Editing Trakehner

{{Short description|Breed of horse}}
{{For|the cross-country equestrianism jump|Trakehner (jump)}}
{{More footnotes|date=February 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
<!-- Begin Infobox horse.  The text of the article should go AFTER this section.-->
{{Infobox horse
|name= Trakehner
|image=Trakehner_Reithengst,_Auktion_Neumünster_2004.jpg
|image_caption= A Trakehner performing [[dressage]]
|features =
|altname=
|nickname=
|country= [[Prussia]]
|group1= Trakehner Verband
|std1= http://www.trakehner-verband.de/trakehner_eng/pferde/zuchtziel.html}}
<!-- End Infobox horse info. Article Begins Here -->

'''Trakehner''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ə|'|k|ei|n| ər}}) is a light [[warmblood]] [[horse breed|breed of horse]], originally developed at the [[East Prussia]]n state [[stud farm]] in the town of [[Trakehnen]] from which the breed takes its name.  The  {{interlanguage link|Hauptgestüt Trakehnen|de|lt=state stud}} was established in 1731 and operated until 1944, when the fighting of [[World War II]] led to the annexing of East Prussia by [[Russia]], and the town containing the stud renamed as [[Yasnaya Polyana, Kaliningrad Oblast|Yasnaya Polyana]].

The Trakehner typically stands between {{hands|15.2|and|17}}. They can be any color, with [[bay (horse)|bay]], [[gray (horse)|gray]], [[chestnut (coat)|chestnut]] and [[black (horse)|black]] being the most common, though the breed also includes few [[roan (horse)|roan]] and [[tobiano]] [[pinto horse]]s. It is considered to be the lightest and most refined of the [[warmblood]]s, due to its [[closed stud book]] which allows entry of only Trakehner, as well as few selected [[Thoroughbred]], [[Anglo-Arabian]], [[Shagya Arabian|Shagya]] and [[Arabian horse|Arabian]] bloodlines.

==Characteristics==
Owing to its Thoroughbred ancestry, the Trakehner is of rectangular build, with a long sloping shoulder, good hindquarters, short cannons, and a medium-long, crested and well-set neck. The head is often finely chiseled, narrow at the muzzle, with a broad forehead. It is known for its "floating trot" – full of impulsion and suspension. The Trakehner possesses a strong, medium-length back and powerful hindquarters.

Trakehners are athletic and trainable, with good endurance, while some are more spirited than horses of other warmblood breeds. Trakehners breed true to type, due to the purity of the bloodlines, making it valuable for upgrading other warmbloods.

==History==
[[File:Trakehner 2.jpg|thumb|Landstallmeisterhaus in Trakehnen]]
[[File:Trakehner Brand 0001.jpg|right|thumb|''Ostpreußische Elchschaufel'' [[moose]] antlers, the Trakehner brand]]
[[File:Trakenerhengst &quot;Tempelhüter&quot; vor dem Deutschen Pferdemuseum in Verden (Aller).jpg|thumb|Statue of the stallion "Tempelhüter" in [[Verden/Aller]]]]

[[Old Prussians]] and other Baltic people such as the [[Lithuanians]] were noted for their hardy horses and cavalry during the early [[Middle Ages]]. During their conquest of Old Prussians in the 13th century [[Prussian crusade]], the conquering [[Teutonic Knights]] named the Old Prussian horse a ''Schwaikenpferd'', a small primitive horse. Beginning in the 14th century, [[knight]]s used it to breed their military horses, and descendants of the Schwaikenpferd were later used by [[Masovians|Masovian]] and [[Ostsiedlung]] farmers for light utility work. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the people of [[Ducal Prussia]], [[Brandenburg]], and [[Royal Prussia]] used a wide variety of horses from the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Ottoman Turkey]], [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]] and [[Transylvania]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] for their cavalry and stud horses, crossed on local animals.<!--which is how ALL of the warmbloods got started, incidentally-->

In 1732 King [[Frederick William I of Prussia]] used these horses and other imports to establish the Trakehnen Stud at the East Prussian town Trakehnen (now [[Yasnaya Polyana (Kaliningrad)|Yasnaya Polyana]], [[Russia]]). Soldiers cleared the forest at the [[Pissa River|River Pissa]] between [[Nesterov|Stallupönen]] and [[Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast|Gumbinnen]]. In 1739 the king gave it to crown prince [[Frederick II of Prussia]], who often sold stallions to make money. After his death in 1786 it became state property, named ''Königlich Preußisches Hauptgestüt Trakehnen''.

Between 1817 and 1837 the stud added [[Arabian horse|Arabian]], [[Thoroughbred]], and [[Hanoverian horse]] blood to their stock. One especially influential [[Thoroughbred]] was Perfectionist, by Persimmon, who won [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]] and the [[St Leger]] in 1896. He was to be the sire of the great Trakehner stallion Tempelhüter, and most modern Trakehners can be traced to these two stallions. The Arabian blood was added to offset possible flaws of the Thoroughbred.

[[East Prussia]]n farmers were encouraged to bring their mares, by then known for their hardiness and quality, to Trakehnen's stallions. This enabled the rapid transformation of the breed into much sought-after army remounts: sure-footed, intelligent and athletic. By 1918 60,000 mares per year were bred to East Prussian stallions.

In 1919 the [[Treaty of Versailles]] limited Germany's army to 100,000 troops and so the breed's focus was again turned to producing horses suitable to farm duties. For this purpose, sires of heavier [[Equine conformation|conformation]] (build) were used, the most successful being Ararad, Dampfross, Hyperion, Pythagoras and Tempelhüter. These stallions, while refined, possessed much substance and bone. Their influence is still seen on the modern Trakehner.

It was during the 1920s and 1930s that the breed was recognized for its performance abilities in competitive disciplines. Trakehners won gold and silver medals in two Olympics, including six gold medals in [[Berlin]] in 1936, and won Czechoslovakia's notoriously challenging [[Velká pardubická]] steeplechase nine times. In the 1930s there were more than 10,000 breeders and 18,000 registered mares.

In the 1930s and early 1940s Hauptvorwerk Trakehnen and its 15 [[Folwark|Vorwerke]] covered {{convert|6033|ha|acre}}, of which {{convert|3845|ha|acre}} were fields, {{convert|2427|ha|acre}} meadows, {{convert|175|ha|acre}} forest, {{convert|73|ha|acre}} garden and {{convert|351|ha|acre}} other. Horses such as the Trakehner were used in [[World War II]] which, at the end, nearly destroyed the breed as Soviet troops advanced from the East, causing [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|flight and expulsion of Germans during and after WWII]]. The main Stud and local residents were forced to evacuate between 20 January 1945 and March 1945. Their journey West, known as ''Der Treck'' ("The Flight"), sent the horses on a dangerous journey in frigid conditions across the frozen [[Vistula lagoon]] without proper rations or shelter. It is considered one of the toughest tests to which an entire breed of horses has been submitted.

Refugee convoys were bombed while on the ice by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] airforce, so only a small number of horses made it to safety.  700 surviving horses were accounted for.  The horses left behind in East Prussia became important in the breeding of Russian breeds such as the Kirov as well as the Polish [[Mazury (horse)|Mazury]] (also known as the Masuren) and [[Pozan]] (or Poznan), which developed into the [[Wielkopolski]]. After the war, the breed, which once numbered tens of thousands was reduced to approximately 600 broodmares and 50 stallions in West Germany.  The last original Trakehner was Keith, born there in 1941, who died in November 1976 in [[Gilten, Germany|Gilten]] shortly before his 35th birthday. On 23 October 1947 the East Prussian Studbook Society was dissolved and the Association of Breeders and Friends of the Warmblood Horse of Trakehner Origin, known today as the ''Trakehner Verband'', was created. Among the greatest obstacles the organization faced was that unlike other German breeds, the Trakehner had no mother state and could not depend on government funding. The re-establishment of the breed originally depended on the determination of its members and the largesse of others.

True pure-bred Trakehner show the ''Ostpreußische Elchschaufel'' (East Prussian moose horn) branding (see Image above).

==The modern Trakehner==
[[File:Trakhener - Dressur Erstes 2.jpg|right|thumb|The modern Trakehner excels in [[dressage]]]]
Today in Germany the breed is considered a federal responsibility, with its governance falling under both the Trakehner Verband and the Trakehner Gesellschaft mbH; the latter handling all business operations.

Stallion inspections are held in [[Neumünster]], Germany, each October and approved stallions are required to complete extended performance tests, which rate the horses' gaits, temperament, jumping ability, and suitability over a cross country course, before being given full breeding licenses.

The Trakehner is used as a "refiner" of other breeds, allowing an infusion of Thoroughbred and Arabian blood without the risks often involved in first generation outcrosses. Influential stallions include Abglanz for the [[Hanoverian (horse)|Hanoverian]], Herbststurm who influenced the [[Oldenburg (horse)|Oldenburg]], Marco Polo for the [[Dutch Warmblood]], the stallions Ibikus and Donauwind for the [[Danish Warmblood]], and Polarstern for the [[Swedish Warmblood]].

While Trakehners compete in nearly all equestrian disciplines, they are particularly prized as [[dressage]] mounts, due to their sensitivity, intelligence and way of going. Peron anchored the United States team to an Olympic Bronze in 1996 at Atlanta. [[Abdullah (horse)|Abdullah]], by Donauwind, is particularly famous for his [[show jumping]] team gold and individual silver medals at the 1984 Olympics and 1985 World Cup win. Heuriger was the 1994 [[show jumping]] team silver medallist at the 1994 [[World Equestrian Games]].  Trakehner mare TSF Dalera BB, ridden by Jessica von Bredow Werndl, is the no.1 ranked dressage horse in the world as of September 2023,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fei.org/horse/105AH62/Tsf-Dalera-Bb | title=TSF Dalera Bb (105AH62) }}</ref> and has won gold medals at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics for both team and individual.  Dalera has also won individual gold medals at the 2022 and 2023 Dressage World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inside.fei.org/media-updates/it%E2%80%99s-brilliant-back-back-double-jessica-and-dalera|title=It’s a brilliant back-to-back double for Jessica and Dalera|date=8 April 2023|website=FEI}}</ref>

==Famous Trakehners==
*[[Abdullah (horse)]] (1970–2000), on the USA's gold medal-winning show jumping team at the 1984 Olympics
*[[Downlands Cancara]] (1975–2006), featured in [[Lloyds TSB]]'s iconic TV adverts in the UK
*[[Windfall II]] (1992– ), in the USA's bronze medal-winning team eventing team at the 2004 Olympics
*Larissa (1989-), 4-star event horse with many top placings both nationally and internationally. She won the team silver at the Pan-American games in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Larissa|url=http://www.brucemandeville.com/Horses/larissa.htm|website=BruceMandeville.com|access-date=10 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109073536/http://brucemandeville.com/Horses/larissa.htm|archive-date=9 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Beatos]] (1976-1998), By Kosmos x Beatrine. Trakehner Stallion.  Bred in Germany, became the iconic Lloyds Bank Black horse in 1989. Competed in Dressage and Showjumping.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Trakehner|Trakehner}}
*[http://www.trakehner-verband.de/ The Trakehner Verband]
*[http://www.americantrakehner.com American Trakehner Association]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19971012162238/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/trakehnr/index.htm Trakehner - Oklahoma State University Breeds of Livestock]

{{Horse breeds of Germany}}
{{Horse breeds of Poland}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Warmbloods]]
[[Category:Horse breeds originating in Germany]]
[[Category:Horse breeds originating in Prussia]]