Editing Tute Bianche

{{Short description|Italian militant social movement (1994–2001)}}
[[Image:tute bianche.jpg|thumb|300px|Member of the Italian social movement Tute bianche]]
'''Tute Bianche''' (English: White Overalls) was a militant Italian [[social movement]] active from 1994 to 2001. Activists were notable for covering their bodies with white padding so as to resist the blows of police, pushing through police lines, and marching together in large blocks for mutual protection during [[Political demonstration|political demonstrations]].

== Name ==
The name stems from an early demonstration (initiated by a loose group of Italian anti-globalization activists called the [[Ya Basta Association]]), involving the group defense of a [[squatted]] social center (Italian: ''centro sociale autogestito'', CSO or CSOA, meaning "occupied social centre"), in which demonstrators wore white overalls to evoke the ghosts that would haunt the [[ghost town]] police proposed to make of the social center. The padding tactic, adopted later, is also referred to as a [[padded bloc]] tactic. It was first used in September 2000 by other activists during the [[anti-globalization protests in Prague]]. About the movement's name and colour, the [[Milan]] collective of the Ya Basta Association explained: "If the struggle aims at achieving visibility, the colour of the fight is white, and the white garment covers the whole body."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nycyabasta.mayfirst.org/documents/aoc.html|url-status=dead|title=The Age of Clandestinity|website=NYC Ya Basta|date=2000|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220408105606/http://nycyabasta.mayfirst.org/documents/aoc.html|archive-date=8 April 2022|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref>

== Activity ==
Central to the Tute Bianche movement was the Italian Ya Basta Association, a network of groups throughout Italy that were inspired by the [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]] (EZLN) uprising in Chiapas in 1994. Ya Basta primarily originated in the [[autonomist]] social centres of Milan, particularly [[Centro Sociale Leoncavallo]]. These social centres grew out of the Italian autonomist movement of the 1970 and 1980s. The Tute Bianche philosophy was based on a specific reading of Italian political/social history, including the idea that the traditional protest tactic of marching and "bearing witness" to power had outlived its usefulness, and a more confrontational militant form of non-violent protest was required to not only re-invigorate the anti-globalization movement but also to redefine how street resistance is understood. The Tute Bianche movement reached its apex in July 2001 during the protests at the [[27th G8 summit]], with a turn-out of an estimated 10,000 protesters in a single "padded block", after a collective decision to go without the white overalls. Shortly after the anti-G8 Genoa protests, the Ya Basta Association disbanded, with certain segments reforming into the Disobbedienti (Disobedients). This philosophy includes the occupation and creation of [[squatted]] self-managed social centres, anti-sexist [[activism]], support for immigrant rights and [[refugee]]s seeking political asylum, as well as the process of walking together in large formations during demonstrations held in the streets, by force if necessary in case of clashes with police. The Tute Bianche have had international variations of one sort or another. For instance, ''Mono Blanco'' was the preferred identifier in Spain. The first North American variant of the Tute Bianche, the [[NYC Ya Basta Collective]] wore yellow overalls rather than white. A British group calling itself the [[WOMBLES]] (White Overalls Movement Building Libertarian Effective Struggles) adopted the Tute Bianche's tactics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=St John |first=Graham |title=Protestival: Global Days of Action and Carnivalized Politics in the Present |journal=Social Movement Studies |date=September 2008 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=167–190 |doi=10.1080/14742830802283550}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anti-globalization movement]]
* [[Self-managed social centres in Italy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://tutebianche.org Tute Bianche]
* [http://nycyabasta.mayfirst.org/ NYC YaBasta Collective]
* [http://www.wumingfoundation.com/english/giap/giapdigest11.html Tute Bianche: The practical side of myth making by Wu Ming]
* [http://www.sindominio.net/~pablo/papers_propios/El_movimiento_de_los_tute_bianche.pdf El movimiento de los tute bianche. Experiencias y estrategias] by Pablo Iglesias Turrión
* [http://eprints.ucm.es/8458 Multitud y acción colectiva postnacional: un estudio comparado de los desobedientes: de Italia a Madrid (2000-2005)], PhD by Pablo Iglesias Turrión
* [http://th-rough.eu/side-projects/tute-bianche-book-bloc-italian-movement-and-coming-european-insurrection From Tute Biance to the Book Bloc], Francesco Raparelli, 2011
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_e14T1OH418&t=833s Disobbedienti (2002)], a film by Dario Azzellini and Oliver Ressler, lasting 54 minutes

[[Category:Autonomism]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in Italy]]