Editing Trieste (bathyscaphe)

{{short description|Deep sea scientific submersible}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
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|Ship name= ''Trieste''
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|Ship type=[[Bathyscaphe]]
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'''''Trieste''''' is a Swiss-designed, Italian-built deep-diving research [[bathyscaphe]]. In 1960, it became the first crewed vessel to reach the bottom of [[Challenger Deep]] in the [[Mariana Trench]], the deepest point in Earth's seabed.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Trip to the Deepest Part of the Ocean The Bathyscaphe Trieste carried two hydronauts to the Challenger Deep in 1960 |url=http://geology.com/records/bathyscaphe-trieste.shtml |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Geology.com |publisher=2005-2015 Geology.com}}</ref> The mission was the final goal for [[Project Nekton]], a series of dives conducted by the [[United States Navy]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]] near [[Guam]]. The vessel was piloted by Swiss oceanographer [[Jacques Piccard]] and [[United States Navy|US Navy]] lieutenant [[Don Walsh]]. They reached a depth of about {{convert|10916|m|ft|0}}.

The bathyscaphe was designed by Swiss scientist [[Auguste Piccard]], the father of pilot Jacques Piccard. It was built in Italy and first launched in 1953. The vessel was first owned and operated by the [[French Navy]] until it was purchased by the US Navy in 1958. It was taken out of service in 1966. Since the 1980s, it has been on exhibit in the [[National Museum of the United States Navy]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

==Design==
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2011}}
[[File:Trieste nh96807.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|General arrangement, showing the key features]]
''Trieste'' was designed by the Swiss scientist Auguste Piccard, based on his previous experience with the bathyscaphe ''[[FNRS-2]]''. The term [[bathyscaphe]] refers to its capacity to dive and manoeuvre untethered to a ship in contrast to a [[bathysphere]], ''bathys'' being ancient Greek meaning "deep" and ''scaphe'' being a light, bowl-shaped boat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bathyscaphe |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/bathyscaphe/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Built in Italy and launched on 26 August 1953 near the [[Capri|Isle of Capri]] on the [[Mediterranean Sea]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=History of the Bathyscaph ''Trieste''|url=http://www.bathyscaphtrieste.org/|access-date=2022-01-28|website=www.bathyscaphtrieste.org}}</ref>  it  was operated in the  Mediterranean by the [[French Navy]] for several years until it was purchased by the [[United States Navy]] in 1958 for US$250,000, equivalent to ${{inflation|US|.25|1958|r=1|fmt=c}} million today.<ref name="9 News">{{Citation| title = A dream and a crack: How the world's first dive to the bottom of the ocean almost killed two men| last = Marsh| first = Stuart | publisher = 9 News| date = 2019-11-03| url = https://www.9news.com.au/world/challenger-deep-first-manned-mission-trieste-jacques-piccard-don-walsh/809e6764-813d-4f63-bad3-e02830611c2f| access-date = 2023-06-28 | archive-date = 2022-07-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220702141207/https://www.9news.com.au/world/challenger-deep-first-manned-mission-trieste-jacques-piccard-don-walsh/809e6764-813d-4f63-bad3-e02830611c2f}}</ref> ''Trieste'' consisted of a heavy crew sphere suspended from a hull containing tanks filled with [[gasoline]] (petrol) for [[buoyancy]], ballast hoppers filled with [[shot (pellet)|iron shot]] and floodable water tanks to sink.<ref name="MH" />  This general configuration remained the same but after modifications to the hull for  [[Project Nekton]], which included the dive to Challenger Deep, ''Trieste'' was more than {{convert|15|m|ft}} long. The hull was built by [[Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico]], in the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] on the border between Italy and Yugoslavia, now in Italy, hence the name. The pressure sphere was built separately and installed on the hull in the Cantiere navale di [[Castellammare di Stabia]], near [[Naples]].<br>
[[File:Bathyscaphe Trieste sphere.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Pressure sphere, with forward ballast hopper, left]]
The pressure sphere was attached to the underside of the hull and accommodated two crew who accessed it via a vertical shaft through the hull; this access shaft was not pressurized and flooded with seawater on descent.  The sphere was completely self-contained, having a closed-circuit [[rebreather]] system with [[oxygen]] provided from [[Diving cylinder|cylinders]] while carbon dioxide was [[Carbon dioxide scrubber|scrubbed]] from the air by being passed through canisters of [[Soda lime|soda-lime]]. Batteries provided electrical power.
Piccard's original pressure sphere was built by Acciaierie Terni of steel [[Forging|forged]] in two hemispheres and welded to form a sphere {{convert|2.4|m|ft}} in diameter and {{convert|89|mm|in}} thick,<ref>{{Citation| title = Science: Voyage of the Trieste| publisher = Time| date = 1953-10-12| url = https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,860050-1,00.html| access-date = 2023-06-28 | archive-date = 2023-06-29| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230629032616/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,860050-1,00.html}}</ref>  This pressure sphere was replaced in December 1958 with another cast by the [[Krupp]] Steel Works<ref>{{Citation| title = Bathyscaphe Trieste 1958–1963| publisher = United States Navy| date = | year = | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/exploration-and-innovation/bathyscaph-trieste.html| access-date = 2023-06-28 | archive-date = 2023-04-08| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230408213041/https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/exploration-and-innovation/bathyscaph-trieste.html}}</ref> of [[Essen, Germany]] in three sections; an equatorial ring and two caps, which were finely machined and joined by the [[Ateliers de Constructions Mécaniques de Vevey]].  The new sphere was also steel, but smaller at {{convert|2.16|m|ft}} diameter and with thicker walls, at {{convert|127|mm|in}},<ref name="9 News" /> calculated to withstand the {{convert|1250|kg/cm2|MPa}} pressure at the bottom of Challenger Deep plus a substantial  [[factor of safety]]. The new sphere weighed {{convert|14.25|MT|lb|abbr=off}} in air and {{convert|8|MT|lb|abbr=off|spell=in}} in water giving it an average specific gravity 2.6 times (or 1.6 times greater than) that of seawater (13÷(13−8)).<ref>{{cite web|title=Bathyscaphe|url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/media/reference/assets/bathyscaphe-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922134506/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/media/reference/assets/bathyscaphe-1.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-22 |url-status=dead|website=National Geographic Education|publisher=2015 National Geographic Society|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Bathyscaphe ''Trieste''|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/browse-by-topic/exploration-and-innovation/bathyscaph-trieste.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=NHHC|language=en-US}}</ref>
Outside observations by the crew were made through a porthole made from a single, tapered block of [[acrylic glass]]; the only transparent material available that could withstand the pressure. Outside illumination  was by quartz [[arc lamp|arc-light]] bulbs, which could withstand the pressure without modification.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-24 |title=Bathyscaphe ''Trieste'' |url=https://www.maritimeprofessional.com/blogs/post/bathyscaphe-trieste-13488 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Maritime Logistics Professional |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128082403/https://2015.maritimeprofessional.com/blogs/post/bathyscaphe-trieste-13488}}</ref>
[[File:Bathyscaphe Trieste Piccard-Walsh.jpg|thumb|upright|Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard aboard ''Trieste'']]
The buoyancy tanks were filled with gasoline, which floats in water and is similarly [[compressibility|incompressible]]. Changes in the volume of the gasoline caused by any slight compression or temperature changes were accommodated by the free flow of seawater into and out of the bottom of the tanks during a dive via valves, equalising the pressure and allowing them to be lightly built.<br>
Ballast was held in two conical hoppers fore and aft of the crew sphere each containing {{convert|9|MT|lb|abbr=off}} of iron shot.  This shot ballast allowed the craft to sink, and its release caused it to ascend. The iron shot was locked in place at the throats of the hoppers by electromagnets thus was released either by switching the electromagnets off or automatically in the event of an electrical failure. Progressive release allowed buoyancy trim. Compressed-air–driven [[variable-buoyancy pressure vessel]]s typically used in submarines are not feasible at extreme pressure.<br>
Water tanks at each end of the hull were pumped out for flotation, lifting, and towing on the surface and fully flooded to allow sinking.<ref>{{Citation | first = Don | last = Walsh | year = 1962 | title = The Bathyscaph ''Trieste'', Technological and Operational Aspects, 1958–1961 | publisher = San Diego, Calif.: U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory | page = 5 | url = https://archive.org/details/bathyscaphtriest00wals }}</ref><br>
Following its acquisition by the United States Navy, ''Trieste'' was modified extensively by the [[Naval Electronics Laboratory]], [[San Diego]], California, tested in the Pacific Ocean over  the next few years, and culminated in a dive to the bottom of Challenger Deep 23 January 1960.<ref name="MH">{{cite web|title=''Trieste'' Bathyscaphe |url=http://www.machine-history.com/Trieste%20Bathyscaphe |website=Machine-History.Com |publisher=from Time article 12 October 1953 |access-date=27 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906084947/http://www.machine-history.com/Trieste%20Bathyscaphe |archive-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref>

==The Mariana Trench dives==

[[File:Bathyscaphe Trieste with USS Lewis (DE-535) over the Marianas Trench, 23 January 1960 (NH 96797).jpg|thumb|left| ''Trieste'' just before the Mariana dive 23 January 1960, seen escorted by [[USS Lewis (DE-535)|USS ''Lewis'']]]]
''Trieste'' departed San Diego on 5 October 1959 for [[Guam]] aboard the freighter ''Santa Maria'' to participate in ''Project Nekton'', a series of very deep dives in the Mariana Trench.

On 23 January 1960, it reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/t8/trieste.htm|title=Trieste|access-date=11 October 2005|archive-date=17 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317120249/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/t8/trieste.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was the first time a vessel, crewed or uncrewed, had reached the deepest known point of the Earth's oceans. The onboard systems indicated a depth of {{convert|11521|m|ft|0}}, although this was revised later to {{convert|10916|m|ft|0}}; fairly recently, more accurate measurements have found Challenger Deep to be between {{convert|10911|m|ft|0}} and {{convert|10994|m|ft|0}} deep.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oceans' deepest depth re-measured |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15845550 |newspaper=BBC News |date=7 December 2011 |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref>

The descent to the ocean floor took 4 hours 47 minutes at a descent rate of {{convert|0.9|m/s|km/h mph}}.<ref>NGC: On the sea floor</ref><ref>[http://www.ocean.udel.edu/extreme2004/geology/trieste.html To the Depths in ''Trieste''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208104443/http://www.ocean.udel.edu/extreme2004/geology/trieste.html |date=8 February 2008 }}, University of Delaware College of Marine Studies</ref> After passing {{convert|9000|m|ft|}}, one of the outer Plexiglas window panes cracked, shaking the entire vessel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bjsonline.com/watches/articles/0022_3.shtml |title=Rolex Deep Sea Special |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202144233/http://bjsonline.com/watches/articles/0022_3.shtml |archive-date=2 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}, ''Rolex Deep Sea Special'', Written January 2006.</ref> The two men spent twenty minutes on the ocean floor. The temperature in the cabin was 7&nbsp;°C (45&nbsp;°F) at the time. While at maximum depth, Piccard and Walsh unexpectedly regained the ability to communicate with the support ship, [[USS Wandank (ATA-204)#Mariana Islands service.2C 1955-1967|USS ''Wandank'' (ATA-204)]], using a [[sonar]]/[[hydrophone]] voice communications system.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.historycentral.com/navy/Tug/Wanduck%20II.html | title=Wandank (ATA-204) | publisher=historycentral.com | access-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> At a speed of almost {{convert|1|mi/s|km/s|order=flip|abbr=on}} &ndash; about five times the speed of sound in air &ndash; it took about seven seconds for a voice message to travel from the craft to the support ship and another seven seconds for answers to return.

While at the bottom, Piccard and Walsh reported observing a number of [[sole (fish)|sole]] and [[flounder]] (both [[flatfish]]).<ref>{{cite video | year = 2012 | title = Meet the only man alive who has been to the deepest ocean | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17060355 | publisher = [[BBC]] | access-date =24 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8426132.stm | title=Meet the creatures that live beyond the abyss | publisher=[[BBC]] | access-date=24 February 2012 | date=22 January 2010}}</ref> The accuracy of this observation has later been questioned and recent authorities do not recognize it as valid.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Linley |first1=Thomas D. |last2=Gerringer |first2=Mackenzie E. |last3=Yancey |first3=Paul H. |last4=Drazen |first4=Jeffrey C. |last5=Weinstock |first5=Chloe L. |last6=Jamieson |first6=Alan J. |title=Fishes of the hadal zone including new species, in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae |journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers |date=1 August 2016 |volume=114 |pages=99–110 |doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.003 |bibcode=2016DSRI..114...99L |language=en |issn=0967-0637|doi-access=free }}</ref> The theoretical maximum depth for fish is at about {{convert|8000-8500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, beyond which they would become [[hyperosmotic]].<ref name=Wolff1961>{{cite journal|author=Wolff, T.|year=1961|title=The deepest recorded fishes|journal=Nature|volume=190|issue=4772|pages=283–284|doi=10.1038/190283a0|bibcode=1961Natur.190..283W|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Jamieson2012>{{cite journal|author1=Jamieson, A.J.|author-link = Alan Jamieson |author2=P.H. Yancey|year=2012|title=On the Validity of the Trieste Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth|journal=The Biological Bulletin|volume=222|issue=3|pages=171–175|doi=10.1086/BBLv222n3p171|pmid=22815365|s2cid=31549749}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Yancey, P.H.|author2=E.M. Gerringer |author3=J.C. Drazen|author4=A.A. Rowden|author5=A. Jamieson |year=2014 |title=Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths|journal=PNAS|volume=111|issue=12|pages=4461–4465|doi=10.1073/pnas.1322003111|pmc=3970477|pmid=24591588|bibcode=2014PNAS..111.4461Y|doi-access=free}}</ref> Invertebrates such as [[sea cucumber]]s, some of which potentially could be mistaken for flatfish, have been confirmed at depths of {{convert|10000|m|ft|abbr=on}} and more.<ref name=Wolff1961/><ref>{{cite book |first=Alan J. |last = Jamieson |author-link = Alan Jamieson |year=2015|title=The Hadal Zone: Life in the Deepest Oceans|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=285–318|isbn=978-1-107-01674-3}}</ref> Walsh later said that their original observation could be mistaken as their knowledge of biology was limited.<ref name=Jamieson2012/> Piccard and Walsh noted that the floor of the Challenger Deep consisted of "[[diatom]]aceous ooze". The ascent took 3 hours and 15 minutes. The National Museum of the Navy commemorated the 60th anniversary of the dive in January 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Navy Museum Commemorates 60th Anniversary of Trieste|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/news-and-events/news/2020/navy_museum_commemorates_60th_anniversary_trieste.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604145245/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/news-and-events/news/2020/navy_museum_commemorates_60th_anniversary_trieste.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2024|access-date=2022-01-28|website=NHHC|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Other deep dives and retirement==
[[File:Trieste Museum1.JPG|thumb|upright|The ''Trieste'' at the [[National Museum of the United States Navy]]]]
The ''Trieste'' performed a number of deep dives in the Mediterranean prior to being purchased by the U.S. Navy in 1958.<ref name=":0"/> It conducted 48 dives exceeding {{convert|3700|m|ft}} between 1953 and 1957 as the ''Batiscafo Trieste''.

Beginning in April 1963, ''Trieste'' was modified and used in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to search for the missing nuclear submarine {{USS|Thresher|SSN-593}}.<ref name=":1" /> ''Trieste'' was delivered to Boston Harbor by [[USS Point Defiance|USS ''Point Defiance'' (LSD-31)]] under the command of Captain H. H. Haisten. In August 1963, ''Trieste'' found debris of the wreck off the coast of [[New England]], {{convert|2560|m|ft|abbr=on}} below the surface after several dives.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="brand">{{cite journal |author=Brand, V |title=Submersibles - Manned and Unmanned |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=7 |issue=3 |year=1977 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6154 |access-date=10 July 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080801135138/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6154| archive-date= 1 August 2008 | url-status= usurped}}</ref> ''Trieste''<nowiki/>'s participation in the search earned it the [[Navy Unit Commendation]].

Following the mission, ''Trieste'' was returned to San Diego and taken out of service in 1966.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Drummer|title=bathyscaphe {{!}} The Lyncean Group of San Diego|date=9 January 2020 |url=https://lynceans.org/tag/bathyscaphe/|access-date=2022-01-28|language=en}}</ref> Between 1964 and 1966, ''Trieste'' was used to develop its replacement, the ''[[Trieste II (Bathyscaphe)|Trieste II]]'', with the original Terni pressure sphere reincorporated in its successor.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trieste II (Bathyscaphe)|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/trieste-ii.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=NHHC|language=en-US}}</ref> In early 1980, it was transported to the [[Washington Navy Yard]] where it remains on exhibit today in the [[U.S. Navy Museum|National Museum of the U.S. Navy]], along with the Krupp pressure sphere.<ref name=":2" />

==Awards==
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2024}}
*[[Navy Unit Citation|Navy Unit Commendation]] with star<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trieste I (Bathyscaphe) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/trieste.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=public2.nhhcaws.local |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Meritorious Unit Commendation]] with star
*[[Navy E Ribbon]]
*[[National Defense Service Medal]] with star

==See also==
* [[Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle]]
* [[Deep Submergence Vehicle]]
* [[DSV Alvin|''Alvin'' (DSV-2)]]
* [[Project Mohole]]
* [[MIR (submersible)]]

==Notes and references==

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |first=Auguste|last = Piccard | author-link = Auguste Piccard |title=Earth, Sky and Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/earthskysea00picc|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956}}
*{{cite book |last1=Piccard |first1=Piccard |author-link = Jacques Piccard |last2=Dietz |first2=Robert S. |author-link2 = Robert S. Dietz |title=Seven Miles Down; The Story of the Bathyscaph Trieste |publisher=G. T. Putnam's Sons |year=1961|oclc=922278755}}
*{{cite book |last1=Polmar |first1=Norman |author-link = Norman Polmar |last2=Mathers |first2=Lee J. |title=Opening the Great Depths: The Bathyscaph Trieste and Pioneers of Undersea Exploration |year=2021 |location=Annapolis |publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1682475911}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Trieste (submarine, 1953)}}
* [https://archive.today/20121212031936/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=50849 The Bathyscaph ''Trieste'' Celebrates the 50th Anniversary of the World's Deepest Dive]
* [http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/hist/Dives%20Bathyscaph%20Trieste%20Dictabelts.pdf Dives of the Bathyscaph ''Trieste'' – dictabelt recordings (pdf, p. 38)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104459/http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/hist/Dives%20Bathyscaph%20Trieste%20Dictabelts.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}
* [http://www.vvdailypress.com/article/20100322/LIFESTYLE/303229980/0/SEARCH 50th anniversary recollection by retired Navy Captain Don Walsh.]
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/legendary-diver-known-as-captain-nemo-dies-986853.html 2008 obituary of diver Jaques Piccard]
* [https://www.navalunderseamuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Trieste-Dive-Log-2014_020_001-low-res.pdf Trieste Program Dive Log from the Collection of the Naval Undersea Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200228084338/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fb6b/7ff824b790fb7c50daf5d0412fdf217a6a43.pdf The Bathyscaph Trieste Technical and Operational Aspects, 1958–1961 by LT Don Walsh, US Navy Electronics Laboratory]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190906130745/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/our-collections/artifacts/Artifact%20Conservation/Reports%20PDF/Trieste%20Conservation%20Report_508.pdf Conservation of the Trieste submarine at the National Museum of the United States Navy]

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[[Category:Trieste-class deep-submergence vehicle]]
[[Category:Museum ships in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Ships preserved in museums]]
[[Category:Submarines of Italy]]
[[Category:Submarines of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Submarines of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Ships built in Trieste]]
[[Category:Swiss inventions]]
[[Category:1953 ships]]
[[Category:Washington Navy Yard]]