Editing Transport in South Africa

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use South African English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}

Most people in [[South Africa]] use informal [[Share taxi|minibus taxis]] as their primary mode of transport. [[Bus rapid transit|BRT]], a bus service, has been implemented in some South African cities to provide more formalised and safer public transport services. These systems have been criticised due to their significant capital and operating costs. South Africa has many major ports, including [[Port of Cape Town|Cape Town]], [[Port of Durban|Durban]], and [[Port of Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]].

==Department of Transport==
The [[Department of Transport (South Africa)|Department of Transport]] is responsible for the regulation of all transportation in South Africa, including [[public transport]], [[rail transport]]ation, [[civil aviation]], [[Freight transport|shipping]], [[freight]], and [[motor vehicle]]s. According to the department's vision statement, "Transport [is] the heartbeat of South Africa's economic growth and social development!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.transport.gov.za/Home/AboutUs.aspx|title=Home – Department-of-Transport}}</ref>

==Roads==
===Road network and freeways ===
{{See|Numbered routes in South Africa}}
[[Apartheid]] led to a massive expansion of South Africa's road and bus systems to transport black workers from [[bantustan]]s they had been forcibly removed to from to urban areas. As a result of the severe [[Wealth inequality in South Africa|wealth inequality]] under apartheid, the apartheid government heavily subsidised bus systems at the rate of $1,000 per commuter. For bantustans such as [[KwaNdebele]], the apartheid regime provided a higher bus subsidy than their gross domestic product.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Nancy L. |first2=William H. |last2=Worger |title=South Africa: the rise and fall of apartheid |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-12444-8 |edition=Third |oclc=883649263}}</ref>

The [[national speed limit]] is 60&nbsp;km/h in [[residential area]]s and 120&nbsp;km/h on national roads, [[freeways]], and [[Controlled-access highway|motorways]].
[[File:Cape Town Excite Taxis Cabs 1.jpg|thumb|Cape Town Taxi Cab Advertising Shimansky]]
[[File:1. Looking for Transport in Maboneng, Johannesburg, South Africa.jpg|thumb|Hitchhiker looking for transport in Maboneng, [[Johannesburg]]]]
In 2002, South Africa had 362,099km of highways and 73,506km of paved (including 239km of expressways).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/| title = CIA World Factbook| date = 19 January 2022}}</ref>

The term ''freeway'' in South Africa differs from most other parts of the world. A freeway is a road where certain restrictions apply.<ref>[http://www.transport.gov.za/library/legislation/road%20traffic%20act.txt Road Traffic Act No 29 of 1989] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617110827/http://www.transport.gov.za/library/legislation/road%20traffic%20act.txt |date=17 June 2011 }}</ref>
The following are forbidden from using a freeway:
* a vehicle drawn by an animal;
* a pedal cycle (such as a [[bicycle]]);
* a [[Motorcycle|motor cycle]] having an engine with a cylinder capacity not exceeding 50&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup> or that is propelled by electrical power;
* a [[Motorized tricycle|motor tricycle]] or [[Quadracycle|motor quadrucycle]];
* [[pedestrian]]s

Drivers may not use hand signals on a freeway (except in emergencies), and the minimum speed on a freeway is {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Drivers in the rightmost lane of multi-carriageway freeways must move to the left if a faster vehicle approaches from behind to overtake.

Despite the popular opinion that "freeway" means a road with at least two [[carriageway]]s, single-carriageway freeways exist.<ref>{{cite web |title= Transportation: Roads |publisher= South Africa:– Stats and Facts |url= http://www.moving2southafrica.org/facts-and-stats/transportation.html |access-date= 15 June 2010 |archive-date= 27 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094706/http://www.moving2southafrica.org/facts-and-stats/transportation.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>
The [[Afrikaans]] translation of ''freeway'' is ''snelweg'' (literally ''fast road'' or ''expressway'').

===Minibus Taxis===

[[Share taxi|Minibus Taxis]] are the predominant form of transport for people in urban areas of South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.arrivealive.mobi/minibus-taxis-and-road-safety|title=Minibus Taxis and Road Safety|work=Arrive Alive|access-date=2018-09-14|language=en}}</ref> This is due to their availability and affordability to the public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article/the-minibus-taxi-industry-in-south-africa-a-servant-for-the-urban-poor-2013-05-06|title=The minibus taxi industry in South Africa: A servant for the urban poor?|work=Polity.org.za|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref> Most minibus taxis are not subsidised by the state and the taxi industry is notorious for using vehicles that are not well maintained.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inyourpocket.com/johannesburg/Minibus-taxis_124550v|title=Minibus taxis {{!}} Getting Around {{!}} Johannesburg|website=inyourpocket.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref> Because many taxi owners own just a few taxis and each owner may choose to manage their business differently, there is not much known as to the inner workings of the industry. Since 1994, there have been efforts to formalise the industry, but as taxi organisations often don't abide by labour regulations, relationships between taxi operators and the state are often strained.

In 2021, there were 349,671 registered minibuses.<ref name="Calendar-Report-2021">{{Cite web | url=https://www.rtmc.co.za/images/rtmc/docs/traffic_reports/calendar/Calendar-Report-2021.pdf | title=State of Road Safety Report | publisher=Road Traffic Management Corporation | website=www.rtmc.co.za | access-date=2024-07-26}}</ref>
In 2021, there were 73,953 unroadworthy or unlicensed minibuses.<ref name="Calendar-Report-2021" />

[[File:My City Cape Town Bus.jpg|thumb|Cape Town My City Bus]]

===Cape Town and MyCiTi IRT===

The [[City of Cape Town]] has clarified that developing public transportation is a priority to achieve its long-term developmental goals. As such, the city has planned the development of an Integrated Rapid Transit (IRT) system called "MyCiTi IRT". In 2007, the construction of this system began with the implementation of Cape Town's "[[Bus rapid transit|Bus Rapid Transit]]" system. This first phase has been designed to enable easy integration of other forms of public transport – ranging from cycling to South Africa's famous minibuses in later stages of the IRT development<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/irt/Pages/Overview.aspx |title=IRT overview |access-date=2015-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121225203/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/irt/Pages/Overview.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2016 }}</ref> – including rail transit, seen currently as "the backbone of public transportation in Cape Town."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/irt/Pages/default.aspx |title=MyCiTi IRT: Project information |access-date=2015-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201954/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/irt/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>

=== Carpooling ===
Carpooling, or ride-sharing, is gaining renewed traction in South Africa as a response to high transport costs, congestion, and environmental concerns.<ref name="NHTS2020">{{cite report |title=National Household Travel Survey, 2020 |publisher=Statistics South Africa |date=March 2022 |url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0320/P03202020.pdf}}</ref><ref name="FAnews2025">{{cite web |title=Carpooling to cut costs and beat road congestion? Here's what you need to know about sharing a ride and insurance |url=https://www.fanews.co.za/article/short-term-insurance/15/motor/1023/carpooling-to-cut-costs-and-beat-road-congestion-here-s-what-you-need-to-know-about-sharing-a-ride-and-insurance/41260 |website=FA News |date=2025-04-02}}</ref> The National Household Travel Survey 2020 found that only 9.4% of households use buses as their usual mode of travel, and most urban trips are still made by private car, highlighting the need for shared mobility solutions.<ref name="NHTS2020"/>

After a period of decline, carpooling has seen a resurgence and has seen a few companies offering services to help reduce congestion and address the safety issues with South African transport<ref name="CrabaRideNews24">{{cite news |title=15 people in 10 cars: Capetonians aren’t carpooling – here’s how the city wants to change it |url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/15-people-in-10-cars-capetonians-arent-carpooling-heres-how-the-city-wants-to-change-it-20250322 |work=News24 |date=2025-03-22}}</ref>

Carpooling offers several significant benefits:
* '''Economic:''' Carpooling allows commuters to share expenses on fuel, tolls, parking, and vehicle maintenance, resulting in substantial cost savings-especially for long-distance commuters.<ref name="DekraCarpooling">{{cite web |title=The Environmental, Economic, and Social Advantages of Carpooling |url=https://www.dekraauto.co.za/articles/advantages-of-carpooling |website=Dekra}}</ref><ref name="ArriveAlive">{{cite web |title=Ride-sharing/Carpooling and Road Safety |url=https://www.arrivealive.mobi/ridesharing-carpooling |website=Arrive Alive}}</ref>
* '''Environmental:''' By reducing the number of vehicles on the road, carpooling helps lower greenhouse gas emissions, decreases air pollution, and alleviates traffic congestion.<ref name="WWFCarpooling">{{cite web |title=Turning traffic blues to green |url=https://www.wwf.org.za/our_news/our_blog/turning_traffic_blues_to_green |website=WWF South Africa}}</ref><ref name="Changecars2024">{{cite web |title=Carpooling 101: How to save on fuel and reduce traffic |url=https://www.changecars.co.za/blogs/carpooling-101-how-to-save-on-fuel-and-reduce-traffic |website=Change Cars |date=2024-11-18}}</ref><ref name="CarpoolingScholar">{{cite web |title=The Benefits of Carpooling |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7jx6z631/qt7jx6z631.pdf |website=eScholarship |year=2019}}</ref>

=== Road transport safety ===

South Africa's road traffic system might be less effective than most industrial countries, but it is not worse than other African nations. South Africa has an institutional framework for road safety led by the [[Road Traffic Management Corporation]]. South African laws follow global best practices, including speed limits, drink-driving, motorcycle helmets, seat-belts, child restraints, and mobile phone use.<ref name="heres-why-this-isnt-true" />

South Africa counts 26 deaths each year for 100,000 people (260 per million), a higher rate than the global average of 18 per 100,000 (180 per million).<ref name="heres-why-this-isnt-true">{{cite web | url=https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/opinion/2021/2021-04/south-africa-bottom-of-the-class-for-road-safety-heres-why-this-isnt-true.html | title=2021-04 – South Africa bottom of the class for road safety? Here's why this isn't true – Wits University }}</ref>

In 2021, the country recorded 12,541 road fatalities for 11,726,476 vehicles (7.6 million motor vehicles and over 2.6 million [[light delivery vehicle]]s/[[bakky|bakkies]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://albertonrecord.co.za/329357/aas-2022-entry-level-vehicle-safety-report-proves-encouraging/ | title=AA's 2022 entry-level vehicle safety report proves encouraging | date=2 August 2022 }}</ref> with "motor vehicle" including vehicles such as motorcycles and motor tricycles.

People killed in [[road accident]]s are mostly [[pedestrian]]s with a percentage of 37.6%. Passengers suffer 32% of fatalities and drivers 27%.<ref name="saferspaces">{{cite web | url=https://www.saferspaces.org.za/understand/entry/road-safety-in-the-south-african-context | title=Road Safety in the South African Context }}</ref>

58% of road deaths are attributed to alcohol use, which makes alcohol a leading factor in such fatalities.<ref name="heres-why-this-isnt-true" /> 
South Africa had the highest number of [[drunk driving]] incidents according to a WHO survey.<ref name="saferspaces" /> 

Pedestrians may be affected by a 60&nbsp;km/h posted [[speed limit]] in residential and urban areas, a speed so excessive that it reduces pedestrians' chance of survival.<ref name="saferspaces" />

According to some sources, 31% of South African drivers wear seatbelts,<ref name="heres-why-this-isnt-true" /> while other sources claim a 45 to 60% compliance rate for drivers.<ref name="saferspaces" />

Vehicle maintenance issues cause 9% of road accidents, including [[tire|tyre]]s, [[brake]]s, and [[Automotive lighting|light]]s issues.<ref name="saferspaces" />
When vehicle safety is involved, tyres are the first issue in 41% of vehicle factors.<ref name="Calendar-Report-2021" />

When a crash is considered major, the crash type is often a [[head-on collision]] (44%), [[multiple-vehicle collision|multi-vehicle]] (16%) or a [[T-bone collision|T-Bone collision]] (15%).<ref name="Calendar-Report-2021" />

==Railways==
{{main|Rail transport in South Africa}}

In 2000, South Africa had 20,384&nbsp;km of rail transport, all of it [[narrow gauge railways|narrow gauge]]. 20,070&nbsp;km was {{RailGauge|1067mm}} gauge (9,090&nbsp;km of that electrified), with the remaining 314&nbsp;km {{RailGauge|610mm}} gauge. The operation of the country's rail systems is accomplished by [[Transnet]] subsidiaries [[Transnet Freight Rail]], [[Shosholoza Meyl]], [[Metrorail (South Africa)|Metrorail]], [[Transnet Engineering]], [[Protekon]] et al.

A feasibility study is to be conducted into the construction of a 720&nbsp;km of {{RailGauge|sg}} ([[standard gauge]]) line from [[Johannesburg]] to [[Durban]] for [[Double-stack rail transport|double-stack]] [[Intermodal freight transport|container trains]].<ref>''[[International Railway Journal]]'', 2005-01-03</ref>

On 2010-06-07 the [[Gautrain]] opened between Oliver R Tambo International Airport ([[ORTIA]]) and [[Sandton]]. This is the first stage of a standard gauge passenger line connecting Johannesburg, [[Pretoria]] and ORTIA.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baumann |first=Julius |date=9 June 2010 |title=South Africa: Gautrain Gives Joburg a World-Class Touch |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090790.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610231735/http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090790.html |archive-date=2010-06-10 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref>

Links exist to [[Transportation in Botswana|Botswana]], [[Transportation in Lesotho|Lesotho]], [[Transportation in Namibia|Namibia]], [[Transport in Eswatini|Eswatini]], and [[Transportation in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Railways linking [[Transportation in Mozambique|Mozambique]] are under repair.

===Transportation systems in nearby countries===

*{{flagdeco|Angola}} [[Transport in Angola|Angola]]
*{{flagdeco|Tanzania}} [[Transport in Tanzania|Tanzania]] same gauge as far as [[Dar es Salaam]] – transshipment to {{RailGauge|1000mm}} gauge at [[Kidatu]]
*{{flagdeco|Malawi}} [[Transport in Malawi|Malawi]] 
*{{flagdeco|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]
*{{flagdeco|Botswana}} [[Transport in Botswana|Botswana]]
*{{flagdeco|Lesotho}} [[Transport in Lesotho|Lesotho]]
*{{flagdeco|Mozambique}} [[Transport in Mozambique|Mozambique]], under repair
*{{flagdeco|Namibia}} [[Transport in Namibia|Namibia]]
*{{flagdeco|Swaziland}} [[Transport in Swaziland|Eswatini]]
*{{flagdeco|Zambia}} [[Transport in Zambia|Zambia]] 
*{{flagdeco|Zimbabwe}} [[Transport in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]

==Airports==
{{main|:Category:Airports in South Africa}}

=== Runways in South Africa ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Runway
!<914 m
!914/1&nbsp;523 m
!1&nbsp;524/2&nbsp;437 m
!2&nbsp;438/3&nbsp;047 m
!>3&nbsp;047 m
!Total
|-
|'''Paved'''
|11
|67
|50
|5
|10
|143
|-
|'''Unpaved'''
|252
|298
|34
|
|
|584
|}

=== International Airports and Airlines ===
South Africa has international airports in four cities: [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg]], [[Cape Town International Airport|Cape Town]], [[King Shaka International Airport|Durban]] and [[Nelspruit Airport|Nelspruit]]. The main international airports are in Johannesburg and, to a lesser extent, Cape Town. Nelspruit's international airport mainly serves travellers en route to the [[Kruger National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sa-airlines.co.za/SA-Airports.html|title=SA Airports – Location, Contact Details, Telephone Numbers|website=sa-airlines.co.za|access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref>

Many international airlines travel to South Africa, giving travellers many options. These include [[British Airways]], [[Delta Air Lines]], [[Ethiopian Airways]], [[Kenya Airways]], [[Qantas]], [[Singapore Airlines]], [[South African Airways]], [[Swiss International Air Lines]], [[Thai Airways]], [[Turkish Airlines]], [[Virgin Atlantic]], [[Air Mauritius]], [[Air Botswana]], [[Air France]], [[KLM]], [[Lufthansa]], [[Alitalia]], [[Malaysia Airlines]] and [[Qatar Airways]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.domesticflights-southafrica.co.za/international-airlines/|title=International Airlines|website=Domestic Flights South Africa|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref>

==Water==
{{main|:Category:Water transport in South Africa}}

South Africa's major ports and harbours are [[Cape Town]], [[Durban]], [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]], [[Mossel Bay]], [[Port Elizabeth]], [[Richards Bay]] and [[Saldanha Bay]]. In 2006, the new port is to open: [[Ngqura]], at [[Coega]], which is 20&nbsp;km northeast of Port Elizabeth. The administration and operation of the country's port facilities are done by two subsidiaries of Transnet, the [[Transnet National Ports Authority]] and [[South African Port Operations]] (SAPO).

As of March 2018, the [[merchant marine]] consisted of 15 ships totalling 431,133 GT.

==Pipelines==
There are 931&nbsp;km of crude oil [[pipeline transport]], 1,748&nbsp;km for other petroleum products, and 322&nbsp;km for natural gas. [[Petronet]], a subsidiary of [[Transnet]], which in turn is majority-owned by the government, is principally responsible for the operation of South Africa's pipelines.

==Tramways==
[[File:Johannesburg-tram-001.jpg|thumb|One of the last trams that were in use in [[Johannesburg]] on display at the [[James Hall Transport Museum]]]]
Many urban tramway systems operated in South Africa but no longer do so. The last system (in Johannesburg) began in 1890 as Rand Tramway (electrified in 1906) and ceased operations in 1961.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/2263/8191/1/5b4.pdf |title=The role of transport in the rise and decline of the Johannesburg CBD, 1886-2001 |access-date=2011-06-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117100226/http://www.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/2263/8191/1/5b4.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2009 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Plug-in electric vehicles in South Africa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{CIA World Factbook}}

==External links==
*[http://www.africaspotter.at.tt Aviation, Airlines, Airports in South Africa]
*[http://www.transport.gov.za/ Department of Transport]
*[http://www.arrivealive.co.za/document/BusAccidentstatistics.pdf Road statistics 2001/2003: distance travelled and fatal crashes by vehicle type and province] (PDF)
*[http://www.transnet.co.za/ Transnet Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311060004/http://www.transnet.co.za/ |date=11 March 2009 }}
*[http://www.sa-venues.com/traveldistances.htm Travel Distances]
{{Economy of South Africa}}
{{Africa in topic|Transport in}}
{{South Africa topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport in South Africa}}
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[[Category:Transport in South Africa| ]]