Editing Tupi people

{{Short description|Indigenous people of Brazil}}
{{Redirect|Tupis|other uses|Tupi (disambiguation){{!}}Tupi}}
{{for|the Brazilian rugby side|Brazil national rugby union team}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group      = Tupi
|image      = [[image:India tupi.jpg|110px|A Tupi woman]] [[image:Homtupinamba.jpg|110px|A Tupi man]]
|caption    = [[Albert Eckhout]]'s painting of the Tupi
|pop        =  1,000,000 (historically), Potiguara 10,837, Tupinambá de Olivença 3,000, Tupiniquim 2,65
30, others extinct as tribes but blood ancestors to Pardo Brazilian population
|regions    = Central and Coastal Brazil
|ref3       = 
|languages  = [[Tupi languages]], later [[língua geral]], much later Portuguese
|religions  = [[#Religion|Indigenous]], later [[Christianity]]
|related    = [[Guaraní people|Guaraní]] tribes
}}

The '''Tupi people''', a subdivision of the [[Tupi–Guarani languages|Tupi-Guarani]] linguistic families, were one of the largest groups of [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous peoples]] in Brazil before its colonization. Scholars believe that while they first settled in the [[Amazon rainforest]], from about 2,900 years ago the Tupi started to migrate southward and gradually occupied the Atlantic coast of [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-12-30 |title=Saída dos tupi-guaranis da Amazônia pode ter ocorrido há 2.900 anos |trans-title=The departure of the Tupi-Guaranis from the Amazon may have occurred 2,900 years ago |url=http://www.portalsorocabano.com.br/index.php/s-soc/47-c-cor/1717-saida-dos-tupi-guaranis-da-amazonia-pode-ter-ocorrido-ha-2900-anos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007173330/http://www.portalsorocabano.com.br/index.php/s-soc/47-c-cor/1717-saida-dos-tupi-guaranis-da-amazonia-pode-ter-ocorrido-ha-2900-anos |archive-date=2011-10-07 |website=portalsorocabano.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref>

Many Tupi people today are merged with the [[Guaraní people]], forming the [[Tupi–Guarani languages]]. Guarani languages are linguistically different from the [[Tupian languages]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=LaRosa |first1=Michael |title=An Atlas and Survey of Latin American History |last2=Mejia |first2=German R. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=9781138089068 |edition=2nd |location=United Kingdom |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tupi languages.png|thumb|Tupi (violet) and Tupi-Guaraní (pink) languages areas and early probable areas (pink-gray)]]
The Tupi people inhabited 3/4 of all of Brazil's coast when the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] first arrived there. In 1500, their population was estimated at 1 million people, nearly equal to the population of Portugal at the time. They were divided into [[tribe]]s, each tribe numbering from 300 to 2,000 people. Some examples of these tribes are: ''[[Tupiniquim people|Tupiniquim]]'', ''[[Tupinambá people|Tupinambá]]'', ''[[Potiguara]]'', ''[[Tabajara]]'', ''[[Caeté people|Caetés]]'', ''Temiminó'', ''Tamoios''. The Tupi were adept [[agriculture|agriculturalists]]; they grew [[cassava]], [[maize|corn]], [[sweet potato]]es, [[bean]]s, [[peanut]]s, [[tobacco]], [[Squash (plant)|squash]], [[cotton]] and many others. There was not a unified Tupi identity{{citation needed|reason=How would the Portuguese explorers have known this?|date=July 2015}} despite the fact that they spoke a common language.

===European colonization===
Upon discovering the existence of the Tupi people, it was assumed by Portuguese settlers that they lacked any sort of religion, a belief that began the process of assimilating the Tupi to Christianity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pacifi |first=Sergio J. |title=Copy of a Letter of the King of Portugal Sent to the King of Castile Concerning the Voyage and Success of India |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=1955 |isbn=978-1-4529-3685-7 |edition=New |pages=3–25 |language=en}}</ref> The settlers began erecting villages for the Tupi, known as aldeias, with the intention of more disciplined religious conversion and institutionalization of European customs.<ref>{{cite book |jstor=10.1163/j.ctv2gjx0d5.5 |chapter=The Marianas as Part of the Universal Christian Project |last1=de la Rosa |first1=Alexandre Coello |title=Gathering Souls: Jesuit Missions and Missionaries in Oceania (1668–1945) |date=2019 |pages=9–17 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-39485-8 |hdl=20.500.12657/53792 |doi=10.1163/9789004394872_002 }}</ref> Aside from being assimilated, the Tupi were found to be of use to the Portuguese, who required laborers for cultivating and shipping their exports. This use in harvesting resources led to their eventual enslavement and in turn, the spread of fatal European diseases on the plantations they worked at.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hawkins |first=Christina |title=Latin American History and Culture: Encyclopedia of Pre-Colonial Latin America (Prehistory to 1550s) |publisher=Facts on File |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4381-6344-4 |edition=1st |location=New York City, New York |language=en |chapter=Tupinambá}}</ref> This combination of factors nearly led to their complete annihilation, with the exception of a few isolated communities. The remnants of these tribes are today confined to [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|indigenous territories]] or acculturated to some degree into the dominant society.<ref name="Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro"/>

===Religion===
As Eduardo Navarro explains in his ''Dicionário de Tupi Antigo'' (2013), the different Tupi peoples believed they descended from a mythological character called Tupi. Because of this, many Tupi tribes had ethnonyms that began with "tupi", such as the [[Tupinambá people|Tupinambá]], the [[Tupiniquim]], the Tupiguaé and the Tupiminó.<ref name=":1">NAVARRO, E. A. ''[[Dicionário de Tupi Antigo|Dicionário de Tupi Antigoː a Língua Indígena Clássica do Brasil]]. São Paulo. Global. 2013. p. 484.''</ref> However, the main cult among the Tupi who inhabited the coast of Brazil in the 16th century was not that of Tupi, but that of {{Interlanguage link|Jurupari|PT}}. [[Tupã (mythology)|Tupã]], the thunder, was not actually a god, but rather a manifestation of the god {{Interlanguage link|Nhanderuvuçu|PT}}. Precisely because Tupã did not have his own rite, the Catholic priests who sought to spread Christianity among the Indians chose Tupã as a symbol for the [[Christian god]], in order to facilitate the understanding of Christianity by the Indians, grafting Christian principles onto the figure of Tupã. At the same time, they associated Jurupari with the [[Christian devil]], in order to discourage his worship among the Tupi Indians.<ref>CASCUDO, L. C. ''Geografia dos mitos brasileiros''. 3ª edição. São Paulo. Global. 2002. p. 57,58.</ref>

===Cannibalism===
According to primary source accounts by primarily European writers, the Tupi were divided into several tribes which would constantly engage in war with each other. In these wars the Tupi would normally try to capture their enemies to kill later in [[Human cannibalism|cannibalistic]] rituals.<ref name="Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro">Darcy Ribeiro – O Povo Brasileiro, Vol. 07, 1997 (1997), pp. 28 to 33; 72 to 75 and 95 to 101."</ref>
The [[warrior]]s captured from other Tupi tribes were eaten as it was believed by them that this would lead to their strength being absorbed and digested; thus, in fear of absorbing weakness, they chose only to sacrifice warriors perceived to be strong and brave. For the Tupi warriors, even when prisoners, it was a great honor to die valiantly during battle or to display courage during the festivities leading to the sacrifice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Um alemão na Terra dos Canibais |trans-title=A German in the Land of Cannibals |url=http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/secao/retrato/um-alemao-na-terra-dos-canibais |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030214005/http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/secao/retrato/um-alemao-na-terra-dos-canibais |archive-date=2016-10-30 |website=revistadehistoria.com.br |language=pt-BR}}</ref> The Tupi have also been documented to eat the remains of dead relatives as a form of honoring them.<ref>Agnolin, Adone. ''O apetite da antropologia''. São Paulo, Associação Editorial Humanitas, 2005. p. 285.</ref>

The practice of cannibalism among the Tupi was made famous in Europe by [[Hans Staden]], a German soldier, mariner, and mercenary, traveling to Brazil to seek a fortune, who was captured by the Tupi in 1552. In his account published in 1557, he tells that the Tupi carried him to their village where it was claimed he was to be devoured at the next festivity. There, he allegedly won the friendship of a powerful chief, whom he cured of a disease, and his life was spared.<ref>Staden, Hans. Duas viagens ao Brasil: primeiros registros sobre o Brasil. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 2011, p. 51-52</ref>

Cannibalistic rituals among Tupi and other tribes in Brazil decreased steadily after European contact and religious intervention. When [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca|Cabeza de Vaca]], a Spanish [[conquistador]], arrived in [[Santa Catarina Island|Santa Catarina]] in 1541, for instance, he attempted to ban cannibalistic practices in the name of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|the King of Spain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Museu de Arte e Origens |trans-title=Museum of Art and Origins |url=http://www.faperj.br/interna.phtml?obj_id=875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812093505/http://siteantigo.faperj.br/?id=232.3.8 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |website=faperj.br |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

Because our understanding of Tupi cannibalism relies mostly on primary source accounts of primarily European writers, the very existence of cannibalism has been disputed by some in academic circles. [[William Arens]] seeks to discredit Staden's and other writers' accounts of cannibalism in his book ''The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology & Anthropophagy'', where he claims that when concerning the Tupinambá, "rather than dealing with an instance of serial documentation of cannibalism, we are more likely confronting only one source of dubious testimony which has been incorporated almost verbatim into the written reports of others claiming to be eyewitnesses".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arens |first1=W. |title=The Man-eating Myth: Anthropology & Anthropophagy |date=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-502793-8 }}{{pn|date=June 2024}}</ref>

Most Brazilian scholars, however, attest to the cultural centrality of cannibalism in Tupian culture. Anthropologist [[Darcy Ribeiro]] who had deeply studied the historical accounts about the Tupi, reported that the [[Ka'apor]] people of the Tupi-Guaraní linguistic and cultural family confirmed that their ancestors had practiced anthropophagical rituals similar to the ones described in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1590/S0102-69091998000100017|title = Diários índios: Os Urubus-Kaapor|year = 1998|last1 = Mindlin|first1 = Betty|journal = Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais|volume = 13|issue = 36|doi-access = free}}</ref> Other Brazilian scholars have criticized Arens for what they perceived as [[historical negationism]], and for ignoring important sources ([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] letters) and historical and anthropological studies ([[Eduardo Viveiros de Castro|Viveiros de Castro]], [[Florestan Fernandes]], Estevão Pinto, Hélène Clastres), many of them dealing directly with indigenous peoples, that point to the direction of anthropophagy being well established as a social and cultural practice. He was particularly criticized for trying to discredit the association of the Tupi with savagery, not by realizing that the Europeans failed to comprehend the meaning of traditional practices such as cannibalism, but by promptly negating their existence altogether.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Moraes |first1=Caléu Nilson |date=October 24, 2012 |title=O canibal partido ao meio: Perspectivas de sacrifício, canibalismo e antropofagia na literatura tupinológica |trans-title=The cannibal split in half: perspectives on sacrifice, cannibalism and anthropophagy in tupinological literature |url=https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/92315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717033536/https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/92315 |archive-date=2023-07-17 |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

===Race-mixing and ''Cunhadismo''===
[[File:Louis Henri.png|thumb|left|A Tupinambá named "Louis Henri", who visited [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] in Paris in 1613, in [[Claude d'Abbeville]], ''Histoire de la mission''.]]
Many indigenous peoples were important for the formation of the Brazilian people, but the main group was the Tupi. When the Portuguese explorers arrived in Brazil in the 16th century, the Tupi were the first indigenous group to have contact with them. Soon, a process of mixing between Portuguese settlers and indigenous women started. The Portuguese colonists rarely brought women, making the native women the "breeding matrix of the Brazilian people".<ref name="Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro"/> When the first Europeans arrived, the phenomenon of "''cunhadismo''" (from Portuguese ''cunhado'', "brother in law") began to spread by the colony. ''Cunhadismo'' was an old native tradition of incorporating strangers to their community. The Natives offered the Portuguese an Indigenous girl as wife. Once he agreed, he formed a bond of kinship with all the Natives of the tribe. [[Polygyny]], a common practice among South American Indigenous people, was quickly adopted by European settlers. This way, a single European man could have dozens of indigenous wives (''temericós'').<ref name="Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro"/>
[[File:Albert Eckhout - Mameluca.JPG|thumb|256x256px|[[Albert Eckhout]]: a mixed-race ([[Mameluco]]) woman (circa 1641–1644)]]
''Cunhadismo'' was used as recruitment of labour. The Portuguese could have many ''temericós'' and thus a huge number of Indigenous relatives who were induced to work for him, especially to cut [[pau-brasil]] and take it to the ships on the coast. In the process, a large mixed-race ([[mameluco]]) population was formed, which in fact occupied Brazil. Without the practice of ''cunhadismo'', the Portuguese colonization was impractical. The number of Portuguese men in Brazil was very small and Portuguese women were even fewer in number. The proliferation of mixed-race people in the wombs of indigenous women provided for the occupation of the territory and the consolidation of the Portuguese presence in the region.<ref name="Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro"/>

===Influence in Brazil===
Although the Tupi population largely disappeared because of European [[disease]]s to which they had no resistance or because of slavery, a large population of maternal Tupi ancestry occupied much of Brazilian territory, taking the ancient traditions to several points of the country. [[Darcy Ribeiro]] wrote that the features of the first Brazilians were much more Tupi than Portuguese, and even the language that they spoke was a Tupi-based language, named [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]] or [[Língua Geral]], a [[lingua franca]] in Brazil until the 18th century.<ref name="Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro"/> The region of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] was the biggest in the proliferation of Mamelucos, who in the 17th century under the name of [[Bandeirantes]], spread throughout the Brazilian territory, from the [[Amazon rainforest]] to the extreme [[Southern Brazil|South]]. They were responsible for the major expansion of the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]]n culture in the interior of Brazil. They acculturated the indigenous tribes who lived in isolation, and took the language of the colonizer, which was not Portuguese yet, but Nheengatu itself, to the most inhospitable corners of the colony. Nheengatu is still spoken in certain regions of the Amazon, although the Tupi-speaking Natives did not live there. The Nheengatu language, as in other regions of the country, was introduced there by Bandeirantes from São Paulo in the 17th century. The way of life of the ''Old'' ''[[Paulistas]]'' could almost be confused with the Natives. Within the family, only Nheengatu was spoken. Agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering of fruits were also based on indigenous traditions. What differentiated the ''Old Paulistas'' from the Tupi was the use of clothes, salt, metal tools, weapons and other European items.<ref name="Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro"/>
[[Image:Cacique tupinikin 2007.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[Tupiniquim]] chief (''Cacique'') in [[Brasília]], 2007]]
When these areas of large Tupi influence started to be integrated into the [[market economy]], Brazilian society gradually started to lose its Tupi characteristics. The Portuguese language became dominant and Língua Geral virtually disappeared. The rustic indigenous techniques of production were replaced by European ones, in order to elevate the capacity of [[exportation]].<ref name="Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro"/> [[Brazilian Portuguese]] absorbed many words from Tupi. Some examples of Portuguese words that came from Tupi are: ''mingau, mirim, soco, cutucar, tiquinho, perereca, tatu''. The names of several local fauna &ndash; such as ''arara'' ("[[macaw]]"), ''jacaré'' ("South American [[alligator]]"), ''tucano'' ("[[toucan]]") &ndash; and flora &ndash; e.g. ''mandioca'' ("[[manioc]]") and ''abacaxi'' ("[[pineapple]]") &ndash; are also derived from the Tupi language. A number of places and cities in modern Brazil are named in Tupi (''[[Itaquaquecetuba]],'' ''[[Pindamonhangaba]],'' ''[[Caruaru]]'', ''[[Ipanema]]''). Anthroponyms include ''Ubirajara'', ''Ubiratã'', ''Moema'', ''Jussara'', ''Jurema'', ''Janaína''.<ref>{{cite web |title=NOMES INDÍGENAS - TUPI & OUTROS |trans-title=INDIGENOUS NAMES - TUPI & OTHERS |url=http://www.melhornome.com.br/nomes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427060200/http://www.melhornome.com.br/nomes.htm |archive-date=2009-04-27 |access-date=2009-06-10 |website=melhornome.com.br |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Tupi surnames do exist, but they do not imply any real Tupi ancestry; rather they were adopted as a manner to display Brazilian nationalism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sérgio Cabral|title=Antônio Carlos Jobim: uma biografia|url=https://archive.org/details/antoniocarlosjob00cabr|url-access=registration|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Lumiar Editora|isbn=978-85-85426-42-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/antoniocarlosjob00cabr/page/39 39]}}</ref>

The ''Tupinambá'' tribe is fictitiously portrayed in [[Nelson Pereira dos Santos]]' satirical 1971 film ''[[How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman]]'' (''Como Era Gostoso o Meu Francês''). Its name is also adapted by science: ''[[Tupinambis]]'' is a genus of [[tegu]]s, arguably the best-known lizards of Brazil.

The large offshore [[Tupi oil field]] discovered off the coast of Brazil in 2006 was named in honor of the Tupi people.

The [[Guaraní people|Guaraní]] are a different native group that inhabits southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and northern Argentina and speaks the distinct [[Guaraní languages]], but these are in the same [[language family]] as Tupi.

==Legacy==

The Tupi people had a great cultural influence on the countries they inhabited. Innumerable people, streets, neighborhoods, cities, rivers, animals, fruits, plants,  football clubs, companies in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay are named in Guarani.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-11-01 |title=Guarani Words in Modern Places: Ibera, Iguazu & Beyond |url=https://sayhueque.com/blog/article/guarani-words-modern-places-ibera-iguazu-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119032220/https://sayhueque.com/blog/article/guarani-words-modern-places-ibera-iguazu-beyond/ |archive-date=2021-01-19 |access-date=2017-11-01 |website=sayhueque.com.ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pazmino |first=Patricia |date=2015-01-29 |title=Lenguas indígenas: rico legado cultural |trans-title=Indigenous languages: rich cultural legacy |url=https://www.dw.com/es/lenguas-ind%C3%ADgenas-rico-legado-cultural/a-18224872 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824160503/https://www.dw.com/es/lenguas-ind%C3%ADgenas-rico-legado-cultural/a-18224872 |archive-date=2015-08-24 |access-date=2015-01-29 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Franzin |first=Adriana |date=2015-10-29 |title=Palavras indígenas nomeiam a maior parte das plantas e animais do Brasil |trans-title=Indigenous names: Know the meaning of these words |url=https://memoria.ebc.com.br/infantil/voce-sabia/2015/10/palavras-indigenas-nomeiam-maior-parte-das-plantas-e-animais-do-brasil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227214756/https://memoria.ebc.com.br/infantil/voce-sabia/2015/10/palavras-indigenas-nomeiam-maior-parte-das-plantas-e-animais-do-brasil |archive-date=2021-02-27 |access-date=2015-10-29 |website=[[Empresa Brasil de Comunicação]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bidu |first=João |date=2020-11-11 |title=Nomes indígenas: Conheça os significados dessas palavras |trans-title=Indigenous names: Know the meaning of these words |url=https://www.terra.com.br/vida-e-estilo/horoscopo/nomes-indigenas-conheca-os-significados-dessas-palavras,346267e8ae65096b17b011f5bf85b46dtdwm43jm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114112537/https://www.terra.com.br/vida-e-estilo/horoscopo/nomes-indigenas-conheca-os-significados-dessas-palavras%2C346267e8ae65096b17b011f5bf85b46dtdwm43jm.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=terra.com.br |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

'''Tupi-Guarani placenames in other countries''':

The Tupi people were present in almost all of [[South America]], excluding [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=La gran Nación Guaraní, a la que la Conquista de América no derrotó pues persiste su cultura, es recordada en una calle capitalina |trans-title=The great Guarani Nation, which the Conquest of America did not defeat, so persists its culture, is remembered in a capital street |url=https://www.asuncion.gov.py/historia-de-mis-calles/la-gran-nacion-guarani-a-la-que-la-conquista-de-america-no-derroto-pues-persiste-su-cultura-es-recordada-en-una-calle-capitalina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924171531/https://www.asuncion.gov.py/historia-de-mis-calles/la-gran-nacion-guarani-a-la-que-la-conquista-de-america-no-derroto-pues-persiste-su-cultura-es-recordada-en-una-calle-capitalina |archive-date=2023-09-24 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=asuncion.gov.py |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Historia |trans-title=History |url=https://misiones.tur.ar/historia/# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921155747/https://misiones.tur.ar/historia/ |archive-date=2023-09-21 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=misiones.tur.ar |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Candela |first1=Guillaume |last2=Melià |first2=Bartomeu |title=Lenguas y pueblos tupí-guaraníes en las fuentes de los siglos xvi y xvii |journal=Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez |date=15 May 2015 |issue=45–1 |pages=57–76 |doi=10.4000/mcv.6129 |trans-title=Tupi-Guarani languages and peoples in the sources of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries |language=es |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=López Mazz |first1=José M. |last2=López Cabral |first2=Rocío M. |title=The presence of Guaraní groups in the current Uruguayan territory |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |date=September 2020 |volume=59 |pages=101193 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101193 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Seeking the origin of indigenous languages in South America |url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/news-and-publications/press-releases/press-releases/article/seeking-the-origin-of-indigenous-languages-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616191541/https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/news-and-publications/press-releases/press-releases/article/seeking-the-origin-of-indigenous-languages-in-south-america/ |archive-date=2023-06-16 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=[[Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen]] |language=}}</ref>

=== [[Venezuela]] ===
[[:es:Cabure|Cabure]], Aracua ''Ara kua'' ("the hole of the [[Ara (bird)]]") , [[Cagua]], [[Maracay]] ''Mbarakaja'y'' ("[[Margay|kitten]]"), Aragua, Taguay, Yaguaratal, Caigua, Carapita, Yaguaracual, Taguapire, Carupano, [[Yaguaraparo]], Carupe, [[Irapa]]  ''Yrapa'' ("all streams"), Tabay ''Táva'í'' ("small town"), Uracoa, Aragüita, [[Tucupita]] ''Tuku pytã'' ("[[Palinurus elephas|red lobster]]"), Guarapo, [[Chaguaramas, Venezuela|Chaguaramas]] ''Jaguaráma'' ("land of jaguars"), Tuja, Cuyagua, Chivacoa, Urucure ''Urukure'a'' ("[[Burrowing owl]]"), Mucuragua, Cuara, Tucani ''Tukã'í'' ("small toucan"), Jacuque, [[Churuguara]], [[:es:Tacuato|Tacuato]] ''Taguato'' ("Falcon"), Aguay, [[Paraguaná Peninsula]] ''Paragua na'' ("crown-like or crown-shaped").
*([[States of Venezuela|Venezuelan states]] with Tupi-origin names; [[Apure]] ''Apyre'' ("Extremity, tip, end or border"), [[Aragua]] ''Ara gua'' ("The macaws [[Ara (bird)]]"), [[Vargas (state)|La Guaira]]  ''Guayraka'' ("Dolphin"), [[Yaracuy]] ''Jarara kúi'' ("falling [[Bothrops jararaca|jararaca]]"))

=== [[Guyana]] ===
[[Arakaka]], Kariakay ''Karia'y kaysa'' ("barrier of the brave")  Iguapa ''Yguapa'' ("all coves")

=== [[French Guiana]] ===
[[Cayenne]], the [[francization]] of the name ''[[:gn:Kỹiña|Kỹiña]]'' ("mean [[Cayenne pepper|chili pepper"]])

=== [[Suriname]] ===
[[Paramaribo]] ''Parama ývo'' ("down the sea"). (Referring to the [[Caribbean Sea]], since although Suriname is part of the [[Caribbean]], it is near the [[Amazon Delta]], in the South Atlantic Ocean).

=== [[Colombia]] ===
[[Buriticá]] ''Mburiti ka'' ("from [[Mauritia flexuosa]]"), [[Ituango]], [[Apía, Risaralda|Apía]], [[Ibagué]] ''yvakue'' ("fallen fruit or fruit peel"), Acuata, [[Arauca, Arauca|Arauca]], Tibacuy, Mocoa, El Jagua, Iguambi, [[Itagüí]] ("from the rocks"), Yacare, Teranguara, Chachagüí, [[Puente Aranda]], Catambuco, Aguayo

=== [[Panama]] ===
[[Ipetí]] ''ypetĩ ("duck's beak")

=== [[Nicaragua]] ===
El Aguay ''Aguai''  ("fruit tree")

=== [[Ecuador]] ===
Urcuqui, Timbuyacu, Ambuquí, Timbiré

=== [[Peru]] ===
[[Aguaytía]] ''Aguai'ty'' ("plantation of aguai"), Curiyaca, Imambari

=== [[Bolivia]] ===
[[Yacuiba]], Paraimiri, [[:gn:Itaimbeguasu|Itaimbeguasu]], Tatarenda, Saipurú, Capirenda, Itay, Ibamiragera, Carandaytí, Ipaguasú, [[Abapó]], Timboy, [[Caraparí]], [[Urubichá]], [[:gn:Kuruguakua|Kuruguakua]], [[Guanay]], [[Yaguarú]] and [[Rogagua Lake|Rogagua]].

=== [[Uruguay]] ===
[[Tacuarembó]], ''[[Paysandú|Pa'i Sandu]]'', [[Chapicuy]] ("worn out"), [[Sarandí del Yí]]  ''Sarãndy del Y'' ("[[Cephalanthus glabratus|bushes]] of the [[Yí River|Yí]]"), [[:es:Balneario Iporá|Balneario Iporá]] ("beautiful watering place"), [[El Ombú]], Yacuy (Salto), [[Sarandí del Arapey]] ''Sarãndy del Árape'y'' ("[[Cephalanthus glabratus|bushes]] of the [[Arapey Grande River|daily tasks river]]"), [[Sarandí Grande]], [[Ituzaingó, Uruguay|Ituzaingó]] and [[Aiguá]]

==Notable Tupi people==
* [[Catarina Paraguaçu]], 1528—1586
* [[Arariboia]], founder of [[Niterói, Brazil]]
* [[Cunhambebe]]
* [[Alex Pereira]]

== See also ==
* [[Cunhambira]]
* ''[[De Gestis Mendi de Saa]]''
* [[Tupi language]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h17brz.html Portugal in America]

{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupi people}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Brazil]]
[[Category:Indigenous culture of the Americas]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Brazil]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Eastern Brazil]]
[[Category:Tupí people| ]]