Editing Treaty of Campo Formio

{{Short description|1797 treaty during the War of the First Coalition}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2011}}

{{Infobox treaty
| name                = Treaty of Campo Formio
| long_name           = <small>Treaty of Campo Formio between the French Republic and Austria<br/>Traité de Campo-Formio entre la République française et l'Autriche</small>
| image               = Traité de Campo-Formio 12 sur 12 - Archives Nationales - AE-III-50bis.jpg
| image_size          = 
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Last page of the public part of the treaty
| type                = 
| date_drafted        = 
| date_signed         = {{Start date|1797|10|17|df=y}}
| location_signed     = [[Campoformido]], [[Republic of Venice]]
| date_sealed         = 
| date_effective      =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration     = 
| negotiators         = 
| signatories         = 
* {{flag|Habsburg monarchy|civil}} <hr/>
* {{flag|French First Republic}}
| depositor           = [[Archives Nationales (France)|Archives Nationales]]
| citations           = 
| language            = [[French language|French]]
| wikisource          =
}}

The '''Treaty of Campo Formio''' (today [[Campoformido]]) was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 [[Vendémiaire]] VI)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Campo-Formio|title = Treaty of Campo Formio &#124; France-Austria &#91;1797&#93;}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FRAN_IR_055193 - Online reading room |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/consultationIR.action?irId=FRAN_IR_055193&udId=A1_45&details=true |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr}}</ref> by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] and Count [[Philipp von Cobenzl]] as representatives of the [[French First Republic|French Republic]] and the [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian monarchy]], respectively.<ref>Jones, p. 512.</ref><ref>Lefebvre, pp. 199–201.</ref> The treaty followed the [[armistice of Leoben]] (18 April 1797), which had been forced on the Habsburgs by Napoleon's victorious [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|campaign in Italy]]. It ended the [[War of the First Coalition]] and left [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] fighting alone against revolutionary France.

The treaty's public articles concerned only France and Austria and called for a [[Second Congress of Rastatt|Congress of Rastatt]] to be held to negotiate a final peace for the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In the treaty's secret articles, Austria as the personal state of the Emperor promised to work with France to certain ends at the congress. Among other provisions, the treaty meant the definitive end to the ancient [[Republic of Venice]], which was [[fall of the Republic of Venice|disbanded and partitioned]] by the French and the Austrians. 

The congress failed to achieve peace, and by early 1799 France and Austria were at war again. The new war, the [[War of the Second Coalition]], ended with the [[Peace of Lunéville]], a peace for the whole empire, in 1801.

==Location==
Campo Formio, now called [[Campoformido]], is a village west of [[Udine]] in historical [[Friuli]] region in north-eastern Italy, in the middle between Austrian headquarters in Udine and Bonaparte's residence. The French commander resided at [[Villa Manin]], the country mansion of [[Ludovico Manin]], the last [[Doge of Venice]], near [[Codroipo]]. The treaty was signed in an old house in the main square of the village, property of Bertrando Del Torre, a local merchant.

On 18 January 1798, Austrian troops entered Venice, and three days later, they held an official reception at the Doge's Palace, where Ludovico Manin was a guest of honour.<ref>Perocco & Salvadori p1171</ref>

==Terms==
[[File:Peace of Basel.png|thumb|A map showing Central Europe after the Treaty of Campo Formio.]]
Beyond the usual clauses of "firm and inviolable peace", the treaty transferred a number of Austrian territories into French hands. Lands ceded included the [[Austrian Netherlands]] (most of modern [[Belgium]]). Territories of the [[Republic of Venice]] were divided between the two states: certain islands in the [[Mediterranean]], including [[Corfu]] and other Venetian possessions in the [[Ionian Sea]] were turned over to the French. 

The city of [[Venice]] with [[Domini di Terraferma|Terraferma]] (Venetian mainland), [[Venetian Istria]], [[Venetian Dalmatia]] and the [[Bay of Kotor]] region were turned over to the Habsburg emperor. Austria recognized the [[Cisalpine Republic]] and the newly created [[Ligurian Republic]], formed of [[Savoyard state]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] territories, as independent powers.

The Italian states formally ceased to owe fealty to the Holy Roman emperor, ending the formal existence of the [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Kingdom of Italy]], which, as a personal holding of the emperor, had existed ''de jure'' but not ''de facto'' since at least the 14th century.

The treaty contained secret clauses signed by Napoleon and representatives of the Holy Roman emperor,<ref>Paul Fabianek, Folgen der Säkularisierung für die Klöster im Rheinland – Am Beispiel der Klöster Schwarzenbroich und Kornelimünster, 2012, Verlag BoD, {{ISBN|978-3-8482-1795-3}}, page 8 (copy of the original page of the treaty's secret clauses with signatures and seals)</ref> which divided up certain other territories, and agreed to the extension of the borders of France up to the [[Rhine]], the [[Nette (Rhine)|Nette]], and the [[Roer]]. Free French navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine, the [[Meuse]] and the [[Moselle]]. The French Republic had been expanded into areas that had never before been under French control.

The treaty was composed and signed after five months of negotiations. It was basically what had been agreed earlier at the [[Treaty of Leoben]] in April 1797, but the negotiations had been spun out by both parties for a number of reasons. During the negotiating period the French had to crush [[Coup of 18 Fructidor|a royalist coup]] in September. That was used as a cause for the arrest and deportation of royalist and moderate deputies in the [[French Directory|Directory]].

Napoleon's biographer, [[Felix Markham]], wrote "the partition of Venice was not only a moral blot on the peace settlement but left Austria a foothold in Italy, which could only lead to further war." In fact, the Peace of Campo Formio, though it reshaped the map of Europe and marked a major step in Napoleon's fame, was only a respite. One consequence was the [[Peasants' War (1798)|Peasants' War]], which erupted in the [[Southern Netherlands]] in 1798 following the French introduction of [[conscription]].<ref name=Ganse>{{cite web|last1=Ganse|first1=Alexander|title=The Flemish Peasants War of 1798|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/napwars/boerenkrijg.html|website=World History at KMLA|publisher=Korean Minjok Leadership Academy|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref>

As a result of the treaty, [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette]], a prisoner from the French Revolution, was released from Austrian captivity.

By passing Venetian possessions in Greece, such as the [[Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands|Ionian Islands]], to [[French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)|French rule]], the treaty had an effect on later Greek history neither intended nor expected at the time.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |title=Civiltà di Venezia, Volume 3: l'età moderna |last=Perocco |first=Guido & Antonio Salvadori |year=1986 |publisher= Stamperia di Venezia |location= Venezia }}
* {{Cite book |title=The French Revolution, Volume II From 1793–1799 |last=Lefebvre |first=Georges |author-link=Georges Lefebvre |year=1964 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-02519-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_at-rmOUu-MC&q=Treaty+of+Campo+Formio++Lefebvre&pg=PA199 |access-date=2011-01-07 }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon 1715–99 |last=Jones |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Jones (historian)|year=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-12882-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auSg60LiOvkC&q=Treaty+of+Campo+Formio+signed++18+October&pg=PA512 }}
* {{cite book|author=Schroeder, Paul W. |title=The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC&q=%22campo+formio%22+intitle%3Apolitics+inauthor%3Apaul&pg=PA836|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198206545}}

==External links==
*[https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/UD/FRAN_IR_055193/A1_45 Traité de Campo-Formio] (original document in French)
*[http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_campoformio1.html Treaty of Campo Formio] (extracts in English)
*[http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_campoformio2.html Background to the Treaty]
* {{commons-inline}}

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[[Category:Treaties of Flanders|Campo Formio]]
[[Category:Secret treaties|Campo Formio]]
[[Category:Modern history of Italy]]
[[Category:1797 treaties]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the French Revolutionary Wars|Campo Formio]]
[[Category:Treaties involving territorial changes|Campo Formio]]
[[Category:Croatia under Habsburg rule]]
[[Category:1797 in Italy]]
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[[Category:Austria–France relations]]
[[Category:Treaties of the French First Republic|Campo Formio]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Habsburg monarchy|Campo Formio]]
[[Category:French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)]]
[[Category:France–Habsburg monarchy relations]]
[[Category:Ligurian Republic]]
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[[Category:Fall of the Republic of Venice]]
[[Category:18th-century military history of Italy|Campo Formio]]
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