Editing Transport in Vietnam

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[[File:DuonglencongtroiQuanBa.jpg|thumb|Bắc Sum Pass on National Road 4C]]
'''Transportation in Vietnam''' is improving rapidly in terms of both quantity and quality. Road traffic is growing rapidly but the major roads are dangerous and slow to travel on due to outdated design and an inappropriate traffic mix. In recent years, the construction of [[Expressways of Vietnam|expressways]] has accelerated. Air travel is also important for long-distance travel. The two major metropolises of [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]] have operating [[Rapid transit|metro networks]] which are currently being expanded.

[[File:Traffic In Saigon (244218359).jpeg|thumb|Vietnamese road traffic is dominated by [[motorcycle]]s. Heavy traffic, bad air and loud noises are expected regularly. ]]

==Road transport==
[[File:QL4E - Lao Cai to Pho Lu - P1380570.JPG|thumb|right|National Road 4E [[milestone]]]]
[[File:Van Yen District - Hwy DT163 - P1380759.JPG|thumb|right|[[Yên Bái province|Yên Bái]] Provincial Road 163 milestone]]
The total length of the Vietnamese road system is about 222,179&nbsp;km with 19.0% paved, mainly national roads and provincial roads (source: Vietnam Road Administration, 2004). The national road system length is 17,295&nbsp;km with 27.6% of its length paved. The provincial road system is 27,762&nbsp;km of length with 23.6% paved. The road network is relatively well developed, but in poor condition.<ref name="LitvackLitvack1999">{{cite book|author1=Jennie Litvack|author2=Jennie Ilene Litvack|author3=Dennis A. Rondinelli|title=Market Reform in Vietnam: Building Institutions for Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AePZ7ATPt4C&pg=PA50|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-56720-288-5|pages=50}}</ref> Due to congestion and lack of safety, the average speed on the national roads is a mere {{convert|50|km/h|mph}}.<ref name="Vietnam2016">{{cite book|author1=World Bank Group|author2=Ministry of Planning and Investment of Vietnam|title=Vietnam 2035: Toward Prosperity, Creativity, Equity, and Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfWHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT257|date=7 November 2016|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-1-4648-0825-8|page=257}}</ref>

Road financing comes from a number of sources including the government, overseas donors such as the ADB, WB, JBIC and business organizations. Road investment recovery is mainly through tolls collected on bridges and roads, in accordance with laws mentioned above.

Vietnam's road system is classified according to the administrative hierarchy. Each classification is assigned a milestone color and [[Road designation or abbreviation|abbreviation]].

* National roads ({{lang|vi|quốc lộ}}, abbreviated QL) are administered by the central government. They are marked by white milestones with red tops.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=195–200|loc=appendix I}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Các loại biển báo giao thông|trans-title=Types of traffic signs|publisher=Vietnam Expressway Services Engineering Joint Stock Company|date=27 May 2014|access-date=18 April 2018|url=http://www.vece.com.vn/duongcaotoc/category/1167|language=vi}}</ref> On [[Direction, position, or indication sign|direction sign]]s, they were historically denoted by white on blue markers, but since 2015 are denoted by black on white markers.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=331–334|loc=appendix O}}{{sfn|83:2015/BGTVT|loc=appendix 4}}
** Expressways or freeways ({{lang|vi|đường cao tốc}}, CT) are denoted by black on yellow markers on direction signs. Guide signs along expressways are green, in contrast to the blue guide signs along surface roads.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=331–334|loc=appendix O}}{{sfn|83:2015/BGTVT|loc=appendix 4}}
* Provincial roads ({{lang|vi|tỉnh lộ}} or {{lang|vi|đường tỉnh}}, TL or ĐT) are managed by provinces. They are marked by white milestones with [[Blue–green distinction in language#Vietnamese|blue or green]] tops.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=195–200|loc=appendix I}} On direction signs, they are denoted by black on white markers.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=331–334|loc=appendix O}}{{sfn|83:2015/BGTVT|loc=appendix 4}}
* District roads ({{lang|vi|hương lộ}} or {{lang|vi|đường huyện}}, HL or ĐH) are managed by [[Huyện|rural district]]s. They are marked by white milestones with brown tops.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=195–200|loc=appendix I}}
* Commune roads ({{lang|vi|đường xã}}, ĐX) are managed by communes.
* Urban roads ({{lang|vi|đường đô thị}}, ĐĐT) are managed by cities and towns.
* Certain service roads ({{lang|vi|đường chuyên dùng}}, ĐCD) may be marked by white milestones with yellow tops.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=195–200|loc=appendix I}}

{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| <strong>National roads</strong>
|-
| 
*[[National Route 1 (Vietnam)|National Route 1A]]: [[Huu Nghi Quan Border Gate]] ([[Lạng Sơn province|Lạng Sơn]]) – [[Cà Mau province]]
*[[National Route 1B (Vietnam)|National Route 1B]]: [[Thái Nguyên]] – [[Lạng Sơn province]]
*[[National Route 1C (Vietnam)|National Route 1C]]: [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]]
*[[National Route 1D (Vietnam)|National Route 1D]]: [[Qui Nhơn]] – [[Sông Cầu]]
*National Route 1K: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Biên Hòa]]
*National Route 2A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Hà Giang province|Hà Giang]] (border checkpoint Thanh Thuy)
*National Route 2B: [[Vĩnh Phúc]]
*National Route 2C: [[Hanoi]] – [[Tuyên Quang province|Tuyên Quang]]
*National Route 2D: [[Vĩnh Phúc]] – [[Tuyên Quang province|Tuyên Quang]]
*National Route 3A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Cao Bằng province|Cao Bằng]] (border checkpoint Ta Lung)
*National Route 3B: [[Bắc Kạn]] – [[Tuyên Quang province|Tuyên Quang]]
*National Route 3C: [[Thái Nguyên]] – [[Bắc Kạn]]
*National Route 3E: [[Lạng Sơn]]
*National Route 4 (Ring road 1): 4A ([[Lạng Sơn]] – [[Cao Bằng]]), 4B ([[Quảng Ninh]] – [[Lạng Sơn]]), 4C ([[Hà Giang province|Hà Giang]]), 4D ([[Lào Cai province|Lào Cai]] – [[Lai Châu]]), 4H ([[Điện Biên province|Điện Biên]])
*National Route 4E: [[Lào Cai province|Lào Cai]]
*National Route 4G: [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 5A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Haiphong]]
*National Route 5C: [[Haiphong]]
*National Route 6A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Điện Biên]]
*National Route 6B: [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*[[National Route 7 (Vietnam)|National Route 7A]]: [[Nghệ An province|Nghệ An]]
*National Route 7B: [[Nghệ An province|Nghệ An]]
*[[National Route 8 (Vietnam)|National Route 8A]]: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*National Route 8B: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*[[National Route 9 (Vietnam)|National Route 9]]: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 9A: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 9B: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 9C: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 9D: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 9E: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 9G: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 10: [[Quảng Ninh]] – [[Thanh Hóa]] 
*National Route 12: [[Điện Biên]] – [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]] (border checkpoint Ma Lu Thang)
*National Route 12A: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 12B: [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]] – [[Hòa Bình province|Hòa Bình]]
*National Route 12C: Sơn Dương – Vũng Áng Port – [[Quảng Bình province]]
*[[National Route 13 (Vietnam)|National Route 13]]: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Bình Phước]] (border checkpoint Hoa Lư)
*[[National Route 14 (Vietnam)|National Route 14A]]: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]] – [[Bình Phước]]
*National Route 14B: [[Da Nang]] – [[Quảng Nam]]
*National Route 14C: [[Gia Lai]] – [[Đắk Nông province]]
*National Route 14D: [[Quảng Nam province|Quảng Nam]]
*National Route 14E: [[Quảng Nam province|Quảng Nam]]
*National Route 14G: [[Quảng Nam province|Quảng Nam]] – [[Da Nang]]
*National Route 15: Đồng Nai
*National Route 15A: [[Hòa Bình province|Hòa Bình]] – [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 15B: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*National Route 15C: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 15D: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 16: [[Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 17: [[Hanoi]] – [[Thái Nguyên]]
*National Route 17B: [[Quảng Ninh]] – [[Haiphong]]
*National Route 18: [[Hanoi]] – [[Quảng Ninh]] (border checkpoint Mong Cai)
*National Route 18C: [[Quảng Ninh province|Quảng Ninh]]
*[[National Route 19 (Vietnam)|National Route 19A]]: [[Bình Định province|Bình Định]] – [[Gia Lai]]
*National Route 19B: [[Bình Định province|Bình Định]]
*National Route 19C: [[Bình Định province|Bình Định]] – [[Đắk Lắk province|Đắk Lắk]]
*[[National Route 20 (Vietnam)|National Route 20]]: [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]] – [[Lâm Đồng]]
*National Route 21A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Nam Định province|Nam Định]]
*National Route 21B: [[Hanoi]] – [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]]
*National Route 21C: [[Hanoi]] – [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]]
*[[National Route 22 (Vietnam)|National Route 22A]]: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Tây Ninh province|Tây Ninh]] (border checkpoint Moc Bai)
*National Route 22B: [[Tây Ninh province|Tây Ninh]]
*National Route 23: [[Hanoi]] – [[Vĩnh Phúc]]
*National Route 24A: [[Quảng Ngãi province|Quảng Ngãi]] – [[Kon Tum]]
*National Route 24B: [[Quảng Ngãi province|Quảng Ngãi]]
*National Route 24C: [[Quảng Ngãi province|Quảng Ngãi]]
*[[National Route 25 (Vietnam)|National Route 25]]: [[Phú Yên]] – [[Gia Lai]]
*National Route 26A: [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]] – [[Đắk Lắk province|Đắk Lắk]]
*National Route 26B: [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]]
*National Route 27A: [[Ninh Thuận province|Ninh Thuận]] – [[Đắk Lắk province|Đắk Lắk]]
*National Route 27B: [[Ninh Thuận province|Ninh Thuận]] – [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]]
*National Route 27C: [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]] – [[Lâm Đồng]]
*National Route 28A: [[Bình Thuận province|Bình Thuận]] – [[Đắk Nông province]]
*National Route 28B: [[Bình Thuận province|Bình Thuận]] – [[Lâm Đồng]]
*National Route 29: [[Phú Yên province]] – [[Đắk Lắk province]]
*[[National Route 30 (Vietnam)|National Route 30]]: [[Tiền Giang]] – [[Đồng Tháp]]
*National Route 31: [[Bắc Giang]] – [[Lạng Sơn province|Lạng Sơn]]
*National Route 32: [[Hanoi]] – [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]]
*National Route 32B: [[Phú Thọ province|Phú Thọ]] – [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 32C: [[Phú Thọ province|Phú Thọ]] – [[Yên Bái province|Yên Bái]]
*National Route 34: [[Cao Bằng province|Cao Bằng]] – [[Hà Giang province|Hà Giang]]
*National Route 35: [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]]
*National Route 36: [[Nghệ An province|Nghệ An]] – [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 37A: [[Thái Bình province|Thái Bình]] – [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 37B: [[Thái Bình province]] – [[Hà Nam]]
*National Route 37C: [[Nam Định province]] – [[Hòa Bình province|Hòa Bình]]
*National Route 38A: [[Bắc Ninh]] – [[Hà Nam]]
*National Route 38B: [[Hải Dương]] – [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]]
*National Route 39A: [[Hưng Yên province]] – [[Thái Bình province]]
*National Route 39B: [[Hưng Yên]] – [[Thái Bình province]]
*National Route 40A: [[Kon Tum province|Kon Tum]]
*National Route 40B: [[Quảng Nam province|Quảng Nam]] – [[Kon Tum province|Kon Tum]]
*National Route 43: [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 45: [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]] – [[Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 46A: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 46B: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 46C: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 47: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 47B: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 47C: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 48A: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 48B: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 48C: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 48D: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 48E: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 49A: [[Huế]]
*National Route 49B: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]] – [[Huế]]
*National Route 49C: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 50: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Tiền Giang]]
*[[National Route 51 (Vietnam)|National Route 51]]: [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]] – [[Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]
*[[Hà Nội Highway|National Route 52]]: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]]
*National Route 53: [[Vĩnh Long]] – [[Trà Vinh province|Trà Vinh]]
*National Route 54: [[Đồng Tháp]] – [[Trà Vinh]]
*National Route 55A: [[Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]] – [[Lâm Đồng]]
*National Route 55B: [[Bình Thuận province|Bình Thuận]]
*National Route 56: [[Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]] – [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]]
*National Route 56B: [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]] – [[Tây Ninh province|Tây Ninh]]
*National Route 57A: [[Bến Tre province|Bến Tre]] – [[Vĩnh Long province|Vĩnh Long]]
*National Route 57B: [[Bến Tre province|Bến Tre]]
*National Route 57C: [[Bến Tre province|Bến Tre]]
*National Route 60: [[Tiền Giang]] – [[Sóc Trăng]]
*National Route 61A: [[Hậu Giang province|Hậu Giang]] – [[Kiên Giang]]
*National Route 61B: [[Hậu Giang province|Hậu Giang]] – [[Sóc Trăng]]
*National Route 61C: [[Cần Thơ]] – [[Hậu Giang province|Hậu Giang]]
*National Route 62: [[Long An province|Long An]]
*National Route 63: [[Kiên Giang]] – [[Cà Mau]]
*National Route 70A: [[Phú Thọ province|Phú Thọ]] – [[Lào Cai]]
*National Route 70B: [[Phú Thọ province|Phú Thọ]] – [[Hòa Bình province|Hòa Bình]]
*National Route 71: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*National Route 80: [[Vĩnh Long]] – [[Kiên Giang]]
*[[National Route 91 (Vietnam)|National Route 91A]]: [[Cần Thơ]] – [[An Giang]]
*National Route 91B: [[Cần Thơ]]
*National Route 91C: [[Cần Thơ]] – [[Bạc Liêu province|Bạc Liêu]]
*National Route 100: [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]]
*National Route 217: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 217B: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 279: [[Quảng Ninh]] – [[Điện Biên]] (border checkpoint Tay Trang)
*National Route 279D: [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]] – [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 280: [[Tuyên Quang province|Tuyên Quang]] – [[Hà Giang province|Hà Giang]]
*National Route 281: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*National Route N1: [[Long An province|Long An]] – [[Kiên Giang]]
*National Route N2: [[Bình Dương province|Bình Dương]] – [[Kiên Giang]]
*[[Ho Chi Minh Highway]]: [[Cao Bằng province|Cao Bằng]] – [[Cà Mau province|Cà Mau]]
*Quan Lo – Phung Hiep Highway: [[Hậu Giang province|Hậu Giang]] – [[Cà Mau]]
|}

===Expressways===
[[File:Cao toc Cau Gie Ninh Binh.JPG|thumb|North–South Expressway near [[Ninh Bình]]]]
{{main|Expressways of Vietnam}}
Expressways are a rather new concept for Vietnam. Traffic is growing rapidly but the major roads are dangerous due to inappropriate design and an inappropriate traffic mix. Expressways would solve these problems along the key corridors, by separating high speed traffic from slower, local traffic.

Vietnam currently recognizes two classes of expressway. Both have a minimum of two lanes in each direction, but Class A has grade separated interchanges, while Class B has at-grade intersections. There are 4 design-speed categories: 60, 80, 100 and 120&nbsp;km/h.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LawNet |title=Law No. 23/2008/QH12 of November 13, 2008, on road traffic Luật 23 2008,23/2008/QH12 |url=https://lawnet.vn/en/vb/23-2008-QH12-159C0.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Law No. 23/2008/QH12 of November 13, 2008, on road traffic - LawNet |language=en}}</ref> Generally all cars, buses and trucks are permitted on the expressway but ''công nông'' (agricultural vehicles) and all types of motorcycles are not.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tuoitrenews.vn/society/26332/motorbikes-entering-expressway-in-vietnam-could-be-confiscated|title=Motorbikes entering expressways in Vietnam could be confiscated|date=27 February 2015|publisher=Tuổi Trẻ News}}</ref>

===Road vehicles===
;Motorbikes
Vietnam is renowned for its motorbike culture. In 1995, over 90% of trips in both Hanoi and Saigon were done by motorcycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jbic/report/paper/pdf/rp04_e.pdf|title=Urban Public Transportation in Viet Nam|date=December 1999 |publisher=Research Institute for Development and Finance Japan Bank for International Cooperation}}</ref> In 2017, 79% of Vietnamese reported using a motorbike regularly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://daliaresearch.com/blog-the-top-5-cycling-motorcycling-countries-in-the-world/|title=The Top 5 Cycling & Motorcycling Countries in the World – Dalia Research|date=23 May 2017|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428003717/https://daliaresearch.com/blog-the-top-5-cycling-motorcycling-countries-in-the-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref> With 45 million registered motorbikes on a 92 million population headcount, Vietnam has one of the highest motorbike ownership rates worldwide.<ref name=vnexpress>{{cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/vietnam-remains-kingdom-of-motorbikes-as-sales-rev-up-in-2016-3527969.html|title=Vietnam remains kingdom of motorbikes as sales rev up in 2016 - VnExpress International|last=VnExpress}}</ref> Vietnam is the 4th largest market for motorbike sales, after China, India and Indonesia.<ref name=vnexpress/> 87% of Vietnamese households own a motorbike, a number only surpassed by Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/516704/share-of-households-that-own-a-motorcycle-by-country/|title=Motorcycle ownership by household - by country 2014 - Statistic|website=Statista}}</ref>

In recent years, the government has expressed the desire to reduce the number of motorbikes in an effort to curb congestion.<ref name=vnexpress/>

;Cars
As of 2015, 2 million passenger cars were registered.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam: passenger cars in use 2015|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/596551/passenger-cars-in-use-vietnam/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Statista}}</ref>

Car prices are kept high by import taxes and sales tax, which put Vietnam as one of the most expensive countries to buy a car, with up to 2 or 3 times the final price consisting of taxes and fees.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-25|title=Challenge an inevitable reality in emerging Myanmar|url=http://b1.tuoitrenews.vn/news/features/20130625/challenge-an-inevitable-reality-in-emerging-myanmar/22050.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Tuổi Trẻ News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How expensive are cars in Vietnam? – News VietNamNet|url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/business/180001/how-expensive-are-cars-in-vietnam-.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=english.vietnamnet.vn|archive-date=2022-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122110447/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/business/180001/how-expensive-are-cars-in-vietnam-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, a [[Lexus LX]] was priced at 7.3 billion VND (US$315,000),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Car Taxes in Vietnam Are Going up Again {{!}} Saigoneer|url=https://saigoneer.com/vietnam-news/6984-car-taxes-in-vietnam-are-going-up-again|access-date=2021-04-16|website=saigoneer.com-gb}}</ref> a [[Toyota Innova]] at 800 million VND (US$35,000),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toyotatancang.com.vn/toyota-price/price-toyota-innova.html |title=Price toyota innova |access-date=2018-05-08 |archive-date=2019-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803121911/http://www.toyotatancang.com.vn/toyota-price/price-toyota-innova.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite this, car sales are growing at double digit rates each year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davisbrett/2016/02/12/vietnam-gets-behind-the-wheel-as-car-ownership-soars/#1e2178603dcb | title=Vietnam Gets Behind the Wheel as Car Ownership Soars | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref>

==Water transport==
===Ferries===
[[File:BP DongXuyen.JPG|thumb|Ferry over the [[Cầu River]]]]
Most river crossings have long been replaced by bridges, however ferry crossings still operate for vehicles not allowed on expressways.
{{Incomplete list|date=May 2018}}
* Cat Lai ferry, between Ho Chi Minh City and [[Long Thanh district|Long Thanh]], crossing the [[Đồng Nai River]].
* Between Ho Chi Minh City and [[Vũng Tàu]], a high-speed passenger ferry service is available.

===Ports and harbors===
* [[Cam Ranh]] – large deep water port and used by [[Marco Polo]] during his voyages to China; formerly a major military facility for the [[U.S. Army]] and [[US Navy]] during the 1960s; later used by the [[Soviet Navy]] and the Vietnamese Navy
* [[Da Nang]] – Tien Sa seaport is the third largest sea port in Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City and Hai Phong; handles 3-4 million tons of cargo annually
* [[Hai Phong]]
* [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Saigon Port]]
* [[Hong Gai]]
* [[Qui Nhơn]]
* [[Nha Trang]]
* [[Tĩnh Gia district|Nghi Son]] ([[Thanh Hóa]])
* [[Kỳ Anh district|Son Duong]] ([[Hà Tĩnh]])
* [[Dung Quất]] ([[Quảng Ngãi]])
* [[Vũng Tàu]]

Vietnam has 17,702&nbsp;km of waterways; 5,000&nbsp;km of which are navigable by vessels up to 1.8 m draft.

===Merchant marine===
* Total: 579 ships (1,000 GT or over)
* Ships by type: barge 1, bulk 142, cargo 335, chemical tanker 23, container 19, liquified gas 7, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 48, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1
* Registered in other countries: 86 (Cambodia 1, Kiribati 2, Mongolia 33, Panama 43, Taiwan 1, Tuvalu 6) (2010)

==Air transport==
{{main|Air transport in Vietnam}}
Air travel is rapidly increasing in importance. The route between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City has been world's 7th busiest airline route by seat capacity since 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/travel-life/travel/hanoi-saigon-is-world-s-seventh-busiest-air-route-3810941.html|title=Hanoi–Saigon is world's seventh busiest air route – VnExpress International|last=VnExpress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/saigon-hanoi-ranks-7th-among-world-s-busiest-air-routes-3515876.html|title=Saigon-Hanoi ranks 7th among world's busiest air routes – VnExpress International|last=VnExpress}}</ref>

===Airports===
{{Main|List of airports in Vietnam}}
Vietnam operates 37 civil airports, including three international gateways: [[Noi Bai International Airport|Noi Bai]] serving Hanoi, [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]] serving Da Nang City, and [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Tan Son Nhat]] serving Ho Chi Minh City. Tan Son Nhat is the largest, handling 75 percent of international passenger traffic. A new airport is currently being built, [[Long Thanh International Airport]], also serving Ho Chi Minh City. [[Vietnam Airlines]], the national airline, has a fleet of 82 aircraft that link Vietnam with 49 foreign cities.<ref name=cp>http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Vietnam.pdf (public domain)</ref> The second largest domestic carrier is [[VietJet Air]], serving 16 domestic destinations and 31 international destinations, and the third largest is [[Bamboo Airways]] (with eight and six destinations respectively).

'''Airports with civil service'''
*Total : 37
*Airports with runways over 3,047 m : 9
*Airports with runways from 2,438 to 3,047 m :6
*Airports with runways from 1,524 to 2,437 m :13
*Airports with runways from 914 to 1,523 m   :9

'''Heliports'''
*Total: 1

== Railways ==
{{Main|Rail transport in Vietnam}}
[[File:Vietnam Railway Map.png|thumb|220px|The [[North–South railway (Vietnam)|Vietnamese railway]] network.]]
The Vietnamese railway network has a total length of {{convert|2600|km|mi}}, dominated by the {{convert|1726|km|mi}} [[single track (rail)|single track]] [[North–South Railway (Vietnam)|North–South Railway]] running between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The national railway network uses mainly {{track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}}, although there are several {{track gauge|1435mm|allk=on}} and [[mixed gauge]] lines in the North of the country. There were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network as of 2005, most of which are located along the North–South line. The Vietnamese railway network is owned and operated by the state-owned enterprise [[Vietnam Railways]] (VNR), which operates a number of different subsidiaries involved in construction, communications, training, and other activities connected to railway maintenance.<ref name="adb-laocai">{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/39175-VIE-RRP.pdf|title=Proposed Loan and Administration of Loan from Agence Française de Développement: Yen Vien–Lào Cai Railway Upgrading Project|date=November 2006|access-date=2010-06-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607083015/http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/39175-VIE-RRP.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-07}}</ref><ref name="vr-infra">{{cite web|url=http://www.vr.com.vn/English/infra.htm|title=Infrastructure Maintenance and Construction|publisher=Vietnam Railways|access-date=2010-06-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414011643/http://www.vr.com.vn/English/infra.htm|archive-date=2010-04-14}}</ref><ref name="jica-bridgerehab">{{cite web|url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2008/pdf/e_project30_full.pdf|title=Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City Railway Bridge Rehabilitation Project|publisher=Japan International Cooperation Agency|year=2007|access-date=2010-06-30}}</ref>

The overall condition of railway infrastructure in Vietnam varies from poor to fair; most of the network remains in need of rehabilitation and upgrading, having received only temporary repair from damages suffered during decades of war. A joint Japanese-Vietnamese evaluation team found that the poor state of railway infrastructure was the fundamental cause for most railway crashes and derailments, of which the most common types are train collisions involving vehicles and pedestrians, especially at illegal [[level crossings]]; [[derailment]]s caused by failure to decrease speed was also noted as a common cause of collisions.<ref name="jica-bridgerehab" />

=== International railway links ===
;People's Republic of China
Two railways connect Vietnam to the People's Republic of China: the western [[Yunnan–Vietnam Railway]], from [[Haiphong]] to [[Kunming]], and the eastern railway from [[Hanoi]] to [[Nanning]]. The railway into Yunnan is a metre-gauge line, the only such line to operate inside China; it may, however, be [[Gauge conversion|converted]] to standard gauge. Railway service along the Chinese portion of the route is currently suspended. Cross-border service was available until 2002, when floods and landslides, which frequently caused delays along the route,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/03/travel/this-train-beats-walking-sometimes.html This Train Beats Walking (Sometimes) ''New York Times'', 2000-12-03]</ref> caused serious damage to the tracks on the Chinese side.<ref name="seat61-vn">{{cite web|title=Train travel in Vietnam|url=http://www.seat61.com/Vietnam.htm|publisher=Seat61|access-date=22 June 2010}}</ref> [[Hanoi–Đồng Đăng Railway]] access to [[Nanning]] is done through the border at [[Đồng Đăng]], in [[Lạng Sơn province]]. Regular service generally entails stopping at the border, changing from a Vietnamese metre-gauge train to a Chinese standard-gauge train, and continuing on to Nanning.<ref name="seat61-vn" />

The Yunnan–Vietnam Railway will form the Chinese part of the Singapore–Kunming Rail Link, which is expected to be completed in 2015.<ref name="aseansec-skrl" />

;Cambodia and Laos
There are currently no railway connections between Vietnam and [[Cambodia]] or [[Laos]]. As part of plans established by [[ASEAN]], however, two new railways are under development: [[Saigon–Lộc Ninh Railway]] connecting [[Ho Chi Minh City]] to [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia, and one connecting the North–South Railway to [[Thakhek]] in Laos. The Vietnamese portion of the Phnom Penh railway would begin with a junction of the North–South Railway at [[Dĩ An railway station]], and would end in [[Lộc Ninh, Bình Phước|Lộc Ninh]], [[Bình Phước province]], close to the Cambodian border, linking up with a similar project on the Cambodian side. According to the plan established by ASEAN, this stretch is scheduled for completion by 2020; it will form part of the [[Kunming–Singapore railway]] project, overseen by the ASEAN–Mekong Basin Development Cooperation (AMBDC).<ref name="aseansec-skrl">{{cite web|url=http://www.aseansec.org/Fact%20Sheet/AEC/2007-AEC-010.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009205609/http://www.aseansec.org/Fact%20Sheet/AEC/2007-AEC-010.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 9, 2007|title=Fact Sheet: The Singapore–Kunming Rail Link Project|publisher=ASEAN|date=2007-09-26|access-date=2011-01-05}}</ref><ref name="pppost">{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2010103144382/Business/china-to-bridge-missing-rail-link.html|title=China to bridge missing rail link|author=Vong Sokheng|date=2010-10-31|access-date=2011-01-05}}</ref> [[Vientiane – Vũng Áng Railway]] would run between [[Vung Ang]], a port in [[Hà Tĩnh province]], to connect with the North–South Railway at [[Tân Ấp railway station]] in [[Quảng Bình province]], then crossing through the [[Mụ Giạ Pass]] towards Thakhek. According to plans established by ASEAN, the line may then be extended via Thakhek all the way to the Laotian capital [[Vientiane]]. Both Laos and Thailand have expressed interest in the project as a shorter export gateway to the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="aseansec-skrl" /><ref name="jdi-mar10">{{Cite web|title=The Study on the Development Plan of Thakek-Vung Ang Gateway between Lao PDR and Vietnam|publisher=Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan Development Institute (JDI)|date=March 2010|url=http://www.ecfa.or.jp/japanese/act-pf_jka/H22/vietnam_vung_ang_jdi.pdf|access-date=2011-01-15|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215525/http://www.ecfa.or.jp/japanese/act-pf_jka/H22/vietnam_vung_ang_jdi.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== High-speed rail ===
;North–South Express Railway
{{Main|North–South Express Railway (Vietnam)}}
National railway company [[Vietnam Railways]] has proposed a [[high-speed rail]] link between [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]], capable of running at speeds of {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. Once completed, the high-speed rail line—using Japanese [[Shinkansen]] technology—would allow trains to complete the Hanoi–Ho Chi Minh City journey in less than six hours, compared to around 30 hours taken on the existing railway.<ref name="afp-jun2010-highspeed">{{cite news|title=Critics urge brakes on Vietnam's high-speed rail|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jZt1P7ZKoy4cwjdo9y9vSc7-NloA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616163837/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jZt1P7ZKoy4cwjdo9y9vSc7-NloA |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 16, 2010 | agency=AFP |date=2010-06-12|access-date=2011-01-05}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2007-highspeed">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/business/worldbusiness/06iht-vietrail.4489612.html|title=High-speed train planned for Vietnam|work=The New York Times|date=2007-02-06|access-date=2011-01-05}}</ref><ref name="na-rejection" /> [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Vietnamese prime minister]] [[Nguyễn Tấn Dũng]] had originally set an ambitious target, approving a {{convert|1630|km|mi|abbr=on}} line to be completed by 2013, with 70 percent of funding (initially estimated at US$33 billion) coming from Japanese ODA, and the remaining 30 percent raised through loans.<ref name="nyt-2007-highspeed" /> Later reports raised estimated costs to US$56 billion (almost 60 percent of Vietnam's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] in 2009) for a completion date in the mid-2030s. On June 19, 2010, after a month of deliberation, Vietnam's National Assembly rejected the high speed rail proposal due to its high cost; National Assembly deputies had asked for further study of the project.<ref name="afp-jun2010-highspeed" /><ref name="na-rejection">{{cite news|url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/201006/National-Assembly-rejects-express-railway-project-917324/|title=National Assembly rejects express railway project|publisher=VietNamNet Bridge|date=2010-06-21|access-date=2010-06-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628061127/http://www.english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/201006/National-Assembly-rejects-express-railway-project-917324/|archive-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>

In 2018 a new feasibility study was submitted and based on that the government wants to reconsider the cost-benefit of the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Vietnam-revives-58bn-high-speed-rail-project-despite-cost-hurdle|title=Vietnam revives $58bn high-speed rail project despite cost hurdle|website=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-to-step-back-and-take-relook-at-high-speed-rail-3908743.html|title=Vietnam to step back and take relook at high-speed rail – VnExpress International|last=VnExpress|website=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam}}</ref> Plans show the first phase of construction to build sections between Hanoi and Vinh, and simultaneously between Ho Chi Minh City and Nha Trang both to be finished by 2032 with the entire north–south link to be finished by 2045.<ref>{{Cite web|last=VnExpress|title=Bullet train to connect Hanoi with HCMC in five hours – VnExpress International|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/industries/bullet-train-to-connect-hanoi-with-hcmc-in-five-hours-3859296.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam}}</ref>

;Ho Chi Minh City–Cần Thơ Express Railway
{{Main|Ho Chi Minh City–Cần Thơ Express Railway}}
Another high-speed rail has been proposed to connect Ho Chi Minh City to Southeast Vietnam and [[Cần Thơ]].

=== Metro ===
{{Main|Hanoi Metro|Saigon Metro}}
[[File:Discovery Cầu Giấy.jpg|thumb|218x218px|A view of [[Hanoi Metro Line 3|Hanoi Metro line 3]], which will eventually be extended underground]]
The two biggest cities in Vietnam have operating metro systems.  After years of delays, the Hanoi metro system began operations on November 6, 2021, with [[Hanoi Metro Line 2A|line 2A]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Hose |first=Maria |date=2021-11-09 |title=Vietnam launches country's first metro rail service in Hanoi |url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/vietnam-launches-countrys-first-metro-rail-services-in-hanoi |work=Urban Transport News |location=Hanoi Vietnam |access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>  This was followed by the partial opening of [[Hanoi Metro Line 3]] on August 8, 2024. On December 22, 2024, Line 1 of the [[HCMC Metro]] opened to service, which also saw the opening of the country's first underground stations.

==Pipelines==
In April 1995, a 125-kilometer natural gas pipeline connecting Bach Ho with a power plant near Vũng Tàu went into operation. With the subsequent addition of compressors, the volume pumped rose to more than 1 billion cubic meters per year. In 2005 a 399-kilometer underwater pipeline, the world's longest, began to carry natural gas onshore from the Nam Côn Sơn basin. The pipeline's anticipated capacity is 2 billion cubic meters per year, while the basin has an estimated 59 billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves.<ref name=cp/>  Vietnam has 28&nbsp;km of condensate pipeline, 10&nbsp;km of condensate/gas pipeline, 216 of natural gas line, and 206&nbsp;km of pipeline for refined products.

==See also==
{{Portal|Vietnam|Transport}}
* [[North–South Express Railway (Vietnam)]]
* [[North–South Expressway East]]
* [[North–South Expressway West]]
* [[Motorcycle industry in Vietnam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{CIA World Factbook}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite act|ref=CITEREF41:2016/BGTVT|title=Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về báo hiệu đường bộ|trans-title=National Technical Regulation on Traffic Signs and Signals|type=regulation|number=41:2016/BGTVT|language=vi|date=11 January 2016|url=http://www.mt.gov.vn/Images/editor/files/XUAN%20NGUYEN/Nam%202016/Quy%20III/QCVN%2041_2016_Final_IN.pdf|format=PDF|access-date=19 April 2018}}
* {{cite act|ref=CITEREF83:2015/BGTVT|title=Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về biển chỉ dẫn trên đường cao tốc|trans-title=National Technical Regulation on Expressway Guidance Signs|type=regulation|number=83:2015/BGTVT|language=vi|date=23 June 2015|url=https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Giao-thong-Van-tai/Thong-tu-27-2015-TT-BGTVT-Quy-chuan-ky-thuat-quoc-gia-bien-chi-dan-tren-duong-cao-toc-292234.aspx|access-date=19 April 2018}} [http://batgt.camau.gov.vn/bien-chi-dan-tren-duong-cao-toc.1208][http://batgt.camau.gov.vn/bien-chi-dan-tren-duong-cao-toc.1226]

==External links==
{{commons category|Transport in Vietnam}}
* [http://www.mt.gov.vn/ Ministry of Transport, Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128070828/http://www.mt.gov.vn/ |date=2014-11-28 }}

=== Maps ===
* {{|
<P/[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20833001~isCURL:Y~menuPK:2069374~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:574066,00.html}} World Bank transport map]}}}
* [https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/vietnam.pdf UN Map]

{{Vietnam topics}}
{{Transport in Vietnam}}
{{Asia topic|Transport in}}
{{Motorways in Asia}}
{{Automotive industry in Vietnam}}

[[Category:Transport in Vietnam| ]]

[[bn:ভিয়েতনাম#পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা]]