–552 (I pp. 84–85)].</ref> Finally Typhon falls, and Zeus shouts out a long stream of mocking taunts, telling Typhon that he is to be buried under Sicily's hills, with a [[cenotaph]] over him which will read "This is the barrow of Typhoeus, son of Earth, who once lashed the sky with stones, and the fire of heaven burnt him up".<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/84/mode/2up 2.553–630 (I pp. 84–91)].</ref>

===Burial and cause of volcanic activity===
====Etna and Ischia====
Most accounts have the defeated Typhon buried under either [[Mount Etna]] in [[Sicily]], or the volcanic island of [[Ischia]], the largest of the [[Phlegraean Islands]] off the coast of [[Naples]], with Typhon being the cause of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

Though Hesiod has Typhon simply cast into [[Tartarus]] by Zeus, some have read a reference to Mount Etna in Hesiod's description of Typhon's fall:
<blockquote>And flame shot forth from the thunderstricken lord in the dim rugged glens of the mount when he was smitten. A great part of huge earth was scorched by the terrible vapor and melted as tin melts when heated by men's art in channelled crucibles; or as iron, which is hardest of all things, is shortened by glowing fire in mountain glens and melts in the divine earth through the strength of Hephaestus. Even so, then, the earth melted in the glow of the blazing fire.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D853 859–867]. The reading of Etna here is doubted by West 1966, p. 393 line 860 '''ἀιδνῇς''', though see Lane Fox, p. 346 with n. 63.</ref></blockquote>

The first certain references to Typhon buried under Etna, as well as being the cause of its eruptions, occur in Pindar:

<blockquote>Son of Cronus, you who hold Aetna, the wind-swept weight on terrible hundred-headed Typhon,<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4 4.6–7].</ref> </blockquote>

and:
<blockquote>among them is he who lies in dread Tartarus, that enemy of the gods, Typhon with his hundred heads. Once the famous Cilician cave nurtured him, but now the sea-girt cliffs above Cumae, and Sicily too, lie heavy on his shaggy chest. And the pillar of the sky holds him down, snow-covered Aetna, year-round nurse of bitter frost, from whose inmost caves belch forth the purest streams of unapproachable fire. In the daytime her rivers roll out a fiery flood of smoke, while in the darkness of night the crimson flame hurls rocks down to the deep plain of the sea with a crashing roar. That monster shoots up the most terrible jets of fire; it is a marvellous wonder to see, and a marvel even to hear about when men are present. Such a creature is bound beneath the dark and leafy heights of Aetna and beneath the plain, and his bed scratches and goads the whole length of his back stretched out against it.<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.15–28].</ref></blockquote>

Thus Pindar has Typhon in Tartarus, and buried  under not just Etna, but under a vast volcanic region stretching from Sicily to [[Cumae]] (in the vicinity of modern [[Naples]]), a region which presumably also included [[Mount Vesuvius]], as well as Ischia.<ref>Strabo, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html 5.4.9], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.4.6 13.4.6]; Lane Fox, p. 299, Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Gantz, p. 49. Though Pindar doesn't mention the island by name, Lane Fox, p. 299, argues that the "sea-girt cliffs above Cumae" mentioned by Pindar refer to the island cliffs of Ischia.</ref>

Many subsequent accounts mention either Etna<ref>[[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343 353–374]; [[Nicander]], ''apud'' [[Antoninus Liberalis]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Eolzuv0eQC&pg=PA87 28]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/ovidsfasti00oviduoft#page/224/mode/2up 4.491–492 (pp. 224–225)], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D341 5.346 ff.]; [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus2.html 2.23 ff.]; [[Marcus Manilius|Manilius]], ''[[Astronomica (Manilius)|Astronomica]]''  [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/manilius-astronomica/1977/pb_LCL469.153.xml 2.879–880 (pp. 152, 153)]; [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''Hercules Furens'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/seneca_younger-hercules/2002/pb_LCL062.55.xml 46–62 (pp. 52–53)], ''Thyestes'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/seneca_younger-thyestes/2004/pb_LCL078.299.xml?result=22&rskey=QinWkK 808–809 (pp. 298–299)] (where the Chorus asks if Typhon has thrown the mountain (presumably Etna) off "and stretched his limbs"); [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html 152]; the b scholia to ''Iliad'' 2.783 (Kirk, Raven, and Schofield. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8PLsC&pg=PA59 pp. 59–60 no. 52]); [[Philostratus]], ''[[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/lifeofapollonius01phil#page/498/mode/2up 5.16 (pp.498–501)];  [[Philostratus the Elder]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/imagines00philuoft#page/198/mode/2up 2.17.5 (pp. 198–201)]; [[Nonnus]] ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/90/mode/2up 2.622–624 (I pp. 90–91)] (buried under Sicily).</ref> or Ischia.<ref>[[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/550/mode/2up 688–693 (pp. 550–551)]; [[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D9%3Acard%3D691 9.715–716]; [[Silius Italicus]], [[Punica (poem)|''Punica'']] [https://archive.org/stream/punicasi01siliuoft#page/432/mode/2up 8.540–541 (I pp. 432–433)] (see also  [[Punica (poem)|''Punica'']] [https://archive.org/stream/punicasi02siliuoft#page/156/mode/2up 12.148–149 (II pp. 156–157)], which has the [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] [[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]] also buried there); [[Claudian]], ''Rape of Proserpine'' [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/358/mode/2up 3.183–184 (pp. 358–359)]; [[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html 5.4.9] (Ridgway, David,  [https://books.google.com/books?id=9F44AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 pp. 35–36]).</ref> In ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', Typhon is imprisoned underneath Etna, while above him [[Hephaestus]] "hammers the molten ore", and in his rage, the "charred" Typhon causes "rivers of fire" to pour forth. [[Ovid]] has Typhon buried under all of Sicily, with his left and right hands under [[Punta del Faro|Pelorus]] and [[Pachynus]], his feet under [[Lilybaeum|Lilybaeus]], and his head under Etna; where he "vomits flames from his ferocious mouth". And [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valerius Flaccus]] has Typhon's head under Etna, and all of Sicily shaken when Typhon "struggles". [[Lycophron]] has both Typhon and [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]] buried under the island of Ischia. [[Virgil]], [[Silius Italicus]] and [[Claudian]], all calling the island "Inarime", have Typhon buried there. Strabo, calling Ischia "Pithecussae", reports the "myth" that Typhon lay buried there, and that when he "turns his body the flames and the waters, and sometimes even small islands containing boiling water, spout forth."<ref>Strabo, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html 5.4.9].</ref>

In addition to Typhon, other mythological beings were also said to be buried under Mount Etna and the cause of its volcanic activity.  Most notably the Giant [[Enceladus (giant)|Enceladus]] was said to be entombed under Etna, the volcano's eruptions being the breath of Enceladus, and its tremors caused by the Giant rolling over from side to side beneath the mountain.<ref>[[Callimachus]], [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/342/mode/2up fragment 117 (382) (pp. 342–343)]; [[Statius]], ''[[Thebaid (Latin poem)|Thebaid]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/statiuswithengli02statuoft#page/390/mode/2up 11.8 (pp. 390–391)]; ''Aetna'' (perhaps written by [[Lucilius Junior]]), [https://archive.org/stream/aetna___00elliuoft#page/8/mode/2up 71–73 (pp. 8–9)]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.2 1.6.2]; [[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Verg.+A.+3.578 3.578 ff.] (with Conington's note to  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0050%3Abook%3D3%3Acommline%3D578 3.578]); [[Philostratus]], ''[[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/lifeofapollonius01phil#page/498/mode/2up 5.16 (pp. 498–501)]; [[Claudian]], ''Rape of Proserpine'' [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/304/mode/2up 1.153–159 (pp. 304–305)], [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/328/mode/2up 2.151–162 (pp. 328–331)], [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/358/mode/2up 3.186–187 (pp. 358–359)]; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' (or ''Fall of Troy'') [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/252/mode/2up 5.641–643 (pp. 252–253)], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/606/mode/2up 14.582–585 (pp. 606–607)]. [[Philostratus the Elder]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/imagines00philuoft#page/198/mode/2up 2.17.5 (pp. 198–201)] has Enceladus buried in Italy rather than Sicily.</ref> Also said to be buried under Etna were the Hundred-hander [[Briareus]],<ref>[[Callimachus]], ''Hymn 4 (to Delos)'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/96/mode/2up 141–146 (pp. 96, 97)]; Mineur, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA153 p. 153].</ref> and Asteropus who was perhaps one of the [[Cyclopes]].<ref>[[Euphorion of Chalcis]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euphorion_chalcis-poetic_fragments/2010/pb_LCL508.303.xml fr. 71.11].</ref>

====Boeotia====

Typhon's final resting place was apparently also said to be in [[Boeotia]].<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA78 pp. 78–79]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29].</ref> The [[Hesiodic]] ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' names a mountain near [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] Typhaonium, perhaps reflecting an early tradition which also had Typhon buried under a [[Boeotia]]n mountain.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg003.perseus-eng1:1-38 32–33]; compare with [[Dio Chrysostom]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/1*.html#67 1.67], who speaks of a mountain peak near Thebes named for Typhon. See also [[Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]] ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/isaakioukaiiann00mlgoog#page/n531/mode/2up 177]. For other sources see Fontenrose,  [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA78 pp.78–79]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29].</ref>  And some apparently claimed that Typhon was buried beneath a mountain in Boeotia, from which came exhalations of fire.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA79 p. 79], who theorizres that, while there are no volcanoes in Boeotia, if any credence can be given to such accounts, these fiery exhalations (''anadoseis'') "were probably ground-fires such as are attested near Trapezos on the lower slopes of [[Mount Lykaion]] in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]", see [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.29.1 8.29.1].</ref>

==="Couch of Typhoeus"===
Homer describes a place he calls the "couch [or bed] of Typhoeus", which he locates in the land of the [[Arimoi]] (''εἰν Ἀρίμοις''), where Zeus lashes the land about Typhoeus with his thunderbolts.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.783&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134 2.783].</ref> Presumably this is the same land where, according to Hesiod, Typhon's mate Echidna keeps guard "in Arima" (''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν'').<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270 295–305]. Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA70 pp. 70–72]; West 1966, pp. 250–251 line 304 '''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν'''; Lane Fox, p. 288; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 pp. 28–29]. West, notes that Typhon's "couch" appears to be "not just 'where he lies', but also where he keeps his spouse"; compare with [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/354/mode/2up 8.97–98 (pp. 354–355)].</ref>

But neither Homer nor Hesiod say anything more about where these Arimoi or this Arima might be. The question of whether an historical place was meant, and its possible location, has been, since ancient times, the subject of speculation and debate.<ref>For an extensive discussion see Lane Fox, especially pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA39 39], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA107 107], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA283 283–301]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA317 317–318]. See also West 1966, pp. 250–251 line 304 '''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν'''; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 pp. 28–30].</ref>

[[Strabo]] discusses the question in some detail.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.6].</ref> Several locales, [[Cilicia]], [[History of Syria|Syria]], [[Lydia]], and the island of [[Ischia]], all places associated with Typhon, are given by Strabo as possible locations for Homer's "Arimoi".

[[Pindar]] has his Cilician Typhon slain by Zeus "among the Arimoi",<ref>[[Pindar]], fragment 93 ''apud'' [[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/13D*.html 13.4.6] (Race, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.329.xml pp. 328–329]).</ref> and the historian [[Callisthenes]] (4th century BC), located the Arimoi and the Arima mountains in Cilicia, near the [[Göksu|Calycadnus]] river, the Corycian cave and the Sarpedon promomtory.<ref>[[Callisthenes]] ''FGrH'' 124 F33 = [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.6]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA25 p. 25]; [[Robin Lane Fox|Lane Fox]], p. 292. [[Robin Lane Fox|Lane Fox]], pp. 292–298, connects Arima with the [[Hittites|Hittite]] place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta" which he associates with the Corycian cave.</ref> The b scholia to ''[[Iliad]]'' 2.783, mentioned above, says Typhon was born in Cilicia "under Arimon",<ref>Kirk, Raven, and Schofield. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8PLsC&pg=PA59 pp. 59–60 no. 52]; Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA36 pp. 36–38]; Gantz, pp. 50–51, Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76 n. 46].</ref> and [[Nonnus]] mentions Typhon's "bloodstained cave of Arima" in Cilicia.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up 1.140. (I pp. 12–13)].</ref>

Just across the [[Gulf of Issus]] from [[Corycus]], in ancient Syria, was Mount Kasios (modern [[Jebel Aqra]]) and the [[Orontes River]], sites associated with Typhon's battle with Zeus,<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html 16.2.7]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76].</ref> and according to Strabo, the historian [[Posidonius]] (c. 2nd century BC) identified the Arimoi with the [[Aramaeans]] of Syria.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html 16.4.27].  According to West 1966, p. 251, "This identification [Arimoi as Aramaeans] has been repeated in modern times." For example for Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71 p. 71], the "Arimoi, it seems fairly certain, are the Aramaeans, and the country is either Syria or Cilicia, most likely the latter, since in later sources that is usually Typhon's land." But see Fox Lane, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA107 107], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA291 291–298], which rejects this identification, instead arguing for the derivation of "Arima" from the [[Hittites|Hittite]] place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta".</ref>

Alternatively, according to Strabo, some placed the Arimoi at Catacecaumene,<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.19 12.8.19].</ref> while [[Xanthus (historian)|Xanthus of Lydia]] (5th century BC) added that "a certain Arimus" ruled there.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.11].</ref> Strabo also tells us that for "some" Homer's "couch of Typhon" was located "in a wooded place, in the fertile land of Hyde", with Hyde being another name for [[Sardis]] (or its acropolis), and that [[Demetrius of Scepsis]] (2nd century BC) thought that the Arimoi were most plausibly located "in the Catacecaumene country in Mysia".<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.6]. For Hyde see also [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+20.386 20.386].</ref> The 3rd-century BC poet [[Lycophron]] placed the lair of Typhon's mate Echidna in this region.<ref>[[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/606/mode/2up 1351 ff. (pp. 606–607)] associates Echidna's "dread bed" with a lake identified as Lake Gygaea or Koloe (modern [[Lake Marmara]]), see Robert, pp. 334 ff.; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA290 pp. 290–291]. For Lake Gygaea see [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.858 2.864–866]; [[Herodotus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.93 1.93]; [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D5 13.4.5–6].</ref>

Another place, mentioned by Strabo, as being associated with Arima, is the island of [[Ischia]], where according to [[Pherecydes of Athens]], Typhon had fled, and in the area where Pindar and others had said Typhon was buried. The connection to Arima, comes from the island's Greek name Pithecussae, which derives from the Greek word for monkey, and according to Strabo, residents of the island said that "arimoi" was also the Etruscan word for monkeys.<ref>Strabo, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.4.6 13.4.6]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA298 pp. 298–301]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76 n. 47]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29].</ref>

==Name==
Typhon's name has a number of variants.<ref>Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA152 p. 152]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA70 p. 70].</ref> The earliest forms, Typhoeus and Typhaon, occur prior to the 5th century BC. Homer uses Typhoeus,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.780 2.782, 783].</ref> Hesiod and the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'' use both Typhoeus and Typhaon.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:304-336 306 (Typhaon)], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:820-852 821 (Typhoeus)], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:853-885 869 (Typhoeus)]; [[Homeric Hymns|''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'']] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D305 306 (Typhaon)], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:349-396 352 (Typhaon)], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:349-396 367 (Typhoeus)].</ref> The later forms Typhos and Typhon occur from the 5th century BC onwards, with Typhon becoming the standard form by the end of that century.

Though several possible derivations of the name Typhon have been suggested, the derivation remains uncertain.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA546 p. 546]; West 1966, p. 381; Lane Fox, 298, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA405 p. 405], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA407 p. 407 n. 53]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA152 pp. 152–153]. Fontenrose: "His name is very likely not Greek; but though non-Hellenic etymologies have been suggested, I doubt that its meaning is now recoverable"; West: "The origin of the name and its variant forms is unexplained"; Lane Fox: "a name of uncertain derivation". Given that Typhoeus and Typhaon are apparently the earlier forms, Ogden, suggests that theories based upon the assumption that "Typhon" is the primary form "seem ill-founded", and says that it "seems much more likely" that the form Typhon arose from "the desire to assimilate this ''drakōn<nowiki>'</nowiki>''s name to the name shape of other ''drakontes,'' perhaps Python in particular".</ref> Consistent with Hesiod's making storm winds Typhon's offspring, some have supposed that Typhon was originally a wind-god, and ancient sources associated him with the Greek words ''tuphon, tuphos'' meaning "whirlwind".<ref>West 1966, pp. 252, 381; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA152 p. 152], both citing Worms 1953. But according to West "it is far from certain that there is any real etymological connection ... [Typhon's] association with the tornado is secondary, and due to popular etymology. It may have already influenced Hesiod, for there is at present no better explanation of the fact that irregular stormwinds (especially those met at sea) are made the children of [Typhon]."  For the use of the words τῡφώς, τῡφῶν meaning "whirlwind" see ''LSJ'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*tufw%2Fs Τυ_φώς, ῶ, ὁ]; ''[[Suda]]'' s.v.  [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin//search.pl?login=&enlogin=&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=tau,422 Tetuphômai], [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin//search.pl?login=&enlogin=&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=tau,1224 Tuphôn], [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin//search.pl?login=&enlogin=&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=tau,1228 Tuphôs]; [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Agamemnon (play)|Agamemnon]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=6524858581B05592D058664E078012D5?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Acard%3D636 656]; [[Aristophanes]], ''[[Frogs]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=0E809D73B79223CBB895A037F22CDDD9?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0032%3Acard%3D830 848], ''[[Lysistrata]]'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0242%3Acard%3D954 974]; [[Sophocles]], ''[[Antigone (Sophocles play)|Antigone]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0186%3Acard%3D407 418].</ref> Other theories include derivation from a Greek root meaning "smoke" (consistent with Typhon's identification with volcanoes),<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA546 p. 546] with n. 2; Lane Fox, p. 298, which offers the derivation of Typhon from the Greek τῡφῶν ''tūphōn'' ("smoking", "smouldering"), though Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA153 p. 153], while conceding that such a derivation "fits Typhon's nature and condition in life and death so perfectly", objects (n. 23) "why would the participle-style declension in ''–ων, –οντος'' have been substituted with one in ''–ῶν, –ῶνος''?"</ref> from an [[Indo-European root]] (*''dhuH''-) meaning "abyss" (making Typhon a "Serpent of the Deep"),<ref>Watkins, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JrvnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA460 pp. 460–463]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA152 pp. 152–153].</ref><ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 1522.</ref> and from Sapõn the [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] name for the [[Ugaritic]] god [[Baal]]'s holy mountain [[Jebel Aqra]] (the classical Mount Kasios) associated with the epithet [[Baal-zephon|Baʿal Sapōn]].<ref>Supported, with caveats, by West 1997, p. 303: "Here, then, we have a divinity [Baʿal Zaphon] with a name which might indeed have become "Typhon" in Greek", but rejected by Lane Fox, p. 298. See also Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA546 p. 546 n. 2]; West 1966, p. 252; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA153 p. 153], with n. 22.</ref>

The name may have influenced the Persian word ''tūfān'' which is a source of the meteorological term [[typhoon]].<ref>The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary by Garland Hampton Cannon and Alan S. Kaye considers typhoon "a special case, transmitted by Cantonese, from Arabic, but ultimately deriving from Greek. [...] The Chinese applied the [Greek] concept to a rather different wind [...]"</ref>

==Comparative mythology==
===Succession myth===
The Typhonomachy—Zeus' battle with, and defeat of Typhon—is just one part of a larger "Succession Myth" given in Hesiod's ''Theogony''.<ref>West 1966, pp. 18–19; West 1997, pp. 276–278.</ref> The Hesiodic succession myth describes how [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], the original ruler of the cosmos, hid his offspring away inside [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]], but was overthrown by his [[Titans (mythology)|Titan]] son [[Cronus]], who castrated Uranus, and how in turn, Cronus, who swallowed his children as they were born, was himself overthrown by his son Zeus, whose mother had given Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow, in place of Zeus. However Zeus is then confronted with one final adversary, Typhon, which he quickly defeats. Now clearly the supreme power in the cosmos, Zeus is elected king of gods. Zeus then establishes and secures his realm through the apportionment of various functions and responsibilities to the other gods, and by means of marriage. Finally, by swallowing his first wife [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], who was destined to produce a son stronger than himself, Zeus is able to put an end to the cycle of succession.

===Python===
Typhon's story seems related to that of another monstrous offspring of Gaia: [[Python (mythology)|Python]], the serpent killed by [[Apollo]] at [[Delphi]],<ref>For a discussion of Python, see Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA40 pp. 40–48]; Fontenrose, especially [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA13 pp. 13–22]. For Python's parentage, see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA47 p. 47]; [[Euripides]], ''[[Iphigenia in Tauris]] '' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg013.perseus-eng1:1234-1258 1244–1248]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#152 152]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:1.416-1.451 1.434–438].</ref> suggesting a possible common origin.<ref>Fontenrose, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA77 77, with n. 1],  [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA193 193]; Watkins, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JrvnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA462 p. 462].</ref>
Besides the similarity of names, their shared parentage, and the fact that both were snaky monsters killed in single combat with an Olympian god, there are other connections between the stories surrounding Typhon, and those surrounding [[Python (mythology)|Python]].<ref>For an extensive discussion of the similarities, see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA77 pp. 77–93]; see also Kerenyi, pp. 26–28, 136.</ref>

Although the Delphic monster killed by [[Apollo]] is usually said to be the male serpent Python, in the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'', the earliest account of this story, the god kills a nameless she-serpent (''[[Drakaina (mythology)|drakaina]]''), subsequently called [[Delphyne]], who had been Typhon's foster-mother.<ref>''Hymn to Apollo'' (3) [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D267 300–306], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D349 349–369]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA40 pp. 40 ff.]; Gantz, p. 88; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA14 pp. 14–15]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA94 p. 94]. [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3], for example, calls her Delphyne.</ref> Delphyne and Echidna, besides both being intimately connected to Typhon—one as mother, the other as mate—share other similarities.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA94 pp. 94–97] argues that Echidna and Delphyne (along with Ceto and possibly Scylla) were different names for the same creature.</ref> Both were half-maid and half-snake,<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3] calls Delphyne both a ''drakaina'' and a "half-bestial maiden"; see Ogden 2013a, p. 44, Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA95 p. 95].</ref> a plague to men,<ref>''Hymn to Apollo'' (3) [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D267 300–304]; see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA14 p. 14].</ref> and associated with the Corycian cave in Cilicia.<ref>According to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3], Typhon set Delphyne as guard over Zeus' severed sinews in the Corycian cave; see Ogden, 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA42 p. 42]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA94 p. 94].</ref>

Python was also perhaps connected with a different [[Corycian Cave]] than the one in Cilicia, this one on the slopes of [[Parnassus]] above Delphi, and just as the Corycian cave in Cilicia was thought to be Typhon and Echidna's lair, and associated with Typhon's battle with Zeus, there is evidence to suggest that the Corycian cave above Delphi was supposed to be Python's (or Delphyne's) lair, and associated with his (or her) battle with Apollo.<ref>Fontenrose, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA78 78]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA407 407–412].</ref>

===Near Eastern influence===
From at least as early as Pindar, and possibly as early as Homer and Hesiod (with their references to the Arimoi and Arima), Typhon's birthplace and battle with Zeus were associated with various Near East locales in Cilicia and Syria, including the Corycian Cave, Mount Kasios, and the Orontes River. Besides this coincidence of place, the Hesiodic succession myth, (including the Typhonomachy), as well as other Greek accounts of these myths, exhibit other parallels with several [[ancient Near East]]ern antecedents, and it is generally held that the Greek accounts are intimately connected with, and influenced by, these Near Eastern counterparts.<ref>West 1966, pp. 19–31; Burkert, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VyoiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 pp. 19–24]; Penglase, especially pp. 1—2, 152, 156–165, 199–205; West 1997, pp. 276–305; Lane Fox, pp. 242–314.</ref> In particular, the Typhonomachy is generally thought to have been influenced by several Near Eastern monster-slaying myths.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA145 p. 145]; West 1966, pp. 379–380 lines 820–80 '''Typhoeus''', 391–392 line 853; Penglase, pp. 87–88, 152, 156–157, 159, 161–165; Watkins, pp. 448–459; West 1997, pp. 303–304; Lane Fox 2010, pp. 283 ff.; Ogden 2013a, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA14 14–15], [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA75 75].</ref>

====Mesopotamia====
Three related god vs. monster combat myths from [[Mesopotamia]], date from at least the early second-millennium BC or earlier. These are the battles of the god Ninurta with the monsters Asag and Anzu, and the god Marduk's battle with the monstrous Tiamat.

=====Ninurta vs. Asag=====

''[[Lugal-e]]'', a late-third-millennium BC [[Sumer]]ian poem, tells the story of the battle between the [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]] hero-god [[Ninurta]] and the terrible monster [[Asag]].<ref>Fontenrose, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA146 146–147], [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA151 151], [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA152 152], [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA155 155], [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA161 161]; Penglase, pp. 54–58; 163, 164; West 1997, p. 301; Ogden 2013a, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA11 11], [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA78 78].</ref> Like Typhon, Asag was a monstrous hissing offspring of Earth ([[Ki (goddess)|Ki]]), who grew mighty and challenged the rule of Ninurta, who like Zeus, was a storm-god employing winds and floods as weapons. As in Hesiod's account of the Typhonomachy, during their battle, both Asag and Ninurta set fire to the landscape.  And like Apollodorus' Typhon, Asag evidently won an initial victory, before being finally overcome by Ninurta.

=====Ninurta vs. Anzû=====
[[File:Chaos Monster and Sun God.png|thumb|220px|[[Ninurta]] with his thunderbolts battles the winged [[Anzû]], palace relief, [[Nineveh]].]]

The early second millennium BC [[Akkadian literature|Akkadian]] epic ''Anzû'' tells the story of another combat of Ninurta with a monstrous challenger.<ref>Penglase, pp. 44–47; West 1997, pp. 301–302; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; Dalley 1989 (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&pg=PA222 pp. 222 ff.].</ref> This second foe is the winged monster [[Anzû]], another offspring of Earth. Like Hesiod's Typhon, Anzû roared like a lion,<ref>West 1997, p. 301.</ref> and was the source of destructive storm winds. Ninurta destroys Anzû on a mountainside, and is portrayed as lashing the ground where Anzû lay with a rainstorm and floodwaters, just as Homer has Zeus lash the land about Typhon with his thunderbolts.<ref>West 1997, p. 301.</ref>

=====Marduk vs. Tiamat=====

The early second-millennium BC [[Babylonia]]n-[[Akkadian literature|Akkadian]] creation epic ''[[Enūma Eliš]]'' tells the story of the battle of the Babylonian supreme god [[Marduk]] with [[Tiamat]], the Sea personified.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA148 pp. 148–151]; West 1966, pp. 22–24; West 1997, pp. 67–68, 280–282; Ogden 2013a, pp. 11–12.</ref>  Like Zeus, Marduk was a storm-god, who employed wind and lightning as weapons, and who, before he can succeed to the kingship of the gods, must defeat a huge and fearsome enemy in single combat.<ref>Fontenrose, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA150 150], [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA158 158]; West 1966, pp. 23–24; West 1997, pp. 282, 302.</ref> This time the monster is female, and may be related to the Pythian dragoness [[Delphyne]],<ref>Penglase, pp. 87–88.</ref> or Typhon's mate Echidna, since like Echidna, Tiamat was the mother of a brood of monsters.<ref>Fontenrose, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA149 149], [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA152 152]; West 1966, pp. 244, 379; West 1997, p. 468. Although Gaia's attitude toward Zeus in Hesiod's ''Theogony'' is mostly benevolent: protecting him as a child (479 ff.), helping him to defeat the Titans (626–628), advising him to swallow Metis, thereby protecting him from overthrow, (890–894). she also (apparently with malice) gives birth to Zeus' worst enemy Typhon; West 1966, p. 24, sees in the Tiamat story a possible explanation for this "odd little inconsistency".
</ref>

====Mount Kasios====
Like the Typhonomachy, several Near East myths,  tell of battles between a storm-god and a snaky monster associated with Mount Kasios, the modern [[Jebel Aqra]]. These myths are usually considered to be the origins of the myth of Zeus's battle with Typhon.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA145 p. 145]; Watkins,  pp. 448 ff.; Ogden 2013a, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA14 14–15], [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA75 75]. For a detailed discussion of the myths surrounding the Jebel Aqra and their relationship with the Typhonomachy see Lane Fox, pp. 242–301.</ref>

=====Baal Sapon vs. Yamm=====
From the south side of the Jebel Aqra, comes the tale of [[Baal-zephon|Baal Sapon]], and [[Yam (god)|Yamm]], the deified Sea (like Tiamat above). Fragmentary [[Ugaritic]] tablets, dated to the fourteenth or thirteenth-century BC, tell the story of the [[Canaan]]ite storm-god Baal Sapon's battle against the monstrous Yamm on Mount Sapuna the Canaanite name for later Greeks' Mount Kasios. Baal defeats Yamm with two throwing clubs (thunderbolts?) named 'Expeller' and 'Chaser', which fly like eagles from the storm-god's hands. Other tablets associate the defeat of the snaky Yamm with the slaying of a seven headed serpent [[Lotan|''ltn'' (Litan/Lotan)]], apparently corresponding to the biblical [[Leviathan]].<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA129 pp. 129–138]; West 1997, pp. 84–87; Lane Fox, pp. 244–245, 282; Ogden 2013a, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA12 12], [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA14 14], [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA75 75].</ref>

=====Tarhunna vs. Illuyanka=====
[[Image:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations082 kopie1jpg.jpg|thumb|right|300px| [[Tarḫunna|Tarhunna]] battles the serpent [[Illuyanka]], [[Museum of Anatolian Civilizations]], [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]].]]
From the north side of the Jebel Aqra, come [[Hittites|Hittite]] myths, c. 1250 BC, which tell two versions of the storm-god [[Tarḫunna|Tarhunna]]'s (Tarhunta's) battle against the serpent [[Illuyanka|Illuyanka(s)]].<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA121 pp. 121–125]; West 1966, pp. 391–392 line 853; Burkert, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VyoiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 p. 20]; Penglase, pp. 163–164; Watkins, pp. 444–446; West 1997, p. 304; Lane Fox, pp. 284–285; Ogden 2013a, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA12 12–13], [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA75 75], [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA77 77–78].</ref> In both of these versions, Tarhunna suffers an initial defeat against Illuyanka. In one version, Tarhunna seeks help from the goddess [[Inara (goddess)|Inara]], who lures Illuyanka from his lair with a banquet, thereby enabling Tarhunna to surprise and kill Illuyanka. In the other version Illuyanka steals the heart and eyes of the defeated god, but Tarhunna's son marries a daughter of Illuyanka and is able to retrieve Tarhunna's stolen body parts, whereupon Tarhunna kills Illuyanka.

These stories particularly resemble details found in the accounts of the Typhonomachy of Apollodorus, Oppian and Nonnus, which, though late accounts, possibly preserve much earlier ones:<ref>West 1966, pp. 21–22, 391–392 line 853; Penglase, p. 164 (who calls Tarhunna by his Hurrian name Teshub); Lane Fox, pp. 286–287; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA77 pp. 77–78]</ref> The storm-god's initial defeat (Apollodorus, Nonnus), the loss of vital body parts (sinews: Apollodorus, Nonnus), the help of allies (Hermes and Aegipan: Apollodorus; Cadmos and Pan: Nonnus; Pan: Oppian), the luring of the serpentine opponent from his lair through the trickery of a banquet (Oppian, or by music: Nonnus).

=====Teshub vs. Hedammu and Ullikummi=====
Another c. 1250 BC Hittite text, derived from the [[Hurrians]], tells of the Hurrian storm-god [[Teshub]] (with whom the Hittite's Tarhunna came to be identified) who lived on [[Mount Hazzi]], the Hurrian name for the Jebel Aqra, and his battle with the sea-serpent Hedammu. Again the storm-god is aided by a goddess Sauska (equivalent to Inaru), who this time seduces the monster with music (as in Nonnus), drink, and sex, successfully luring the serpent from his lair in the sea.<ref>Lane Fox, pp. 245, 284, 285–286; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA13 p. 13].</ref> Just as the Typhonomachy can be seen as a sequel to the Titanomachy, a different Hittite text derived from the Hurrians, ''The Song of Ullikummi'', a kind of sequel to the Hittite "kingship in heaven" succession myths of which the story of Teshub and Hedammu formed a part, tells of a second monster, this time made of stone, named Ullikummi that Teshub must defeat, in order to secure his rule.<ref>West 1966, pp. 21, 379–380, 381; Burkert, p. 20; Penglase, pp. 156, 159, 163; West 1997, pp. 103–104; Lane Fox, p. 286.</ref>

====Set====
From apparently as early as [[Hecataeus of Miletus]] ({{circa|550 BC|476 BC}}), Typhon was identified with [[Set (deity)|Set]], the Egyptian god of chaos and storms.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 p. 28]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; West 1997, p. 304; West 1966, p. 380; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA177 p. 177 ff.]; Hecataeus ''FGrH'' 1 F300 (apud [[Herodotus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+2.144.2 2.144.2]).</ref> This syncretization with [[Egyptian mythology]] can also be seen in the story, apparently known as early as Pindar, of Typhon chasing the gods to Egypt, and the gods transforming themselves into animals.<ref>Griffiths, pp. 374–375; [[Pindar]], fr. 91 SM ''apud'' [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], ''On Abstinence From Animal Food'' 3.16 (Taylor, [https://archive.org/stream/selectworksporp00taylgoog#page/n132/mode/2up p. 111]); Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA217 p. 217]; Gantz, p. 49; West 1966, p. 380; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]. For the gods' transformation and flight to Egypt see also [[Nicander]], ''apud'' [[Antoninus Liberalis]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Eolzuv0eQC&pg=PA87 28], [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomica|Astronomica]]'' 2.28, 2.30; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D250 5.321–331]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3].</ref> Such a story arose perhaps as a way for the Greeks to explain Egypt's animal-shaped gods.<ref>Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ir5FhAQbcfAC&pg=PA23 p. 23]; Griffiths, pp. 374–375; Fontenrose, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA75 75], [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA177 177].</ref> Herodotus also identified Typhon with Set, making him the second to last divine king of Egypt. Herodotus says that Typhon was deposed by [[Osiris]]' son [[Horus]], whom Herodutus equates with [[Apollo]] (with Osiris being equated with [[Dionysus]]),<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 p. 28]; [[Herodotus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+2.144.2 2.144.2]; cf. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+2.156.4 2.156.4].</ref> and after his defeat  by Horus, Typhon was "supposed to have been hidden" in the "[[Serbonian Bog|Serbonian marsh]]" (identified with modern [[Lake Bardawil]]) in Egypt.<ref>[[Herodotus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+3.5 3.5].</ref>

==Confused with the Giants==
Typhon bears a close resemblance to an older generation of descendants of Gaia, the [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]].<ref>Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ir5FhAQbcfAC&pg=PA21 p. 21]. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+185 185], has the Giants being the offspring of Gaia (Earth), born from the blood that fell when [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] (Sky) was castrated by his [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] son [[Cronus]]. [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]''  [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface] gives [[Tartarus]] as the father of the Giants.</ref> They, like their younger brother Typhon after them, challenged Zeus for supremacy of the cosmos,<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.1 1.6.1–2]. Their war with the Olympian gods was known as the [[Gigantomachy]].</ref> were (in later representations) shown as snake-footed,<ref>Gantz, p. 453; Hanfmann, ''[[The Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' s.v. "Giants"; Frazer, note to 8.29.3 "That the giants have serpents instead of feet" [https://archive.org/stream/pausaniassdescr01pausgoog#page/n336/mode/2up pp. 315–316].</ref> and end up buried under volcanos.<ref>As noted above, the Giant Enceladus was said to lie buried under [[Mount Etna]]. For the Giants Alcyoneus (along with "many giants") under [[Mount Vesuvius]], see [[Philostratus]], ''On Heroes'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=R8nMVkv_lZ4C&pg=PA14 8.15–16 (p. 14)]; [[Claudian]], ''Rape of Proserpine'' [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/358/mode/2up 3.183–184 (pp. 358–359)]; for [[Mimas (Giant)|Mimas]] under the volcanic island of Prochyte (modern [[Procida]]), see [[Silius Italicus]], [[Punica (poem)|''Punica'']] [https://archive.org/stream/punicasi02siliuoft#page/156/mode/2up 12.143–151 (pp. 156–159)]; and for Polybotes under the volcanic island of [[Nisyros]], see [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.2 1.6.2].</ref>

While distinct in early accounts, in later accounts Typhon was often considered to be one of the Giants.<ref>Rose, ''[[The Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' s.v. "Typhon, Typhoeus"; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA80 p. 80].</ref> The ''[[Fabulae]]'' (c. 2nd century AD), a Latin handbook of mythology, includes Typhon in its list of Giants,<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface].</ref> while the Roman poet [[Horace]] (65 – 8 BC), mentions Typhon, along with the Giants [[Mimas (Giant)|Mimas]], [[Porphyrion]], and [[Enceladus (giant)|Enceladus]], as together battling [[Athena]], during the Gigantomachy.<ref>[[Horace]], ''[[Odes (Horace)|Odes]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0025%3Abook%3D3%3Apoem%3D4 3.4.53].</ref> The ''[[Astronomica (Manilius)|Astronomica]]'', attributed to the 1st-century AD Roman poet and astrologer [[Marcus Manilius]],<ref>[[Marcus Manilius|Manilius]], ''[[Astronomica (Manilius)|Astronomica]]'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/manilius-astronomica/1977/pb_LCL469.151.xml 2.874–880 (pp. 150–151)].</ref> and the late 4th-century early 5th-century Greek poet [[Nonnus]], also consider Typhon to be one of the Giants.<ref>Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bFwWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 p. 33]. See for example [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/16/mode/2up 1.176 (I pp. 16–17)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/18/mode/2up 1.220 (I pp. 18–19)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/20/mode/2up 1.244 (I pp. 20–21)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/22/mode/2up 1.263 (I pp. 22–23)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/24/mode/2up 1.291 (I pp. 24–25)].</ref>

==See also==
*[[Apep]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Seven Against Thebes]]'' in ''Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes.'' Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1926.
* [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' in ''Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes.'' Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1926. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Anonymous, [[Homeric Hymns|''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'']], in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
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*  [[Károly Kerényi|Kerényi, Carl]], ''The Gods of the Greeks'',  Thames and Hudson, London, 1951.
* Kirk, G. S., J. E. Raven, M. Schofield, ''The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts'', Cambridge University Press, Dec 29, 1983. {{ISBN|9780521274555}}.
* [[Robin Lane Fox|Lane Fox, Robin]], ''Travelling Heroes: In the Epic Age of Homer'', Vintage Books, 2010. {{ISBN|9780679763864}}.
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* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], I Books I–XV. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive]
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* Ogden, Daniel (2013b), ''Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and early Christian Worlds: A sourcebook'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-992509-4}}.
* [[Oppian]], ''[[Halieutica]]'' in ''Oppian, Colluthus, Tryphiodorus, With an English Translation by A. W. Mair'',  London, W. Heinemann, 1928. [https://archive.org/stream/oppiancolluthust00oppiuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive]
* [[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Ovid's Fasti]]: With an English translation by Sir James George Frazer'', London: W. Heinemann LTD; Cambridge, Massachusetts: : Harvard University Press, 1959. [https://archive.org/stream/ovidsfasti00oviduoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', Brookes More. Boston. Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Penglase, Charles, ''Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod'', Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 (first published 1994 by Routledge). {{isbn|0-203-44391-8}}. [http://www.fb-rpi.itkm.ru/books/Religiovedenie/%CC%E5%F1%EE%EF%EE%F2%E0%EC%E8%FF/GREEK%20MYTHS%20AND%20MESOPOTAMIA.pdf PDF].
* [[Philostratus]], ''On Heroes'', editors Jennifer K. Berenson MacLean, Ellen Bradshaw Aitken, BRILL, 2003, {{ISBN|9789004127012}}.
* [[Pindar]], ''Odes'', Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
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* Race, William H., ''Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments'', Edited and translated by William H. Race. [[Loeb Classical Library]] 485. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, revised 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99534-5}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL485/1997/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Herbert Jennings Rose|Rose, Herbert Jennings]], "Typhon, Typhoeus" in ''[[The Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', second edition,  [[N. G. L. Hammond|Hammond, N.G.L.]] and [[Howard Hayes Scullard]] (editors), [[Oxford University Press]], 1992. {{ISBN|0-19-869117-3}}.
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* [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''Tragedies, Volume II: Oedipus. Agamemnon. Thyestes. Hercules on Oeta. Octavia.'' Edited and translated by John G. Fitch. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 78. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99610-6}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL078/2004/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Silius Italicus]], ''[[Punica (poem)|''Punica'']] with an English translation by J. D. Duff'', Volume II, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1934. [https://archive.org/stream/punicasi02siliuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Sophocles]], ''[[Women of Trachis]]'', Translated by Robert Torrance. Houghton Mifflin. 1966. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0222%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
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*Taylor, Thomas, ''Select Works of Porphyry: Containing His Four Books on Abstinence from Animal Food, His Treatise on the Homeric Cave of the Nymphs and His Auxiliaries to the Perception of Intelligible Natures'', London, T. Rodd, 1823. [https://archive.org/stream/selectworksporp00taylgoog#page/n4/mode/2up Internet Archive]
* Trypanis, C. A., Gelzer, Thomas; Whitman, Cedric, ''CALLIMACHUS, MUSAEUS, Aetia, Iambi, Hecale and Other Fragments. Hero and Leander'', Harvard University Press, 1975. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99463-8}}.
* [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]], ''[[Chiliades]]'', editor Gottlieb Kiessling, F.C.G. Vogel, 1826. (English translation, Books II–IV, by Gary Berkowitz. [https://archive.org/stream/TzetzesCHILIADES/Chiliades#page/n0/mode/1up Internet Archive]).
* [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valerius Flaccus, Gaius]], ''Argonautica'', translated by J. H. Mozley, [[Loeb Classical Library]] Volume 286. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928.
* [[Jean-Pierre Vernant]], ''The Origins of Greek Thought''. Cornell University Press, 1982. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KktoPGN4JaoC Google books]
* [[Virgil]]; ''Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics Of Vergil''. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Verg.+G.+1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Calvert Watkins]], ''How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics", Oxford University Press.'' 1995. {{ISBN|0-19-508595-7}}. [https://smerdaleos.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/151964305-how-to-kill-a-dragon-by-calvin-watkins.pdf PDF].
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1997), ''The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-815042-3}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Typhon}}

{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
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