Editing Transport in Sri Lanka

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
'''Transport in Sri Lanka''' is based on its road network, which is centred on the country's commercial capital [[Colombo]]. A [[rail network]] handles a portion of [[Sri Lanka]]'s transport needs. There are navigable waterways, harbours and three international airports: in [[Katunayake]], {{convert|22|mi|km|order=flip}} north of Colombo, in Hambantota, and in Jaffna.

[[File:CKE at night.jpg|thumb|CKE at night]]
[[File:22 boeing 772 app cmb.jpg|thumb|Colombo Airport]]

== Road ==
Roads account for about 93 percent of Sri Lanka's land transport. In 2022, there were {{convert|12,255.401|km}} of A- and B-class roads and {{convert|312.586 |km}} of expressways. The main modes of transportation in Sri Lanka are [[bus]], [[motorcycles]] and [[passenger cars]] (including [[taxi]] service).

=== Classification ===
[[File:B class road in 2016.jpg|thumb|alt=Two-lane road|Single-carriage B-Grade road]]
[[File:Colombo December 2016-3.jpg|thumb|alt=Four-lane city street|Dual-carriage A-Grade road]]
Sri Lanka's roads are graded E, A, B and C.
{|class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid black;"
|-
! Grade
! Description
! Speed limit
|-
|'''[[Expressways of Sri Lanka|E]]'''
|High-speed, high-traffic expressways duplicating heavily travelled A-Grade routes
|{{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}}
|-
|'''[[List of A-Grade highways in Sri Lanka|A]]'''
|The national highway network
|{{convert|70|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Gamini Gunaratna, Sri Lanka News Paper by LankaPage.com (LLC)- Latest Hot News from Sri Lanka |url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_13A/Jan25_1359131767KA.php |title=Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka to introduce new speed limits on roads |publisher=Colombopage.com |date=2013-01-25 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[List of B-Grade highways in Sri Lanka|B]]'''
|Major provincial roads used as feeders for A- and E-Grade roads
|{{convert|60|km/h|abbr=on}}
|-
|'''C'''
|Local residential roads
|{{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on}}
|}

=== Expressways ===
[[File:E-01 Expressway.jpg|alt=E-01 Expressway|thumb|Dual-carriageway E-Grade road]]
{{main|Expressways of Sri Lanka}}
The [[E01 expressway (Sri Lanka)|Colombo–Matara Expressway]] is a {{convert|126|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} motorway linking [[Colombo]], [[Galle]] and [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]] which was built in 2011 to develop the economy of the [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]]. The [[E03 expressway (Sri Lanka)|Colombo–Katunayake Expressway]], [[E04 expressway (Sri Lanka)|Colombo-Kandy Expressway]] and [[E02 expressway (Sri Lanka)|Outer Circular Expressway]] (Colombo bypass road) are under construction, and a Colombo–Padeniya expressway has been proposed. The Sri Lankan government has proposed three elevated highways connecting the three main expressways:<ref name="news.lk">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.lk/news/sri-lanka/1206-sri-lanka-to-construct-three-elevated-highways-to-ease-traffic-congestion |title=Sri Lanka to construct three elevated highways to ease traffic congestion |publisher=News.lk |date=2012-01-12 |access-date=2014-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135243/http://www.news.lk/news/sri-lanka/1206-sri-lanka-to-construct-three-elevated-highways-to-ease-traffic-congestion |archive-date=2013-11-09 }}</ref>
* From [[Kirulapone]] to [[Kadawatha]] (about 19&nbsp;km), connecting the Outer Circular Expressway at Kadawatha and the Colombo–Katunayake Expressway at [[Peliyagoda]]
* From [[Colombo Fort]] to [[Kottawa]] (about 21&nbsp;km), connecting the Colombo–Matara and Outer Circular Expressways at [[Kottawa]]
* From [[Colombo Fort]] to the Peliyagoda interchange on the Colombo–Katunayake Expressway (about 5&nbsp;km)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Number
! Name
! Start
! End
! Length (km)
! Lanes
! Cost (USD)
! Cost/km (USD)
|-
| align=center |{{Expressway code (Sri Lanka)|01}}
| Colombo–Matara Expressway
| [[Kottawa]]
| Matara
| 126
| 4 (provision for 6)
| 765.4 million
|6.07 million<ref name="Wijesundara opens">{{cite news|last=Wijesundara|first=Janaka|title=Sri Lanka's first highway, Southern Expressway opens|url=http://www.nation.lk/2011/11/27/eyefea5.htm|access-date=9 February 2013|newspaper=The Nation|date=27 November 2011}}</ref> 
|-
| align=center |{{Expressway code (Sri Lanka)|02}}
| Outer Circular Expressway
| Kottawa
| Kerawalapitiya
| 29
| 6
| 1.12 billion
| 38.6 million<ref>{{cite web|title=Outer Circular Highway|url=http://www.rda.gov.lk/supported/expressways/och.htm|publisher=www.rda.gov.lk|access-date=28 Oct 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202437/http://www.rda.gov.lk/supported/expressways/och.htm|archive-date=2013-10-29}}</ref> 
|-
| align=center |{{Expressway code (Sri Lanka)|03}}
| Colombo–Katunayake Expressway
| [[Kelaniya|New Kelani Bridge]]
| [[Katunayake]]
| 25.8
| 6,4 (provision for 6)
| 291 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka President opens Chinese funded expressway linking Katunayake airport to capital|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_13B/Oct27_1382864986CH.php|newspaper=colombopage|date=27 Oct 2013}}</ref> 
| 11.28 million
|-
| align=center |{{Expressway code (Sri Lanka)|04}}
| Colombo–Kandy Expressway<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2012/06/03/govt-to-finalize-colombo-kandy-highway-in-two-months/ |title=Govt. To Finalize Colombo-Kandy Highway In Two Months &#124; The Sunday Leader |publisher=Thesundayleader.lk |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref>
| [[Kadawatha]]
| [[Katugastota]]
| 98.9
| 4,6<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/09/12/news52.asp |title=Sri Lanka News &#124; Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers |publisher=Dailynews.lk |date=2011-09-12 |access-date=2014-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930005231/http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/09/12/news52.asp |archive-date=2011-09-30 }}</ref>
|4.5 Billion<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hirunews.lk/97066/construction-northern-expressway-begins|title = Hiru News Official Web Site - Most visited website in Sri Lanka}}</ref>
|Under construction
|}
[[File:The-Expressway at Ja-ela.jpg|thumb|The-Expressway at Ja-ela]]

=== {{anchor|National Highways}}National highways ===
[[File:Marker on the A5 highway in Nuwara Eliya.JPG|thumb|alt=Road with marker, with a horse grazing in the background|Marker on the A5 highway in [[Nuwara Eliya]]]]
{{main|List of A-Grade highways in Sri Lanka}}
{{main|List of B-Grade highways in Sri Lanka}}
Sri Lanka's national highways are graded A or B. A-Grade roads are subdivided as AA, AB or AC.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Road grade!! Length
|-
| '''A''' || '''{{convert|4221.37|km}}'''
|-
|  AA || {{convert|3724.26|km}}
|-
|   AB || {{convert|466.92|km}}
|-
|   AC || {{convert|30.19|km}}
|-
| '''B''' || '''{{convert|7943.65|km}}'''
|-
| '''Total of A- and B-grade roads''' || '''{{convert|12165.02|km}}'''<ref>{{cite web|title=National Highways in Sri Lanka (Class "A" and "B" Roads)|url=http://www.rda.gov.lk/source/rda_roads.htm|publisher=www.rda.gov.lk|access-date=31 Oct 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015938/http://www.rda.gov.lk/source/rda_roads.htm|archive-date=2016-04-28}}</ref> 
|}
Road density is highest in the southwest, particularly the area around Colombo. Highways are in good condition, with a smooth [[bitumen]] surface and road markings; however, some rural roads are in poor condition. Heavily travelled roads are being upgraded and repaved. Public transport is widely available in many rural areas.<ref name=import>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka Transport Board to import 2,000 single door buses for rural transportation|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_11B/Dec05_1323096445CH.php|access-date=2011-12-06|newspaper=ColomboPage|date=2011-12-05}}</ref>

=== Buses ===
[[File:Sri Lanka Bus.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Red bus on a rural road|Sri Lanka Transport Board bus]]
[[File:Luxury bus sri lanka.jpg|alt=Luxury blue bus|right|thumb|Privately operated luxury bus]]
[[File:LANKA_ASHOK_LEYLAND_SERVICE_BUS_GALLE_SRI_LANKA_JAN_2013_(8929589270).jpg|right|thumb|Privately operated normal bus]]
[[Bus]]es are the principal mode of public transport. Service is provided by the state-run [[Sri Lanka Transport Board]] (SLTB) and privately owned buses. The SLTB has urban and rural routes; in many rural areas, it provides service which would be unprofitable for private operators.<ref name=import/>

Colombo has an extensive, bus-based public transport system, with the Central Bus Stand in [[Pettah, Sri Lanka|Pettah]] as its hub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/sri-lanka/colombo/transport/getting-there-away|title=Transport in Colombo|work=Lonely Planet|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|access-date=2009-04-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303082845/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/sri-lanka/colombo/transport/getting-there-away|archive-date=2009-03-03}}</ref> The city's road network consists of radial links (or arterial routes), which link the city and district centres, and orbital links intersecting the arterial routes. Most bus routes are on the radial links, without dedicated bus lanes due to high peak traffic volume.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2004/01/23/bus07.html|title=One-way streets in Colombo|last=Cader|first=Fathima Razik|date=23 January 2004|work=Daily News|publisher=The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd.|access-date=2009-04-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109230109/http://www.dailynews.lk/2004/01/23/bus07.html|archive-date=9 November 2010}}</ref>  A [[Bus rapid transit|BRT]] system for Colombo has been proposed but not yet implemented.<ref name=Mushtaq>{{cite news|last=Mushtaq|first=Munza|title=Sri Lanka to get a Bus Rapid Transit System courtesy Japan|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/924|access-date=2011-12-14|newspaper=Asian Tribune|date=2006-07-05}}</ref><ref name="BRT">http://www.gobrt.org/BRTinAsia.pdf BRT Planned or Under Construction in Asia</ref>

Inter-city routes connect many of the country's major population centres. Some service is available on the E01 and E03 expressways, with modern [[Ashok Leyland|Lanka Ashok Leyland]] buses.<ref name=Toning>{{cite news|last=Perera|first=Chaminda|title=Toning Southern Expressway: Luxury bus service starts today|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/01/03/news36.asp|access-date=2012-01-04|newspaper=Ceylon Daily News|date=2012-01-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219004552/http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/01/03/news36.asp|archive-date=2013-02-19}}</ref>

In 2011, the SLTB began introducing new buses to replace part of its aging fleet. The Volvo 8400 buses, from Volvo India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Volvo Buses |url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/india/en-in/news_and_events/pressreleases_india/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=106202&News.Language=en-gb |title=Volvo City Bus Trial Begins in Colombo - press releases India |publisher=Volvo Buses |date=2011-07-13 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> run on major routes in Colombo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nation.lk/edition/breaking-news/item/3573-more-luxury-buses-in-colombo.html |title=More luxury buses in Colombo |publisher=nation.lk |access-date=2014-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222131937/http://www.nation.lk/edition/breaking-news/item/3573-more-luxury-buses-in-colombo.html |archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> The most popular model is the Lanka Ashok Leyland Viking, which is operated by the SLTB and several private companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sri%20lanka%20bus&qs=n&form=QBIR&pq=sri%20lanka%20bus&sc=8-13&sp=-1&sk=|title = Sri%20lanka%20bus - Bing images}}</ref>

=== Automobiles ===
Sri Lanka modern transportation dates back 120 years, to 1902. When the first ever car entered Sri Lanka 8 HP single cylinder [[Rover Group|Rover]] brought down by Edgar Money, a local British businessman. Roads at the time were barely built and linked only a few key towns around the island. Prior to the 1960s, British and European car brands such as [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Mini]], [[Rolls-Royce]] and [[Rover Group|Rover]] dominated the post-colonial Sri Lanka automobile market. Purchasing an automobile was once a luxury reserved for the upper crust of society, as vehicle imports was closely regulated, and taxes exorbitant. In the 1960s, there was an abrupt halt to the influx of vehicles to Sri Lanka when the Government banned all imports in order to fix a foreign exchange deficit. However, there have been various car assembly efforts since the 1980s. [[Upali Wijewardene|Upali Corporation]] assembled [[Fiat]] and [[Mazda]] vehicle. However, by the mid-1980s, it was finished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upali's fascination with numbers {{!}} The Sunday Times Sri Lanka |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/150215/plus/upalis-fascination-with-numbers-135284.html |access-date=2022-10-18}}</ref>

== Rail ==
{{main|Sri Lanka Railways}}
[[File:Northern Line - Sri Lanka - December 2019 (4).jpg|thumb|alt=Modern commuter train|Class S12 [[Diesel multiple unit|DMU]] commuter train in Colombo]]
[[File:Sri Lanka Railroads Map.svg|thumb|alt=Rail map of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka's rail network]]

Sri Lanka Railways consists of an [[Inter-city rail|intercity network]] connecting major population centres and [[commuter rail]] serving Colombo commuters. [[Sri Lanka Railways]] operates the country's railway network, which includes about {{convert|1450|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of track. [[Colombo]] is its hub. Trains connect the main cities of the country's nine [[Provinces of Sri Lanka|provinces]].

Most of the railways were developed during the British colonial period, with the first line (from Colombo to [[Kandy]]) opening on 26 April 1867. The railway was introduced as an economical means of transporting goods produced on the tea, rubber and coconut plantations to the main port in Colombo. After the 1950s, the Sri Lankan economy became focused on industry rather than plantation agriculture. The road network also grew; with the introduction of lorries, a faster means of transporting goods, the amount of goods transported by rail declined. Since their network is more focused on plantation areas than on population and service centres, the railways have generated large losses.

Their potential for expansion was demonstrated when Minister of Transport [[Leslie Goonewardena|Leslie Goonewardene]] extended the [[Coastal line (Sri Lanka)|coastal line]] from Puttalam to [[Aruvakalu]] in 1974 to serve the cement factory there.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transportation in Sri Lanka|url=http://lankaholidaytrips.com/about-sri-lanka/transportation-in-sri-lanka.html|publisher=www.lankaholidaystrip.com|access-date=27 Oct 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202305/http://lankaholidaytrips.com/about-sri-lanka/transportation-in-sri-lanka.html|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> The railway is modernising and extending that line to facilitate faster trains and improved efficiency.<ref name="No trains">{{cite news | title =Dailymirror | url =http://www.slrfc.org/2011/04/23/no-trains-between-galle-and-kalutara-south | work =No trains between Galle and Kalutara South | date =2011-04-23 | url-status =usurped | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111004193438/http://www.slrfc.org/2011/04/23/no-trains-between-galle-and-kalutara-south | archive-date =2011-10-04 }}</ref> [[Rail electrification|Electrification]] of the network's busiest sections was proposed in 2010 to improve energy efficiency and sustainability,<ref>{{cite news | title =Daily News | url =http://www.dailynews.lk/2010/12/25/bus04.asp | work =IESL proposes railway electrification project | date =2010-12-25 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120308023320/http://www.dailynews.lk/2010/12/25/bus04.asp | archive-date =2012-03-08 }}</ref> but no work was done. The railway is extending the coastal line from Matara to [[Kataragama]] via [[Hambantota]].<ref name="LBO south railway">{{cite news|title=Rail Finance: Sri Lanka south railway financed by US$278mn China credit|url=http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=1063271941|access-date=28 September 2012|newspaper=Lanka Business Online|date=23 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009151453/http://lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=1063271941|archive-date=9 October 2012}}</ref>

The Sri Lankan rail network passes scenic landscapes—particularly the Colombo-[[Badulla]] main line, which hugs the country's steep highlands. The railways connect the cities of Kandy, [[Galle]], [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]], [[Jaffna]], [[Kankesanturai]], [[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]], [[Anuradhapura]], [[Gampaha]], [[Negombo]], [[Kurunegala]], [[Avissawella]], [[Kalutara]], [[Polonnaruwa]], [[Batticaloa]], [[Trincomalee]], [[Badulla]], [[Gampola]], [[Nawalapitiya]], [[Matale]], [[Vavuniya]], [[Puttalam]] and [[Chilaw]] with Colombo.

The narrow-gauge [[Kelani Valley Railway Line|Kelani Valley Line]], from Colombo to Avissawella, was converted to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]. The other [[narrow-gauge railways|narrow-gauge]] lines, from [[Nanu Oya]] to [[Nuwara Eliya]], [[Avissawella]] to [[Yatiyantota]] and Avissawella to [[Ratnapura]] and [[Opanayaka]], were dismantled due to financial losses. In 2007, the Sri Lankan government announced plans for Matara-[[Kataragama]] (113&nbsp;km), Padukka-[[Hambantota]]-Ratnapura (210&nbsp;km), Kurunegala-Dambulla-Habarana (80&nbsp;km) and Panadura-Horana (18&nbsp;km) lines by 2014.<ref>{{cite news | title=Pointeers | url =http://www.railwaygazette.com/news_view/article/2007/02/7013/pointers-76.html | work =[[Railway Gazette International]] | date = 2007-02-01 }}</ref>

== {{anchor|Aviation}}Air ==
=== SriLankan Airlines ===
[[SriLankan Airlines]] is Sri Lanka's national airline. Founded in 1979 as Air Lanka, the airline changed its name when it received partial foreign ownership in 1998. It operates to Asia and Europe from its base at [[Bandaranaike International Airport]] in [[Colombo]]; the airline's main office is in the Airline Centre at the airport. The airline was scheduled to join the [[Oneworld]] alliance in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=SriLankan Airlines to join Oneworld Alliance|url=http://www.oneworld.com/news-information/oneworldnews?objectID=29625|publisher=www.oneworld.com|access-date=28 Oct 2013}}</ref>

SriLankan Airlines flies to 62 destinations in 34 countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flight Routes|url=http://www.srilankan.com/en_uk/plan-and-book/flight-routes|publisher=www.srilankan.com|access-date=28 Oct 2013}}</ref>

=== Airports ===
As of 27 March 2022 the oldest airport and the first international airport which is [[Ratmalana International Airport]] at [[Ratmalana]] resumed international travel and declared open for the public after 55 years. The [[Colombo International Airport]] which is in [[Katunayake]], north of [[Colombo]] is the second international airport  which was declared open for the public after [[Ratmalana International Airport]] ceased international travel in 1967 and was the only international airport in operation for 46 years. The airport was renamed in 1995. [[Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport]] is in Mattala, north of [[Hambantota]] was the third international airport declared open for the public in March 2013. [[Jaffna International Airport]] became Sri Lanka's fourth international airport on 17 October 2019 when it was declared open for the public.

=== {{anchor|Domestic Aviation}}Domestic flights ===
Domestic operators are [[Cinnamon Air]], FitsAir, Helitours, Senok, and [[Simplifly]]. Sri Lanka has 19 airports.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Airports with paved runways
!Length!!Number
|-
| Over {{convert|3047|m}}||style="text-align: center;"| 2
|-
| {{convert|1524|to|2437|m}}||style="text-align: center;"| 6
|-
| {{convert|914|to|1523|m}}||style="text-align: center;"| 7
|-
| '''Total'''||style="text-align: center;"| '''15'''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+ Airports with unpaved runways
!Length!!Number
|-
| {{convert|1524|to|2437|m}}||style="text-align: center;"| 1
|-
| Under {{convert|914|m}}||style="text-align: center;"| 3
|-
| '''Total'''||style="text-align: center;"| '''4'''
|}
{{clear}}

=={{anchor|Waterways}}Water==
Sri Lanka has {{convert|160|km}} of inland waterways (primarily on rivers in the southwest), navigable by shallow-draught boats.

=== {{anchor|Ports and Harbours}}Ports and harbours ===
==== Colombo Port ====
[[File:ColomboHarbour-SriLanka02.jpg|thumb|alt=Large ships with many multi-coloured containers|Container handling at the Port of Colombo]]
Sri Lanka has deep-water ports at [[Port of Colombo|Colombo]], [[Port of Hambantota|Hambantota]], Galle and Trincomalee. Colombo has the highest cargo volume, with an estimated capacity of 5.7&nbsp;million [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]]. The port began a large-scale expansion project at a cost of US$1.2 billion in 2008 to increase its capacity and capabilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=South harbour to be best hub|url=http://www.slpa.lk/news_events_110.asp|publisher=www.slpa.lk|access-date=27 Oct 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195647/http://www.slpa.lk/news_events_110.asp|archive-date=2013-10-29}}</ref> The project, headed by the Sri Lanka Ports Authority and built by the Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company, was expected to be completed by 11 April 2012. It consists of four new {{convert|1200|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} terminals which can accommodate three berths each, alongside a depth of 18&nbsp;m (59&nbsp;ft) (which can be deepened to 23&nbsp;m [75&nbsp;ft]). The channel width of the harbour will be {{convert|560|m}} and its depth {{convert|20|m}}, with a harbour-basin depth of {{convert|18|m}} and a {{convert|600|m|adj=on}} turning circle. The project was expected to increase the annual container-handling capacity to about 12 million TEUs and accommodate 12,000-TEU container vessels.

==== Hambantota Port ====
Construction of [[Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port]] (also known as the Port of [[Hambantota]]) began in January 2008. It will be Sri Lanka's second-largest port, after Colombo. The port will serve ships travelling along one of the world's busiest [[sea lane]]s: the east-west route running {{convert|6|to|10|nmi}} south of Hambantota. The first phase of the port will consist of two {{convert|600|m|adj=on}} general-purpose berths, a {{convert|310|m|adj=on}} bunkering berth and a {{convert|120|m|adj=on}} small-craft berth.<ref name='slpa-poh'>{{cite web |url=http://www.slpa.lk/port_hambantota.asp?chk=4 |title=Development of Port in Hambantota |access-date=2010-03-10 |work=Sri Lanka Port Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306074012/http://www.slpa.lk/port_hambantota.asp?chk=4 |archive-date=2010-03-06 }}</ref> The port will also contain a bunkering facility and tank farm, which will include eight tanks for marine fuel and three tanks each for aviation fuel and [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG). A 15-floor administrative complex will also be constructed as part of the project. Later phases will raise the port's annual capacity to 20 million TEUs, making it the largest port constructed on land in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article894229.ece|title=Hambantota port opened|work=THE HINDU|author=B. Muralidhar Reddy|date=2010-11-18|access-date=2010-11-20}}</ref>

==== Dikkowitta Fishery Harbour ====
The Dikkowitta Fishery Harbour, near Colombo in Wattala, [[Gampaha District|Gampaha]], [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western Province]], will cost an estimated $73 million and is projected to be Asia's largest fishing harbour. With unloading and packing facilities meeting the requirements of fish-importing countries (the EU, Japan and the US), it will be an alternative site for the Mutwal fishery harbour.
Facilities will include a southern basin for export-oriented fishing vessels, a northern basin for local fishing vessels, a service facility for boat repairs, cleaning and lifting and a fish-processing facility with three cold rooms.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Harbour / Main Objectives / Main Facilities / Berthing Facility / Servicing Facility / Fish Processing Facility|url=http://www.cfhc.lk/events/dikkovita/|publisher=www.cfhc.lk|access-date=27 Oct 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030014740/http://www.cfhc.lk/events/dikkovita/|archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

==== Kankesanthurai Port ====
The harbour at [[Kankesanturai]], north of Jaffna, is navigable by ships of relatively shallow draught and was inactive during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|civil war]]. The port is being restored and deepened with Indian aid.<ref name="R.K. Radhakrishnan">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2281691.ece|title=India, Sri Lanka MoU to re-build port|work=THE HINDU|author=R.K. Radhakrishnan|date=2011-07-21|access-date=2011-07-27}}</ref>

=== Merchant marine ===
In 2010, Sri Lanka had 21 ships ({{GT|1,000|metric|disp=long}} or over), totalling 192,190 GT and {{DWT|293,832|metric|disp=long}}: four [[bulk carrier]]s, 13 [[cargo ship]]s, one chemical tanker, one [[container ship]] and two [[oil tanker|petroleum tankers]].

== Pipelines ==
In 1987, Sri Lanka had {{convert|62|km}} of pipelines for [[crude oil]] and [[petroleum]] products.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Trains}}
* [[Sri Lanka Railways]]
* [[Sri Lanka Transport Board]]
* [[Road signs in Sri Lanka]]
* [[Highway museum complex, Kiribathkumbura]]
* [[List of railway stations in Sri Lanka]]
* [[National railway museum, Kadugannawa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |title=Highway System in Ancient Sri Lanka |author=P. Vidanapathirana |url=https://www.archaeology.lk/highway-system-in-ancient-sri-lanka/ |publisher=www.archaeology.lk}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.railway.gov.lk Sri Lanka Railways official site] (English, Sinhala, Tamil)
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308174236/http://www.slrfc.org/ Sri Lanka Railways Forum]}} (timetable, news, books, images)

{{Asia in topic|Transport in}}
{{Expressways and Highways in Sri Lanka}}
{{Rail transport in Sri Lanka| state=collapsed}}
{{Economy of Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:Transport in Sri Lanka| ]]