Editing Tricorn Centre

{{Short description|Former shopping centre in Portsmouth, England}}
[[File:Tricorn logo 4.jpg|thumb|The Tricorn logo sign]]
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Tricorn17.jpg|thumb|The Tricorn Centre.]]
The '''Tricorn Centre''' was a [[shopping centre|shopping]], [[nightclub]] and [[car park]] complex in [[Portsmouth]], Hampshire, England.  It was designed in the [[Brutalist architecture|Brutalist]] style by [[Owen Luder]] and [[Rodney Gordon]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/sep/10/architecture|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Rodney Gordon: Brutalist architect whose futuristic buildings have not all stood the test of time|first=Catherine|last=Croft|date=10 September 2008|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> and took its name from the site's shape which from the air resembled a [[tricorn]] hat.  Constructed in the mid-1960s, it was demolished in 2004. It was home to one of the first [[Virgin Megastore]]s and housed the largest [[Laser Quest]] arena in Europe.

The centre was a well-known example of 1960s architecture, and in the 1980s it was voted the 3rd ugliest building in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Other brutalist structures|work=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=29 May 2008|page=29}}</ref> In 2001, [[BBC Radio 4]] listeners voted it the most hated building in the UK, and [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] described it as "a mildewed lump of elephant droppings".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/misc/tricorncentre_20040324.shtml|work=[[Today (BBC Radio 4)]]|title=A brutal end for a brutal building|date=March 2004|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> Demolition of the Tricorn began on 24 March 2004 and took approximately nine months.  {{As of|2023}}, the site is a ground level car park for the city centre.

==Construction and opening==
{{ external media
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| video1 = [http://vimeo.com/6122142/ ''Taped Up: The Tricorn'' (2000)]. A short documentary film by David Ferrone and Martin Fickling featuring interviews with architect Rodney Gordon (6 mins 2 secs).
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Opened in 1966, the centre was an attempt to revitalise Portsmouth, costing the city council £2 million.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009 |page=72}} Originally called 'the Casbah' by its creators, it was deliberately designed with vast amounts of blank surfaces with the expectation that tenants would provide the colour and character via their signage and store frontages. It was hoped that premium stores would occupy the centre but as the centre was not connected to Portsmouth Town Centre, these stores never moved in.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Modern Architecture for the Masses: The Owen Luder Partnership 1960–67|author-link=Rodney Gordon|first=Rodney|last=Gordon|journal=Twentieth Century Architecture|issue=6|year=2002|page=78|publisher=[[The Twentieth Century Society]]|issn=1353-1964}}</ref> Instead the units were let to smaller stores.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=74}} As well as small traders, tenants included a supermarket and two pubs.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=74}} In 1967 the site received a commendation from the [[Civic Voice|Civic Trust]].{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=19}}

==Businesses in the Tricorn==
With the failure of a large store to move in, most of the shops were small traders of various types,{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=74}} including market traders with a range of stalls.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=80}} There was also a [[Fine Fare]] supermarket.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=88}} The council succeeded in getting the fruit and veg market to move from Commercial Road but there were soon complaints.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=88}} Conditions were found to be dark, damp and poorly ventilated.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=88}} Access was also a problem with lorries finding it difficult to get to the market via the spiral ramps.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=88}}

===Pubs===
Two [[pub]]s – The Casbah and The Golden Bell – were located inside the Tricorn Centre. They were officially opened on 31 August 1966. There was also a club for live music – originally named the Tricorn Club, later renamed Granny's and subsequently Basins – which hosted live performances by [[Marc Bolan]], [[Slade]], [[Mud (band)|Mud]], [[The Sweet]], [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]], [[Mary Wells]], [[Edwin Starr]], [[10,000 Maniacs]], and [[Vinegar Joe (band)|Vinegar Joe]], as well as local acts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Surprise and ribald comments|first=Chris |last=Owen|date=31 August 2011|access-date=24 August 2014|url=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/nostalgia/surprise-and-ribald-comments-1-3013408|work=[[The News (Portsmouth)|The News]]|location=Portsmouth}}</ref>

===Flats===
The centre included eight flats.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=96}} While initially popular with some residents, the flats suffered from poorly constructed roofs and leaking walls.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=96}} Only one tenant was left by March 1979 and the flats were later boarded up.{{sfn|Clark|Cook|2009|page=96}}

==Demolition==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2014}}
[[File:Tricorn Centre, Portsmouth - Demolition - geograph.org.uk - 26041.jpg|thumb|right|Demolition of the Tricorn Centre, July 2004]]
During the 1980s, the centre became increasingly seedy and the nightclub was developed into a [[casino]].  The shops slowly left, with the last ones quietly departing in March 2002. The centre's car park was also the scene of many suicide attempts, being amongst the tallest publicly accessible buildings on the south coast.  For this reason, a plaque offering support from [[The Samaritans]] was positioned at this infamous point.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 August 2008|title=Victim of brutalism's fall from grace|first=Edwin|last=Heathcote|author-link=Edwin Heathcote|work=[[Financial Times]]|location=London|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2eef43c2-7078-11dd-b514-0000779fd18c.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2eef43c2-7078-11dd-b514-0000779fd18c.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>

Numerous attempts to get the building listed as amongst the best examples of [[Brutalist]] architecture failed throughout the 1990s, and neglect, in addition to Portsmouth's wet coastal climate, caused the building to fall beyond the scope of easy repair. Structural steel within the concrete began to rust causing expansion of the concrete, and in some sections, small [[stalactite]]s began to grow off ledges. [[Portsmouth City Council]] deliberated the demolition of the centre for many years; however, the uniquely designed car-parking block, which provided 400 parking spaces, was too useful for the city to destroy until 2004. The site is now occupied by a ground-level open-air car park.

Opponents of demolition argued that the structure, while sadly undermaintained, was still salvageable with the work of ingenious designers and a long-term city plan.<ref name="Tricorn PS">{{Cite web|title=The Tricorn|url=http://www.portsmouthsociety.org.uk/nl2003/nlsep03doc04.htm|publisher=The Portsmouth Society|date=September 2003|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> Essayist [[Jonathan Meades]] commented:  "You don't go knocking down Stonehenge or Lincoln Cathedral. I think buildings like the Tricorn were as good as that. They were great monuments of an age."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/death-brutalism-and-pre-pubertal-sex-jonathan-meades-embraces-some-difficult-subjects-in-his-tv-9144497.html|title=Death, Brutalism and pre-pubertal sex: Jonathan Meades embraces some difficult subjects in his TV series and memoir|author=James Kidd|date=22 February 2014|work=The Independent}}</ref> However, government and public opinion was that the building had decayed too far and had attracted such a bad reputation that the only option was to replace it.

The Tricorn was the subject of such strength and diversity of public feeling that opinion boards were placed around its boarding for the public to write on.<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.scansite.org/cmsfiles/2966d060c3899f6cccf74a25cc57b4ce.pdf|title=Brute Ugly: heritage, memory and decorated boards|first1=Jeannie |last1=Kerswell |first2=Valerie |last2=Swales|work=SCAN|date=10 January 2005<!--from PDF source-->}}
</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Tricorn: The Life and Death of a Sixties Icon |last1=Clark |first1=Celia |last2=Cook|first2=Robert |year=2009 |publisher=Tricorn Books|location=Portsmouth|isbn=978-0-956-24980-7}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tricorn Centre}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.vodex.net/tricorn/|title=The Tricorn Page|work=Vodex|date=15 December 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208161654/http://vodex.net/tricorn/|archive-date=8 December 2013}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/mar/10/urbandesign.arts|title=Country's ugliest building to be torn down|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Matt|last=Weaver|date=10 March 2004|access-date=24 August 2014}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3561069.stm|title=R.I.P. Britain's ugliest building|publisher=BBC News|date=4 March 2004|access-date=24 August 2014}}

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[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1966]]
[[Category:Brutalist architecture in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Portsmouth]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Hampshire]]
[[Category:Defunct shopping malls]]
[[Category:History of Hampshire]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 1966]]
[[Category:Shopping malls disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2004]]