Editing Transport in Cambodia

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[File:MapCambodiaByFussi.png|thumb|450px|A national transport map of Cambodia]]
[[File:National highway No 1.JPG|thumb|300px|National Highway 1 - [[Kien Svay District|Kien Svay]], [[Kandal Province]]]]
[[File:Cambodia Main Road.jpg|thumb|300px|A rural road in Cambodia]]

The system of '''transport in Cambodia''', rudimentary at the best of times, was severely damaged in the chaos that engulfed the nation in the latter half of the 20th century. The country's weak transport [[infrastructure]] hindered emergency relief efforts, exacerbating the logistical issues of procurement of supplies in general and their distribution. Cambodia received [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] technical assistance and equipment to support the maintenance of the [[transport network|transportation network]].

==Road transport==
[[File:Bottles of gasoline Bbang.jpg|thumb|300px|Bottled gasoline on sale, [[Battambang Province|Battambang]]]]

=== Highway network ===
* Total - 38,257&nbsp;km (2004)
** Paved - 2,406&nbsp;km (2004)
** Unpaved - 35,851&nbsp;km (2004)

Of the current total roadway network, only about 50% of the [[road]]s and [[highway]]s are hard surfaced, all-weather, and in good condition. About 50% of the roads were constructed of crushed stone, [[gravel]], or compacted earth. Secondary roads are of unimproved earth or were little more than tracks. In 1981 [[Cambodia]] opened a newly repaired section of National Route 1 which runs southeast from [[Phnom Penh]] to the Vietnamese border. The road, which suffered damage during the war years, was restored most probably by Vietnamese army engineers.

In the late-1980s, Cambodia's road network was both underutilized and unable to meet even the modest demands placed upon it by a preindustrial [[agrarian society]]. Commercial vehicles, such as trucks and [[bus]]es, were insufficient in number and lacked the [[Auto part|spare parts]] necessary to keep them running. Road construction and maintenance were ignored by a financially hard-pressed governments, while [[Insurgency|insurgent]]s regularly destroyed [[bridge]]s and rendered some routes unsafe for travel.

Cambodia is upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved. And now road construction is on going from the [[Thailand]] border at [[Poipet]] to [[Siem Reap]] ([[Angkor Wat]]). Funded by over $3 billion of [[China|Chinese]] loans, Chinese companies have built {{Convert|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads as well as several major bridges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over 3,000km of roads funded by China loans, says minister|url=https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/over-3000km-of-roads-funded-by-china-loans-says-minister|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd|language=en}}</ref>

An [[Expressways of Cambodia|expressway network]] is being developed, the 190km Phnom Penh-Sikhanoukville expressway (E4) opened in October 2022, the construction to [[Bavet municipality|Bavet]] started in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=David |date=2023-04-26 |title=Cambodia plans motorway from Phnom Penh to Vietnam |url=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/cambodia-plans-motorway-from-phnom-penh-to-vietnam/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Global Construction Review |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Chart of 01/2014

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! National Highway !! Code !!colspan="2"| Approx length !! Origin !! Terminus
|-
|'''[[National Highway 1 (Cambodia)|National Highway 1]]''' || 10001|| {{convert|167.10|km|mi|2|abbr=on|disp=table}} || [[Phnom Penh]] || [[Bavet]] - [[Vietnam]] Border
|-
| '''[[National Highway 2 (Cambodia)|National Highway 2]]''' ||10002|| {{convert|120.60|km|mi|2|abbr=on|disp=table}} || [[Phnom Penh]] || [[Phnom Den]] - [[Vietnam]] Border
|-
| '''[[National Highway 3 (Cambodia)|National Highway 3]]''' ||10003||{{convert|202.00|km|mi|2|abbr=on|disp=table}} || [[Phnom Penh]] || [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]] - [[Veal Renh]] ([[National Highway 4 (Cambodia)|NH4]])
|-
| '''[[National Highway 4 (Cambodia)|National Highway 4]]''' ||10004||{{convert|226.00|km|mi|2|abbr=on|disp=table}} || [[Phnom Penh]] || [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]]
|-
| '''[[National Highway 5 (Cambodia)|National Highway 5]]''' ||10005||{{convert|341.00|km|mi|2|abbr=on|disp=table}} || [[Phnom Penh]] || [[Battambang]] - [[Poipet]] - [[Thailand|Thai]] Border
|-
| '''[[National Highway 6 (Cambodia)|National Highway 6A]]''' ||10006A||{{convert|76.00|km|mi|2|abbr=on|disp=table}} || [[Phnom Penh]] || [[Skuon]]
|-
| '''[[National Highway 6 (Cambodia)|National Highway 6]]''' ||10006||{{convert|416.00|km|mi|2|abbr=on|disp=table}} || [[Skuon]] || [[Siem Reap]] - [[Sisophon]] ([[National Highway 5 (Cambodia)|NH5]])
|-
| '''[[National Highway 7 (Cambodia)|National Highway 7]]''' ||10007 ||{{convert|509.17|km|mi|2|abbr=on|disp=table}} || [[Skuon]] || [[Stung Treng]] - [[Laos]] Border
|-
| '''[[National Highway 8 (Cambodia)|National Highway 8]]''' ||10008 || {{convert|105.00|km|mi|2|abbr=on|disp=table}} || [[National Highway 6 (Cambodia)|NH6A]] - [[Prek Tamak Bridge]] || to [[National Highway 7 (Cambodia)|NH7]] near the [[Vietnam]] Border.
|}

=== Other transport ===
Motorcycles are by far the most common transport medium in Cambodia. "Cyclo" (as hand-me-down French) or [[cycle rickshaw]]s were popular in the 1990s but are increasingly replaced by ''remorques'' (carriages attached to motorcycles) and rickshaws imported from India. Cyclos are unique to Cambodia in that the cyclist sits behind the passenger(s) seat, as opposed to cycle rickshaws in neighbouring countries where the cyclist is at the front and pulls the carriage. With 78% mobile phone penetration rate, ride-hailing apps have become popular in recent years. The first locally owned ride-hailing app, ExNet taxi app, was launched in 2016, after which another locally developed PassApp taxi was also introduced.<ref>Spiess, R. (2018). Local ride-hailing apps stay on course. Retrieved from https://www.phnompenhpost.com/supplements-special-reports/local-ride-hailing-apps-stay-course</ref> 

The ExNet and PassApp use the same technology and architect for their application, except that ExNet is a taxi-based ride-hailing service while PassApp is more of rickshaw-based one. [[Uber]] and [[Grab (company)|Grab]] joined the market in 2017. The entry and later merger of Uber and Grab did not negatively affect the local apps as the locals have the first-mover advantage and could secure a large number of patrons. As of today, PassApp is seen as an able competitor for the Singapore-based Grab in the Cambodian transport market. Thai Duong Bus Cambodia

Aside from the private-hire vehicles and ride-hailing service, public transport is also available but only in the capital. Phnom Penh city bus service started in 2015 with only three routes under the assistance of JICA.<ref>Baker, J. L. K., Natsuko; Lin, Sarah Xinyuan; Johnson, Erik Caldwell; Yin, Soriya; Ou, Narya;. (2017). ''Urban Development in Phnom Penh''. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/286991511862455372/Urban-development-in-Phnom-Penh</ref> Today, Phnom Penh City Bus operates 13 routes.

==Railways==
{{main|Rail transport in Cambodia}}
Two rail lines exist, both originating in Phnom Penh and totaling about 612 kilometers of 1,000&nbsp;mm (3&nbsp;ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge single track. 
The first line or the northern line, built by The French colonial government, running from Phnom Penh to Poipet on the Thai border, between 1930 and 1940, with Phnom Penh Railway Station opening in 1932. 
The final connection with Thailand was completed by Royal State Railways in 1942. The service from Bangkok to Battambang was suspended when the French Indochinese Government resumed sovereignty over Battambang and the Sisophon area from Thailand on 17 December 1946, as Thailand was seen as a supporter of Khmer Issarak, the anti-French, Khmer nationalist political movement.<ref name="asia_nikkei_com">{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Cambodia-s-rail-back-on-track-after-four-decades-of-woe|title=Cambodia's rail back on track after four decades of woe}}</ref> 

A third line is planned to connect Phnom Penh with Vietnam,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mo|first=Changhwan|date=October 2014|title=Current Status of Public Transportation in ASEAN Megacities|url=https://asean.org/storage/2017/04/Current-Status-of-Public-Transportation-in-ASEAN-Megacities.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://asean.org/storage/2017/04/Current-Status-of-Public-Transportation-in-ASEAN-Megacities.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=The Korean Transport Institute|volume=October 2014|isbn=978-89-5503-665-7|via=ASEA.org}}</ref> the last missing link of the planned rail corridor between Singapore and the city of Kunming, China. A new north–south line is also planned. The lines from Phnom Penh to Sisophon and from Sisophon to Poipet have been rehabilitated; starting with Poipet to Srey Sisophon in April 2018 and Sisophon to Phnom Penh in early July (2018).<ref name="asia_nikkei_com" /> 

The active part, the southern line, of the network is the Phnom Penh-Sihanoukville line, with stops at Takeo and Kampot. The first line to be re-opened in Cambodia was the 118&nbsp;km long route from Phnom Penh to Touk Meas and the complete southern line in May 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/8100/city-to-airport-rail-link/|title=City to Airport Rail Link - Khmer Times|date=5 December 2016}}</ref> (or Toll Royal Railway). Toll Royal Railway (Cambodia)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://railtravelstation.com/royal-railway-cambodia/|title = Royal Railway (Cambodia) &#124; រ៉ូយ៉ាល់ រេលវេ &#124; Chemins de Fer du Royaume du Cambodge &#124; Book Cambodia Train Tickets, Cambodia Train Schedule & Online Booking &#124; Phnom Penh, Kampot, Sihanoukville, Poipet, Sisophon, Battambang Train| date=3 April 2018 }}</ref> had been given a 30-year concession from The Royal Government of Cambodia to operate Cambodia's railway network.

===Routes===
[[Phnom Penh]] - [[Pursat]] - [[Moung Ruessei]] - [[Battambang]] - [[Sisophon]] - [[Poipet]]<ref>Oxford World Atlas, Oxford University Press, 1973, page 65</ref>

[[Phnom Penh]] - [[Takéo Province|Takeo]] - [[Touk Meas]] - [[Damnak Chang'aeur]] - [[Veal Renh]] - [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=1gqTDlwS0n-e0y5HzBCIuuHzxLgA&ll=12.120914078392667%2C103.71077854999999&z=8|title=Royal Railway (Cambodia) Stations}}</ref>

==Waterways==
The nation's extensive inland [[waterway]]s were important historically in domestic trade. The [[Mekong]] and the [[Tonlé Sap River]]s, their numerous tributaries, and the [[Tonlé Sap]] provided avenues of considerable length, including 3,700 kilometers navigable all year by craft drawing 0.6 meters and another 282 kilometers navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters. In some areas, especially west of the Mekong River and north of the [[Tonle Sap River]], the villages were completely dependent on waterways for communications. Launches, [[junk (ship)|junk]]s, or [[barge]]s transport passengers, [[rice]], and other food in the absence of roads and railways.

According to the [[Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (Cambodia)|Ministry of Communications, Transport, and Post]], Cambodia's main [[ferry]] services crossing the [[Bassac River]] and the middle Mekong River were restored in 1985. The major Mekong River navigation routes also were cleared for traffic. Seaplane service to all waterways and islands in now offered by [[Aero Cambodia Airline]].

===Seaports and harbors===
[[File:Ferry across the Mekong River in Neak Leung.jpg|thumb|300px|A ferry crossing the [[Mekong]] to [[Neak Leung]] town]]

Cambodia has two major ports, [[Phnom Penh Autonomous Port]] and [[Sihanoukville Autonomous Port]], also known as ''Kampong Som'', and five minor ports. Phnom Penh, at the junction of the [[Bassac River|Bassac]], the Mekong, and the Tonle Sap Rivers, is the only [[river port]] capable of receiving 8,000-ton ships during the wet season and 5,000-ton ships during the dry season. In 2018 the port received 205,000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]]s totalling 2.9 million [[tonne]]s. Its 2018 profits were US$7.35 million, up 36% from 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sakhuja |first1=Vijay |title=There is more to Koh Kong |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50613745/there-is-more-to-koh-kong/ |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=Khmer Times |date=13 June 2019}}</ref>

Sihanoukville port reopened in late-1979. It had been built in 1960 with French assistance. In 1980 some 180 Soviet dockworkers, having brought with them forklifts and trucks, were reportedly working at ''Kampong Som'' as longshoremen or as instructors of unskilled Cambodian port workers. By 1984 approximately 1,500 Cambodian port workers were handling 2,500 tons of cargo per day. According to official statistics, Sihanoukville had handled only 769,500 tons in the four prior years (1979 to 1983), a level that contrasted sharply with the port's peacetime capacity of about one million tons of cargo per year.

====Merchant marine====
* Total: 626 [[ship]]s ({{GT|1,000|disp=long}} or over) totaling {{GT|953,105}}/{{DWT|1,345,766|metric|disp=long}}
* Ships by type: [[bulk carrier]] 41, [[cargo ship]] 533, [[chemical tanker]] 10, [[container ship]] 8, [[passenger ship]]/cargo 6, [[oil tanker|petroleum tanker]] 11, refrigerated cargo 15, [[roll-on/roll-off]] 1, [[vehicle carrier]] 1 (2008)
* Note: 467 foreign-owned: [[Canada]] 2, [[China]] 193, [[Cyprus]] 7, [[Egypt]] 13, [[Gabon]] 1, [[Greece]] 3, [[Hong Kong]] 8, [[Indonesia]] 22, [[Japan]] 1, [[South Korea]] 22, [[Latvia]] 1, [[Lebanon]] 8, [[Netherlands]] 1, [[Romania]] 1, [[Russia]] 83, [[Singapore]] 4, [[Syria]] 48, [[Taiwan]] 1, [[Turkey]] 26, [[Ukraine]] 34, [[UAE]] 34, [[United States]] 6 (2008)

==Airports==
[[File:New Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport 01.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport]]]]

The country possesses twenty-six [[airfield]]s, of which only thirteen were usable in the mid-1980s. Eight airfields had permanent-surface runways. [[Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport]] in the tourist city of [[Siem Reap]] is the largest airport and replaced [[Siem Reap International Airport]]. In the past, tourist traffic into Siem Reap International Airport saw passenger numbers overtook those of Phnom Penh in 2006.

Cambodia's second largest airport is [[Phnom Penh International Airport]] in [[Phnom Penh]]; it also serves as the main base for the renascent [[Cambodian Air Force]].

Cambodia also opened a new Soviet-built airfield at Ream, [[Sihanouk International Airport]] in late-1983, which never saw commercial air traffic until January 2007. There are additional airports in [[Battambang]] and [[Stung Treng]].

The new national airline [[Cambodia Angkor Air]] was launched in 2009, with an investment from [[Vietnam Airlines]], later in January 2025, it officially rebranched as [[Air Cambodia]]. [[Aero Cambodia Airline]] started business in 2011 offering flights to all airports and waterways with seaplanes. The low-cost airline [[AirAsia Cambodia]] was launched in 2022, with an investment from [[AirAsia|Malaysia AirAsia]].

[[Techo Takhmao International Airport]], intended to replace the existing Phnom Penh International Airport as the city's main airport, currently under construction in Kandal, Cambodia. Located about 30–40 kilometres (16–22 NM; 19–25 mi) south of Phnom Penh, it is expected to open in 2023 and be fully operational by 2025.

===Airports with paved runways===
* Total: 6 (2010)
** 2,500 to 3,000 m: 3
** 1,500 to 2,500 m: 2
** 1,000 to 1,500 m: 1

===Airports with unpaved runways===
*Total: 11 (2010)
** 1,500 to 2,500 m: 1
** 1,000 to 1,500 m: 9
** under 1,000 m: 1

===Heliports===
* 1 (2010)

==See also==
*[[State Secretariat of Civil Aviation]]
*[[Ministry of Public Works and Transport, of Cambodia]]
*[[Transport in Phnom Penh]]
*[[Phnom Penh International Airport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{CIA World Factbook}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Transport in Cambodia}}
* [http://port.sihanoukville-cambodia.com/ The SihanoukVille Port]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5110236.stm Cambodians ride 'bamboo railway' ]
* [http://www.globalcitizen.co.uk/wp/cambodia-cambodian-trains/ Video, photos and travel diary of Cambodia's trains by traveller Tom Grundy.]
* [http://www.sihanoukville-cambodia.com/about-sihanoukville/airport.html The Sihanoukville Airport]
* [http://thaiduonglimousine.com/ Thai Duong bus in Cambodia ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060825003757/http://www.cambodiaportal.com/index.php?mymenu=destinations&submenu=nationalroadnetwork&ext=Y&submenutitle=National%20Road%20Network National highways]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081119154405/http://www.ocm.gov.kh/c_inf3.htm Inland waterways in Cambodia]
*[http://cambodiaa.com/directory/cambodia_bus.php Buses in Cambodia]
*[http://www.sihanoukville-cambodia.com/about-sihanoukville/train-station.html SihanoukVille Train Station]

{{Cambodia topics}}
{{Asia topic|Transport in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport in Cambodia}}
[[Category:Transport in Cambodia| ]]