Editing Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas

{{Short description|1870 novel by Jules Verne}}
{{Redirect|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea}}
{{Infobox book|<!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| image             = Houghton FC8 V5946 869ve - Verne, frontispiece.jpg
| caption           = Frontispiece of 1871 edition
| title_orig        = Vingt Mille Lieues sous les mers
| author            = [[Jules Verne]]
| illustrator       = [[Alphonse de Neuville]] and [[Édouard Riou]]
| translator        = <!--translators probably shouldn't be listed here; listing all of them would make the infobox unwieldy-->
| country           = France
| language          = French
| series            = [[Voyages extraordinaires]]<br>[[Captain Nemo]] #1<!--better not to include a series number; the original editions were not numbered, and the numbering varies depending on what book you consider the series to have started with-->
| genre             = [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]], [[Science fiction]]<ref>Canavan, Gerry (2018). ''The Cambridge History of Science Fiction''. Cambridge University Press. ({{ISBN|978-1-31-669437-4}})</ref>
| publisher         = [[Pierre-Jules Hetzel]]
| pub_date          = March 1869 to June 1870 (as serial)<br>1870 (book form)
| english_pub_date  = 1872
| preceded_by       = [[In Search of the Castaways]]
| followed_by       = [[Around the Moon]]
}}

'''''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas''''' ({{langx|fr|Vingt Mille Lieues sous les mers}}) is a [[science fiction]] [[adventure novel]] by the French writer [[Jules Verne]]. It is often considered a [[Classic book|classic]] within both its genres and [[world literature]]. The novel was originally [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] from March 1869 to June 1870 in [[Pierre-Jules Hetzel]]'s French fortnightly periodical, the {{lang|fr|Magasin d'éducation et de récréation|italic=yes}}. A deluxe octavo edition, published by Hetzel in November 1871, included 111 illustrations by [[Alphonse de Neuville]] and [[Édouard Riou]].<ref name=biblio>{{citation|last=Dehs|first=Volker|title=The Complete Jules Verne Bibliography: I. Voyages Extraordinaires|url=http://jv.gilead.org.il/biblio/voyages.html|work=Jules Verne Collection|publisher=Zvi Har’El|access-date=2012-09-06|author2=Jean-Michel Margot| author3= Zvi Har'El}}</ref> 

The book was widely acclaimed on its release, and remains so; it is regarded as one of the premier adventure novels and one of Verne's greatest works, along with ''[[Around the World in Eighty Days]]'', ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' and ''[[Michael Strogoff]]''. Its depiction of [[Captain Nemo]]'s [[submarine]], the [[Nautilus (fictional submarine)|''Nautilus'']], is regarded as ahead of its time, since it accurately describes many features of modern submarines, which in the 1860s were comparatively primitive vessels.

Jules Verne saw a model of the [[French submarine Plongeur|French submarine ''Plongeur'']] at the {{lang|fr|[[Exposition Universelle (1867)|Exposition Universelle]]|italic=no}} in 1867, which inspired him while writing the novel.<ref>Payen, J. (1989). De l'anticipation à l'innovation. Jules Verne et le problème de la locomotion mécanique.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Notice at the Musée de la Marine, [[Rochefort (Charente-Maritime)|Rochefort]]</ref><ref>Compère, D. (2006). Jules Verne: bilan d'un anniversaire. Romantisme, (1), 87-97.</ref>

==Title==
The title refers to the distance travelled under the various seas: 20,000 [[League (unit)#France|metric leagues]] (80,000&nbsp;km, over 40,000 nautical miles), nearly twice the [[circumference of the Earth]].<ref>F. P. Walter's [[Project Gutenberg]] translation of Part 2, Chapter 7, reads: "Accordingly, our speed was 25 miles (that is, twelve four–kilometer leagues) per hour. Needless to say, Ned Land had to give up his escape plans, much to his distress. Swept along at the rate of twelve to thirteen meters per second, he could hardly make use of the skiff."</ref>

==Principal characters==
*'''Professor Pierre Aronnax''', a French natural scientist and the narrator of the story.
*'''Conseil''', Aronnax's [[Flemish people|Flemish]] servant who is highly devoted to him and knowledgeable in biological classification.
*'''Ned Land''', a Canadian harpooner, described as having "no equal in his dangerous trade".<ref>{{cite wikisource |last=Verne |first=Jules |translator=Frederick Paul Walter |title=20,000 Leagues Under the Seas |wslink=20,000 Leagues Under the Seas (Walter)/Chapter 4 |origyear=1870 |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4384-3238-0 |noicon=yes}}</ref>
*[[Captain Nemo]], the designer and captain of the ''[[Nautilus (Verne)|Nautilus]].''

==Plot==
[[File:'Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea' by Neuville and Riou 036.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Alphonse de Neuville]] and [[Édouard Riou]]]]
In 1866, ships of various nationalities sight a mysterious [[sea monster]], which is speculated to be a gigantic [[narwhal]]. The U.S. government assembles an expedition in [[New York City]] to find and destroy the monster. Professor Pierre Aronnax, a French [[Marine biology|marine biologist]] and the story's narrator, is in town at the time and receives a last-minute invitation to join the expedition. [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[whaler]] and master [[harpoon]]er Ned Land and Aronnax's faithful manservant Conseil are also among the participants.

The expedition leaves Brooklyn aboard the [[United States Navy]] frigate ''Abraham Lincoln'', then travels south around [[Cape Horn]] into the [[Pacific Ocean]]. After a five-month search ending off Japan, the frigate locates and attacks the monster, which damages the ship's rudder. Aronnax and Land are hurled into the sea, and Conseil jumps into the water after them. They survive by climbing onto the "monster", which, they are startled to find, is a futuristic submarine. They wait on the deck of the vessel until morning, when they are captured and introduced to the submarine's mysterious constructor and commander, [[Captain Nemo]].

The rest of the novel describes the protagonists' adventures aboard the ''[[Nautilus (Verne)|Nautilus]]'', which was built in secrecy and now roams the seas beyond the reach of land-based governments. In self-imposed exile, Captain Nemo seems to have a dual motivation — a quest for scientific knowledge and a desire to escape terrestrial [[civilization]]. Nemo explains that his submarine is [[electric power|electrically powered]] and can conduct advanced marine research; he also tells his new passengers that his secret existence means he cannot let them leave — they must remain on board permanently.

They visit many oceanic regions, some factual and others fictitious. The travelers view [[coral]] formations, sunken vessels from the [[Battle of Vigo Bay]], the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] ice barrier, the [[transatlantic telegraph cable]], and the legendary underwater realm of [[Atlantis]]. They even travel to the South Pole and are trapped in an upheaval of an iceberg on the way back, caught in a narrow gallery of ice from which they are forced to dig themselves out. The passengers also put on [[diving suit]]s, hunt [[shark]]s and other marine fauna with air guns in the underwater forests of Crespo Island, and attend an undersea funeral for a crew member who died during a mysterious collision experienced by the ''Nautilus''. When the submarine returns to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], a school of [[giant squid]] ("devilfish") attacks the vessel and kills another crewman.

The novel's later pages suggest that Captain Nemo went into undersea exile after his homeland was conquered and his family slaughtered by a powerful imperialist nation. Following the episode of the devilfish, Nemo largely avoids Aronnax, who begins to side with Ned Land. Ultimately, the ''Nautilus'' is attacked by a [[warship]] from the mysterious nation that has caused Nemo such suffering. Carrying out his quest for revenge, Nemo — whom Aronnax dubs an "archangel of hatred" — rams the ship below her waterline and sends her to the bottom, much to the professor's horror. Afterward, Nemo kneels before a portrait of his deceased wife and children, then sinks into a deep depression.

Circumstances aboard the submarine change drastically: watches are no longer kept, and the vessel wanders about aimlessly. Ned becomes so reclusive that Conseil fears for the harpooner's life. One morning, he announces that they are in sight of land and have a chance to escape. Professor Aronnax is more than ready to leave Captain Nemo, who now horrifies him, yet he is still drawn to the man. Fearing that Nemo's very presence could weaken his resolve, he avoids contact with the captain. Before their departure, the professor eavesdrops on Nemo and overhears him calling out in anguish, "O almighty God! Enough! Enough!". Aronnax immediately joins his companions as they carry out their escape plans, but as they board the submarine's skiff they realize that the ''Nautilus'' has seemingly blundered into the ocean's deadliest whirlpool, the [[Moskenstraumen]] (more commonly known as the "Maelstrom"). They escape and find refuge on an island off the coast of Norway. The submarine's ultimate fate remained unknown until the events of ''[[The Mysterious Island]]''.

==Themes and subtext==
[[File:20000 Lieues Sous les Mers Carte Leagues Under the Seas Map Jules Verne.png|thumb|''Nautilus''{{'}}s route through the Pacific]]
[[File:20000 map 2.jpg|thumb|''Nautilus''{{'}}s route through the Atlantic]]
Captain Nemo's assumed name recalls [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', when [[Odysseus]] encounters the monstrous [[Cyclopes|Cyclops]] [[Polyphemus]] in the course of his wanderings. Polyphemus asks Odysseus his name, and Odysseus replies that it is [[Outis]] ({{lang|el|Οὖτις}}) 'no one', translated into [[Latin]] as "''Nemo''". Like Captain Nemo, Odysseus wanders the seas in exile (though only for ten years) and similarly grieves the tragic deaths of his crewmen.

The novel repeatedly mentions the U.S. Naval Commander [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]], an oceanographer who investigated the winds, seas, and currents, collected samples from the depths, and charted the world's oceans. Maury was internationally famous, and Verne may have known of his French ancestry.

The novel alludes to other Frenchmen, including [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse|Lapérouse]], the celebrated explorer whose two sloops of war vanished during a voyage of global circumnavigation; [[Dumont d'Urville]], a later explorer who found the remains of one of Lapérouse's ships; and [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]], builder of the [[Suez Canal]] and nephew of the sole survivor of Lapérouse's ill-fated expedition. The ''Nautilus'' follows in the footsteps of these men: she visits the waters where Lapérouse's vessels disappeared; she enters [[Torres Strait]] and becomes stranded there, as did d'Urville's ship, the ''Astrolabe''; and she passes beneath the Suez Canal via a fictitious underwater tunnel joining the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.

In possibly the novel's most famous episode, the above-described battle with a school of [[giant squid]], one of the monsters captures a crew member. Reflecting on the battle in the next chapter, Aronnax writes: "To convey such sights, it would take the pen of our most renowned poet, Victor Hugo, author of ''The Toilers of the Sea''." A bestselling novel in Verne's day, ''[[The Toilers of the Sea]]'' also features a threatening [[cephalopod]]: a laborer battles with an octopus, believed by critics to be symbolic of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Certainly, Verne was influenced by Hugo's novel, and, in penning this variation on its octopus encounter, he may have intended the symbol to also take in the [[Revolutions of 1848]].

Other symbols and themes pique modern critics. [[Margaret Drabble]], for instance, argues that Verne's masterwork also anticipated the [[ecology movement]] and influenced French ''[[avant-garde]]'' imagery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2014/04/submarine-dreams |title=Submarine dreams: Jules Verne's ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'' |work=New Statesman |author=Margaret Drabble |author-link=Margaret Drabble |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=2014-05-09}}</ref> As for additional motifs in the novel, Captain Nemo repeatedly champions the world's persecuted and downtrodden. While in Mediterranean waters, the captain provides financial support to rebels resisting Ottoman rule during the [[Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)|Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869]], proving to Professor Aronnax that he had not severed all relations with terrestrial mankind. In another episode, Nemo rescues an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[pearl diver]] from a shark attack, then gives the fellow a pouch full of pearls, more than the man could have gathered after years of his hazardous work. When asked why he would help a "representative of that race from which he'd fled under the seas", Nemo responds that the diver, as an "[[South Asia|East Indian]]", "lives in the land of the oppressed".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpx1utAfFLAC&dq=lives+in+the+land+of+the+oppressed+captain+nemo&pg=PA438 | isbn=9781438432403 | title=Amazing Journeys: Five Visionary Classics | date=February 2012 | publisher=State University of New York Press }}</ref>

Indeed, the novel has an under-the-counter political vision, hinted at in the character and background of Captain Nemo himself. In the book's final form, Nemo says to professor Aronnax, "That Indian, sir, is an inhabitant of an oppressed country; and I am still, and shall be, to my last breath, one of them!"<ref>Verne, Jules. ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea.'' New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. 1937, p. 221</ref> In the novel's initial drafts, the mysterious captain was a [[Szlachta|Polish nobleman]], whose family and homeland were slaughtered by Russian forces during the Polish [[January Uprising]] of 1863. These specifics were suppressed during the editing stages at the insistence of Verne's publisher [[Pierre-Jules Hetzel]], believed responsible by today's scholars for many modifications of Verne's original manuscripts. At the time France was a putative ally of the [[Russian Empire]], hence Hetzel demanded that Verne suppress the identity of Nemo's enemy war, not only to avoid political complications but also to avert lower sales should the novel appear in Russian translation. Hence Professor Aronnax never discovers Nemo's origins.

Even so, a trace remains of the novel's initial concept, a detail that may have eluded Hetzel: its allusion to an unsuccessful rebellion under a Polish hero, [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]], leader of the [[Kościuszko Uprising|uprising against Russian and Prussian control in 1794]];<ref> He also travelled to the [[Thirteen Colonies]] and served as an officer in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]].</ref> Kościuszko mourned his country's prior defeat with the Latin exclamation "Finis Poloniae!" ("[[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]] is no more!").

Five years later, and again at Hetzel's insistence, Captain Nemo was revived and revamped for another Verne novel, ''[[The Mysterious Island]]''. The novel changes the captain's nationality from Polish to Indian; in the book's final chapters, Nemo reveals that he is an Indian prince named Dakkar who was a descendant of [[Tipu Sultan]], a prominent ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], and participated in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], an ultimately unsuccessful uprising against [[Company rule in India]]. After the rebellion, which led to the death of his family, Nemo fled beneath the seas, then made a final reappearance in the later novel's concluding pages.

[[File:LePlongeurModel(Side).jpg|thumb|Model of the 1863 [[French Navy]] submarine ''[[French submarine Plongeur|Plongeur]]'' at the [[Musée de la Marine]], [[Paris]]]]
[[File:Nautilus Neuville.JPG|thumb|Illustration of the ''[[Nautilus (fictional submarine)|Nautilus]]'' by [[Alphonse de Neuville]] and [[Édouard Riou]]]]

Verne took the name "Nautilus" from one of the [[Nautilus (1800 submarine)|earliest successful submarines]], built in 1800 by [[Robert Fulton]], who also invented the first commercially successful [[steamboat]]. Fulton named his submarine after a marine mollusk, the chambered [[nautilus]]. As noted above, Verne also studied a model of the newly developed [[French Navy]] submarine ''[[French submarine Plongeur|Plongeur]]'' at the 1867 {{lang|fr|[[Exposition Universelle (1867)|Exposition Universelle]]|italic=no}}, which guided him in his development of the novel's ''Nautilus''.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The diving gear used by passengers on the ''Nautilus'' is presented as a combination of two existing systems: 1) the [[Surface supplied diving|surface-supplied]]<ref name=davis1955/> hardhat suit, which was fed oxygen from the shore through tubes; 2) a later, self-contained apparatus [[Timeline of diving technology#The first diving regulators|designed by Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze in 1865]].<!-- image of the Rouquayrol and Denayrouze breathing apparatus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dykeri,_fig_6,_Nordisk_familjebok.png --> Their invention featured tanks fastened to the back, which supplied air to a facial mask via the first-known demand [[Diving regulator|regulator]].<ref name=davis1955>{{cite book |author=Davis, RH |title=Deep Diving and Submarine Operations |year=1955 |edition=6th |publisher=[[Siebe Gorman|Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd]] |location=Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey |page=693 |author-link=Robert Davis (inventor) }}</ref>{{r|thomas196112}}<ref name=dive_hx>{{cite journal |last=Acott |first=C. |title=A brief history of diving and decompression illness. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=29 |issue=2 |year=1999 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627230124/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 27, 2008 |access-date=2009-03-17 }}</ref> The diver didn't swim but walked upright across the seafloor. This device was called an ''aérophore'' (Greek for "air-carrier"). Its air tanks could hold only thirty atmospheres, but Nemo claims that his futuristic adaptation could do far better: "The ''Nautilus''{{'}}s pumps allow me to store air under considerable pressure ... my diving equipment can supply breathable air for nine or ten hours."

==English translations==
The novel was first translated into English in 1872 by Reverend [[Lewis Page Mercier]]. Mercier cut nearly a quarter of Verne's French text and committed hundreds of translating errors, sometimes drastically distorting Verne's original (including uniformly mistranslating the French ''scaphandre''&nbsp;— properly "diving suit"&nbsp;— as "cork-jacket", following a long-obsolete usage as "a type of [[Personal flotation device|lifejacket]]"). Some of these distortions may have been perpetrated for political reasons, such as Mercier's omitting the portraits of freedom fighters on the wall of Nemo's stateroom, a collection originally including [[Daniel O'Connell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/sherwood/How_Lewis_Mercier.htm |title=How Lewis Mercier and Eleanor King brought you Jules Verne |publisher=Ibiblio.org |access-date=2013-11-15}}</ref> among other international figures. Mercier's text became the standard English translation, and some later retranslations continued to recycle its mistakes, including mistranslating the title as "...&nbsp;''under the Sea"'', rather than "...&nbsp;''under the Seas"''.

In 1962, Anthony Bonner published a translation of the novel with [[Bantam Books|Bantam Classics]]. This edition included an introduction by [[Ray Bradbury]], comparing Captain Nemo to [[Captain Ahab]] of ''[[Moby-Dick]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bradbury |first1=Ray |title=The Pomegranate Architect |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2015/01/29/the-pomegranate-architect/ |website=The Paris Review |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref>

A significant modern revision of Mercier's translation appeared in 1966, prepared by Walter James Miller and published by Washington Square Press.<ref>Jules Verne (author), Walter James Miller (trans.). ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea'', [[Atria Publishing Group|Washington Square Press]], 1966. Standard Book Number 671-46557-0; [[Library of Congress]] Catalog Card Number 65-25245.</ref> Miller addressed many of Mercier's errors in the volume's preface and restored a number of his deletions in the text. In 1976, Miller published "The Annotated Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea"<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jules Verne |title=The Annotated Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea |last2=Walter James Miller (trans.) |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Company |year=1976 |isbn=0690011512 |location=New York}}</ref> at the suggestion of the [[Thomas Y. Crowell Co.|Thomas Y. Crowel Company]] editorial staff.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jules Verne |title=The Annotated Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea |last2=Walter James Miller (trans.) |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Company |year=1976 |isbn=0690011512 |location=New York |pages=Acknowledgements}}</ref> The cover declared it "The only completely restored and annotated edition". In 1993, Miller collaborated with his fellow Vernian Frederick Paul Walter to produce "The Completely Restored and Annotated Edition", published in 1993 by the [[United States Naval Institute#Naval Institute Press|Naval Institute Press]].<ref>Jules Verne (author), Walter James Miller (trans.), Frederick Paul Walter (trans.). ''Jules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: A Completely Restored and Annotated Edition'', [[United States Naval Institute#Naval Institute Press|Naval Institute Press]], 1993. {{ISBN|978-1-55750-877-5}}.</ref> Its text took advantage of Walter's unpublished translation, which [[Project Gutenberg]] later made available online.

In 1998, William Butcher issued a new, annotated translation with the title ''Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas'', published by [[Oxford University Press]] ({{ISBN|978-0-19-953927-7}}). Butcher includes detailed notes, a comprehensive bibliography, appendices and a wide-ranging introduction studying the novel from a literary perspective. In particular, his original research on the two manuscripts studies the radical changes to the plot and to the character of Nemo urged on Verne by Hetzel, his publisher.

In 2010, Frederick Paul Walter issued a fully revised, newly researched translation, ''20,000 Leagues Under the Seas: A World Tour Underwater''. Complete with an extensive introduction, textual notes, and bibliography, it appeared in an omnibus of five of Walter's Verne translations titled ''Amazing Journeys: Five Visionary Classics'' and published by [[State University of New York#SUNY Press|State University of New York Press]] ({{ISBN|978-1-4384-3238-0}}).

In 2017, David Coward issued a new translation published by [[Penguin Classics]] ({{ISBN|9780141394930}}) with the title ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea'', including a new introduction, notes, and a note on the text, using the 1871 Christian Chelebourg edition of the text as the basis for his translation. Coward also included 42 illustrations, which were published for the first time in the 'Collection Hetzel' in 1901.

==Reception==
The science fiction writer [[Theodore L. Thomas]] criticized the novel in 1961, claiming that "there is not a single bit of valid speculation" in the book and that "none of its predictions has come true". He described its depictions of Nemo's diving gear, underwater activities, and the ''Nautilus'' as "pretty bad, behind the times even for 1869 ... In none of these technical situations did Verne take advantage of knowledge readily available to him at the time." The notes to the 1993 translation point out that the errors Thomas notes were in Mercier's translation, not the original.

Despite his criticisms, Thomas conceded: "Put them all together with the magic of Verne's story-telling ability, and something flames up. A story emerges that sweeps incredulity before it".<ref name="thomas196112">{{Cite magazine
 |last=Thomas
 |first=Theodore L.
 |date=December 1961
 |title=The Watery Wonders of Captain Nemo
 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v20n02_1961-12_modified#page/n54/mode/1up 
 |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction
 |pages=168–177
}}</ref>

In 2023, Malaurie Guillaume presented Nemo as the first [[Eco-terrorism|eco-terrorist]] or first figure of ecologic radicality.<ref name="challenges">{{Cite web
 |last=Guillaume 
 |first=Malaurie
 |date=2023-09-07
 |title=Le capitaine Nemo était-il le premier éco-terroriste ?
 |url=https://www.challenges.fr/idees/le-capitaine-nemo-etait-il-le-premier-eco-terroriste_866656
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010185901/https://www.challenges.fr/idees/le-capitaine-nemo-etait-il-le-premier-eco-terroriste_866656
 |archive-date=2023-10-10
| publisher=[[Challenges (magazine)|Challenges]]
| quote=''Le personnage de Jules Verne est sans doute la première figure de la radicalité écologique en prise avec les conséquences de la disparition du système terre. Car oui, le capitaine Nemo, c'est un leader écologiste radical qui dans les arcanes des abysses marins a inauguré une ZAD. Un protagoniste éclairant à l'heure où les efforts publics sont insuffisants face à la crise écologique, estime Guillaume Malaurie''
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[List of underwater science fiction works]]
* [[Adaptations of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas|Adaptations of ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'']]
* {{annotated link|French corvette Alecton|French corvette ''Alecton''}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea|''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea''}}
{{wikisourcelang|fr|Vingt mille lieues sous les mers|''Vingt mille lieues sous les mers''}}
{{Commons category|Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas}}
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2488/2488-h/2488-h.htm ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas''], trans. by F. P. Walter in 1991, made available by Project Gutenberg.{{Gutenberg|no=164|name=Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea}}, obsolete translation by Lewis Mercier, 1872
*''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8600258f/f1.item?lang=EN Vingt Mille Lieues Sous Les Mers]'' 1871 French edition at the digital library of the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|National Library of France]]
* {{librivox book | title=Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea | author=Jules Verne}}
* [[Image:Speaker Icon.svg|15px|link=]] [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/jules-verne-vingt-mille-lieues-sous-les-mers.html ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'', audio version] {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://blog.bnf.fr/gallica/?p=9395 Manuscripts of ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea'' in gallica.bnf.fr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412133024/http://blog.bnf.fr/gallica/?p=9395 |date=2014-04-12 }}

{{Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas}}
{{The Mysterious Island}}
{{Verne}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas}}
[[Category:1870 French novels]]
[[Category:1870 science fiction novels]]
[[Category:French adventure novels]]
[[Category:French science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Hard science fiction]]
[[Category:Underwater novels]]
[[Category:French novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:French novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:French novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Science fiction novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into radio programs]]
[[Category:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas| ]]
[[Category:French-language novels]]
[[Category:Novels about pirates]]
[[Category:U-boat fiction]]
[[Category:Books about cephalopods]]
[[Category:Atlantis in fiction]]
[[Category:Submarines in fiction]]
[[Category:Novels set in Greece]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Novels set in Japan]]
[[Category:Novels set in New York City]]
[[Category:Novels set in Norway]]
[[Category:Novels set in Spain]]
[[Category:Novels set at sea]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1860s]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1861]]
[[Category:Novels by Jules Verne]]
[[Category:Underwater adventure novels]]
[[category:Books about whaling]]
[[Category:Adventure novels adapted into films]]