Editing Tujia people

{{Short description|Ethnic minority group in China}}
{{Distinguish|Monguor people|Monguor people{{!}}Tu people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Tujia
| native_name      = 
| image            =File:Tujia women.jpg
| caption          = Tujia women in traditional dress
| population       = 8,353,912 (2010 census)<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm|title = 中國2010人口普查資料|accessdate = 1 August 2015|archive-date = 27 November 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121127080641/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| popplace         = [[File:Place - Tujia.gif]]<br/>{{flag|China}}<br/>([[Hunan]]{{·}}[[Hubei]]{{·}}[[Guizhou]]{{·}}[[Chongqing]])
| languages        = [[Mandarin Chinese]]<br/>[[Tujia language|Tujia]] (traditional)
| religions        = Predominantly [[Nuo folk religion]]
}}

The '''Tujia''' ([[Tujia language|Northern Tujia]]: ''Bifjixkhar'' / ''Bifzixkar'', [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|/bi˧˥ dʑi˥ kʰa˨˩/ /pi˧˥ tsi˥ kʰa˨˩/}}, Southern Tujia: ''Mongrzzir'', {{IPA|/mõ˨˩ dzi˨˩/}}; {{zh|c={{linktext|土家族}}|p=Tǔjiāzú|w=Tu3-chia1-tsu2}}) are an [[ethnic group]] and, with a total [[population]] of over 8 million, the eighth-largest [[Ethnic minorities in China|officially recognized]] [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic minority]] in the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. They live in the [[Wuling Mountains]], straddling the common borders of [[Hunan]], [[Hubei]] and [[Guizhou]] [[Provinces of China|Provinces]] and [[Chongqing]] [[Direct-controlled municipality|Municipality]].

The [[Exonym and endonym|endonym]] ''Bizika'' means "native dwellers". In Chinese, ''Tujia'' literally means "local families", in contrast to the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] ({{zh|c={{linktext|客家}}|p=Kèjiā|labels=no}}), whose name literally means "guest families" and implies migration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hb.xinhuanet.com/cwh/2005-03/07/content_3829925.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903183847/http://www.hb.xinhuanet.com/cwh/2005-03/07/content_3829925.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2006|script-title=zh:土家族族源|trans-title=Origins of the Tujia|publisher=[[Xinhua]]}}</ref>

==Origins==
Although there are different accounts of their origins, the Tujia may trace their history back over twelve centuries, and possibly beyond to the ancient [[Ba (state)|Ba people]] who occupied the area around modern-day [[Chongqing]] some 2,500 years ago. The [[Ba (state)|Ba Kingdom]] reached the zenith of its power between 600 BC and 400 BC but was annexed by the [[Qin (state)|Qin]] in 316 BC.

After being referred to by a long succession of different names in ancient documents, the Tujia appeared in historical records from about 14th century onwards.

==Ming and Qing dynasties==
The Tujia [[tusi]] chieftains reached the zenith of their power under the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644), when they were accorded comparatively high status by the imperial court. They achieved this through their reputation as providers of fierce, highly disciplined fighting men, who were employed by the emperor to suppress revolts by other minorities. On numerous occasions, they helped defend China against outside invaders, such as the ''[[wokou]]'' ("Japanese" pirates) who ravaged the coast during the 16th century.

The [[Manchu people|Manchus]] invaded and conquered the Ming in 1644 and established the Great Qing Empire, known in China as the [[Qing dynasty]]. Ever suspicious of local rulers, the Qing emperors always tried to replace Han officials with Manchu officials wherever they could. In the early 18th century, the Qing court finally felt secure enough to establish direct control over minority areas as well. This process, known as ''gaituguiliu'' (literally 'replace the local [ruler], return to mainstream [central rule]'), was carried out throughout South-West China gradually and, in general, peacefully. The court adopted a [[carrot and stick]] approach of lavish pensions for compliant [[Tribal chief|chieftains]], coupled with a huge show of military force on the borders of their territories.

Most of the Tujia areas returned to central control during the period 1728–1735. While the rule of the Qing government was more orderly compared to the rule of chieftains, many in the Tujia peasantry came to resent the attempts of the Qing court to impose national culture and customs on them. With the weakening of central Qing rule, numerous large-scale uprisings occurred, culminating in the violent [[Taiping Rebellion]].

==Recent history==
[[Image:Hubei - Yichang Village.JPG|thumb|Tujia village in current-day [[Yichang]]]]
[[File:Phoenix in Peony Flowers, Tujia people, China, cotton brocade - Sichuan Provincial Museum - Chengdu, China - DSC04733.jpg|thumb|Tujia brocade]]

Following the collapse of the Qing, the Tujia found themselves caught between various competing [[warlord]]s. More and more land was given over to the cultivation of high-earning [[opium]] at the insistence of wealthy landlords and [[banditry]] was rife. After the founding of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] in 1949, Tujia areas came under communist control and banditry was rapidly eradicated. The [[Great Leap Forward]] led to mass famine in Tujia communities.

The Tujia were officially recognized as one of the 55 [[List of ethnic groups in China#Ethnic groups recognized by the People's Republic of China|ethnic minorities]] in January 1957 and a number of [[autonomous prefecture]]s and [[autonomous county|counties]] were subsequently established.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=McLaren|first=Anne E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50z1YDkguhgC&pg=PA158|title=Performing Grief: Bridal Laments in Rural China|date=2008|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3232-2|pages=158|language=en|quote=The Tujia people have been given the status of 'minority' by the People's Republic.}}</ref>

State Councillor [[Dai Bingguo]], one of China's top officials on foreign policy, is the most prominent Tujia in the Chinese government.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lin|first=Li|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mRZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|title=On Minority Rights|date=2012|publisher=Paths International Ltd|isbn=978-1-84464-214-4|pages=149|language=en|quote=Hui Liangyu (Hui) was elected Vice Premier of the State Council and Dai Bingguo (Tujia) State Councillor.}}</ref>

==Culture==
Today, traditional Tujia customs can only be found in the most remote areas.

The Tujia are renowned for their singing and song composing abilities and for their tradition of the [[Baishou Dance|Baishou dance]] (摆手舞), a 500-year-old collective dance which uses 70 ritual gestures to represent war, farming, hunting, courtship and other aspects of traditional life. They are also famous for their richly patterned [[brocade]], known as ''xilankapu'', a product that in earlier days regularly figured in their tribute payments to the Chinese court. For their spring festival they prepare handmade [[glutinous rice]] cakes called [[ciba cake]]. They gather round the fire to sing [[folk song]]s and eat grilled ciba.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/1-eObWLjzLs Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200214192442/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-eObWLjzLs&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-eObWLjzLs| title = A special Spring Festival snack: The Tujia tradition of making 'ciba,' a glutinous rice cake | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 13 February 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Regarding religion, most of the Tujia worship a white tiger totem, although some Tujia in western Hunan worship a turtle totem.

==Language==
{{Main|Tujia language}}
[[Tujia language|Tujia]] is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] and is usually considered an isolate within this group.  It has some grammatical and phonological similarities with [[Nuosu language|Nuosu]], though its vocabulary is very different.<ref>[http://www.brassett.org.uk/tujia/elng/elintro.html Brief Introduction to the Tujia Language]</ref>

Today there are at most 70,000 native speakers of the [[Tujia language]], most of whom live in the northern parts [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]] in North-Western [[Hunan|Hunan Province]].

The vast majority of the Tujia use [[varieties of Chinese]], mainly [[Southwestern Mandarin]]; a few speak [[Hmongic languages]]. Few monolingual Tujia speakers remain; nearly all are bilingual in some dialect of Chinese. Children now learn Chinese from childhood and many young Tujia prefer to use Chinese when communicating among themselves. Among fluent Tujia speakers, Chinese borrowings and even sentence structures, are more common.

==Distribution==

===By province===
[[File:1 furong panorama 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Furong, Yongshun County|Furong]], an ancient town located in [[Yongshun County]] of [[Xiangxi]], Hunan]]
The [[Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|Fifth National Population Census]] of 2000 recorded 8,028,133 Tujia in China.
;Provincial Distribution of the Tujia:
{| class="wikitable"
|-----
! Province !! Tujia Population !! % of Total
|-----
| [[Hunan]] || 2,639,534 || 32.88%
|-----
| [[Hubei]] || 2,177,409 || 27.12%
|-----
| [[Guizhou]] || 1,430,286 || 17.82%
|-----
| [[Chongqing]] || 1,424,352 || 17.74%
|-----
| [[Guangdong]] || 135,431 || 1.69%
|-----
| [[Zhejiang]] || 55,310 || 0.69%
|-----
| [[Sichuan]] || 41,246 || 0.51%
|-----
| [[Fujian]] || 29,046 || 0.36%
|-----
| Other || 95,519 || 1.19%
|-----
|}

In Chongqing, Tujia make up 4.67% of the total population; in Hunan, 4.17%; in Guizhou, 4.06%; in Hubei, 3.66%; and in Guangdong, 0.16%.

===By county===
[[File:Tujia distribution density.png|thumb|400px|Distribution of Tujia people in China]]

[[File:Tujia autonomous prefectures and counties in China.png|right|thumb|350px|Tujia autonomous prefectures and counties in China.]]

;County-level distributions of the Tujia

(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.5% of China's Tujia population.)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Province
! Prefecture
! County
! Tujia Population
!% of China's Tujia Population
|-
| [[Chongqing]]
| Same
| [[Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Youyang]]
| 462,444
| 5.76%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Zhangjiajie]]
| [[Cili County|Cili]]
| 399,906
| 4.98%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi]]
| [[Lichuan, Hubei|Lichuan]]
| 388,035
| 4.83%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Changde]]
| [[Shimen County|Shimen]]
| 387,480
| 4.83%
|-
| [[Guizhou]]
| [[Tongren]]
| [[Yanhe Tujia Autonomous County]]
| 383,499
| 4.78%
|-
| [[Chongqing]]
| same
| [[Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County|Shizhu]]
| 348,790
| 4.34%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi]]
| [[Yongshun County|Yongshun]]
| 342,570
| 4.27%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Zhangjiajie]]
| [[Yongding District, Zhangjiajie|Yongding]]
| 319,330
| 3.98%
|-
| [[Guizhou]]
| [[Tongren]]
| [[Dejiang County|Dejiang]]
| 300,432
| 3.74%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi]]
| [[Xianfeng County|Xianfeng]]
| 276,394
| 3.44%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi]]
| [[Enshi City|Enshi]]
| 270,753
| 3.37%
|-
| [[Chongqing]]
| Same
| [[Qianjiang District|Qianjiang]]
| 261,327
| 3.26%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Zhangjiajie]]
| [[Sangzhi County|Sangzhi]]
| 260,092
| 3.24%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi]]
| [[Longshan County|Longshan]]
| 251,007
| 3.13%
|-
| [[Guizhou]]
| [[Tongren]]
| [[Yinjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Yinjiang]]
| 233,802
| 2.91%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi]]
| [[Badong County|Badong]]
| 212,424
| 2.65%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Yichang]]
| [[Changyang Tujia Autonomous County|Changyang]]
| 211,129
| 2.63%
|-
| [[Chongqing]]
| Same
| [[Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Xiushan]]
| 197,570
| 2.46%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Yichang]]
| [[Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County|Wufeng]]
| 174,546
| 2.17%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi]]
| [[Jianshi County|Jianshi]]
| 173,984
| 2.17%
|-
| [[Guizhou]]
| [[Tongren]]
| [[Sinan County, Guizhou|Sinan]]
| 160,089
| 1.99%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi]]
| [[Baojing County|Baojing]]
| 148,291
| 1.85%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi]]
| [[Hefeng County|Hefeng]]
| 142,805
| 1.78%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi]]
| [[Xuan'en County|Xuan'en]]
| 140,837
| 1.75%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi]]
| [[Jishou]]
| 103,242
| 1.29%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Huaihua]]
| [[Yuanling County|Yuanling]]
| 102,636
| 1.28%
|-
| [[Hubei]]
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi]]
| [[Laifeng County|Laifeng]]
| 93,471
| 1.16%
|-
| [[Guizhou]]
| [[Tongren]]
| [[Jiangkou County|Jiangkou]]
| 77,791
| 0.97%
|-
| [[Chongqing]]
| Same
| [[Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County|Pengshui]]
| 74,591
| 0.93%
|-
| [[Guizhou]]
| [[Tongren]]
| [[Bijiang District|Tongren]]
| 70,286
| 0.88%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi]]
| [[Fenghuang County|Fenghuang]]
| 64,727
| 0.81%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi]]
| [[Guzhang County|Guzhang]]
| 47,162
| 0.59%
|-
| [[Guizhou]]
| [[Zunyi]]
| [[Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County|Wuchuan]]
| 46,253
| 0.58%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Huaihua]]
| [[Xupu County|Xupu]]
| 45,900
| 0.57%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Zhangjiajie]]
| [[Wulingyuan District|Wulingyuan]]
| 41,910
| 0.52%
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi]]
| [[Luxi County, Hunan|Luxi]]
| 40,643
| 0.51%
|-
| Other
|  —
|  —
| 771,985
| 9.62%
|}

==Autonomous Areas Designated for Tujia==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Administrative divisions of China#Province level|Province-level Division]]
! Name
|-
| [[Hunan]]
| [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Hubei]]
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]
|-
| [[Changyang Tujia Autonomous County]]
|-
| [[Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County]]
|-
| rowspan="5"|[[Chongqing]]
| [[Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County]]
|-
| [[Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County]]
|-
| [[Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County]]
|-
| [[Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County]]
|-
| [[Qianjiang District]] (former Qianjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County)
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Guizhou]]
| [[Yanhe Tujia Autonomous County]]
|-
| [[Yinjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County]]
|}

==Famous Tujia==
*[[Zhuodiao Kuang]], Biostatistian
*[[He Long]]
*[[Dai Bingguo]]
*[[Lan Xiya]], actress
*[[Leo Li]]
*[[Liao Guoxun]]
*[[Ren Zhenhe]], Governor of [[Gansu]]
*[[Shang Chunsong]]
*[[Shen Mengchen]] 
*[[Tian Tao]], Olympic weightlifter
*[[Zhou Xianwang]], Mayor of [[Wuhan]]
*[[Zhou Yiwei]], actor
*[[Zhang Ju (musician)|Zhang Ju]], musician
*[[Huang Yongyu]], painter
*[[Xiang Xuan]]
*[[Qin Haiyang]]
*[[Li Kaiwen]], [[mixed martial artist]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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*Brown, M.J. (2004). "They Came with Their Hands Tied behind Their Backs" – Forced Migrations, Identity Changes, and State Classification in Hubei. ''Is Taiwan Chinese?'' (pp.&nbsp;166–210). Berkeley: University of California Press.
*Brown, M.J. (2007). "Ethnic Identity, Cultural Variation, and Processes of Change – Rethinking the Insights of Standardization and Orthopraxy". ''Modern China''. 33(1): 91–124. Sage Publications.
*---- 2002. "Local Government Agency: Manipulating Tujia Identity," ''Modern China''.
*Ch'en, J. (1992). ''The Highlanders of Central China: A History 1895–1937''. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
*Dong, L. (1999). ''Ba feng Tu yun—Tujia wenhua yuanliu jiexi (Ba Manners, Tu Charm—An Analysis of the Origins of Tujia Culture).'' Wuhan: Wuhan Daxue Chubanshe.
*Dong, L., Brown, M.J., Wu, X. (2002). Tujia. ''Encyclopedia of World Cultures – Supplement''. C. Ember, M. Ember & I. Skoggard (eds.), NY: Macmillan Reference USA, pp.&nbsp;351–354.
*Huang B. (1999). "Tujiazu Zuyuan Yanjiu Zonglun" ("A Review of Research on Tujia Ancestral Origins"). In ''Tujia zu lizhi wenhua lunji'' (A Colloquium on Tujia History and Culture), edited by Huang Baiquan and Tian Wanzheng. 25–42. Enshi, Hubei: Hubei Minzu Xueyuan.
*Li, S. (1993). ''Chuandong Youshui Tujia'' (Tujia of the Youshui River in East Sichuan). Chengdu: Chengdu Chubanshe.
*Peng, B., Peng, X. et al. (1981). Jishou University Journal, Humanities Edition #2: Special Issue on Tujia Ethnography [in Chinese]. Jishou: Jishou University.
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*Tien, D., He, T., Chen, K., Li, J., Xie, Z., Peng, X. (1986). ''Tujiayu Jianzhi'' (A Brief Chronicle of the Tujia Language). Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
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*Wu, X. (1997). "Tujia's food-getting pattern in west Hubei in the Qing Dynasty". In: ''Journal of Hubei Institute for Nationalities'', (2): 33–35. (Hubei, China)
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*Wu, X. (2003). "Food, Ethnoecology and Identity in Enshi Prefecture, Hubei, China". (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Alberta, 388 pages).
*Wu, X. (2003). "Turning Waste into Things of Value": Marketing Fern, Kudzu and Osmunda in Enshi Prefecture, China. In: ''Journal of Developing Societies'', 19(4): 433–457.
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tujiazu.org.cn Tujia Culture Web]

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{{Ethnic groups in China}}
{{East Asian topics}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tujia People}}
[[Category:Tujia people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sichuan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Hunan]]