Editing Tula de Allende

{{Other uses|Tula (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
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'''Tula de Allende''' ([[Otomi language|Otomi]]: '''Mämeni''')<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/97/89/56/97895627608299084400301962130879957738/S045b_DicOtomiMezq_ote.pdf|title=Diccionario del ñhähñu (otomí), Valle del Mezquital, Estado de Hidalgo|edition=2|publisher=SIL|language=es|page=488|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034439/http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/97/89/56/97895627608299084400301962130879957738/S045b_DicOtomiMezq_ote.pdf|archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> is a town and one of the 84 [[municipalities of Hidalgo]] in central-eastern [[Mexico]]. The municipality covers an area of {{convert|305.8|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}}, and as of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 103,919. The municipality includes numerous smaller outlying towns, the largest of which are [[El Llano, Hidalgo|El Llano]], [[San Marcos, Hidalgo|San Marcos]], and [[San Miguel Vindho]]. It is a regional economic center and one of Mexico's fastest growing cities. However, it is best known as the home of the [[Tula (Mesoamerican site)|Tula archeological site]], noted for its [[Atlantean figures (Mesoamerica)|Atlantean figures]]. Its built-up area (or metro) made up of [[Atotonilco de Tula]], [[Atitalaquia]], [[Tlaxcoapan]] municipalities was home to 188,659 inhabitants at the 2010 census.

==City of Tula de Allende==
[[File:Catedral de tula.jpg|thumb|left|Facade of the parish and former monastery of San José]]
[[File:Tula de Alende (altar).jpg|thumb|upright|Altar in the Cathedral]]
The city of Tula de Allende was built on what was the southern extension of the [[Tula (Mesoamerican site)|ancient city of Tula]], centered on a former monastery built by the Spanish in the 16th century. The modern city is still connected to the ancient ruins, which are an important tourist attraction as well as a symbol of the city, especially the [[Atlantean figures (Mesoamerica)|warrior figures]] located on the [[Quetzalcoatl]] pyramid.<ref name=encmuc>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM13hidalgo/municipios/13076a.html |title=Tula de Allende |work=Enciclopedia de los municipios y delegaciones de México Estado de Hidalgo |publisher=INFED |location=Mexico |language=es |access-date=February 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602072848/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM13hidalgo/municipios/13076a.html |archive-date=June 2, 2013 }}</ref> Toltec finds are not uncommon underneath the modern city. In 2009, Toltec burials from 900-1100CE were found under Tula-Iturbe Boulevard along with several kilns for firing pottery.<ref name=entierros>{{cite news |title= Descubren dos entierros toltecas en Tula de Allende |newspaper=NOTIMEX |location=Mexico City |date=May 22, 2009 |language=es |trans-title=Discover Toltec burials in Tula de Allende }}</ref>

The modern city is a regional economic center and has been listed as one of the fastest growing in Mexico by the National Commission of Population. Most of the reason for this is the existence of a refinery and a thermoelectric plant.<ref name=milenio>{{cite news |title=Tula, municipio con más desarrollo que el estado |url=http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/impreso/8600642?quicktabs_1=0 |newspaper=Milenio |location=Mexico City |date=July 1, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2013 |language=es |trans-title=Tula, the most developed municipality in the state |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703035846/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/impreso/8600642?quicktabs_1=0 |archive-date=July 3, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=planmuni>{{cite web |url= http://intranet.e-hidalgo.gob.mx/siieh/Planes%20Muicipales/TULA%20DE%20ALLENDE.pdf |title=Plan municipal de desarrollo Tula |publisher=Government of Hidalgo |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Municipal development plan |access-date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref>

The city is centered around the parish and former monastery of San Jose, with the oldest part built between 1546 and 1556.<ref name=planmuni/><ref name=atello>{{cite news |title= Tula de Allende: Recorrido con los toltecas |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=July 12, 2003 |page=12 |language=es |trans-title=Tula de Allende:Stroll with the Toltecs }}</ref> The main facade has three arches, pilasters with reliefs, a curved pediment and a chapel annex that takes from the 17th century. The cloister of the monastery has two levels with arches and fresco murals. Inside the main church, there is a modern mural called “Jesus” located at the main altar.<ref name=planmuni/> It was named a cathedral in 1961.<ref name=atello/>

Near here is a main plaza and an open-air theatre, framed by a mural called “Tula Eterna” created by Juan Pablo Patiño Cornejo. Another mural called “Tianguis Mamehni” is found at the chamber of commerce.<ref name=planmuni/> There is also the Plaza de las Artesanias dedicated to local handcrafts including replicas of the atlas figures.<ref name=atello/>

==The municipality==
The government of the city of Tula de Allende is also the government for a total of 76 communities.<ref name=resumen>{{cite web |url= http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=13&mun=076 |title=Catálogo Localidades - Resumen municipal Municipio de Tula de Allende|publisher= SEDESOL |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Town Catalog - Municipal summary, municipality of Tula de Allende |access-date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref> The city is the largest community, with a population of about 27,000. Other important communities include El Llano (11,000 people), San Miguel Vindho (10,500), San Marcos (10,400), Bomintzha (3,000), Santa Ana Ahuehuepan (2,600), Santa Maria Macua (1,750), Ignacio Zaragoza, (1,750), Nantzha (1740), Xochitlan de las Flores (1,300), Colonia San Francisco Bojay (1,250) and Monte Alegre (1,200). The government consists of a municipal president, fourteen administrators, 54 delegates and fourteen commissions.<ref name=encmuc/>

==History==
[[File:TulaSite133.JPG|thumb|left|Image of Toltec ruler in relief from the Tula archeological site]]
[[File:Ruins of the old cathedral, Tula de Allende.jpg|upright|thumb|Ruins of the first Spanish Cathedral in Tula.]]
The name is derived from the Nahuatl phrase Tollan-Xicocotitlan, which means near where [[cattail]]s grow. Tula is the Hispanicized pronunciation of Tollan. In '''[[Otomi people|Otomi]]''' the area is called Namehi, which means “place of many people.” It was given the appendage of “de Allende” in honor of [[Ignacio Allende]] who fought in the [[Mexican War of Independence]].<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=planmuni/>

The area was the capital of one of the major civilizations of [[Mesoamerica]], that of the [[Toltec]]s. The Toltecs rose to power after 713 CE as the successor to [[Teotihuacan]]. The current city is centered just south of the ceremonial center of the ancient city, which is famous for its Atlantean figures. The [[Toltec Empire]] reached as far south as the [[Valley of Mexico]] and its influence has been found in artifacts as far away as the current U.S. Southwest. It is believed that [[aguamiel]] was first extracted around 1100CE, which led to the making of [[pulque]]. The last Toltec ruler was Topilzin Ce-Acatl Quetzalcoatl who came to power in 1085.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=planmuni/>

According to the [[Codex Mendoza]], the site was conquered under the reign of [[Tizoc]] and subsequently incorporated into the [[Aztec Empire]]

After the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]], Pedro Miahuazochil was named in 1531 as the lord of Tula helping to evangelize the area.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=planmuni/>

Tula became a municipality in 1871.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=planmuni/>

The Tula area was the scene of various battles during the Mexican Revolution, particularly between those loyal to [[Venustiano Carranza]] and those to [[Emiliano Zapata]].<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=planmuni/>

==Geography==
[[File:TulaRiver.JPG|thumb|View of the Tula River from the archeological site.]]
[[File:TulaSite40.JPG|thumb|Garden in the archeological site]]

The municipality is located in the south of the [[Mezquital Valley]] in the southwest of the state of Hidalgo.  With an extension of 305.8&nbsp;km2 it borders the municipalities of [[Tepetitlán]], [[Tlahuelilpan]], [[Tepeji del Río]], [[Atotonilco de Tula]], [[Atitalaquía]] and [[Tlaxcoapan]], with the [[State of Mexico]] to the west.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=planmuni/>

The city of Tula has an altitude of 2,020&nbsp;meters above sea level Most of the municipality is semi flat with only one significant elevation completely in the municipality known as Magoni.  Elevations in the west form the border between it and the State of Mexico.  These include Magueni and La Malinche. In the north there is a small mountain of volcanic origin called Xicuco.<ref name=encmuc/>

Surface water is mostly found in the [[Tula River]], the Rosas River and the Arroyo Grande, whose waters are stored in the Endho Dam.  The Tula River begins with the discharge from the Valley of Mexico which pass north through the State of Mexico before reaching the area.  The Rosas River also begins in the State of Mexico but with clean waters from a fresh water spring. It has carved some small canyons in the area.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=planmuni/>

Pollution problems generally come from the [[PEMEX]] refinery and the discharge of wastewater from the Valley of Mexico into the Tula River.<ref name=vjimenez>{{cite news |title= Provoca complejo alta contaminación |author=Veronica Jimenez |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=March 18, 2006 |page=18 |language=es |trans-title=Complex causes high leves of pollution }}</ref>

===Flora and fauna===
The natural vegetation is mostly semi desert, with cactus and [[maguey]] plants the most defining followed by [[mesquite]] and the pirul tree (''[[Schinus molle]]'') along with seasonal grass.  Native fauna includes rabbits, squirrels, [[chameleon]]s, [[roadrunner]]s, coyotes, various kinds of birds and snakes, skunks and [[opossum]]s.<ref name=encmuc/>

===Climate===
The municipality's climate varies from temperate to cold with an average annual temperature of {{convert|17.6|C|F}}.  It has an average annual rainfall of {{convert|699|mm|in|abbr=on}}, with most rain falling from May to September.<ref name=planmuni/>

== Politics ==
{| class="wikitable" 
|- align=center style="background:#d8edff"
!Mayor!!Time
|-
| Rodolfo Paredes Carbajal || 2009&ndash;2012
|-
| Jaime Jacobo Allende González || 2012&ndash;2016
|-
|  Ismael Gadoth Tapia Benítez || 2016&ndash;2020
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Estado_de_Hidalgo,_Tula_-_SMVK_-_0307.c.0001.tif|left|thumb|Marketplace in Tula 1932. Photo by Sigvald Linné]]

The city and municipality have a very low level of socioeconomic marginalization but median household income varies between US$10,641 and $5,037 a year.<ref name=milenio/><ref name=resumen/>  The city is a regional economic center.  The nucleus of its economic sphere includes the municipalities of Tula de Allende, Atitalaquuia, Atotonilco de Tula, [[Chapantongo]] and [[Nopala de Villagrán]].  Other municipalities which are affected include Tepetitlán, Tepeji del Río, Tlahualilpan, Tlaxcoapan, [[Tezontepec de Aldama]], [[Soyaniquilpan de Juárez]] and [[Jilotepec de Abasolo|Jilotepec]] .<ref name=milenio/>

Of the economically active population (minus students and retirees), just under ten percent work in agriculture and livestock; just over 33 percent work in manufacturing and mining and about 55 percent work in commerce, services and tourism.  97% of the land is held in common, generally in [[ejido]]s, for agricultural purposes.  The main crops are corn, beans, oats, wheat, vegetables such as squash, tomatillos and chili peppers, alfalfa, nopal cactus, cactus fruit, peaches and avocados.  Livestock includes sheep, goats, cattle and pigs along with domestic fowl.  Fishing is mostly limited to sporting catching carp and catfish.<ref name=planmuni/>

[[File:Tula Refinery.jpg|right|thumb|Refinery in Tula de Allende]]
[[File:Tula archeological site (13744562235).jpg|right|thumb|[[Tourism]] is an important sector of the municipal economy.]]
There are firms dedicated to manufacturing, mineral extraction and construction as well as "maquiladoras".  The most important of these are the Francisco Pérez Ríos Thermoelectric plant and the PEMEX refinery as well as the [[Cemento Cruz Azul|Cruz Azul]] and Tolteca cement locations.<ref name=planmuni/>  The refinery was established in 1976, and makes gasoline, diesel and solvents.<ref name=vjimenez/>  It has 35 plants in eleven sections, covering an area of {{convert|707|ha|acre}}.  It processes just under 25% of Mexico's crude employing about 3,500 workers.<ref name=alertan>{{cite news |title= Alertan por riesgos en Refineria de Tula |author=Veronica Jimenez |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=March 18, 2006 |page=18 |language=es |trans-title=Alerto to risks from the Tula refinery }}</ref>  The main handcraft in the city is the making of replicas of Toltec stone pieces.  The altas figures are also recreated in way, marble, plastic and clay.  Textiles are also made especially [[quezquémetl]], [[rebozo]]s, [[sarape]]s, hats and baskets.<ref name=planmuni/>

Commerce is mainly for local needs such as groceries and clothing.  There are two main traditional markets in the city of Tula, the municipal market and the ''Tianguis''.  The latter generally concentrates on electronics.  The major service sector is related to tourism.  This is mostly focused on visitors to the Tula archeological site.  There is also the Requena dam (boating, fishing and picnicking) and the Parque Acuático la Cantera, a water park with a pool and thermal springs.  The municipality has two four star hotels and two three star hotels.<ref name=planmuni/><ref name=atello/>

The municipality's infrastructure includes {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} of federal highway, {{convert|72|km|mi|abbr=on}} of state highway, {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} of rural highway and {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} of rail line.  It has a main bus terminal with local and intercity bus service.  Trains that regularly pass through include the [[Mexico City]]–[[Ciudad Juárez]] line and the Mexico City-Tula-[[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]] line.  It still has telegraph service, one of the oldest still in service after 100 years.  Postal service in the town is also one of Mexico's oldest, beginning in 1856.  There are two radio stations, FM XHLLV and “Super Stereo 90.9”.<ref name=planmuni/>

== Demography ==
[[File:Cruz Azul Avenue.JPG|right|thumb|Cruz Azul City is an urban development between San Miguel Vindho and Santa María Ilucan in the Tula de Allende municipality.]]

=== Populated places in Tula de Allende ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;"
| '''Town''' || '''Population'''
|- style="background:#CFCFCF;"
| '''Total''' || '''103,919'''<ref name=resumen/>
|-
| Tula de Allende || 28,577
|-
| [[San Miguel Vindho]] || 7,988
|-
| [[Bomintzha]] || 3,568
|-
| [[Santa Ana Ahuehuepan]] || 2,917
|-
| [[Santa María Macua]] || 2,197
|-
| [[Xochitlán de las Flores]] || 1,595
|-
| [[Michimaloya]] || 1,242
|-
| [[Xitejé de Zapata]] || 1,004
|}

The census of 2010 reported a population of 103,919 people: 53,429 females and 50,490 males.<ref name=resumen/> The municipality has a total population of 103,919, living in 26,937 households, with 581 speaking an indigenous language.<ref name=resumen/>

The Tula de Allende municipality is very big, and includes many cities, towns, and small communities. The biggest city is '''Tula de Allende''', and the second largest city is [[Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul|Cruz Azul City]] (near to San Miguel Vindho and Santa María Ilucan). Tula-Tepeji, the third Metropolitan Area in Hidalgo state, is the most important population center in the Mezquital valley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.inecc.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/652/tula.pdf|title=21. Zona Metropolitana de Tula y Tepeji del Río de Ocampo, Hgo.|website=INECC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821203954/http://www2.inecc.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/652/tula.pdf|archive-date=August 21, 2016}}</ref>

==Culture and education== 
Eighty seven percent of the population is Catholic, with most of the rest practicing some form of Catholicism. The main feast day is dedicated to [[Saint Joseph]] on March 19. There is also a large annual pilgrimage from here to the [[Basilica of Guadalupe]] in Mexico City with many traveling by foot.<ref name=planmuni/>

Traditional garb for men consists of pants and shirt made of undyed cotton cloth along with a sombrero. Women's traditional dress is a dress made of the some cloth often with a crinoline skirt underneath, decorated with ribbons and embroidery although beads and sequins are also used. A wool rebozo is common in the winter. For [[charreada]] events, men can be seen in [[charro]] outfits and women in [[China Poblana]] dress.<ref name=planmuni/>

Traditional dishes of the area include [[barbacoa]], [[carnitas]], [[pulque]], [[nopal cactus]] with eggs, beans with [[epazote]] and [[mixote]] but the area is known for dishes made with escamoles (ant eggs) as well as mezcal worms which are both seasonal. [[Mexican street food|Street food]] such as [[gordita]]s is popular in the local markets.<ref name=planmuni/><ref name=atello/>
The most important museum in the municipality is the site museum for the Tula archeological site called the Jorge R. Acosta Museum, which is run by INAH.<ref name=planmuni/>

The municipality has 73 preschools, 66 primary schools, 30 middle schools, thirteen high schools and at higher level the [[Universidad Politecnica de la Energia]] and the [[Universidad Tecnológica de Tula-Tepeji]],<ref name=officialSite>{{cite web |url= http://www.uttt.edu.mx |title=Universidad Tecnológica de Tula - Tepeji|publisher=Government of Hidalgo |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Technological University of Tula-Tepeji|access-date=August 2, 2013 }}</ref> with a total of about thirty thousand students. This is sufficient for the lower levels but not for higher education.<ref name=planmuni/>

==Tula archeological site==
{{main|Tula (Mesoamerican site)}}
[[Image:Tula archeological site (13744967814).jpg|thumb|left|Pyramid at Tula archaeological site]]
The ceremonial center of ancient Tula is located about five minutes from the center of the modern city. Tula became the most important city in the region after the fall of [[Teotihuacan]], although it never reached the same size due to competing cities in the area. Usually identified as the Toltec capital around 980 CE, the city was destroyed at some time between 1168 and 1179.<ref name=encmuc/>

The site is at and around the junction of two rivers, the [[Río Rosas]] and the [[Río Tula]]. The two largest clusters of grand ceremonial architecture are nicknamed "Tula Grande" (the most visited by [[tourism|tourists]]) and "Tula Chico". Remains of other buildings extend for some distance in all directions. Tula Grande contains pyramids, Mesoamerican ball courts and other buildings but its most distinctive characteristics are the [[Atlantean figures (Mesoamerica)|Atlantean figures]], columns in the shape of warriors and the “Serpent Wall,” a wall with reliefs that serve as a predecessor to similar constructions in later cultures.<ref name=planmuni/>

The archeological site was made a [[List of national parks of Mexico|national park]] in 1981 by the Mexican government. The park covers an area of 1 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="unep"> UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Tula from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 26 September 2021. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/306851]</ref>

==See also==

* [[2021 Tula River floods]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tula de Allende Municipality}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073714/Tula Encyclopædia Britannica, Tula - full text article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090922184251/http://tuladeallende.ning.com/ Tula social site ]

{{coord|20|03|N|99|21|W|type:city|display=title}}

{{Hidalgo}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places in Hidalgo (state)]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Teotlalpan]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Hidalgo (state)]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hidalgo (state)]]
[[Category:Otomi settlements]]
[[Category:Municipality seats in Hidalgo (state)]]