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{{Short description|Historical region in Central Europe}} {{Other uses}} {{Redirect|Siebenbürgen|the band|Siebenbürgen (band)}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Transylvania | common_name = Transylvania | native_name = {{lang|ro|Transilvania}} / {{native name|ro|Ardeal}}<br/>{{native name|hu|Erdély}}<br/>{{native name|de|Siebenbürgen}}<br /> ''Siweberjen'' ([[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]]) | image_flag = File:Flag of Transylvania (Local).svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg | coa_size = 70 | national_anthem = | image_map = Transylvania, Banat, Crisana and Maramures.svg | map_caption = {{legend|#FF9955|Transylvania proper}}{{legend|#FFCCAA|[[Banat]], [[Crișana]] and [[Maramureș]]}}{{legend|#FFF6D5|[[Bukovina]], [[Dobruja]], [[Western Moldavia|Moldavia]], [[Muntenia]], and [[Oltenia]]}} | capital = | largest_city = [[Cluj-Napoca]] | official_languages = [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|title=Constitution of Romania|publisher=Cdep.ro|access-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214119/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|archive-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> | languages2_type = Recognised minority<br />languages<!--Protected and/or co-official (regional) languages--><ref>{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No. 148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> | languages2 = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title= ''See here'' | [[Albanian language|Albanian]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] | [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | [[German language|German]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Rusyn language|Ruthenian]] | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] | [[Crimean Tatar language|Tatar]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] | [[Yiddish]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 76.42% [[Romanians]] | 17.36% [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] | 4.53% [[Romani people in Romania|Roma]] | 1.69% [[Minorities in Romania|others]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după etnie (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INS |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-24|language=ro}}</ref> | demonym = Transylvanian | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 90.42% [[Christianity]] ** 65.96% [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodoxy]] ** 15.04% [[Protestantism]] ** 9.32% [[Catholic Church in Romania|Catholicism]] ** 2.10% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |0.27% undeclared / <br/>no religion |0.0% no data |8.31% [[Religion in Romania|others]] }} | religion_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]] | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.04.1-si-Tabel-2.04.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după religie (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INS |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-24|language=ro}}</ref> | government_type = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | legislature = | upper_house = | lower_house = | sovereignty_type = [[History of Romania|Establishment history]] | established_event1 = | established_date1 = | established_event2 = | established_date2 = | established_event3 = | established_date3 = | established_event4 = | established_date4 = | established_event5 = [[Great Union]] | established_date5 = 1 December 1918/1923 | established_event6 = | established_date6 = | established_event7 = | established_date7 = | established_event8 = | established_date8 = | established_event9 = [[Romanian Revolution|Current state form]] | established_date9 = 27 December 1989<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsJADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|title=Political Leadership: A Pragmatic Institutionalist Approach|first=Robert|last=Elgie|date= 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137346223|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu3TAAAAMAAJ&q=emblem|title=Romania Directory|date=1990|publisher=Editura Cronos|isbn=9789739000000|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/20050|title=DECRET-LEGE 2 27/12/1989 – Portal Legislativ|website=legislatie.just.ro}}</ref> | established_event13 = | established_date13 = | established_event14 = [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]] | established_date14 = 1 January 2007 | area_km2 = 100,390 | area_footnote = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022.pdf |title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook (2022) – 1.8 Administrative organisation of Romanian territory, on December 31, 2021 (p.17)|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]] |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320054533/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022.pdf}}</ref> | area_rank = 106th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 38,720 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 3 | population_estimate = 6,478,126<ref>{{cite web |url=http://statistici.insse.ro:8077/tempo-online/#/pages/tables/insse-table |title=POP105A – Populația rezidentă la 1 Ianuarie pe grupe de vârste, sexe și medii de rezidență, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare și județe |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]] (TEMPO –statiscal data) |website=www.insse.ro/cms/en |date=5 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=ro}}</ref> | population_census = {{decreaseNeutral}} 6,461,780{{efn|name=data1|The sixteen counties that form the historical region of Transylvania.}}<ref name="Census2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.01.xls |title=Populația la Recensămintele 1948–2021 |publisher=INS |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-24|language=ro}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = January 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 107th | population_census_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]] | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 64.5 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 122nd | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $41,633<ref name="IMFWEORO"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $194.00 billion<ref name="IMFWEORO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=968,&s=NGDPD,%20PPPGDP,%20NGDPDPC,%20PPPPC,&sy=2019&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 Edition. (Romania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=11 April 2023 }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 57th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $28,574<ref name="IMFWEORO"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 39th | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.829 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 33rd | currency = [[Romanian leu]] | currency_code = RON | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | date_format = dd.mm.yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Romania|+40]] | patron_saint = | iso3166code = RO | cctld = [[.ro]]<sup>a</sup> | footnote_a = Also [[.eu]], shared with other [[European Union]] member states. | today = }} '''Transylvania''' ({{langx|ro|Transilvania}} {{IPA|ro|transilˈvani.a|}} or {{lang|ro|Ardeal}}; {{langx|hu|Erdély}} {{IPA|hu|ˈɛrdeːj|}}; {{langx|de|Siebenbürgen}} {{IPA|de|ˌziːbm̩ˈbʏʁɡn̩||De-Siebenbürgen2.ogg}} or {{lang|de|Transsilvanien}}; [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]]: ''Siweberjen'') is a [[List of historical regions of Central Europe|historical and cultural region]] in [[Central Europe]], encompassing central [[Romania]]. To the east and south its [[natural border]] are the [[Carpathian Mountains]] and to the west the [[Apuseni Mountains]]. Broader definitions of Transylvania also include the western and northwestern Romanian regions of [[Crișana]] and [[Maramureș]], and occasionally [[Banat]]. Historical Transylvania also includes small parts of neighbouring [[Western Moldavia]] and even a small part of south-western neighbouring [[Bukovina]] to its north east (represented by [[Suceava County]]). Transylvania is known for the scenery of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history, coupled with its multi-cultural character. It also contains Romania's second-largest city, [[Cluj-Napoca]], and other very well preserved medieval iconic cities and towns such as [[Brașov]], [[Sibiu]], [[Târgu Mureș]], [[Bistrița]], [[Alba Iulia]], [[Mediaș]], and [[Sighișoara]]. It is also the home of some of Romania's [[List of World Heritage Sites in Romania|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] such as the [[villages with fortified churches in Transylvania|Villages with fortified churches]], the [[Historic Centre of Sighișoara]], the [[Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains]] and the [[Roșia Montană|Roșia Montană Mining Cultural Landscape]]. It was under the rule of the [[Agathyrsi]], part of the [[Dacia|Dacian Kingdom]] (168 BC – 106 AD), [[Roman Dacia]] (106–271), the [[Goths]], the [[Huns|Hunnic Empire]] (4th–5th centuries), the [[Gepids|Kingdom of the Gepids]] (5th–6th centuries), the [[Avar Khaganate]] (6th–9th centuries), the [[Slavs]], and the 9th century [[First Bulgarian Empire]]. During the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquered by the Hungarian tribes]], and [[Gyula II|Gyula's]] family from the [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars|seven chieftains of the Hungarians]] ruled it in the 10th century. King [[Stephen I of Hungary]] asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle [[Gyula III]] and Transylvania became part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in 1002. After the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526 it belonged to the [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]], from which the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] emerged in 1570 by the [[Treaty of Speyer (1570)|Treaty of Speyer]]. During most of the 16th and 17th centuries, the principality was a [[vassal state]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]; however, the principality had dual [[suzerain]]ty ([[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]).<ref>Dennis P. Hupchick, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ycNApODqgRUC&q=dual+vassalage ''Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe''], Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 62</ref><ref>Peter F. Sugar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&q=oath ''Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804''], University of Washington Press, 1993, pp. 150–154</ref> In 1690, the [[Habsburg monarchy]] gained possession of Transylvania through the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Hungarian crown]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Béla Köpeczi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VElpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+in+1690%2C+the+Habsburgs+gained+possession+of+Transylvania+by+right+of+the+Hungarian+crown.%22 |title=History of Transylvania: From 1606 to 1830 |date=2008 |publisher=Social Science Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-491-4 |access-date=2017-07-10}}</ref><ref>Peter F. Sugar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&dq=independent+principality+that+was+not+reunited+with+Hungary&pg=PA163 "Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804"] (''History of East Central Europe''), University of Washington Press, July 1983, p. 163</ref><ref name="books.google.com2">Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&pg=PA146 ''The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat''] C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 146;</ref> After the failure of [[Rákóczi's War of Independence]] in 1711,<ref>[http://www.google.ro/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22princes+of+transylvania%22&btnG=#hl=en&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=%22+In+1711%2C+after+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Szatmar%2C+Austrian+control+was+firmly+established+over+all+of+Hungary+and+Erdely%2C+and+the+princes+of+Transylvania+were+replaced+by+Austrian+governors.+%22&oq=%22+In+1711%2C+after+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Szatmar%2C+Austrian+control+was+firmly+established+over+all+of+Hungary+and+Erdely%2C+and+the+princes+of+Transylvania+were+replaced+by+Austrian+governors.+%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...21238l22034l2l22304l3l2l0l0l0l0l102l180l1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=3cae50351d088142&biw=1137&bih=752 "In 1711, after the Peace Treaty of Szatmar, Austrian control was firmly established over all of Hungary and Erdely, and the princes of Transylvania were replaced by Austrian governors." (Google Search)]{{cite book |last1=Glockner |first1=Peter G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAAMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22+In+1711,+after+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Szatmar,+Austrian+control+was+firmly+established+over+all+of+Hungary+and+Erdely,+and+the+princes+of+Transylvania+were+replaced+by+Austrian+governors.+%22 |title=Encyclopaedia Hungarica: English |last2=Bagossy |first2=Nora Varga |date=2007 |publisher=Hungarian Ethnic Lexicon Foundation |isbn=978-1-55383-178-5 |language=en}}</ref> Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated, and Hungarian [[List of princes of Transylvania|Transylvanian princes]] were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors.<ref name="Britannica3">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania "Transylvania"] (2009). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved July 7, 2009</ref><ref name="Leopoldinum2">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum "Diploma Leopoldinum"] (2009). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved July 7, 2009</ref> During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]], the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the [[April Laws]] of 1848.<ref>Laszlo Péter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nzW8aApInY8C&dq=medieval+unitary+hungary&pg=PA56 Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective], Brill, 2012, p. 56</ref> After the failure of the revolution, the [[March Constitution (Austria)|March Constitution of Austria]] decreed that the [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Principality of Transylvania]] be a separate crown land entirely independent of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]].<ref name="hoelseth.com">[http://www.hoelseth.com/royalty/austria/austrianconst18490304.html Austrian Constitution of 4 March 1849]. (Section I, Art. I and Section IX., Art. LXXIV)</ref> The separate status of Transylvania ended with the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]],<ref>John F. Cadzow, Andrew Ludanyi, Louis J. Elteto, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania ''Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict''], Kent State University Press, 1983, p. 79</ref> and it was reincorporated into the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] ([[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Transleithania]]) as part of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]].<ref>James Minahan: [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=1867+compromise ''One Europe, many nations: an historical dictionary of European national groups''], Greenwood Press, Westport, CT</ref> It was also during this period that Romanians experienced the awakening of self-consciousness as a nation, manifested in cultural and ideological movements such as [[Transylvanian School]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavel |first=Eugen |date=2018 |title=The Transylvanian School – Premises Underlying the Critical Editions of Texts |page=1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/70072431 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Academia.edu}}</ref> and drafted political petitions such as [[Supplex Libellus Valachorum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Török |first=Borbála Zsuzsanna |date=27 October 2015 |title="1 Landeskunde, honismeret – Patriotic Scholarship and Vernacular Languages". In Exploring Transylvania |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004303058_003 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=brill.com|doi=10.1163/9789004303058_003 }}</ref> After [[World War I]], the National Assembly of Romanians from Transylvania proclaimed the [[Union of Transylvania with Romania]] on 1 December 1918, and Transylvania became part of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] by the [[Treaty of Trianon]] in 1920. In 1940, [[Northern Transylvania]] reverted to [[Hungary]] as a result of the [[Second Vienna Award]], but it was returned to [[Romania]] after the end of [[World War II]]. In popular culture, Transylvania is commonly associated with [[vampires]] because of the influence of [[Bram Stoker]]'s 1897 novel ''[[Dracula]]'' and the many subsequent books and films that the story has inspired.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DE143BF931A1575BC0A965958260 |work=The New York Times |title=Travel Advisory; Lure of Dracula In Transylvania |date=1993-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.icromania.com/infoTransylvania.asp |title=Romania Transylvania |website= Icromania.com |date=2007-04-15 |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref> Many [[Transylvanian Saxons]] were furious with [[Vlad the Impaler]] for strengthening the borders of [[Wallachia]], which interfered with their control of trade routes, and his extreme sadism and barbarity, which by a collection of credible historical accounts of diverse origins, most of which were non-Saxon, led to the industrial-scale execution of over 100,000 people{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} by impaling, some of whom were Saxons. The victims were often arranged in grotesque displays intended to terrorize various groups, including the Saxons. In retaliation, the Saxons distributed poems of cruelty and other propaganda characterising the sadistic Vlad III Dracula as a drinker of blood.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/298070110/Die-Geschichte-Dracole-Waide|title=Consuming News: Newspapers and Print Culture in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800)|editor=Gerhild Scholz Williams |editor2=William Layher |pages=14–34 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> ==Etymology== {{Main|Historical names of Transylvania}} The earliest known reference to Transylvania appears in a [[Medieval Latin]] document of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1078 as {{lang|la|ultra silvam}}, meaning "beyond the forest" ({{lang|la|ultra}} meaning "beyond" or "on the far side of" and the [[accusative case]] of {{lang|la|sylva}} ({{lang|la|sylvam}}) "woods, forest"). Transylvania, with an alternative Latin prepositional prefix, means "on the other side of the woods". The Medieval Latin form {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Ultrasylvania}}, later {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Transylvania}}, was a direct translation from the [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] form {{lang|hu|Erdő-elve}}, later {{lang|hu|Erdély}}, which has been adopted phonetically into Romanian as {{lang|ro|Ardeal}}.<ref name=engel>Engel, Pál (2001). ''Realm of St. Stephen: History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 (International Library of Historical Studies)'', p. 24, London: I.B. Taurus. {{ISBN|1-86064-061-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pop|first=Ion-Aurel|trans-title=The Medieval History of Transylvania: from the Romanian Ethnogenesis until Michael the Brave|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/30886268/Istoria-Transilvaniei-Medievale|title=Istoria Transilvaniei Medievale: De la Etnogeneza Romanilor pana la Mihai Viteazul|accessdate=2013-10-03 |year=1997|language=ro}}</ref> That also was used as an alternative name in [[Middle High German|German]] {{lang|gmh|überwald}} ("beyond the forest") (13th–14th centuries) and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{lang|uk|Залісся}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|Zalissia}}). Historical names of Transylvania are: * {{langx|bg|Седмиградско|Sedmigradsko}}, {{lang|bg|Трансилвания}} {{lang|bg-Latn|Transilvanija}} * {{langx|hr|Sedmogradska}}, {{lang|hr|Erdelj}} (hist.), {{lang|hu|Transilvanija}} * {{langx|de|Siebenbürgen}} ({{IPA|de|ziːbm̩ˈbʏʁɡŋ̍||De-Siebenbürgen.ogg}}), {{lang|de|Transsilvanien}} * {{langx|hu|Erdély}} ({{IPA|hu|ˈɛrdeːj|}}) * {{langx|la|Ultrasilvania}}, {{lang|la|Transsilvania}} * {{langx|pl|Siedmiogród}}, {{lang|pl|Transylwania}} * {{langx|rom|Transilvaniya}} * {{langx|ro|Ardeal}} ({{IPA|ro|arˈde̯al|}}), {{lang|ro|Transilvania}} ({{IPA|ro|transilˈvani.a|}}) * {{langx|ru|Трансильвания|Transil'vaniya}}, {{lang|ru|Седмиградье}} * {{langx|sr|Ердељ/Erdelj}}, {{langx|sr|Трансилванија/Transilvanija}} * {{langx|sk|Ardieľ, Sedmohradsko}} * [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]]: ''Siweberjen'' * {{langx|tr|Erdel}} * {{langx|uk|Семигород|Semyhorod}}, {{lang|uk|Залісся}} {{lang|uk-Latn|Zalissiya}}, {{lang|uk|Трансильванія}} {{lang|uk-Latn|Transyl'vaniya}} * {{langx|yi|זיבנבערגן|Zibnbergn}}, {{lang|yi|זימבערגן}} {{lang|yi-Latn|Zimbergn}}, {{lang|yi|טראַנסילוואַניע}} {{lang|yi-Latn|Transilvanye}} * The German name {{lang|de|Siebenbürgen}} means "seven castles", after the seven ([[ethnic German]]) [[Transylvanian Saxons]]' cities in the region. This is also the origin of the region's name in many other languages, such as the [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{lang|hr|Sedmogradska}}, the [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] {{lang|bg|Седмиградско}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|Sedmigradsko}}), [[Polish language|Polish]] {{lang|pl|Siedmiogród}}, [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] {{lang|yi|זיבנבערגן}} ({{lang|yi-Latn|Zibnbergn}}), and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{lang|uk|Семигород}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|Semyhorod}}). * The Hungarian form {{lang|hu|Erdély}} was first mentioned in the 12th-century {{lang|la|[[Gesta Hungarorum]]|italic=yes}} as {{lang|hu|Erdeuleu}} (in modern script {{lang|hu|Erdeüleü}}) or {{lang|hu|Erdő-elve}}. The word {{lang|hu|erdő}} means forest in Hungarian, and the word {{lang|hu|elve}} denotes a region in connection with this, similarly to the Hungarian name for Muntenia ({{lang|hu|Havas-elve}}, or land lying ahead of the snow-capped mountains). {{lang|ota-Latn|Erdel}}, {{lang|ota-Latn|Erdil}}, {{lang|ota-Latn|Erdelistan}} are derived from Hungarian {{lang|hu|Erdély}}. * An occurrence of the form ''Ardeliu'' in a [[Church Slavonic]] document written by a Romanian chancellery is attested in 1432. The Romanian {{lang|ro|Ardeal}} is derived from the Hungarian {{lang|hu|Erdély}}.<ref name=Ardeliu>{{Cite journal |last=Pascu |first=Ștefan |title=Voievodatul Transilvaniei |volume=I |year=1972 |page=22 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |title=A korai Erdély |publisher=Szegedi Középkorász Műhely |year=2002 |isbn=9634825583 |page=24 |trans-title=The early Transylvania}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Drăganu |first=Nicolae |url=https://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/anuarulinstitutuluideistorienationala/1923/BCUCLUJ_FP_BALP_42_1923_002_001.pdf |title=Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională |year=1924 |volume=II |location=[[Bucharest]] |page=237}}</ref> == History == {{Main|History of Transylvania}} [[File:Dacia 82 BC.png|thumb|Map of Dacia under [[Burebista]]]] The first known civilization to inhabit the territory was the [[Agathyrsi]], of the [[Scytho-Siberian world|Scythic cultures]]. From the 4th century BC, [[Celts in Transylvania|Celtic]] [[La Tène culture]] came to domination. The indigenous [[Dacians|Dacian tribes]] engaged in politics from the 1st century BC and united under [[Burebista|King Burebista]], forming their kingdom [[Dacia]].<ref>[[Gábor Vékony|Vékony, Gábor]] (2000): [[iarchive:daciansromansrom0000veko|Dacians, Romans, Romanians]]</ref> The [[Roman Empire]] made heavy efforts to seize the territory from [[Decebalus|King Decebalus]], resulting in the formation of [[Roman Dacia]] in 106, after [[Trajan]]'s [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|costly and bloody wars]]. During Roman rule, the territory, depleted of its indigenous population, was repopulated with Latin colonists and its rich resource stock was systematically exploited. However, the growing threat of [[East Germanic peoples|East Germanic]] and [[Carpi people|Carpic]] invasions made Emperor [[Aurelian]] withdraw his legions and evacuate the citizens south of the [[Lower Danube]] in 275, when the province became occupied by the [[Goths]].<ref>Tóth, Endre (1994): [https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/11.html The Roman Province of Dacia]</ref> In 376, a powerful nomadic people, the [[Huns]], defeated and shattered the Goths, and settled in the area. After the death of Hun [[Attila|King Attila]], their empire disintegrated and the [[Gepids]] conquered the region in 455, under [[Ardaric|King Ardaric]].<ref>Gündisch, Konrad: [https://sibiweb.de/geschi/history_of_transylvania_and_the_transylvanian_saxons.php Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons]</ref> For two centuries, the Gepids controlled Transylvania. The [[Ostrogoths]] systematically pushed the Gepids out of [[Pannonia]]. [[Elemund|King Elemund]], on the other hand, successfully fought battles against the Eastern Roman Empire.<ref name=":2" /> They were defeated by the [[Lombards]] and [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] in 567.<ref name=":2">Bóna, István (1994): [https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/33.html The Kingdom of the Gepids]</ref> In the following years, the Avars took full control over Transylvania, heavily settling the area with [[List of ancient Slavic peoples|Slavic tribes]] who accepted their suzerainty. The expansion of the [[Francia|Frankish Empire]], however, imposed a growing threat on them and their khaganate was crushed in the [[Avar Wars]].<ref>[[Florin Curta|Curta, Florin]] (2006): [[iarchive:southeasterneuro0000curt|Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250]]</ref><ref>Bóna, István (1994): [https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/41.html The period of Avar rule]</ref> The Avars and Slavs, although substantially depleted in number, continued to inhabit the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]].<ref>[[Carlile Aylmer Macartney|Macartney, Carlile Aylmer]] (1962): [[iarchive:hungaryshorthist0000maca|Hungary: a short history]]</ref> The [[First Bulgarian Empire]] expanded into [[Southern Transylvania]] in the 9th century.<ref>Bóna, István (1994): [https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html Southern Transylvania under Bulgar rule]</ref> Smaller Slavic polities were also present, nevertheless they could hardly keep their independence.<ref>Makkai, László (1975): [[iarchive:historyofhungary0000magy/page/13|The origins of the Hungarian people and state]]</ref> In the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and conquered by the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungarian conquerors]]. There is an ongoing scholarly debate over the demographics in Transylvania at the time. According to the theory of Daco-Roman continuity, [[Romanians]] continuously lived on the territory. Opponents of that hypothesis point to the lack of written, archaeological and linguistic evidence to support it.<ref>Farkas, Zoltán (2007): [[iarchive:transylvania0000fark/|Transylvania]]</ref> Hungarian medieval chronicles claimed that the [[Székelys|Székely]] people descended from the [[Huns]], who remained in Transylvania, and later, in combination with the returning [[Hungarians]], [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquered]] the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]].<ref>[[Martyn Rady|Rady, Martyn]]: [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf The ''Gesta Hungarorum'' of Anonymus, the anonymous notary of King Béla]</ref><ref>Veszprémy, László; Schaer, Frank (1999): [https://books.google.com/books?id=wYhZEAAAQBAJ Gesta Hungarorum: The Deeds of the Hungarians]</ref><ref>Geréb, László (1993): [http://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/pdf/10642ocr.pdf Képes Krónika] (in Hungarian)</ref><ref>Geréb, László (1957): [http://mek.niif.hu/10600/10633/pdf/10633.pdf Magyar Krónika] (in Hungarian)</ref> According to the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'', the Vlach (''Blacorum, Blacus'') leader [[Gelou]] ruled part of Transylvania before the [[Hungarians]] arrived. Historians debate whether he was a historical person or an imaginary figure. The [[Gyula (title)|gyulas]] from the [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars|seven chieftains of the Hungarians]] governed Transylvania in the 10th century. [[Stephen I of Hungary|King Stephen I of Hungary]] asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle [[Gyula III]] and Transylvania became part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in 1002.<ref name="Engel 2005 27">{{cite book |title=The Realm of St Stephen |last=Engel |first=Pal |author2=Andrew Ayton |year=2005 |publisher= Tauris|location= London|isbn=1-85043-977-X |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA27}}</ref> Place names derived from the [[Magyar tribes|Hungarian tribes]] evidence that major Hungarian groups settled in Transylvania from the 950s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit | title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=62–177 |chapter=From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172) |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher= Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=963-9465-12-7}}</ref> In the 12th and 13th centuries, Southeast and Northeast Transylvania was settled by Saxon colonists. In Romanian historiography, [[Romanians]] constituted an important part of Transylvania's population even on the eve of the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol Invasions]].<ref name="Sedlar">{{cite book |author=Jean W Sedlar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA9 |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-295-97291-6 |pages=9–}}</ref><ref name="=De Medio Aevo">{{cite journal |author=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |date=2018 |title=The Mongol domination and the detachment of the Romanians of Wallachia from the domination of the Hungarian Kingdom |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/DMAE/article/download/76013/4564456556992 |journal=De Medio Aevo |pages=219–220 |access-date=}}</ref> Hungarian historiography claims that the Vlach population entered Transylvania from the [[Balkans]] only in the 12th century,<ref name="Sedlar2">{{cite book |author=Jean W Sedlar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA9 |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-295-97291-6 |pages=9–}}</ref> and the devastating invasion of Mongols had also as consequence the large-scale immigration by Romanians, however the immigration of Romanians did not happen all at once, the process of settlement stretched over several centuries.<ref name=":252">{{Cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |title=History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 3. From the Mongol Invasion to the Battle of Mohács |publisher=Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=2001 |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |language=English |chapter=The Mongol Invasion and Its Consequences |chapter-url=http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/76.html}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Kosovo]] and Ottoman arrival at the Hungarian border, thousands of [[Vlachs|Vlach]] and [[Serbs|Serbian]] refugees came to Transylvania. [[File:Transylvania16cent adm div.PNG|left|thumb|Administrative divisions in Eastern Hungary, [[Voivode of Transylvania|Voivodate of Transylvania]]'s in color]] [[File:Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Kingdom of Hungary]] in 1190, during the rule of [[Béla III of Hungary|Béla III]]]]Between 1002 and 1526, Transylvania was part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], led by a [[Voivode of Transylvania|voivode]] appointed by the [[King of Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Stephen I|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3404706129/GVRL?u=aubu98092&sid=GVRL&xid=fed217b4|journal=Encyclopedia of World Biography|volume=14|pages=427–428|via=Gale Virtual Reference Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary|publisher=CREDO|year=2007|edition= 3rd |chapter=Hungary}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526, Transylvania became part of the [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]]. Later, in 1570, the kingdom became the [[Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] by the [[Treaty of Speyer (1570)|Treaty of Speyer]], which was ruled primarily by [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[List of princes of Transylvania|Hungarian princes]]. The Eastern Hungarian king became the first [[List of princes of Transylvania|prince of Transylvania]], according to the treaty. The [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] continued to be part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the sense of public law, which stressed in a highly significant way that [[John Sigismund Zápolya|John Sigismund's]] possessions belonged to the [[Holy Crown of Hungary]] and he was not permitted to alienate them.<ref>Anthony Endrey, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ewYiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA70 ''The Holy Crown of Hungary''], Hungarian Institute, 1978, p. 70</ref> [[File:Transylvanian_Principality.svg|thumb|left|Administrative map of the [[Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] in 1606–60]] The [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburgs]] acquired the territory shortly after the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683. In 1687, the rulers of Transylvania recognized the suzerainty of the Habsburg emperor [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], and the region was officially attached to the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburgs acknowledged the Principality of Transylvania as one of the [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen]],<ref name="boundary">{{cite web|title=''International Boundary Study'' – No. 47 – April 15, 1965 – Hungary – Romania (Rumania) Boundary|publisher=US Bureau of Intelligence and Research|url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS047.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212328/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS047.pdf|archive-date=March 3, 2009}}</ref> but the territory of the principality was administratively separated<ref name="britannica_a">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum |title=Diploma Leopoldinum (Transylvanian history) |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania |title=Transylvania (region, Romania) |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref> from Habsburg Hungary,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sugar|first=Peter F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&dq=independent+principality+that+was+not+reunited+with+Hungary&pg=PA163|title=Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804|date=2012-07-01|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80363-0|page=163|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cadzow|first1=John F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania|title=Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict|last2=Ludanyi|first2=Andrew|last3=Elteto|first3=Louis J.|date=1983|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=978-0-87338-283-0|page=79|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lendvai|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&pg=PA146|title=The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat|date=2003|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-682-1|page=146|language=en}}</ref> and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor's governors.<ref name="encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com">{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Grand+Principality+of+Transylvania |title=Definition of Grand Principality of Transylvania in the Free Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref> In 1699 the Ottomans legally acknowledged their loss of Transylvania in the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]; however, some [[Rákóczi's War for Independence|anti-Habsburg]] elements within the principality submitted to the emperor only in the 1711 [[Peace of Szatmár]], when Habsburg control over Principality of Transylvania was consolidated. The [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Grand Principality of Transylvania]] was reintroduced 54 years later in 1765. The [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungarian revolution]] against the Habsburgs started in 1848, and grew into a war for the total independence of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] from the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg dynasty]]. [[Julius Jacob von Haynau]], the leader of the Austrian army, was appointed plenipotentiary to restore order in Hungary after the conflict. He ordered the execution of [[The 13 Martyrs of Arad|The 13 Hungarian Martyrs]] of [[Arad, Romania|Arad]], and Prime Minister [[Lajos Batthyány|Batthyány]] was executed the same day in [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]]. After a series of serious Austrian defeats in 1849, the [[Austrian Empire|empire]] came close to the brink of collapse. Thus, the new young emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]] had to call for Russian help under the Holy Alliance. Czar Nicholas I answered, and sent an army of 200,000 men with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under martial law. Following the Hungarian Army's surrender at Világos (now [[Șiria]], Romania) in 1849, their revolutionary banners were taken to Russia by the Tsarist troops and were kept there both under the Tsarist and Communist systems (in 1940 the Soviet Union offered the banners to the Horthy government). After the [[Ausgleich]] of 1867, the Principality of Transylvania was once again abolished. The territory then became part of [[Transleithania]],<ref name=Britannica/><ref name="MSNEncarta">"Transylvania", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008.</ref> an addition to the newly established [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. Romanian intellectuals issued the [[Blaj Pronouncement]] in protest.<ref>[http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/pas/pas14.htm The Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy and Romanian Political Autonomy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424202011/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/pas/pas14.htm |date=2007-04-24 }} in Pașcu, Ștefan. ''A History of Transylvania''. Dorset Press, New York, 1990.</ref> The region was the site of an important [[Battle of Transylvania|battle]] during World War I, which caused the replacement of the German Chief of Staff, temporarily ceased German offensives on all the other fronts and created a unified Central Powers command under the German Kaiser. Following defeat in [[World War I]], Austria-Hungary disintegrated. Elected representatives of the [[Romanians|ethnic Romanians]] from Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș backed by the [[Hungarian–Romanian War|mobilization of Romanian troops]], proclaimed [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|Union with Romania]] on 1 December 1918. The ''Proclamation of Union'' of Alba Iulia was adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians from Transylvania and supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of the Saxons from Transylvania. [[File:PérdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940.svg|thumb|Romania's territorial losses in 1940, showing [[Northern Transylvania]] being ceded to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]]. The region was returned to Romania after [[World War II]]]] The [[Holidays in Romania|national holiday]] of [[Romania]], the [[Great Union Day]] (also called ''Unification Day'',<ref>CIA World Factbook, [http://www.cia.gov/publications/factbook/geos/ro.html#Govt Romania – Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505143044/http://www.cia.gov/publications/factbook/geos/ro.html#Govt |date=2020-05-05 }}</ref>) occurring on December 1, celebrates this event. The holiday was established after the [[Romanian Revolution]], and marks the unification not only of Transylvania but also of the provinces of [[Banat]], [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bukovina]] with the [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian Kingdom]]. These other provinces had all joined with the Kingdom of Romania a few months earlier. In 1920, the [[Treaty of Trianon]] established new borders and much of the proclaimed territories became part of Romania. Hungary protested against the new state borders, as they did not follow the real ethnic boundaries, for over 1.3 or 1.6 million Hungarian people, representing 25.5 or 31.6% of the Transylvanian population (depending on statistics used),<ref name="Történelmi világatlasz">{{cite book|title = Történelmi világatlasz|language=hu|trans-title=World Atlas of History|publisher = Cartographia|year = 1998|isbn = 963-352-519-5}}</ref><ref name="Varga">Varga, E. Árpád, [http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erdang.htm ''Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995''], Translation by Tamás Sályi, Budapest, March 1999, pp. 30-34</ref> were living on the Romanian side of the border, mainly in the [[Székely Land]] of Eastern Transylvania, and along the newly created border.[[File:Romania territory during 20th century.gif|thumb|Territorial evolution of Romania in the 20th century, excluding changes during [[Romania in World War II|World War II]]]] In August 1940, with the arbitration of Germany and Italy under the [[Second Vienna Award]], Hungary gained [[Northern Transylvania]] (including parts of [[Crișana]] and [[Maramureș]]), and over 40% of the territory lost in 1920. This award did not solve the nationality problem, as over 1.15–1.3 million Romanians (or 48% to more than 50% of the population of the ceded territory) remained in Northern Transylvania while 0.36–0.8 million Hungarians (or 11% to more than 20% of the population) continued to reside in [[Southern Transylvania]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Keith Hitchins|author-link=Keith Hitchins|title=Romania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKkegAiLtzMC&pg=PA486|year=1994|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-822126-5|pages=486–}}</ref> The Second Vienna Award was voided on 12 September 1944 by the [[Allied Commission]] through the Armistice Agreement with Romania (Article 19), and the 1947 [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]] reaffirmed the borders between Romania and Hungary as originally defined in the Treaty of Trianon, 27 years earlier, thus confirming the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Transylvania|url=http://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|year=2008|access-date=2008-08-01}}</ref> From 1947 to 1989, Transylvania, along with the rest of Romania, was [[Socialist Republic of Romania|under a communist regime]]. The [[ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș]] between ethnic [[Romanians]] and [[Hungarians]] in March 1990 took place after the [[Romanian Revolution|fall of the communist regime]] and became the most notable inter-ethnic incident in the post-communist era. <gallery class="center"> File:Sarmisegetusa Regia - Templele patrulatere mici - Zona sacra – Gradistea Muntelui, Muntii Sureanu, Hunedoara, Romania 19.JPG|Ruins of [[Sarmizegetusa Regia]] File:Castrum Apulum 2011 - Porta Principalis Dextra-1.jpg|Roman city of [[Alba Iulia#Ancient times|Apulum]] File:Lanzedelli - Târg în Transilvania 3.jpg|A market scene in Transylvania, 1818 File:Original_Photo_National_Museum_of_Union-Alba_Iulia.jpg|The National Assembly in [[Alba Iulia]] (December 1, 1918), declaring the [[Union of Transylvania with Romania]] </gallery> ==Geography and ethnography== [[File:Cheile Turzii-(42).JPG|thumb|right|[[Turda Gorges]] seen from the west end, in [[Cluj county]]]] [[File:RO AB Geogel wooden church 1 55.jpg|thumb|Geogel, Romanian Orthodox wooden church]] [[File:Romania_general_map-en.png|thumb|Geographical map of Romania]] The [[Transylvanian Plateau]], {{convert|300|to(-)|500|m|ft|abbr=off}} high, is drained by the [[Mureș River|Mureș]], [[Someș River|Someș]], [[Criș River|Criș]], and [[Olt River|Olt]] rivers, as well as other tributaries of the [[Danube]]. This core of historical Transylvania roughly corresponds with nine counties of modern Romania. The plateau is almost entirely surrounded by the [[Eastern Carpathians|Eastern]], [[Southern Carpathians|Southern]] and [[Apuseni Mountains|Romanian Western]] branches of the [[Carpathian Mountains]]. The area includes the [[Transylvanian Plain]]. Other areas to the west and north are widely considered part of Transylvania; in common reference, the Western border of Transylvania has come to be identified with the present Romanian-Hungarian border, settled in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, although geographically the two are not identical. Ethnographic areas: * Transylvania proper: ** [[Mărginimea Sibiului]] (Szeben-hegyalja) ** [[Transylvanian Plain]] (Câmpia Transilvaniei/Mezőség) ** [[Țara Bârsei]] (Burzenland/Barcaság) ** {{Interlanguage link|Țara Buzaielor|ro}} ** [[Țara Călatei]] (Kalotaszeg) ** [[Țara Chioarului]] (Kővár) ** [[Țara Făgărașului]] (Fogaras) ** [[Țara Hațegului]] (Hátszeg) ** {{ill|Țara Hălmagiului|ro}} ** {{ill|Țara Mocanilor|ro}} ** [[Țara Moților]] ** [[Nösnerland|Țara Năsăudului]] (Nösnerland/Naszód vidéke) ** {{Interlanguage link|Țara Silvaniei|ro}} ** {{Interlanguage link|Ținutul Pădurenilor|ro}} ** [[Székely Land|Ținutul Secuiesc]] (Székelyföld/Székely Land) * [[Banat]] ** {{ill|Țara Almăjului|ro}} * [[Crișana]] ** {{ill|Țara Zarandului|ro}} * [[Maramureș]] ** [[Țara Oașului]] (Avasság) ** {{ill|Țara Lăpușului|ro}} (Lápos-vidék) ==Administrative divisions== {{Transylvania Labelled Map|float=right}} The area of the historical Voivodeship is {{convert|55146|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://romaniatraveltourism.com/node/326 Transilvania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228094241/http://romaniatraveltourism.com/node/326 |date=2020-02-28 }} at romaniatraveltourism.com</ref>{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The regions granted to Romania in 1920 covered 23 counties including nearly {{convert|102200|km2|0|abbr=on}} (102,787–103,093 km<sup>2</sup> in Hungarian sources and 102,282 km<sup>2</sup> in contemporary Romanian documents). Nowadays, several administrative reorganisations make the territory cover 16 [[Counties of Romania|counties]] ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''[[județ]]''), with an area of {{convert|100290|km2|0|abbr=on}}, in central and northwest Romania. The 16 counties are: [[Alba County|Alba]], [[Arad County|Arad]], [[Bihor County|Bihor]], [[Bistrița-Năsăud County|Bistrița-Năsăud]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]], [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]], [[Cluj County|Cluj]], [[Covasna County|Covasna]], [[Harghita County|Harghita]], [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], [[Maramureș County|Maramureș]], [[Mureș County|Mureș]], [[Sălaj County|Sălaj]], [[Satu Mare County|Satu Mare]], [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]], and [[Timiș County|Timiș]]. Transylvania contains both largely urban counties, such as Brașov and Hunedoara counties, as well as largely rural ones, such as Bistrița-Năsăud and Sălaj counties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – REZULTATE DEFINITIVE RPL2011.doc |access-date=2018-04-17 |archive-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 1998, Romania has been divided into eight [[Development regions of Romania|development regions]], acting as divisions that coordinate and implement socio-economic development at regional level. Six counties (Alba, Brașov, Covasna, Harghita, Mureș and Sibiu) form the [[Centru (development region)|Centru development region]], another six (Bihor, Bistrița-Năsăud, Cluj, Maramureș, Satu Mare, Sălaj) form the [[Nord-Vest (development region)|Nord-Vest development region]], while four (Arad, Caraș-Severin, Hunedoara, Timiș) form the [[Vest (development region)|Vest development region]]. == Cities and towns == {{Largest cities | country = Romania | kind = cities of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș historical regions | stat_ref = [https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls "NIS 2021 Census"] (2021 population by place of residence) | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Counties of Romania{{!}}County |city_1 = Cluj-Napoca |div_1 = Cluj County{{!}}Cluj |pop_1 = 286,598 |img_1 = Biserica romano-catolică "Sfântul Mihail".jpg |city_2 = Timișoara |div_2 = Timiș County{{!}}Timiș |pop_2 = 250,849 |img_2 = Piața Victoriei Timișoara.jpg |city_3 = Brașov |div_3 = Brașov County{{!}}Brașov |pop_3 = 237,589 |img_3 = BVCouncilSquare0.jpg |city_4 = Oradea |div_4 = Bihor County{{!}}Bihor |pop_4 = 183,105 |img_4 = Primăria și Centrul Municipiului Oradea.JPG |city_5 = Arad, Romania{{!}}Arad |div_5 = Arad County{{!}}Arad |pop_5 = 145,078 |city_6 = Sibiu |div_6 = Sibiu County{{!}}Sibiu |pop_6 = 134,309 |city_7 = Târgu Mureș |div_7 = Mureș County{{!}}Mureș |pop_7 = 116,033 |city_8 = Baia Mare |div_8 = Maramureș County{{!}}Maramureș |pop_8 = 108,759 |city_9 = Satu Mare |div_9 = Satu Mare County{{!}}Satu Mare |pop_9 = 91,520 |city_10 = Bistrița |div_10 = Bistrița-Năsăud County{{!}}Bistrița-Năsăud |pop_10 = 78,877 |city_11 = Alba Iulia |div_11 = Alba County{{!}}Alba |pop_11 = 64,227 |city_12 = Reșița |div_12 = Caraș-Severin County{{!}}Caraș-Severin |pop_12 = 58,393 |city_13 = Deva, Romania{{!}}Deva |div_13 = Hunedoara County{{!}}Hunedoara |pop_13 = 53,113 |city_14 = Zalău |div_14 = Sălaj County{{!}}Sălaj |pop_14 = 52,359 |city_15 = Hunedoara |div_15 = Hunedoara County{{!}}Hunedoara |pop_15 = 50,457 |city_16 = Sfântu Gheorghe |div_16 = Covasna County{{!}}Covasna |pop_16 = 50,080 |city_17 = Turda |div_17 = Cluj County{{!}}Cluj |pop_17 = 43,319 |city_18 = Mediaș |div_18 = Sibiu County{{!}}Sibiu |pop_18 = 39,505 |city_19 = Lugoj |div_19 = Timiș County{{!}}Timiș |pop_19 = 35,450 |city_20 = Miercurea Ciuc |div_20 = Harghita County{{!}}Harghita |pop_20 = 34,484 }} [[Cluj-Napoca]], commonly known as Cluj, is the second most populous city in Romania (as of the 2021 census), after the national capital [[Bucharest]], and is the seat of [[Cluj County]]. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Grand Principality of Transylvania]]. [[Brașov]] is an important tourist destination, being the largest city in a mountain resorts area, and a central location, suitable for exploring Romania, with the distances to several tourist destinations (including the [[Black Sea]] resorts, the monasteries in northern [[Moldavia]], and the wooden churches of [[Maramureș]]) being similar. [[Sibiu]] is one of the most important cultural centres of Romania and was designated the [[European Capital of Culture]] for the year 2007, along with the city of [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sibiu2007.ro/index_en.php|title=Sibiu Cultural Capital Website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015213159/http://www.sibiu2007.ro/index_en.php|archive-date=2006-10-15}}</ref> It was formerly the centre of the [[Transylvanian Saxon]] culture and between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 was the capital of the [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Principality of Transylvania]]. [[Alba Iulia]], a city located on the [[Mureș River]] in Alba County, has since the [[High Middle Ages]] been the seat of Transylvania's [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alba Iulia|Roman Catholic diocese]]. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]] and the later [[Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]]. Alba Iulia also has historical importance: after the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 to proclaim the [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|union of Transylvania]] with the [[Kingdom of Romania]]. In Transylvania, there are many medieval smaller towns such as [[Sighișoara]], [[Mediaș]], [[Sebeș]], and [[Bistrița]]. <gallery class="center"> File:Cluj-Napoca_(Biserica_Romano-Catolică_Sfântul_Mihail).jpg|[[Cluj-Napoca]] ({{langx|hu|Kolozsvár}}, {{langx|de|Klausenburg}}) File:Brasov, Romania (26523347959).jpg|[[Brașov]] ({{langx|hu|Brassó}}, {{langx|de|Kronstadt}}) File:Sibiu 200811 800px.jpg|[[Sibiu]] ({{langx|hu|Nagyszeben}}, {{langx|de|Hermannstadt}}) File:Arad City Hall (30112380741).jpg|[[Arad, Romania|Arad]] ({{langx|hu|Arad}}, {{langx|de|Arad}}) File:Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_din_aer_toamna.jpg|[[Alba Iulia]] ({{langx|hu|Gyulafehérvár}}, {{langx|de|Karlsburg}}) defense wall of [[Alba Carolina Citadel]] File:Palatul Culturii (Targu Mures).jpg|[[Târgu Mureș]] ({{langx|hu|Marosvásárhely}}, {{langx|de|Neumarkt am Mieresch}}) File:Timisoara - Catholic Dome in Union Square.jpg|[[Timișoara]] ({{langx|hu|Temesvár}}, {{langx|de|Temeschburg}}) File:Primăria și Centrul Municipiului Oradea.JPG|[[Oradea]] ({{langx|hu|Nagyvárad}}, {{langx|de|Großwardein}}) File:Sighisoara. Biserica din deal.jpg|[[Sighișoara]] ({{langx|hu|Segesvár}}, {{langx|de|Schäßburg}}) File:Biserica Sfânta Margareta.jpg|[[Mediaș]] ({{langx|hu|Medgyes}}, {{langx|de|Mediasch}}) File:Bistrița de sus.jpg|[[Bistrița]] ({{langx|hu|Beszterce}}, {{langx|de|Bistritz}}) File:Sebes evangelical church 3.JPG|[[Sebeș]] ({{langx|hu|Szászsebes}}, {{langx|de|Mülbach}}) File:Centrul Vechi Baia Mare.jpg|[[Baia Mare]] ({{langx|hu|Nagybánya}}, {{langx|de|Frauenbach}}) File:Dévai vármegyeház.jpeg|[[Deva, Romania|Deva]] ({{langx|hu|Déva}}, {{langx|de|Diemrich}}) File:Miercurea_Ciuc_2010,_The_Petőfi_Street.jpg|[[Miercurea Ciuc]] ({{langx|hu|Csíkszereda}}, {{langx|de|Szeklerburg}}) File:2011-IMG 4425.jpg|[[Turda]] ({{langx|hu|Torda}}, {{langx|de|Thorenburg}}) File:Sepsiszentgyorgyi reformatus vartemplom.jpg|[[Sfântu Gheorghe]] ({{langx|hu|Sepsiszentgyörgy}}, {{langx|de|Gergen}}) File:Aiud-Turnul dogarilor si biserica reformata-2.JPG|Aiud Citadel in [[Aiud]] ({{langx|hu|Nagyenyed}}, {{langx|de|Straßburg am Mieresch}}) </gallery> ==Population== {{See also|Demographics of Romania}} ===Historical population=== {{See also|History of Transylvania#Historical population|Hungarian minority in Romania|Székelys|Transylvanian Saxons|List of Transylvanians}} [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Ethno-linguistic map of [[Austria-Hungary]], 1910.]] Official censuses with information on Transylvania's population have been conducted since the 18th century. On May 1, 1784 the Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] called for the first official census of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]], including Transylvania. The data was published in 1787, and this census showed only the overall population (1,440,986 inhabitants).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/transy/transy03.htm |title=www.hungarian-history.hu |access-date=2017-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202185918/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/transy/transy03.htm |archive-date=2017-02-02 }}</ref> [[:hu:Fényes Elek|Fényes Elek]], a 19th-century Hungarian statistician, estimated in 1842 that in the population of Transylvania for the years 1830–1840 the majority were 62.3% [[Romanians]] and 23.3% [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]].<ref>Elek Fényes, ''Magyarország statistikája'', Vol. 1, Trattner-Károlyi, Pest. VII, 1842</ref> In the last quarter of the 19th century, the Hungarian population of Transylvania increased from 24.9% in 1869 to 31.6%, as indicated in the 1910 Hungarian census (the majority of the [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Jewish population]] reported Hungarian as their primary language, so they were also counted as ethnically Hungarian in the 1910 census). At the same time, the percentage of the Romanian population decreased from 59.0% to 53.8% and the percentage of the German population decreased from 11.9% to 10.7%, for a total population of 5,262,495. [[Magyarization]] policies greatly contributed to this shift.<ref name="ia">{{cite journal|title=The Problem of Treaty Revision and the Hungarian Frontiers|journal=International Affairs|year=1933|first=Robert William|last=Seton-Watson|volume=12|issue=4|pages=481–503 |doi=10.2307/2603603|jstor=2603603}}</ref> The percentage of the Romanian majority has significantly increased since the declaration of the union of Transylvania with Romania after World War I in 1918. The proportion of Hungarians in Transylvania was in steep decline as more of the region's inhabitants moved into urban areas, where the pressure to assimilate and Romanianize was greater.<ref name="Varga"/> The expropriation of the estates of Magyar [[magnate]]s, the distribution of the lands to the Romanian peasants, and the policy of cultural [[Romanianization]] that followed the [[Treaty of Trianon]] were major causes of friction between Hungary and Romania.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Transylvania|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/tr/Transylv.html|encyclopedia=[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2008-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905190712/http://bartleby.com/65/tr/Transylv.html|archive-date=2008-09-05}}</ref> Other factors include the emigration of non-Romanian peoples, assimilation and internal migration within Romania (estimates show that between 1945 and 1977, some 630,000 people moved from the [[Romanian Old Kingdom|Old Kingdom]] to Transylvania, and 280,000 from Transylvania to the Old Kingdom, most notably to [[Bucharest]]).<ref name="Varga"/> === Current population === According to the results of the [[Demographics of Romania|2011 census]], the total population of Transylvania was 6,789,250 inhabitants and the ethnic groups were: Romanians – 70.62%, Hungarians – 17.92%, Roma – 3.99%, Ukrainians – 0.63%, Germans (mostly Transylvanian Saxons and Banat Swabians, but also Zipsers, Sathmar Swabians, or Landlers) – 0.49%, other – 0.77%. Some 378,298 inhabitants (5.58%) have not declared their ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2 |title=RPL 2011 – VOLUMUL I: POPULAŢIA STABILĂ (REZIDENTĂ) – STRUCTURA DEMOGRAFICĂ, Table no. 7 |website=recensamantromania.ro}}</ref> The ethnic Hungarian population of Transylvania form a majority in the counties of [[Covasna County|Covasna]] (73.6%) and [[Harghita County|Harghita]] (84.8%). The Hungarians are also numerous in the following counties: Mureș (37.8%), Satu Mare (34.5%), Bihor (25.2%), and Sălaj (23.2%). == Economy == [[File:Salina Turda (panorama), Cluj, RO.jpg|thumb|The former salt mine of [[Salina Turda]], now repurposed as a tourist attraction]] [[File:Landscape in Transylvania.jpg|right|thumb|Rural landscape in Transylvania, including meadows and small hilly forests.]] Transylvania is rich in mineral resources, notably [[lignite]], [[iron]], [[lead]], [[manganese]], [[gold]], [[copper]], [[natural gas]], [[salt]], and [[sulfur]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Transylvania's GDP (nominal) is $194 billion and its GDP per capita measures around $28,574.{{when|date=October 2022}} Transylvania's Human Development Index is ranked 0.829, which makes Transylvania the 2nd most developed region in Romania after [[Bucharest-Ilfov]] and makes it comparable to countries like the Czech Republic, Poland and Estonia.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} There are large iron and [[steel]], chemical, and [[textile]] industries. Stock raising, [[agriculture]], [[wine]] production and fruit growing are important occupations. Agriculture is widespread in the [[Transylvanian Plateau]], including growing cereals, vegetables, viticulture and breeding cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry. [[Timber]] is another valuable resource. [[Information technology|IT]], [[electronics]] and [[Automotive industry|automotive]] industries are important in urban and university centers like [[Cluj-Napoca]] ([[Robert Bosch GmbH]], [[Emerson Electric]]), [[Timișoara]] ([[Alcatel-Lucent]], [[Flextronics]] and [[Continental AG]]), [[Brașov]], [[Sibiu]], [[Oradea]] and [[Arad, Romania|Arad]]. The cities of [[Cluj Napoca]] and [[Târgu Mureș]] are connected with a strong [[medicine|medical]] tradition, and according to the same classifications top performance hospitals exist there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ms.ro/upload/CLASIFICAREA%20SPITALELOR-1.pdf |title=Clasificarea spitalelor |access-date=2016-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035718/http://www.ms.ro/upload/CLASIFICAREA%20SPITALELOR-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Native brands include: [[Roman (vehicle manufacturer)|Roman]] of [[Brașov]] (trucks and buses), [[Azomureș]] of [[Târgu Mureș]] (fertilizers), [[Terapia Ranbaxy|Terapia]] of [[Cluj-Napoca]] (pharmaceuticals), [[Banca Transilvania]] of [[Cluj-Napoca]] (finance), [[Romgaz]] and [[Transgaz]] of [[Mediaș]] (natural gas), [[Jidvei wines|Jidvei]] of [[Alba county]] (alcoholic beverages), [[Timișoreana]] of [[Timișoara]] (alcoholic beverages), the state owned [[Cugir Arms Factory]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://romarm.ro/en/informatii-despre-companie/exhibitions/subsidiaries-sub2/ | title=ROMARM | National Defense Company in Romania | call us 40213171971 }}</ref> and others. The [[Jiu Valley]], located in the south of [[Hunedoara County]], has been a major [[mining area]] throughout the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century, but many mines were closed down in the years following the collapse of the communist regime, forcing the region to diversify its economy. During the Second World War, Transylvania (the Southern/Romanian half, as the region was divided during the war) was crucial to the Romanian defense industry. Transylvanian factories built until 1945 over 1,000 warplanes and over 1,000 artillery pieces of all types, among [[Southern Transylvania#Armaments industry|others]].<ref>Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, ''Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945'', pp. 29-30, 75, 149, 222-227 and 239-272</ref> ==Culture== [[File:George_Cosbuc_-_Foto02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|[[George Coșbuc]], Romanian poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best known for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life]] The culture of Transylvania is complex because of its varied history and longstanding multiculturalism, which has incorporated significant Hungarian (see [[Hungarians in Romania]]) and German (see [[Germans of Romania]]) influences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |title=Cultura |date=2007-12-31 |access-date=2016-05-08 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231125142/http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2007 }}</ref> The region was the birthplace of the [[Transylvanian School]] movement, its members, namely [[Samuil Micu-Klein]], [[Petru Maior]], and [[Gheorghe Șincai]], being responsible for the early version of [[Romanian alphabet]].<ref>[https://www.limbaromana.md/index.php?go=articole&n=3889 N. Felecan - Considerations on the First Books of Romanian Grammar]</ref> With regard to architecture, the Transylvanian [[Gothic style]] is preserved to this day in monuments such as the [[Biserica Neagră|Black Church]] in [[Brașov]] (14th and 15th centuries) and a number of other [[cathedrals]], as well as the [[Bran Castle]] in [[Brașov County]] (14th century), and the [[Hunyad Castle]] in [[Hunedoara]] (15th century). Notable writers such as [[Emil Cioran]], [[Lucian Blaga]], [[George Coșbuc]], [[Ioan Slavici]], [[Octavian Goga]], [[Liviu Rebreanu]], [[Endre Ady]], [[Elie Wiesel]], [[Elek Benedek]] and [[Károly Kós]] were born in Transylvania. Liviu Rebreanu wrote the novel ''Ion'', which introduces the reader to a depiction of the life of Romanian peasants and intellectuals of Transylvania at the turn of the 20th century. Károly Kós was one of the most important writers supporting the movement of [[Transylvanianism]]. == Religion == Transylvania has a very rich and unique religious history. Since the [[Protestant Reformation]], different Christian denominations have coexisted in this religious melting pot, including [[Romanian Orthodox]], other [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Catholic Church in Romania|Latin Catholic]] and [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Romanian Greek Catholic]], [[Lutheran]], [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]], and [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] branches. [[Christianity]] is the largest religion, but other faiths also are present, including [[Jews]] and [[Muslims]]. Under the [[Habsburgs]], Transylvania served as a place for "religious undesirables". People who arrived in Transylvania included those that did not conform to the [[Catholic Church]] and were sent here forcibly, as well as many religious refugees. Transylvania has a long history of religious tolerance, ensured by its religious pluralism. Transylvania has also been (and still is) a center for Christian denominations other than [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], the form of Christianity that most Romanians currently follow. As such, there are significant numbers of inhabitants of Transylvania that follow [[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Latin Catholicism]] and [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholicism]], and [[Protestantism in Romania|Protestantism]]. Even though before 1948, the population of Transylvania split between Eastern Orthodox, Greek Catholic and other forms of Christianity, during the Communist Period the Orthodox Church was much more favored by the state which has led to Eastern Orthodoxy being the religion of the majority of Transylvanians.<ref name="poperamet">Earl A. Pope, "Protestantism in Romania", in Sabrina Petra Ramet (ed.), ''Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia: The Communist and Postcommunist Eras'', [[Duke University Press]], Durham, 1992, p.158-160. {{ISBN|0-8223-1241-7}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171215160455/https://cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017]. cnewa.org</ref> However, among the Hungarian and German minorities only a small part are Eastern Orthodox. The main two religions of the Hungarian minority are Reformed (Calvinism) and Roman Catholicism;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nyugatijelen.com/allaspont/reszleges_kozossegi_radiografia_1.php|title=Részleges közösségi radiográfia|language=ro|work=Nyugati Jelen|access-date=19 March 2023|date=19 January 2023|author=Chirmiciu András|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032617/https://www.nyugatijelen.com/allaspont/reszleges_kozossegi_radiografia_1.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> among Germans the main religions are Roman Catholicism (slightly over half of [[Germans in Romania]]), followed by Lutheranism and Eastern Orthodox.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Date-provizorii-RPL_cu-anexe_30122022.pdf|title=Primele date provizorii pentru Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor, runda 2021|language=ro|website=recensamantromania.ro|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> There are also [[Pentecostal Union of Romania|Pentecostals]] and [[Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania|Baptists]], particularly in Banat and Crișana. [[Babeș-Bolyai University]], located in [[Cluj-Napoca]] is the only university in [[Europe]] that has four faculties of [[theology]] (Orthodox, Reformed, Roman Catholic, and Greek Catholic).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://admitere.ubbcluj.ro/ro/info/brosuri/ |title=Ghidul studentului din Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai |page=5 |website=Admitere.ubbcluj.ro |access-date=2016-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426170927/http://admitere.ubbcluj.ro/ro/info/brosuri |archive-date=2016-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! || colspan=2 | 1930 ||colspan=2 | 2011 |- ! Denomination | Number || Percent | Number || Percent |- | [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] | 1,933,589 || 34.85 | 4,478,532 || 65.96 |- | [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholicism]] | 1,385,017 || 24.96 | 142,862 || 2.10 |- | [[Catholic Church in Romania|Latin Catholicism]] | 946,100 || 17.05 | 632,948 || 9.32 |- | [[Mainline Protestantism]] | 1,038,464 || 18.72 | 675,107 || 9.34 |- | [[Evangelical Protestantism]] | 37,061 || 0.66 | 339,472 || 4.70 |} There are also small denominations like [[Adventism]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and more. '''<u>Others</u>''' * Nowadays, there is a very small number of Muslims ([[Islam]]) and Jews ([[Judaism]]), but back in 1930, with 191,877 inhabitants, Jews represented 3.46% of Transylvania's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etnosfera.ro/pdf/2009/2/04.pdf|title=Situatia demografica a cultelor dupa 1918|access-date=2018-04-16|archive-date=2017-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215064621/http://www.etnosfera.ro/pdf/2009/2/04.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Atheists, agnostics and unaffiliated account for 0.27% of Transylvania's population. ''Data refers to extended Transylvania (with [[Banat]], [[Crișana]] and [[Maramureș]]).''<ref>{{cite web| url = http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/64159/1/BCUCLUJ_FP_186593_1937-1938.pdf| title = Anuarul statistic al Romaniei, 1937 si 1938}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ |title=Populația stabilă după religie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |work=Institutul Național de Statistică}}</ref> == Tourist attractions == [[File:Deva Citadel Hill (video file).webm|thumb|Drone footage of the [[Fortress of Deva]] ({{langx|hu|Déva vára}}, {{langx|de|Diemricher Burg}})]] [[File:Castelul Corvinilor din Hunedoara in 10 Decembrie 2012. Fotografie realizata de catre Marian Lucian.jpg|thumb|[[Corvin Castle]], [[Hunedoara]] ({{langx|hu|Vajdahunyad}}, {{langx|de|Eisenmarkt}})]] [[File:Cetatea Râșnov, văzută din șoseaua Cristian-Râșnov..jpg|thumb|right|[[Râșnov Fortress]], [[Râșnov]] ({{langx|hu|Barcarozsnyó}}, {{langx|de|Rosenau}})]] [[File:Kirchenburg Birthälm.jpg|thumb|[[Biertan fortified church]], [[Biertan]] ({{langx|hu|Berethalom}}, {{langx|de|Birthälm}})]] [[File:Bran Castle TB1.jpg|thumb|[[Bran Castle]], [[Bran, Brașov|Bran]] ({{langx|hu|Törcsvár}}, {{langx|de|Die Törzburg}})]] [[File:Cetatea Alba Carolina Ansamblul fortificației „Cetatea Alba Iulia 14.jpg|thumb|Gate to [[Alba Carolina Citadel]]]] * [[Bran Castle]], also known as [[Count Dracula|Dracula]]'s Castle * [[Fortress of Deva]] * The very well preserved medieval towns of [[Alba Iulia]], [[Cluj-Napoca]] ([[European Youth Capital]] 2015), [[Sibiu]] ([[European Capital of Culture]] in 2007), [[Târgu Mureș]], and [[Sighișoara]] ([[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] and alleged birthplace of [[Vlad Dracula]]) * The city of [[Brașov]] and the nearby [[Poiana Brașov]] ski resort * The town of [[Hunedoara]] with the 14th century [[Corvin Castle]] * The citadel and the [[Art Nouveau]] city centre of [[Oradea]] * The [[Densuș Church]], the oldest church in Romania that still holds services<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romanianmonasteries.org/other-monasteries/densus |title=Travel to Romania – Densuș Church (Hunedoara) |publisher=Romanianmonasteries.org |date=2006-05-31 |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref> * The [[Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains]], including [[Sarmizegetusa Regia]] ([[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) * The Roman forts including [[Sarmizegetusa Ulpia Traiana]], [[Porolissum]], [[Apulum (castra)|Apulum]], [[Potaissa (castra)|Potaissa]], and [[Drobeta (castra)|Drobeta]] * The [[Red Lake (Romania)|Red Lake]] (also known as Lake Ghilcoș) * The [[Turda Gorge]] [[natural reserve]] * The [[Râșnov Citadel]] in [[Râșnov]] * The [[Maramureș]] region ** The [[Merry Cemetery|Merry Cemetery of Săpânța]] (the only one of that kind in the world) ** The [[Wooden Churches of Maramureș|Wooden Churches]] ([[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) ** The cities of [[Baia Mare]] and [[Sighetu Marmației]] ** The villages in the [[Iza (river)|Iza]], [[Mara (Iza)|Mara]], and [[Vișeu]] valleys * [[Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania|The Saxon fortified churches]] ([[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) * The [[Apuseni Mountains]]: ** [[Țara Moților]] ** The [[Bears' Cave]]<ref name=itsromania.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.itsromania.com/apuseni-caves.html |title=Apuseni Caves |publisher=Itsromania.com |access-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316120700/http://www.itsromania.com/apuseni-caves.html |archive-date=2012-03-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** [[Scărișoara Cave]] in [[Alba County]], the third largest glacier cave in the world<ref name=itsromania.com/> * The [[Rodna Mountains]] * The [[Salina Turda]] Salt Mine: according to Business Insider, it is one of the ten "coolest underground places in the world". * The [[Via Transilvanica]] hiking and biking trail === Festivals and events === ==== Film festivals ==== * [[Transilvania International Film Festival]], [[Cluj-Napoca]] – Romania's biggest film festival * [[Gay Film Nights]], Cluj-Napoca * [[Comedy Cluj]], Cluj-Napoca * Humor Film Festival, [[Timișoara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timisoreni.ro/despre/zilele_filmului_de_umor/|title=Zilele Filmului de Umor 2014|work=timisoreni.ro|access-date=25 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-film-17557648-noua-editie-zilelor-filmului-umor-timisoara.htm|title=O nouă ediție a Zilelor Filmului de Umor la Timișoara|work=HotNewsRo|date=26 June 2014|access-date=25 January 2015}}</ref> ==== Music festivals ==== * [[Golden Stag Festival]], [[Brașov]] * [[Gărâna Jazz Festival]], [[Gărâna]] * [[Peninsula / Félsziget Festival]], Târgu-Mureș * [[Untold Festival]], Cluj-Napoca – Romania's biggest music festival * [[Toamna Muzicală Clujeană]], Cluj-Napoca * [[Artmania Festival]], Sibiu * Rockstadt Extreme Fest, [[Râșnov]] * [[Electric Castle Festival]], Bontida, Cluj-Napoca ==== Others ==== * [[Sighișoara Medieval Festival]], Sighișoara * [[Sibiu International Theatre Festival]] * Festivalul Medieval Cetăți Transilvane Sibiu == Historical coat of arms of Transylvania == {{Main|Coat of arms of Transylvania}} [[File:Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg|thumb|upright|left|150px|The historical coat of arms of Transylvania|alt=Blue, red and yellow shield with an eagle, the sun, moon and seven castle turrets]] The first heraldic representations of Transylvania date from the 16th century. The [[Transylvanian Diet|Diet]] of 1659 codified the representation of the privileged nations ([[Unio Trium Nationum]] (Union of the Three Nations)) in [[Flag and coat of arms of Transylvania|Transylvania's coat of arms]]. It depicted a black eagle ([[Turul]]) on a blue background, representing the [[Hungarians]], the Sun and the Moon representing the [[Székelys]], and seven red towers on a yellow background representing the [[Transylvanian Saxons#Fortification of the towns|seven fortified cities]] of the [[Transylvanian Saxons]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ströhl |first=Hugo Gerard |url=http://www.austria-lexikon.at/attach/Wissenssammlungen/Symbole/Wappenrolle_Str%C3%B6hl_1890/Wappenrolle_1890_Text.pdf |title=Oesterreichish-Ungarische Wappenrolle |publisher=Verlag vom Anton Schroll & Co |year=1890 |location=Vienna |page=XV |author-link=Hugo Gerard Ströhl |access-date=24 November 2011}}</ref> The [[flag and coat of arms of Transylvania]] were granted by Queen [[Maria Theresa]] in 1765, when she established a [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Grand Principality]] within the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. In 1596, [[Levinus Hulsius]] created a coat of arms for Transylvania, consisting of a shield with a rising eagle in the upper field and seven hills with towers on top in the lower field. He published it in his work "''Chronologia''", issued in [[Nuremberg]] the same year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hulsius |first=Levinus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsA9AAAAcAAJ |title=Chronologia in qua provinciae... |year=1596 |location=Nuremberg |language=Latin}}</ref> The seal from 1597 of [[Sigismund Báthory]], [[Prince of Transylvania]], reproduced the new coat of arms with some slight changes: in the upper field the eagle was flanked by a sun and a moon and in the lower field the hills were replaced by simple towers. The coat of arms of [[Sigismund Báthory]] beside the coat of arms of the [[Báthory family]], included the Transylvanian, Wallachia and Moldavian coat of arms, he used the title [[List of princes of Transylvania|Prince of Transylvania]], [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]]. A short-lived heraldic representation of Transylvania is found on the seal of [[Michael the Brave]]. Besides the Wallachian eagle and the [[Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia|Moldavian aurochs]], Transylvania is represented by two lions holding a sword standing on seven hills. Hungarian [[List of princes of Transylvania|Transylvanian princes]] used the symbols of the [[Flag and coat of arms of Transylvania|Transylvanian coat of arms]] usually with the [[Coat of arms of Hungary|Hungarian coat of arms]] since the 16th century because [[List of princes of Transylvania|Transylvanian princes]] maintained their claims to the throne of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. While neither symbol has official status in present-day [[Romania]], the [[Flag and coat of arms of Transylvania|Transylvanian coat of arms]] is marshalled within the national [[Coat of arms of Romania]], it was also a component of the [[Coat of arms of Hungary]]. <gallery class="center"> File:Coa Transylvania Country History v4.svg|Coat of arms of Transylvania by [[Levinus Hulsius]] (1596) File:SigismundBathory1597.jpg|Coat of arm of [[Sigismund Báthory]], Prince of Transylvania (1586–1598, 1598–1599, 1601–1602) File:Stema Mihai Viteazul.jpg|Seal of [[Michael the Brave]] during his personal union of [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]] and Transylvania (1599–1600) File:COA Bathory Zsofia.jpg|Coat of arms of [[Sophia Báthory]], [[List of Transylvanian royal consorts|Princess of Transylvania]] (1642–1657, 1657–1658, 1659–1660) File:Coat of arms of Transilvania in Stematographia.jpg|Coat of arms of Transylvania by [[Hristofor Žefarović]] (1741) File:Wappen Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen.png|Coat of arms of Transylvania by [[Hugo Gerard Ströhl]] File:Erdely-Cimere-1765.jpg|Coat of arms of Transylvania (1765) File:Kreisregierung Vorarlberg.jpg|Coat of arms of Transylvania in an [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] coat of arms (1850) File:Coa Hungary Country History Mid (1867).svg|alt=kingdom hungary 1867|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (1867–1915) File:Wappen Ungarische Länder 1867 (Mittel).png|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (1867–1915) File:Wappen Ungarische Länder 1915 (Mittel).png|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (1915–1918) File:Kingdom of Romania - Medium CoA.svg|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] (1921–1947) File:Coat of arms of Romania.svg|Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of [[Romania]] (2016) </gallery> ==In popular culture== {{Main|Transylvania in popular culture}} [[File:Bela Lugosi as Dracula, anonymous photograph from 1931, Universal Studios.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Bela Lugosi|Lugosi]] as [[Count Dracula]]]] Following the publication of [[Emily Gerard]]'s ''The Land Beyond the Forest'' (1888), [[Bram Stoker]] wrote his [[Gothic fiction|gothic horror]] novel ''[[Dracula]]'' in 1897, using Transylvania as a setting. With its success, Transylvania became associated in the English- and Spanish-speaking world with [[vampire]]s. Among the first actors to portray [[Count Dracula|Dracula]] [[Dracula (1931 English-language film)|in film]] was [[Bela Lugosi]], who was born in Lugos (now [[Lugoj]]), in present-day Romania. The American animated movie franchise ''[[Hotel Transylvania]]'' also plays on the association of Transylvania with Dracula. Transylvania has also been represented in fiction and literature as a land of mystery and magic. For example, in [[Paulo Coelho]]'s novel ''[[The Witch of Portobello]]'', the main character, Sherine Khalil, is described as a Transylvanian orphan with a [[Romani people|Romani]] mother, in an effort to add to the character's exotic mystique.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} The so-called Transylvanian trilogy of historical novels by [[Miklós Bánffy]], ''The Writing on the Wall'', is an extended treatment of the 19th- and early 20th-century social and political history of the country. The Principality of Transylvania is also a playable nation in ''[[Europa Universalis IV]]''. == See also == * [[Prehistory of Transylvania]] * [[Siebenbürgenlied]], an unofficial anthem of Transylvania and the anthem of the [[Transylvanian Saxons|Transylvanian Saxon community]] * [[Transylvanianism]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * [[András Bereznay]], ''Erdély történetének atlasza'' (''Historical Atlas of Transylvania''), with text and 102 map plates, the first ever historical atlas of Transylvania (Méry Ratio, 2011; {{ISBN|978-80-89286-45-4}}) * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Transylvania|volume=27|pages=210–211}} * Zoltán Farkas and Judit Sós, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070821110702/http://www.keletnyugat.hu/ujkonyvek/transylvania.php Transylvania Guidebook] * [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]], ''[[Between the Woods and the Water]]'' (New York Review of Books Classics, 2005; {{ISBN|1-59017-166-7}}). Fermor travelled across Transylvania in the summer of 1934, and wrote about it in this account first published more than 50 years later, in 1986. * {{Cite book|last1=Pop|first1=Ioan-Aurel|last2=Nägler|first2=Thomas|last3=Magyari|first3=András|title=The History of Transylvania, vol. I–III|publisher=Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies – Romanian Cultural Institute|location=Cluj-Napoca|year=2018|isbn=978-606-8694-78-8}} * {{Cite book|last1=Köpeczi|first1=Béla|last2=Makkai|first2=László|last3=Mócsy|first3=András|title=History of Transylvania|publisher=Atlantic Research and Publications|location=New Jersey|year=1994|isbn=963-05-6703-2|language=en|volume=I-III|url=https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/index.html|last4=Szász|first4=Zoltán|translator-last=Kovrig|translator-first=Benett}} == External links == {{wikivoyage}} {{Commons category|Transylvania}} * [http://www.liveonlineradio.net/germany/rti-radio-transsylvania-international.htm/ Radio Transsylvania International] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421073837/http://www.ce-review.org/99/14/lovatt14.html "Tolerant Transylvania – Why Transylvania will not become another Kosovo"]}}, Katherine Lovatt, in ''Central Europe Review'', Vol. 1, No. 14, 27 September 1999. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040707001956/http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/7b-history.htm ''The History of Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons''] by Dr. Konrad Gündisch, Oldenburg, Germany * [http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/boner/toc_pag.shtml ''Transylvania,Its Products and its People''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505040138/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/boner/toc_pag.shtml |date=2018-05-05 }}, by [[Charles Boner]], 1865 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091220030833/http://www.familyhistory.ro/index.php?id=20061130erdelyi_csaladt_ Transylvanian Family History Database] {{in lang|hu}} {{Romanian historical regions}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|46.5|N|25|E|display=title}} [[Category:Transylvania| ]] [[Category:Historical regions]] [[Category:Historical regions in the Kingdom of Hungary]] [[Category:Historical regions in Romania]]
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