Editing Transit (satellite)

{{short description|Satellite navigation system}}
{{about|the satellite|the people mover|Satellite Transit System}}
{{Infobox navigation satellite system
|image=GRAB 1 and Transit 2A (launch preparations).png
|image_caption= Transit 2A with [[Galactic Radiation and Background|GRAB 1]] atop during launch preparations
|name= Transit
|country= United States
|type=
|status= Retired (1996)
|operator=
|coverage=
|satellites_nominal=
|first_launch= 1959
|last_launch= 1988
|launch_total=
|regime=
}}

The '''Transit''' system, also known as '''NAVSAT''' or '''NNSS''' (for ''Navy Navigation Satellite System''), was the first [[satellite navigation system]] to be used operationally. The [[radio navigation]] system was primarily  used by the [[U.S. Navy]] to provide accurate location information to its [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] [[ballistic missile submarine]]s, and it was also used as a navigation system by the Navy's [[surface ship]]s, as well as for [[hydrographic survey]] and [[geodetic surveying]]. Transit provided continuous navigation satellite service from 1964, initially for Polaris submarines and later for civilian use as well. In the Project DAMP Program, the missile tracking ship [[USAS American Mariner]] also used data from the satellite for precise ship's location information prior to positioning its tracking radars.

== History ==
[[File:Transit-1A.jpg|thumb|right|Transit 1A]]
[[File:Transit 1B (cropped).jpg|thumb|Transit 1B]]
[[File:330-PSA-286-60 (USN 710826) (21464583995).jpg|thumb|Transit 3A]]
[[File:Transit 5-A.jpg|thumb|Transit 5A]]
The Transit satellite system, sponsored by the Navy and developed jointly by [[DARPA]] and the Johns Hopkins [[Applied Physics Laboratory]], under the leadership of Dr. Richard Kershner at Johns Hopkins, was the first satellite-based geopositioning system.<ref>{{cite book | title=Transit to Tomorrow. Fifty Years of Space Research at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory | author=Helen E. Worth and Mame Warren | year=2009 | url=https://space.jhuapl.edu/sites/space.jhuapl.edu/files/2021-06/Transit-to-Tomorrow-eBook.pdf | access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.darpa.mil/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2565 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629003311/http://www.darpa.mil/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2565 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-06-29 | title=The Story of GPS | author=Catherine Alexandrow | date=Apr 2008 }}</ref><ref name="gap">{{cite book | url=http://www.darpa.mil/about/history/first_50_years.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506103713/http://www.darpa.mil/About/History/First_50_Years.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-05-06 | title=DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap | date=Apr 2008 }}</ref>  Just days after the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] launch of [[Sputnik 1]], the first man-made Earth-orbiting satellite on October 4, 1957, two physicists at APL, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, found themselves in discussion about the radio signals that would likely be emanating from the satellite.  They were able to determine Sputnik's orbit by analyzing the [[Doppler shift]] of its radio signals during a single [[pass (spaceflight)|pass]].<ref name="guier">{{cite web |url=https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/V19-N01/19-01-Guier.pdf |title=Genesis of Satellite Navigation |author=Guier & Weiffenbach |year=1998}}</ref> Discussing the way forward for their research, their director Frank McClure, the chairman of APL's Research Center, suggested in March 1958 that if the satellite's position were known and predictable, the Doppler shift could be used to locate a receiver on Earth, and proposed a satellite system to implement this principle.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Legacy of Transit: Guest Editor's Introduction by Vincent L. Pisacane, Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Vol 19, Number 1, 1998.| url=http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td1901/pisacane.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920234035/http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td1901/pisacane.pdf| archive-date=2015-09-20}}</ref>

Development of the Transit system began in 1958, and a prototype satellite, '''Transit 1A''', was launched in September 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Transit/ |title=Navy Navigation Satellite System |publisher=APL}}</ref> That satellite failed to reach orbit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=TRAN1 |title=Transit 1A – NSSDC ID: TRAN1 |publisher=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}}</ref> A second satellite, '''Transit 1B''', was successfully launched April 13, 1960, by a [[Thor-Ablestar]] rocket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1960-003B |title=Transit 1B – NSSDC ID: 1960-003B |publisher=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}}</ref> The first successful tests of the system were made in 1960, and the system entered Naval service in 1964. A fully operational constellation of 36 satellites was in place in 1968.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wyatt |first=Theodore |date=1981 |title=THE GESTATION OF TRANSIT AS PERCEIVED BY ONE PARTICIPANT |url=https://secwww.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/Content/techdigest/pdf/V02-N01/02-01-Wyatt.pdf |journal=Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=33}}</ref>

The Chance Vought/LTV [[Scout (rocket family)|Scout]] rocket was selected as the dedicated launch vehicle for the program because it delivered a payload into orbit for the lowest cost per pound. However, the Scout decision imposed two design constraints. First, the weight of the earlier satellites was about {{convert|300|lb}} each, but the Scout launch capacity to the Transit orbit was about {{convert|120|lb}}, which was later increased significantly. A satellite mass reduction had to be achieved, despite a demand for more power than APL had previously designed into a satellite. The second problem concerned the increased vibration that affected the payload during launching because the Scout used solid rocket motors. Thus, electronic equipment that was smaller than before and rugged enough to withstand the increased vibration of launch had to be produced.
Meeting the new demands was more difficult than expected, but it was accomplished. The first prototype operational satellite ('''Transit 5A-1''') was launched into a polar orbit by a Scout rocket on 18 December 1962.
The satellite verified a new technique for deploying the solar panels and for separating from the rocket, but otherwise it was not successful because of trouble with the power system. '''Transit 5A-2''', launched on 5 April 1963, failed to achieve orbit. '''Transit 5A-3''', with a redesigned power supply, was launched on 15 June 1963. A malfunction of the memory occurred during powered flight that kept it from accepting and storing the navigation message, and the oscillator stability was degraded during launch. Thus, 5A-3 could not be used for navigation. However, this satellite was the first to achieve [[gravity-gradient stabilization]], and its other subsystems performed well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://techdigest.jhuapl.edu/td/td1901/danchik.pdf |title=An Overview of Transit Development, by Robert J. Danchik. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 19, Number 1 (1998), pp. 18–26 |access-date=2013-10-02 |archive-date=2017-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821140444/http://techdigest.jhuapl.edu/td/td1901/danchik.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Surveyors used Transit to locate remote [[Benchmark (surveying)|benchmarks]] by averaging dozens of Transit fixes, producing sub-meter accuracy.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Using GPS with ARC/INFO|first=Arthur F.|last=Lang |journal=Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual ESRI User Conference |date=1991|volume=1 |page=523 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PChz-kj55KIC&q=transit+receiver+sub+meter+averaging+benchmarks&pg=PA523 |publisher=ESRI |access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref> In fact, the elevation of [[Mount Everest]] was corrected in the late 1980s by using a Transit receiver to re-survey a nearby benchmark.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaw |first1=Terry |title=Measuring a Mountain |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1998/01/14/measuring-a-mountain/34fe6c45-f382-4776-bfdc-236a1bfc3bae/ |access-date=April 23, 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 14, 1998}}</ref>

Thousands of warships, freighters and private watercraft used Transit from 1967 until 1991. In the 1970s, the [[Soviet Union]] started launching their own satellite navigation system [[Parus (satellite)|''Parus'']] (military) / [[Tsikada]] (civilian), which is still in use today besides the next generation [[GLONASS]].<ref>[http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tsikada.htm Encyclopedia Astronautica: Tsikada] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522015121/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tsikada.htm |date=2013-05-22 }}</ref> Some Soviet warships were equipped with [[Motorola]] NavSat receivers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDowell |first1=Jonathan |title=1998 Launch Log Special Edition |journal=Jonathan's Space Report |date=January 1, 1999 |issue=384 |url=https://planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.384.txt |access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref>

The Transit system was made obsolete by the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS), and ceased navigation service in 1996. Improvements in electronics allowed GPS receivers to effectively take several fixes at once, greatly reducing the complexity of deducing a position. GPS uses many more satellites than were used with Transit, allowing the system to be used continuously, while Transit provided a fix only every hour or more.

After 1996, the satellites were kept in use for the Navy Ionospheric Monitoring System (NIMS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td1901/tucker.pdf |title=Computerized Ionospheric Tomography, by Arnold J. Tucker. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 19, Number 1 (1998), pp. 66–71 |access-date=2015-03-30 |archive-date=2015-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920211346/http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/TD/td1901/tucker.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Description ==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2011}}


===Satellites===
The satellites (known as '''''OSCAR''''' or '''''NOVA''''' satellites) used in the system were placed in [[low Earth orbit|low]] [[polar orbit]]s, at an altitude of about {{convert|600|nmi|mi km}}, with an orbital period of about 106 minutes. A ''constellation'' of five satellites was required to provide reasonable global coverage. While the system was operational, at least ten satellites &ndash; one spare for each satellite in the basic constellation &ndash; were usually kept in orbit. Note that these ''OSCAR'' satellites were not the same as the [[OSCAR]] series of satellites that were devoted to use by [[amateur radio]] operators to use in [[satellite communications]].    

The orbits of the Transit satellites were chosen to cover the entire Earth; they crossed over the poles and were spread out at the equator. Since only one satellite was usually visible at any given time, fixes could be made only when one of the satellites was above the horizon. At the equator this delay between fixes was several hours; at mid-latitudes the delay decreased to an hour or two. For its intended role as an updating system for [[SLBM]] launch, Transit sufficed, since submarines took periodic fixes to reset their [[inertial guidance system]], but Transit lacked the ability to provide high-speed, real-time position measurements.

With later improvements, the system provided single-pass accuracy of roughly {{convert|200|m|ft}}, and also provided [[Time transfer|time synchronization]] to roughly 50 microseconds. Transit satellites also broadcast encrypted messages, although this was a secondary function.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

The Transit satellites used arrays of [[magnetic-core memory]] as mass data storage up to 32 kilobytes.<ref>
Ronald K. Burek.
[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.132.2475&rep=rep1&type=pdf "The NEAR Solid-State Data Recorders"].
1998.
</ref>

===Determining ground location===
[[File:Accuracy of Navigation Systems.svg|upright=1.25|thumb]]
Determining a location, also known as "taking a fix", normally requires two or more measurements to be taken to produce a 2D location. In the case of the modern GPS system, dozens of such measurements may be taken depending on which satellites are visible at that time, each one helping improve accuracy. In the case of Transit, only a small number of satellites were in orbit and were spread out. This generally meant there was only one satellite visible at any time. Some other method of determining a second measurement was needed.

Transit did this by measuring the signal's Doppler shift. The spacecraft traveled at about {{convert|17000|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, which could increase or decrease the frequency of the received carrier signal by as much as 10&nbsp;kHz as measured on the ground. While the satellite is approaching the ground station its signals will be shifted up in frequency, and as it recedes they will shift down again. The precise moment when the frequency is exactly equal to the broadcast frequency is when the satellite's [[ground track]] passes the ground location's location (with some corrections). This provides one of the two measurements needed.

For the second measure, one has to consider the pattern of the Doppler shift. If the satellite passes directly overhead, its angular velocity as it passes will be more than if it passes to one side. In the extreme case, with a satellite near the horizon, the relative velocity change is minimized. Thus the rapidity of the change in frequency is an indication of the relative longitude between the station and the satellite. Additionally, the rotation of the Earth provided another Doppler correction which could be used to determine whether the satellite was to the east or west of the ground station.

These measurements produce a relative location compared to the satellite. To determine the actual location, that relative measure is applied to the location of the satellite. This is provided by periodically sending out precise time hacks (every two minutes), plus the satellite's six [[orbital elements]] and orbit [[Perturbation (astronomy)|perturbation]] variables. The ground receiver downloaded these signals and calculated the location of the satellite while it was measuring the shifts. The orbit [[ephemeris]] and clock corrections were uploaded twice each day to each satellite from one of the four Navy tracking and injection stations.

The Transit satellite broadcast on 150 and 400&nbsp;MHz. The two frequencies were used to allow the [[refraction]] of the satellite radio signals by the ionosphere to be canceled out, thereby improving location accuracy. The Transit system also provided the first worldwide timekeeping service, allowing clocks everywhere to be synchronised with 50 microsecond accuracy.

Calculating the most likely receiver location was not a trivial exercise.  The navigation software used the satellite's motion to compute a 'trial' Doppler curve, based on an initial 'trial' location for the receiver.  The software would then perform a [[least squares]] curve fit for each two-minute section of the Doppler curve, recursively moving the trial position until the trial Doppler curve 'most closely' matched the actual Doppler received from the satellite for all two-minute curve segments.

If the receiver was also moving relative to the earth, such as aboard a ship or airplane, this would cause mismatches with the idealized Doppler curves, and degrade position accuracy.  However, positional accuracy could usually be computed to within 100&nbsp;meters for a slow-moving ship, even with reception of just one two-minute Doppler curve.  This was the navigation criterion demanded by the U.S. Navy, since American submarines would normally expose their UHF antenna for only 2&nbsp;minutes to obtain a usable Transit fix.  The U.S. submarine version of the Transit system also included a special encrypted, more accurate version of the downloaded satellite's orbital data.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} This enhanced data allowed for considerably enhanced system accuracy [not unlike [[Selective Availability]] (SA) under GPS]. Using this enhanced mode, accuracy was typically less than 20 meters, (i.e. the accuracy was between that of [[LORAN C]] and GPS) For a typical 12 - 15 minute high satellite altitude pass accuracy was under ten meters. Certainly, Transit was the most accurate navigation system of its day.

The basic operating principle of Transit is similar to the system used by [[emergency locator transmitter]]s (ELTs), except that in the latter case the transmitter is on the ground and the receiver is in orbit. ELTs measure the Doppler shift of the transmitter on the boat or aircraft as it passes overhead and forwards that data to the ground where the location of the craft can be determined.

===Determining the satellite orbits===
[[File:Doppler 019 outside, McMurdo Station, 1974.png|thumb|Vestibule and Quonset hut housing Transit satellite tracking station 019. 1. Triad satellite magnetometer down load antenna. 2. flag pole, 3. Utility pole in background, 4 Revolving light temperature alarm, 5 VLF antenna, 6-9 Doppler satellite tracking antennas, 10. stove pipe for heater, 11 Flood light for low visibility conditions, 12 fuel tank.]]
[[File:Doppler 019 inside, McMurdo Station, 1974.png|thumb|Some of the equipment inside Transit satellite tracking station 019. 1. Automatic Control Unit, 2. timer-counter, 3. Time burst detector, 4. time conversion chart, 5. satellite ephemeris, 6. tracking receiver, 7. time display, 8 Header-Tailer programmer, 9. Digitizer and main clock, 10. master oscillator, 11. strip chart recorder, 12. paper tape punch, 13. short wave receiver. Out of site: VLF receiver, refraction correction unit, backup battery system, power supplies, AC voltage regulators.]]
A network of ground stations, whose locations were accurately known, continually tracked the Transit satellites.  They measured the Doppler shift and transferred the data to 5-hole paper tape.  This data was sent to the Satellite Control Center at Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland using commercial and military teleprinter networks. The data from the fixed ground stations provided the location information on the Transit satellite orbit.  Locating a Transit satellite in earth orbit from a known ground station using the Doppler shift is simply the reverse of using the known location of the satellite in orbit to locate an unknown location on the earth, again using the Doppler shift.

A typical ground station occupied a small [[Quonset hut]].  The accuracy of the ground station measurements was a function of the ground station master clock accuracy.  Initially a quartz oscillator in a temperature controlled [[Crystal oven|oven]] was used as the master clock.  The master clock was checked daily for drift using a VLF receiver tuned to a US Navy VLF station.  The VLF signal had the property that the phase of the VLF signal did not change from day to day at noon along the path between the transmitter and the receiver and thus could be used to measure oscillator drift.  Later [[Rubidium standard|rubidium]] and [[Caesium standard|cesium beam]] clocks were used. Ground stations had number names; for example, Station 019 was McMurdo Station, Antarctica.  For many years during the 1970s this station was staffed by a graduate student and an undergraduate student, typically in electrical engineering, from the University of Texas at Austin. Other stations were located at New Mexico State University, the University of Texas at Austin, Sicily, Japan, Seychelles Island, Thule Greenland and a number of other locations.  The Greenland and Antarctica stations saw every pass of every Transit satellite because of their near pole location for these polar orbiting satellites.

===Portable Geoceiver=== <!-- Target of Geoceiver redirect -->
A portable version of the ground station was called a Geoceiver and was used to make field measurements.  This receiver, power supply, punched tape unit, and antennas could fit in a number of padded aluminum cases and could be shipped as extra cargo on an airline.  Data was taken over a period of time, typically a week, and sent back to the Satellite Control Center for processing.  Therefore, unlike GPS, there was not an immediate accurate location of the Geoceiver location.  A Geoceiver was permanently located at the South Pole Station and operated by United States Geological Survey personnel. Since it was located on the surface of a moving ice sheet, its data was used to measure the ice sheet movement.  Other Geoceivers were taken out in the field in Antarctica during the summer and were used to measure locations, for example the movement of the [[Ross Ice Shelf]].

=== The AN/UYK-1 (TRW-130) Computer ===
[[File:NNSS (5 Polarbahnen).png|thumb|left|Orbits of the five Transit Satellites (text in German.)]]
{{one source section|date=August 2015}}
Since no computer small enough to fit through a submarine's hatch existed (in 1958), a new computer was designed, named the AN/UYK-1 (TRW-130).<ref>{{cite web |title=TRW-130 documents |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/trw/trw-130 |website=bitsavers.org}}</ref> It was built with rounded corners to fit through the hatch and was about five feet tall and sealed to be waterproof. The principal design engineer was then-UCLA-faculty-member Lowell Amdahl, brother of [[Gene Amdahl]]. The AN/UYK-1 was built by the [[TRW Inc.|Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation]]<ref>[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/trw/trw-130/M250-2U19_AN_UYK-1_RefMan_Feb63.pdf AN/UYK-1 Machine Reference Manual]  at Bitsavers</ref> (later TRW) for the [[Lafayette class submarine|''Lafayette'' class]] SSBNs. It was equipped with 8,192 words of 15-bit [[core memory]] plus [[parity bit]], threaded by hand at their Canoga Park factory. Cycle time was about one [[microsecond]]. The AN/UYK-1 weighed about {{convert|550|lb|kg}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL64-t.html#TRW-230-130-AN/UYK-1|title=TRW 230 130 AN/UYK 1|last=Weik|first=Martin H.|date=Jan 1964|website=ed-thelen.org|series=A Fourth Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems}}</ref>

The AN/UYK-1 was a [[Microcode|microprogrammed]] machine with a 15-bit word length that lacked hardware commands to subtract, multiply or divide, but could add, shift, form [[ones' complement]], and test the carry bit. Instructions to perform standard fixed and floating point operations were software subroutines and programs were lists of links and operators to those subroutines.  For example, the "subtract" subroutine had to form the ones' complement of the subtrahend and add it.  Multiplication required successive shifting and conditional adding.

In the AN/UYK-1 instruction set, the machine-language instructions had two operators that could simultaneously manipulate the arithmetic registers{{snd}}for example, complementing the contents of one register while loading or storing another.  It may have been the first computer that implemented a single-cycle indirect addressing ability.

During a satellite pass, a GE receiver would receive the orbital parameters and encrypted messages from the satellite, as well as measure the Doppler-shifted frequency at intervals and provide this data to the AN/UYK-1 computer. The computer would also receive from the ship's inertial navigation system (SINS) a reading of latitude and longitude. Using this information the AN/UYK-1 ran an algorithm that provided a location reading in about fifteen minutes.

== Other satellites ==
[[File:Apl6338c.jpg|thumb|Transit 5E1]]
[[File:Transit-o.jpg|thumb|Transit-O (Operational) navigation satellite]]

There were 41 satellites in the Transit series that were assigned the '''Transit''' name by NASA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/t/transit|title=Transit – US Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS)|publisher=eoPortal Directory|access-date=August 23, 2019}}</ref>

'''[[Transit 3B]]''' demonstrated uploading programs into the onboard computer's memory whilst in orbit.

'''Transit 4A''', launched June 29, 1961, was the first satellite to use a [[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator|radioactive power source]] (RTG) (a [[SNAP-3]]).<ref>[http://www.space.com/12118-space-nuclear-power-50-years-transit-4a.html David, Leonard "50 Years of Nuclear-Powered Spacecraft: It All Started with Satellite Transit 4A" (June 29, 2011) Space.com’s Space Insider Column] Retrieved July 30, 2011</ref> '''Transit 4B''' (1961) also had a SNAP-3 RTG. Transit 4B was among several satellites which were inadvertently damaged or destroyed in a nuclear explosion, specifically the United States [[Starfish Prime]] [[high-altitude nuclear explosion|high-altitude nuclear test]] on July 9, 1962 and subsequent [[List of artificial radiation belts|radiation belt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-031A |title=Transit 4B – NSSDC ID: 1961-031A |publisher=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}}</ref>

'''Transit 5A3''' and '''Transit 5B-1''' (1963) each had a [[SNAP-3]] [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator|RTG]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-022A|title=Transit-5A3|publisher=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-038B|title=Transit-5B1|publisher=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}}</ref>

'''Transit 5B-2''' (1963) had a [[SNAP-9A]] RTG.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-049B|title=Transit-5B2|publisher=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}}</ref>

In 1964, a rocket failed to boost '''Transit 5BN-3''' with a SNAP-9A RTG into orbit. It "burned up during re-entry and ablated  into small particles" together with its approximately 1 kilogram of Plutonium-238.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hardy, Jr.|first1=E. P.|last2=Krey|first2=P. W.|last3=Volchok|first3=H. L.|date=1972-01-01|title=Global Inventory and Distribution of 238-Pu from SNAP-9A|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4689831|journal=U.S. Department of Energy – Office of Scientific and Technical Information|doi=10.2172/4689831 |osti=4689831 |language=English}}</ref>

'''Transit 5B-5''' resumed communicating again after an extended period of inactivity (a [[zombie satellite]]).<ref name="Receiving Dead Satellites with the RTL-SDR">{{cite web | title=Receiving Dead Satellites with the RTL-SDR | date=31 October 2014 | url=https://www.rtl-sdr.com/receiving-dead-satellites-rtl-sdr/ | access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref>

'''Transit-9''' and '''5B4''' (1964) and '''Transit-5B7''' and '''5B6''' (1965) each had "a nuclear power source".

The [[US Air Force]] also periodically launched short lived satellites equipped with radio beacons of 162&nbsp;MHz and 324&nbsp;MHz at much lower orbits to study [[satellite drag|orbital drag]].{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}  The Transit ground tracking stations tracked these satellites as well, locating the satellites within their orbits using the same principles.  The satellite location data was used to collect orbital drag data, including variations in the upper atmosphere and the Earth's gravitational field.

[[Beacon Explorer-A]] and [[Beacon Explorer-B]] also carried Transit-compatible transmitters.

== Transit satellites ==
[[File:Launch of a transit satellite on October 39 1973.jpg|thumb|Transit satellite launched in October 1973]]
List of Transit satellites:<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Military Spacecraft - USA |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/directories/sat_mil_usa.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=space.skyrocket.de}}</ref>

* Transit 1A (17.09.1959, launch failure)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Transit 1A, 1B |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-1.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transit 1B (13.04.1960)<ref name=":0" />
* Transit 2A (22.06.1960)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Transit 2A, 2B |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-2.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transit 2B (not launched)<ref name=":1" />
* Transit 3A (30.11.1960, launch failure)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Transit 3A, 3B |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-3.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Transit 3B]] (22.02.1961)<ref name=":2" />
* Transit 4A (29.06.1961)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Transit 4A, 4B |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-4.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transit 4B (15.11.1961)<ref name=":3" />
* Transit 5A 1 (19.12.1962)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Transit-5A 1, 2, 3 |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-5a.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transit 5A 2 (05.04.1963, launch failure)<ref name=":4" />
* Transit 5A 3 (16.06.1963)<ref name=":4" />
* Transit 5BN 1 and [[Transit 5E-1]] (28.09.1963)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Transit-5BN 1, 2, 3 |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-5bn.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transit-5E 1 (S/N 39) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-5e1.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transit 5BN 2 and  Transit 5E-3 (05.12.1963)<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transit-5E 3 (S/N 41 ?) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-5e3.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transit 5BN 3 and  Transit 5E-2 (21.04.1964, launch failure)<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transit-5E 2 (S/N 40) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-5e2.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transit 5C 1 (04.06.1964)<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Transit-5C 1, 2 |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-5c.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transit 5C 2 (not launched)<ref name=":6" />
* Transit 5E-4 (cancelled)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transit-5E 4 (S/N 42 ?) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-5e4.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transit 5E-5 and Transit-O 1 to 32 (1964 to 1988)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transit-5E 5 (S/N 43) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-5e5.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transit-O (NNS, Oscar) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transit-o.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
Other Transit navigation satellites:<ref name=":7" />

* Triad 1 / TIP 1 (1972)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Triad 1 (TIP 1, NNS) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/triad-1.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Triad 2 and 3 (1975/6)<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIP 2, 3 (Triad 2, 3 / NNS) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/triad-2.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Nova 1 to 3 (1981 to 1984)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova (NNS) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/nova.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
* Transat (1977)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transat (Transit-O 11, NNS 30110) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/transat.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
*[[commons:Transit_satellite_launch_record|Transit satellite launch record]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Transit (satellite)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021111162735/http://astronautix.com/project/transit.htm Encyclopedia Astronautica]

{{Satellite navigation systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transit (Satellite)}}
[[Category:1960 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1961 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1962 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1963 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Military space program of the United States]]
[[Category:Navigation satellite constellations]]
[[Category:Satellites in low Earth orbit]]
[[Category:Military electronics of the United States]]